high tenacity cellulosic fibres via ionic liquid processing
DESCRIPTION
FuBio Seminar 27.8.2013TRANSCRIPT
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High tenacity cellulosic fibres
via ionic liquid processing
Michael Hummel, Anne Michud, Shirin Asaadi, Marjaana Tanttu, and Herbert Sixta
FUBIO seminar Paasitorni 27.8.2013
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Outline
• Background
• Spinning at Aalto
• Results
2
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3
20120
2
4
26
28
30
32Paper
MCC
NitrocelluloseFilm, casings
Ether
Viscose
Am
ou
nt,
t/a
Cotton
Lyocell
Acetate
Global textile market - Cotton stagnant at 26-28 Mio t/a
- High cotton prices
- 33-37% minimum share of
cellulosics in textiles
- GAP of 15 Mio t/a of cellulosic
fibers in 2030
Growth rates - Viscose, Lyocell > 9%/a
- Acetate 1.5%/a
- Ethers 3.5%/a
- Others 0-5%/a
Brice, R., High purity cellulose through 2020, in The Cellulose
Gap 2012: Monte Carlo
Haemmerle, F.M., The cellulose gap. Lenzinger Berichte, 2011.
89: p. 12-21
Background
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Textile chain
4
http://www.lenzing.com/en/fibers/tencel/botanic-
fiber.html
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Viscose CS2/NaOH
Carbamate NaOH/urea in o-
xylene *
BioCelsol Enzyme/NaOH/ZnO
(urea/thiourea)
BoCell Superphosphoric acid
Air gap / acetone regen
Michelin Formate/air
gap/saponified
DuPont Acetate in
TFA/HCOOH/steamdr
awn/saponified
Fortisan Acetate/acetone
spun, saponified
Cupro [Cu(NH3)4](OH)2
LYOCELL (a) NMMO.MH
(b) Ionic liquids
*CarbaCell®
WATER Supercritical
conditions
Commercial, now or in former times
Non-commercial
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Viscose CS2/NaOH
LYOCELL (a) NMMO.MH
(b) Ionic liquids
Commercial, now or in former times
Non-commercial
Global production 2012
0.15 Mio t (3 sites)
(2014: 0.22 Mio t, 4 sites)
3.7 Mio t
(Global capacity: 5.0 Mio t)
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Viscose vs. Lyocell
7
Andrzej Ziabicki, Fundamentals of fiber spinning,
John Wiley & Sons Ltd, (ISBN: 0-471-98220-2).
Viscose Lyocell
NaOH / CS2
wet spinning dry-jet wet spinning
derivatization direct dissolution
wood pulp or IL
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Viscose process
8
PULP
Caustic Soda Dissolving Lye
Solving Water
Carbon Disulfide
Steeping
Lye
Removal Ageing
Cooling
XanthogenationDissolving
FiltrationRipening
Baling Press
Cutting
Drying
and
Opening
Aftertreatment
Spinning
Stretching
Deaeration
Shredding
VISCOSE
FIBRES
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Dissolution Filtration
Water Pulp
(Cellulose)
Spinning
Regeneration Washing
NMMO recycling
NMMO,
Stabilizer
Waste
Water
Bleaching
Finishing
Drying
Lyocell-
Fiber
Lyocell Process
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Lyocell process
10
Extrusion
velocity Take-up velocity
Air gap
Filtering and spinning
Liquid filaments enter
coagulation bath via air gap
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Structure formation
Crystallites
Laminas
Irregular molecules
arrangement
Dra
w
11
Fourné, Synthetic Fibers; Carl Hanser Verlag, Munich 1999.
Extru
sio
n
Shear stress
Extensional stress
Diffusion controlled
regeneration of
cellulose
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Fiber properties
12
Viscose Lyocell [bmim] Cl [emim] OAc
Titre
[dtex] 1.4 1.3 1.7 1.8
Tenacity cond.
[cN/dtex] 23.9 40.2 43.0 44.7
Elongation cond.
[%] 20.1 13.0 9.6 10.4
Tenacity wet
[cN/dtex] 12.5 37.5 35.9 38.1
Elongation wet
[%] 22.0 18.4 11.6 11.9
Hermans’
orientation factor ca.0.40 ca.0.70 n/a n/a
Röder et al. Lenzinger Berichte, 2009, 87, 98-105;
Gindl et al. Polymer, 2008, 49, 792-799.
