Highest energy cosmic rays andthe Pierre Auger Observatory

Argentina – Australia – Bolivia – Brasil – Czech Republic –France – Germany – Italy – Poland – Mexico – Slovenia –

Spain – United Kingdom – USA – Vietnamhttp://www.auger.org/auger-authors.pdf

Johannes (Hans) BlümerUniversity and Forschungszentrum Karlsruhe, Germany

Pierre Auger Observatory Science Objectives

• understand the nature, origin and propagation of UHECR– point sources?– isotropic arrival directions?– GZK cut-off or continuing spectrum?– primary particle mass, type?– acceleration or decay of exotics?

• detect cosmic rays with high statistics– aperture >7000km2sr @1019eV in each hemisphere– full sky coverage and ~uniform exposure– ~degree angular resolution, θ→90°– primary particle discrimination (light, heavy, γ, ν)– calorimetric energy calibration

by Douglas Bergman

20% energy variation

First concepts 1991Ground breaking Malargue March 1999First events 2000Prototype running 2001-Production (300 tanks by Jan-04) nowFull Southern Site 2005Start Northern Site 2006Full-sky Pierre Auger Observatory 2010++

1600 water Cherenkov detectors with 1.5 km spacing on 3000 km2

4 stations with 24 fluorescence telescopes

Central assembly building

tanks awaiting deployment

Central campus main office building

The Engineering Array (EA)

• 40 surfacedetectors (SD),46 km2

• 2 fluorescencedetectors (FD)

• test materials &methods

• comm's anddaq running

Nature 419, 2002

time in 25 ns bins

self-calibratingdetectors...

even

ts

muon chargedistribution

3 PMT avg traces

11-tank event

20-tankshower at

82°

top viewin shower plane

Near PMTDistance ratio = 3.7 Density ratio = 134

this is a 'young shower', lots of electronsFar PMT

Near PMTDistance ratio = 3.5 Density ratio = 7.5

this is an old shower', mostly muonsFar PMT

Future neutrino flux sensitivities

segmentedsphericalmirror

aperture boxshutterfilter UV passsafety curtain

corrector lens(aperture x2)

440 PMT camera1.5° per pixel

Fluorescence track reconstruction

• angular speed variationdetermines geometry– monocular mode needs

long tracks

• Issues:– fluorescence yield

– Cherenkov subtraction

– atmospheric transmission

• Stereo!

• Hybrid!

from Fly's Eye 1985

Analysis procedures with the FD

this event: initial viewing angle 15°, i.e. large direct Cherenkov contributioniterative procedure, converges in <4 steps; suggested energy here 2e18 eV

raw

direct

scattered

Gaisser-Hillas form

camera

angle vs time geometry

MC

Atmospherecalibrated (movable) light sourcescloud monitors

LIDARlasers

balloon sondes

2. Intl WorkshopLiebenzell Castle

Dec 11-14

Current status

Perspectives

• EA phase done– design validated, all objectives achieved

• Entering the production phase– +100 production tanks in the field, electronics being added

– hybrid operations w 3 telescopes in Los Leones next dark period

– setting up for stereo with 2 Coihueco telescopes

– Coihueco communications tower running, Morados being built

• production until end 2005– deployment & continuous running �physics report ICRC 2005

– committment to build the full-scale Southern Observatory

• Towards full-sky coverage...

Towards full-sky coverage

• The Northern Site– compelling scientific case

– start planning now for Utah or Colorado

– layout as in Mendoza for seamless data integration

– expand to larger aperture and use new technologies• discuss variable detector spacing, higher tanks for increased

neutrino sensitivity; cost-effective hardware; ...

