highlights from heating at tromsø and prospects for the future eiscat scientific association...

Highlights from Heating at Highlights from Heating at Tromsø and prospects for the Tromsø and prospects for the

futurefuture

EISCAT Scientific AssociationEISCAT Scientific AssociationRamfjordmoenRamfjordmoen

N-9027 RamfjordbotnN-9027 [email protected]@eiscat.uit.no

Michael T. RietveldMichael T. Rietveld

25th anniversary of SURA, Nizhny Novgorod, 14-17 Nov. 2006

The Heating facility at The Heating facility at TromsøTromsø

Antenna 1

Antenna 2

Antenna 3

Transmitter

Control

( ) means planned

Plateville

Colorado

USA

Arecibo

Puerto Rico

HIPAS Alaska

USA

HAARP

Alaska

USA

EISCATEISCAT

TromsøTromsøNorwayNorway

SURA

Russia

SPEARSpitsbergen

Norway

Geographic Coordinates

40.18 N

104.73 E

18.3 N

66.8 W

65.0 N

147.0 W

62.39 N

145.15W

69.6 N 19.2 E

59.13N

46.1 E

78.9 N

78.15 W

Magnetic

Latitude49.1 N 32 N 76 N 63.09 N 67 N 50 N

Frequency

[MHz]2.8-10 3-12 2.8-5 2.8-8

(2.8-10)

3.9-5.5

5.5-8.0

4.5-9 4-6

(2-3)

Radiated Power [MW]

2 0.8 1.6 0.96

(3.6)

1.0 0.75 0.19

Antenna Gain [dB]

19 23-26 18-19 14-24

(31)

22-25

28-31

23-26 22

(16)

Effective Radiated Power [MW]

100 160 130 11-170

(4000)

180-340

630-1260

150-280 32

(8)

A comparisonA comparison

Scientific (and operational) Highlights

• 1979 First experiments with partial facility• 1979 ELF/VLF wave excitation experiments

(Dowden et al., 1981)

From Stubbe et al., JATP, 1982

An early example of ELF/VLF wave generation in the ionosphere using modulated HF-heating




• 1981 1-m irregularity excitation in E-region (Hibberd et al., 1983)

From Hibberd et al., JGR, 1983

Generation of 1-m scale irregularities in the auroral E region by O-mode HF wave pumping





• 1981 SEE discovery (Thidé et al., 1982)

From Thidé et al.., 1982

The first Stimulated Electromagnetic Emissions (SEE) at Tromsø

Tromsø

STARE backscatter (144 MHz) from the E-region (Norway radar)4 April 2005


• 1979 First experiments with partial facility• 1979 ELF/VLF wave excitation experiments (Dowden et al.,

1981)



• 1981 Anomalous absorption, striations, thermal parametric instabilities

• 1981 Langmuir turbulence measured with UHF radars (Hagfors, 1983)

• 1985 Low frequency (2.7-4 MHz) array destroyed in storm• 1989 Gyroharmonic effects in SEE, AA, Te measured (Leyser

et al., 1989 and many others)

Special effects appear when the HF frequency is close to a harmonic of the electron gyrofrequency (1.4 MHz).

For example, artificial irregularities are weaker (upper panel) and some SEE features disappear (lower middle panel)

(Honary et al., Ann. Geophys., 1999)

Gyroharmonic Gyroharmonic effectseffects

Artificial aurora 630 nm

Cutlass

UHF

3 Nov 2000 ERP = 70 MW O-mode

Kosch et al., Geophys. Res. Lett., 29, 23, 2112, 2002


• 1979 First experiments with partial facility• 1979 ELF/VLF wave excitation experiments (Dowden et al., 1981)



• 1981 Anomalous absorption, striations, thermal parametric instabilities

• 1981 Langmuir turbulence measured with UHF radars (Hagfors, 1983)

• 1985 Low frequency (2.7-4 MHz) array destroyed in storm• 1989 Gyroharmonic effects in SEE, AA, Te measured (Leyser et al., 1989

and many others)

• 1990 Operation of the rebuilt, high-gain (30dBi) array-1 started• 1993 transfer of Heating from Max-Planck to EISCAT• 1993 First API experiment at Tromsø (Rietveld et al., 1996)

Artificial Periodic Artificial Periodic Irregularities (API)Irregularities (API)

The API technique was discovered at SURA and allows any HF pump and ionosonde to probe the ionosphere. API are formed by a standing wave due to interference between the upward radiated wave and its own reflection from the ionosphere.

(See book by Belikovich et al., 2001)

Measured parameters include: N(n), N(e), N(O-), vertical V(i), T(n), T(i) & T(e)

An example of API decaying in two altitude ranges, one rarely observed as low as 45-65 km, the other frequently observed between 80-100 km.

Range-time-intensity plot of decaying API echoes just below and above the O-mode reflection height for two 1 s heater pulses.