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Problems with NMMO
13
redox-active moiety
(instable) cyclic ether
• Limited compatibility with
redox-active substances (for
in-situ modification)
• Stabilizers required to avoid
cellulose degradation and
thermal run away reactions
• High energy demand for
solvent recycling.
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Ionic liquid (IL)
• …is a salt in its liquid state
• …liquid that consists
exclusively of ions
25 °C
100 °C
conventional salt melt
(> 100 °C)
Ionic Liquid (IL)
(< 100 °C)
Subclass: Room Temperature
Ionic Liquid (RTIL)
(< 25 °C)
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Fiber spinning with ILs
15
YEAR IL Dope conc Temp h0* Titer DR
Fiber-
Tenacity Author REF
wt% °C Pas dtex [-] cN/tex
(cond)
2002 [C4mim]Cl 10 100 R.D.Rogers JACS, 124, 4974
2005 [AMIM]Cl 10 80 1.3 10.5 36.8 G.Laus Lenz Ber, 84, 71
2005 [BMIM]Cl 10 105 1.0 13.7 37.9 G.Laus Lenz Ber, 84, 71
2006 [BMIM]Cl 10.4 1.6 10.9 44.7 C. Michels Lenz. Ber., 86, 144
2008 [C2mim]Cl 3.8 70 25.0 R.D.Rogers J.Mater.Chem,18,283
2008 [C4mim][OAc] 13.2 90 9690 1.7 7.3 44.1 B.Kosan Cellulose,15,59
2010 [C4mim]Cl 8 85 1350 12.1 2.4 26.4 T.Cai Appl.Polym.Sci, 115, 1047
2012 [C4mim]Cl 5 90 50? 2.2 5.0 38.8 G. Jiang Cellulose,19,1075
2012 [C2mim][OAc] 10 20 18000 4.1 2.3 24.6 D.Ingildeev Appl. Polym.Sci,
2012 [[C2mim][DEP] 10 60 18000 4.9 2.3 26.4 D.Ingildeev Appl. Polym.Sci,
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Spinning at Aalto
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Pulp dissolution
Dope characterization
Fiber spinning
Fiber analysis Pulp
dissolution Dope
characterization Fiber
spinning Fiber analysis
17
pre-mixing kneading/dissolution filtration
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Pulp dissolution
Dope characterization
Fiber spinning
Fiber analysis
shear-rheological characterization (to determine spinnability)
0.01 0.1 1 10 100
10
100
25 °C
50 °C
70 °C
80 °C
100 °C
co
mp
lex v
iscosity / P
a•s
/ s-1
extensional-rheological characterization
(to determine filament stability in air gap)
0 400 800 1200 1600 20000.01
0.1
1
Dm
id /
mm
Time /s
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Pulp dissolution
Dope characterization
Fiber spinning
Fiber analysis
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Pulp dissolution
Dope characterization
Fiber spinning
Fiber analysis
20
Standard fiber
analysis
• Titer (linear density)
• Tenacity
• Elongation at break
• Modulus
Polarized light
microscope
• Birefringence
• orientation
SEM
• Morphology
• Structure-
property relations
Mechanical stress
• Fibrillation
tendency
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• Pre-hydrolysis eucalyptus kraft pulp (PHK-Euca)
• Intrinsic viscosity 424 g/ml (DP 1009)
• Mw 196.4 kDa
• PDI 3.1
Dope preparation
21
N-methylmorpholine N-oxide (NMMO) / water mixture (1:1, mol:mol)
1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium acetate ([emim]OAc)
NMMO
ILHU
[emim]OAc PHK-Euca
NMMO/H2O/PHK-Euca
ILHU/PHK-Euca
[emim]OAc/PHK-Euca
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Rheological characterization
22
• Spinning temperature
chosen according to the
visco-elastic properties of
NMMO solution at 100ºC
• ILHU and NMMO solutions
both solid at room
temperature
• Due to the cold coagulation
bath, the filament structure
is fixed instantaneously
T
[°C]
η0*
[Pa.s]
ω
[s-1]
G
[Pa]
ILHU13 wt-% 80 21 306 1.5 4 100
NMMO 13 wt-% 100 20 000 3.0 4 955
[EMIM]OAc 20 wt-% 95 20 262 1.9 5 000