• radio detection; KASCADE-Grande at Karlsruhe @ 1017 eV

– open forum discussion : tonight 7-9pm here�please join

today

P. AUGER AUTHOR LIST AUGER COLLABORATION: J. Abraham5, M. Aglietta35, I. C. Aguirre9, M. Albrow49, D. Allard20, I. Allekotte3, P. Allison53, J. Alvarez Muñiz41, M.G. do Amaral12, M. Ambrosio31, L. Anchordoqui54, R. Andrews49, M. Anguiano36, J.C. dos Anjos11, C. Aramo31, S. Argiro34, K. Arisaka46, J.C. Arteaga37, S. Atulugama53, M. Ave44, G. Avila7, R. Baggio34, A. Barbosa11, H.M.J. Barbosa10, D. Barnhill46, S.L.C. Barroso10, P. Bauleo47, J. Beatty53, T. Beau19, K.-H. Becker26, J.A. Bellido8, P. Bello36, T. Bergmann24, E. Berman49, X. Bertou55, P. Biermann24, P. Billoir21, R. Biral10, H. Bluemer24, M. Bohacova16, E. Bollmann24, C. Bonifazi1, M. Boratav21, A. Boselli1, J. Brack48, J.-M. Brunet19, H. Bui-Duc61, V. Cabrera36, D.V. Camin30, J.-N. Capdevielle19, A. Carreño39, N. Cartiglia34, R. Caruso28, L.A. de Carvalho10, S. Casanova24, E. Casimiro37, A. Castellina35, J. Castro36, P.W. Cattaneo32, L.Cazon41, R. Cester34, N. Chávez38, A. Chiavassa35, J.A.Chinellato10, M. Chiosso34, A. Chou49, J. Chye51, A. Cillis2, B. Civit5, D. Claes57, P. D.J.Clark45, R.W. Clay8, F. Cohen19, A. Cordero36, A. Cordier18, E. Cormier18, J. Cotzomi36, U. Cotti38, S. Coutu53, C.E. Covault58, A. Creusot20, J.W. Cronin55, M. Cuautle36, S. Dagoret-Campagne21, T. Dang-Quang61, P. Da Silva21, J. Darling51, P. Darriulat61, K. Daumiller25, B.R. Dawson8, L. de Bruijn45, A. De Capoa34, M.A.L. de Oliveira10, V. de Souza10, A. Della Selva31, O. Deligny21, J.C. Diaz48, C. Dobrigkeit 10, J.C. D'Olivo39, A. Dorofeev51, M.T. Dova2, A.Dye45, M.A. DuVernois59, R. Engel24, L.N. Epele2, P. Eschstruth18, C.O. Escobar10, A. Etchegoyen1, P. Facal San Luis33, A.C. Fauth10, N. Fazzini7, A. Fernández36, B. Fick55, A. Filevich1, A. Filipčič42, R. Fonte27, W. Fulgione35, E. Gámez36, B. Garcia5, H. Geenen26, H. Gemmeke23, C. Germain-Renaud18, P.L. Ghia35, M. Giller41, J. Gitto5, H. Glass49, M. Gómez Berisso3, P.F. Gomez Vitale6, J. González36, J. González54, D. Gora40, A. Goodwin50, P. Gouffon14, V. Grassi30, A.F. Grillo29, C. Grunfeld2, J. Grygar16, F. Guarino31, G. Guedes11, C. Guerard25, R. Gumbsheimer24, J.L. Harton47, D. Heck24, J. M. Hernández36, D. Hoffer49, C. Hojvat49, P. Homola40, M. Horvat42, M. Hrabovsky16, A. Insolia27, S. Jaminion53, Y. Jerónimo38, M. Kaducak49, K.-H. Kampert26, B. Keilhauer24, E. Kemp10, H. Klages24, M. Kleifges23, J. Kleinfeller24, J. Knapp44, A. Kopmann23, N. Kunka23, M. Kutschera40, C. Lachaud19, M. Lapolla30, A. Letessier-Selvon21, I. Lhenry-Yvon20, J. Lloyd-Evans44, R. López36, A. Lopez Aguera43, M. Lucano11, R. Luna37, M.E. Manceñido2, P.F. Manfredi32, L. Manhaes11, P. Mantsch49, A.G. Mariazzi2, M.J. Markus52, E. Marques43, G. Martin52, O. Martineau24, J. Martinez37, N. Martinez2, O. Martínez36, H.-J. Mathes24, J.A.J. Matthews52, J. Matthews50,60, G. Matthiae33, E.Marques41, P. Matussek24, G. Maurin19, D. Maurizio34, P. Mazur49, T. McCauley54, M. McEwen50, R.R. McNeil50, C. Medina1, M.C. Medina38, G. Medina-Tanco15, D. Melo1, M. Melocchi5, E. Menichetti34, A. Menshikov23, F. Meyer22, R. Meyhandan50, G. Miele31, W. Miller52, D. Monnier-Ragaigne18, B. Morales39, C. Morello35, E. Moreno36, M. Mostafa34, R. Mussa34, H. Nassini3, G. Navarra35, L. Nellen39, R. Nemiroff51, F. Nerling24, C. Newman-Holmes49, D. Nicotra27, S. Nigro1, D. Nitz51, H. Nogima10, D. Nosek17, M. Nuñez36, T. Ohnuki46, A. Olinto55, S. Ostaptchenko25, M. Palatka16, G. Parente43, E. Parizot20, E.H. Pasaye38, N. Pastrone34, M. Patel44, T. Paul54, I. Pedraza36, J. Pekala40, R. Pelayo37, I.M. Pepe13, A. Pérez-Lorenzana37, L. Perrone26, N. Peshman59, S. Petrera28, P. Petrinca33, D. Pham-Ngoc61, P. Pham-Trung61, T. Pierog24, O. Pisanti31, N. Playez18, E. Ponce36, T.A. Porter50, L. Prado Junior10, P. Privitera33, M. Prouza16, J. B. Rafert51, G. Raia27, S. Ranchon18, P. Ranin46, L. Ratti32, V. Re32, H.C. Reis10, S. Reucroft54, B. Revenu19, J. Ridky16, A. Risi6, M. Risse24, V. Rizi28, M.D. Roberts52, C. Robledo36, G. Rodriguez43, S. Román36,