(Rietveld and Goncharov, Adv. Space res., 1998)


• 1979 First experiments with partial facility• 1979 ELF/VLF wave excitation experiments (Dowden et al., 1981)• 1981 SEE discovery (Thidé et al., 1982)• 1981 1-m irregularity excitation in E-region (Hibberd et al., 1983)

• 1981 Anomalous absorption, striations, thermal parametric instabilities• 1981 Langmuir turbulence measured with UHF radars (Hagfors, 1983)

• 1985 Low frequency (2.7-4 MHz) array destroyed in storm• 1989 Gyroharmonic effects in SEE, AA, Te measured (Leyser et al., 1989 and many

others)• 1990 Operation of the rebuilt, high-gain (30dBi) array-1 started• 1993 transfer of Heating from Max-Planck to EISCAT• 1993 First API experiment at Tromsø (Rietveld et al., 1996)• 1997 Aspect angle and other details of Langmuir turbulence (Isham et al., 1999)• 1998 Large Te increases at night, aspect-angle dependent (Rietveld et al., 2003)• 1999 Artificial aurora, magnetic zenith effect (Brändström et al., 1999, Kosch et al., 2000)

F-region plasma phenomena

• In addition to having a strong dependence on the difference between HF frequency from a gyroharmonic, many phenomena show a marked dependence on the angle the HF rays make with the magnetic field (Magnetic Zenith effect)

• e.g., electron heating, artificial optical emissions, Langmuir turbulence, striations, large scale irregularities. These effects remain largely unexplained.

ElectroElectron n

heating heating and and UHF UHF

beam beam swinginswingin

ggUHF zenith angle

7 Oct 1999

4.954 MHz

ERP = 100 MW

O-mode

(Rietveld et al., JGR, 2003)

HF offHF off

HF onHF on

Ion upwelling

Electron heating

(Rietveld et al., JGR, 2003)

Cavitation spectra

decay linefirst cascade

second cascade

PLASMA TURBULENCEPLASMA TURBULENCE

HF on

HF off

UHF ion line spectra

12 Nov 2001 5.423 MHz ERP = 830 MW O-mode

V. Belyey, B. Isham, T.B. Leyser and M.T. Rietveld

(manuscript in preparation)

Seeding of Langmuir turbulence by high Seeding of Langmuir turbulence by high power HF modification during aurorapower HF modification during aurora

HFon

HFon

HFon

HFon

HFon

HFon

22 November 2003

Plasma line

Ion line

HF on HF onHF off HF off

Plasma line

Ion line

HF on HF off

Pump freq

Artificial aurora

Airglow at 6300Å shifted from heater beamAirglow at 6300Å shifted from heater beam

21 Feb 1999 6300 21 Feb 1999 6300 East=RHS South=East=RHS South=Bottom Start time=Bottom Start time=17.07.50 UT 17.07.50 UT Step=480 secStep=480 secKosch et al.2000Kosch et al.2000

Heater beamHeater beam

Spitze directionSpitze direction

Field Field alignedaligned

An example of unexplained annular structures, formed by electrons accelerated through Langmuir turbulence.

(Kosch et al., GRL, 2004)

The artificial auroral structure at 16:37:05 UT on12 November 2001, 5 s after HF pump turn on. Integration time =5 s. The image is taken in the zenith from Skibotn and has a 50º field of view (large circle). The -3 dB locus of the pump beam assuming free space propagation is shown as a small circle (beamwidth = 7.4º), projected at 230 km altitude and tilted 9º south of the HF facility at Ramfjordmoen. The upper cross shows the location of the HF transmitter whilst the lower cross shows the magnetic field line direction (12.8º S), both projected at 230 km. The dotted line represents the magnetic field line connected to Ramfjordmoen and the labels give altitude. (from Kosch et al., GRL, 2004)





others)• 1990 Operation of the rebuilt, high-gain (30dBi) array-1 started• 1993 transfer of Heating from Max-Planck to EISCAT• 1993 First API experiment at Tromsø (Rietveld et al., 1996)• 1997 Aspect angle and other details of Langmuir turbulence (Isham et al., 1999)• 1998 Large Te increases at night, aspect-angle dependent (Rietveld et al., 2003)• 1999 Artificial aurora, magnetic zenith effect (Brändström et al., 1999, Kosch et al., 2000)• 1998 ULF waves and Ionopsheric Alfven Resonator (Robinson et al., 2000)

Ultra Low Frequency waves (3 Ultra Low Frequency waves (3 Hz)Hz)Field line tagging

A schematic of the artificial 3-Hz ULF wave injection from the ionospheric source region, along the geomagnetic field line, beyond the spacecraft to the Ionospheric Alfvén Resonator boundary at about 1.5 RE. Here the wave acquires a significant electric field component parallel to the geomagnetic field and can accelerate electrons down past the spacecraft toward the ionosphere, as well as away from the spacecraft, out into space.