0.01 0.1 1 10 10010
100
1000
10000
ILHU
/Bahia 13 wt-%, 80oC
[EMIM]OAc 20 wt-%, 95oC
NMMO/Bahia 13 wt-%, 100oC
Dyn
am
ic m
od
uli
[Pa]
Angular Frequency [1/s]
0.01 0.1 1 10 10010
100
1000
10000
ILHU
/Bahia 13 wt-%, 80oC
[EMIM]OAc 20 wt-%, 95oC
NMMO/Bahia 13 wt-%, 100oC
Dyn
am
ic m
od
uli
[Pa]
Angular Frequency [1/s]
0.01 0.1 1 10 10010
100
1000
10000
ILHU
/Bahia 13 wt-%, 80oC
[EMIM]OAc 20 wt-%, 95oC
NMMO/Bahia 13 wt-%, 100oC
Dyn
am
ic m
od
uli
[Pa]
Angular Frequency [1/s]
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[EMIM]OAc/PHK-Euca 20 wt-%
• Textr. = 95ºC
• Vextr. = 0.8 cm3/min
ILHU/PHK-Euca 13 wt-%
• Textr. = 80ºC
• Vextr. = 0.8 cm3/min
NMMO/H2O/PHK-Euca 13 wt-%
• Textr. = 100ºC
• Vextr. = 0.8 cm3/min
BREAK-UP in
the spinning
bath when
stretched
UNSTRETCHED STRETCHED
Fiber spinning
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Video
24
Video
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Results
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• Unstable spinning
• Draw ratio > 2 impossible Breaks
• Titer > 8 dtex
• Tenacity < 17 cN/tex and no clear
trend noticeable
Spinning of NMMO and [emim]OAc
26
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Spinning of ILHU
27
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 200
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
Draw ratio
Titer
[dte
x]
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
50
55
Tena
city
co
nd [cN
/tex]
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Comparison of Fibers
28
Viscose Modal NMMO
(Tencel®) ILHU
Titre [dtex] 1.4 1.3 1.3 1.2
Tenacity cond. [cN/dtex] 23.9 33.1 40.2 50.5
Elongation cond. [%] 20.1 13.5 13.0 8.5
Tenacity wet [cN/dtex] 12.5 18.4 37.5 46.4
Elongation wet [%] 22.0 14.1 18.4 9.6
TencelPolynosic Cupro CV CMD[DBNH]OAcNMMO0
10
20
30
40
50
Te
na
city [
cN
/te
x]
Cond. wet
ILHU
NMMO
Commercial fibers Aalto
0
2
4
6
8
10
Tite
r [d
tex]
0 5 10 15 20 250
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
Te
na
city
cond [
cN
/te
x]
Elongationcond
[%]
CMD ILHU
CV NMMO
Cupro
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Current research activities
• Screening of different ionic liquids
• Implementation of different pulps of various
grade
• Fiber modification
– Cross-linking
– Additives
– Polymer blends
• Study of structure formation
29
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Summary
30
? !
Lyocell process for high
performance textile fibers
Projected increased
demand in cellulosic
fibers
Ionic liquid as powerful solvents for
cellulosic material
Intrinsic problems with
NMMO MH as solvent
system
Production of high tenacity fibers New ILHU shows superior
spinning properties 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
Draw ratio
Tite
r [d
tex]
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
50
55
Te
na
city
co
nd [
cN
/te
x]
Determine full potential of ILs for
cellulose processing Further testing of new ILs
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31
Acknowledgments
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Acknowledgments
PhD candidates
• Anne Michud
• Lauri K.J. Hauru
Master students
• Mikko Heinämäki
• Joni Saastamoinen
• Benoît Arnoul-Jarriault
• Eeva Hartikainen
• Prof. Ilkka Kilpeläinen
• Dr. Alistair King
• Arno Parviainen
• Prof. Jukka Seppälä
• Dr. Sami Lipponen
• Tapio Saarinen
• Dr. Frank Hermanutz
• Dr. Denis Ingildeev
• Dr. Frank Meister
• Dr. Birgit Kosan
• Dipl.-Ing. Philipp Schuster
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