L. Rosa31, M. Roth25,44, A.C. Rovero4, H. Salazar36, G. Salina33, F. Sanchez30, M. Santander6, L.G. dos Santos10, R. Sato10, P. Schovanek16, V. Scherini30, S.J. Sciutto2, G. Sequeiros-Haddad34, R.C. Shellard11, E. Shibuya10, F.V. Siguas11, W. Slater46, N. Smetniansky-De Grande1, K. Smith47, G.R. Snow57, P. Sommers56, C. Song59, H. Spinka49, F. Suarez5, T. Suomijärvi20, D. Supanitsky1, J. Swain54, Z. Szadkowski41, A. Tamashiro1, G.J. Thornton8, T. Thouw24, R. Ticona9, W. Tkaczyk41, C.J. Todero Peixoto10, A. Tripathi46, G. Tristram19, D. Tscherniakhovski23, P. Tuckey22, V. Tunnicliffe44, M. Urban18, C. Uribe Estrada18, J.F. Valdés39, A. Vargas37, C. Vargas38, R. Vazquez43, D. Veberič42, A. Veiga2, A. Velarde9, F. Vernotte22, V. Verzi33, M. Videla5, C. Vigorito35, L. M. Villaseñor38, M. Vlcek16, L. Voyvodic49, T. Vo-Van61, T. Waldenmaier24, P. Walker45, D. Warner47, A. A.Watson44, Ch. Wiebusch26, G. Wieczorek41, B. Wilczynska40, H. Wilczynski40, N.R.Wild8, T. Yamamoto55, J. Yasser38, E. Zas43, D. Zavrtanik42, M. Zavrtanik42, A. Zepeda37 1 Laboratorio Tandar, Comisión Nacional de Energía Atómica and CONICET, Av. Gral. Paz

1499, (1650) San Martin, Buenos Aires, Argentina 2 Universidad Nacional de la Plata, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Departamento de Física and

IFLP/CONICET, C.C. 67, (1900) La Plata, Argentina 3 Instituto Balseiro, Centro Atomico Bariloche/CNEA y Universidad Nacional de Cuyo, (8400)

San Carlos de Bariloche, Rio Negro, Argentina 4 Instituto de Astronomía y Física del Espacio – CONICET, CC 67, Suc. 28, (1428) Buenos Aires,

Argentina 5 Universidad Tecnologica Nacional (Regional Mendoza) and CONICET, Ciudad de Mendoza,

Argentina 6 Universidad Tecnologica Nacional (Regional San Rafael), Ciudad de San Rafael, Argentina 7 Pierre Auger Southern Observatory, Av. San Martin Norte 304, (5613) Malargüe, Prov. de

Mendoza, Argentina 8 University of Adelaide, Department of Physics and Mathematical Physics, South Australia 5005,

Australia 9 National Academy for Sciencies, Av. 16 Julio 1732, POB 5829, La Paz, Bolivia 10 Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Fisica, Departamento de Raios Cosmicos e

Cronologia, CP 6165, 13084-971, Campinas, SP, Brasil 11 Centro Brasileiro de Pesquisas Fisicas, Rua Dr. Xavier Sigaud 150 22290-180 Rio de Janeiro,

RJ, Brasil 12 Universidade Federal Fluminense, Campus da Praia Vermelha, 24210-340 Niteroi, RJ, Brasil 13 Universidade Federal da Bahia, Campus da Onkina, 40210-340 Salvador, BA, Brasil 14 Universidade Sao Paulo, Instituto de Fisica, Departamento de Fisica Experimental, CP 66318,

05315-970, Sao Paulo, SP, Brasil 15 Instituto Astronomico e Geofisico, Rua do Matao 1226, 05508-900, Sao Paulo, SP, Brasil 16 Institute of Physics, Czech Academy of Sciences, Na Slovance 2, CZ-18221 Praha 8, Czech

Republic 17 Institute of Nuclear and Particle Physics, Faculty of Mathematics and Physics, Charles

University, Praha, Czech Republic 18 Laboratoire de l’Accélérateur Linéaire, Université Paris-Sud and IN2P3/CNRS, 91400 Orsay,

France

19 Laboratoire de Physique Corpusculaire et Cosmologie, Collège de France and IN2P3/CNRS and Université Paris 7, 75005 Paris, France

20 Institut de Physique Nucléaire, Université Paris-Sud and IN2P3/CNRS, 91400 Orsay, France 21 Laboratoire de Physique Nucléaire et de Hautes Energies, Université Paris 6 & 7 and

IN2P3/CNRS, 75005 Paris, France 22 Laboratoire d’Astrophysique de l’Observatoire de Besançon, Université de Franche-Comté and

INSU/CNRS, 25010 Besançon, France 23 Forschungszentrum Karlsruhe GmbH, Institut für Prozessdatenverarbeitung und Elektronik

(FZK-IPE), 76021 Karlsruhe, Germany 24 Forschungszentrum Karlsruhe GmbH, Institut für Kernphysik (FZK-IK), 76021 Karlsruhe,

Germany 25 Universität Karlsruhe (TH), Institut für Experimentelle Kernphysik (IEKP), 76128 Karlsruhe,

Germany 26 Universität Wuppertal, Fachbereich Physik, Gauβstr.20, D-42119, Wuppertal, Germany 27 Dipartimento di Fisica dell’Universitá and INFN, Corso Italia 57, 95129 Catania, Italy 28 Dipartimento di Fisica and INFN, L'Aquila, Italy 29 INFN, Laboratori Nazionali del Gran Sasso, Italy 30 Dipartimento di Fisica and INFN, Via Celoria 16, 20133 Milano, Italy 31 Dipartimento di Fisica and INFN, Via Cintia 2, 80123 Napoli, Italy 32 Universitá di Pavia, Universitá di Bergamo and INFN Pavia, Via Bassi 6, 27100 Pavia, Italy 33 Universitá di Roma II “Tor Vergata” and INFN Roma II, Via della Ricerca Scientifica 1, 00133

Roma, Italy 34 Dipartimento di Fisica Sperimentale and INFN Torino, Via P. Giuria1, 10125 Torino, Italy 35 Istituto di Fisica dello Spazio Interplanetario, sezione di Torino and Dipartimento di Fisica

Generale dell'Universitá and INFN Torino, Via P. Giuria 1, 10125 Torino, Italy 36 Benemérita Universidad Autónoma de Puebla (BUAP), Ap. Postal J-48, 72500 Puebla, Puebla,

Mexico 37 Centro de Investigacion y de Estudios Avanzados del IPN (CINVESTAV), Physics Dept., POB

14-740, 07000 Mexico D.F., Mexico 38 Universidad Michoacana de San Nicolas de Hidalgo (UMSNH), Apdo. Postal 2-82, 58040

Morelia, Michoacan, Mexico 39 Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), Apdo. Postal 70-542, 04510 Mexico

D.F., Mexico 40 Institute of Nuclear Physics, ul. Radzikowskiego 152, 31-342 Krakow, Poland 41 University of Lodz, Division of Experimental Physics, ul. Pomorska 149/153, 90-236 Lodz,

Poland 42 Nova Gorica Polytechnic, Laboratory for Astroparticle Physics, Vipavska 13, POB 301, 5001

Nova Gorica, Slovenia 43 Departamento de Fisica de Particulas, Universidad de Santiago de Compostela, Spain 44 Department of Physics and Astrophysics, University of Leeds, Leeds, LS2. 9JT, UK 45 Institute of Integrated Information Systems, School of Electronic Engineering, University of

Leeds, Leeds, LS2. 9JT, UK 46 University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA), Department of Physics and Astronomy, Los

Angeles, CA 90095, USA 47 Colorado State University, Department of Physics, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA 48 University of Colorado, Physics Department, Boulder, CO 80309-0446, USA

49 Fermilab, MS105, POB 500, Batavia, IL 60510-0500, USA 50 Louisiana State University, Department of Physics and Astronomy, Baton Rouge, LA 70803-

4001, USA 51 Michigan Technological University, Department of Physics, 1400 Townsend, Houghton, MI

49931-1295, USA 52 University of New Mexico, Physics Department, Albuquerque, NM 87131, USA 53 Pennsylvania State University, Dept. of Physics, 104 Davey Laboratory, University Park, PA

16802, USA 54 Northeastern University, Department of Physics, 110 Forsyth Street, Boston, MA 02115-5096,

USA 55 University of Chicago, Enrico Fermi Institute, 5640 S. Ellis, Chicago, IL 60637, USA 56 University of Utah 115 S. 1400 East #201, Salt Lake City, UT 84112-0830, USA 57 University of Nebraska, Dept. of Physics and Astronomy. 116 Brace Lab, Lincoln, NE 68588-

0111, USA 58 Case Western Reserve University, Dept. of Physics, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA 59 University of Minnesota, School of Physics and Astronomy, 116 Church St. SE, Minneapolis,

MN 55455, USA 60 Department of Physics, Southern University, Baton Rouge, LA 70813, USA 61 Institute of Nuclear Science and Technology (INST), 5T-160 Hoang Quoc Viet Street, Nghia

Do, Cau Giay, Hanoi, Vietnam