(After Wright et al., J. Geophys. Res., 2003)





others)• 1990 Operation of the rebuilt, high-gain (30dBi) array-1 started• 1993 transfer of Heating from Max-Planck to EISCAT• 1993 First API experiment at Tromsø (Rietveld et al., 1996)• 1997 Aspect angle and other details of Langmuir turbulence (Isham et al., 1999)• 1998 Large Te increases at night, aspect-angle dependent (Rietveld et al., 2003)• 1999 Artificial aurora, magnetic zenith effect (Brändström et al., 1999, Kosch et al., 2000)• 1998 ULF waves and Ionopsheric Alfven Resonator (Robinson et al., 2000)• 1999 PMSE modification (Chilson et al., 2000)• 2003 PMSE overshoot (Havnes et al., 2003)

Ionospheric and atmospheric physics from Heating

Although plasma physics research remains an interesting and important goal of HF-ionosphere interactions, using the HF facility to learn about the atmosphere, ionosphere and magnetosphere is becoming increasingly important, as the next example shows.

Polar Mesospheric Summer Echoes (PMSE)

Universal Time (hours)

How does HF affect PMSE ?

1) PMSE weakening

•HF wave heats the electrons from about 150K to some hundreds K

•Heated electrons means density fluctuations smoothed out (increased diffusion). So PMSE weakens with HF on, and returns immediately with HF off.

2) PMSE Overshoot

•Dust (> 1nm particles) have electrons attached. The dust charging and electron gradients depend on particle size and density, electron density and electron temperature. The time constant to discharge to undisturbed state during off is long.

•Useful diagnostic of dusty plasma since small particles charge slowly and large particles charge quickly.

Artificial HF modulation of Polar Mesospheric Summer Echoes. VHF backscatter power reduces by >40 dB.Reduction occurs on timescales less than 30 ms.

10 July 1999

5.423 MHzERP = 630 MWX-mode HF 10s ON, 10s OFF

HF off

HF on

VHF radarHow does HF affect How does HF affect

PMSE ?PMSE ?

1) PMSE weakening1) PMSE weakening

(Chilson et al., GRL, 2000)

Interpretation (see Rapp and Lübken, GRL, 2000)

•Increasing electron temperature compensates the effect of negatively charged aerosols on the diffusion of electrons. Increasing Te enhances electron diffusion and destroys PMSE. In terms of the Schmidt number, Sc, which is the ratio of kinematic viscosity to the effective diffusion coefficient of the electrons, Sc = /De

eff is reduced. Without aerosols Sc 1.

•This is the first direct experimental proof that it is indeed the reduction of electron diffusion by charged aerosols which allows for the existence of scattering structures in the electron gas at very small scales.

•Using the particle charging model of Rapp and Lübken [2000] we find that an electron temperature increase also leads to an enhanced charging of the aerosols. Some of the aerosol particles acquire a second or even a third electron while for "normal" electron temperatures they are singly negatively charged. This implies that the total number of charges on the aerosol increases with increasing electron temperature. Increasing the aerosol charge, however, should support PMSE [Cho et al., 1992] al. Therefore this effect is minor.

•This experimental result does not help solve the real problem of PMSE, namely how can structures with these sizes exist in the aerosol gas.

2) PMSE overshoot2) PMSE overshoot immediately after switching the 3s long heater pulse off. The background noise on this linear scale is at approximately 2500. (Havnes et al., GRL, 2003.)

Raw data

Total PMSE intensity (sum of highest intensities at each time sample)

Smoothed data

Model calculations showing how the shape of the overshoot phenomenon depends on particle size. HF is on from 20 to 40 s. The amplitude from 0 to 1 depends on the electron heating. (Havnes et al., GRL, 2003)

•Weaker than PMSE

•Lower altitude than PMSE

•Not associated with NLC

•Not during extreme cooling

Polar Mesospheric Winter Echoes (PMWE)

No consensus yet on the several mechanisms advanced: Charged dust, Viscosity waves from breaking Infra-sonic waves. Heating effects may decide.

”First observations of the artificial modulation of Polar Mesospheric Winter Echoes”

A.J. Kavanagh, F. Honary, M. T. Rietveld and A. Senior. (Geophys. Res. Lett., 33, 2006)

HF-supression of PMWEKavanagh et al., 2006 (Geophys. Res.Lett, 33, 2006)

HF ON





others)• 1990 Operation of the rebuilt, high-gain (30dBi) array-1 started• 1993 transfer of Heating from Max-Planck to EISCAT• 1993 First API experiment at Tromsø (Rietveld et al., 1996)• 1997 Aspect angle and other details of Langmuir turbulence (Isham et al., 1999)• 1998 Large Te increases at night, aspect-angle dependent (Rietveld et al., 2003)• 1999 Artificial aurora, magnetic zenith effect (Brändström et al., 1999, Kosch et al., 2000)• 1998 ULF waves and Ionopsheric Alfven Resonator (Robinson et al., 2000)• 1999 PMSE modification (Chilson et al., 2000)• 2003 PMSE overshoot (Havnes et al., 2003)• 2004 Interferometry of SEE (Isham et al., 2005; Tereshchenko et al., 2006)

Antenna layout in the SEE experiment.

SEE interferometer data from 5 October 2004 at EISCAT on Ramfjordmoen showing an expanded view of the frequency scale encompassing the BUM1, and showing the coherences for all three antenna baselines plus elevation and azimuth angles computed for the BUM1 source region. The elevation angle of the BUM1 is about 74 deg during the pump cycle beginning at 10:56 UT and about 70 during the follow two cycles. The HF beam was centred on 14 deg south for the first and 17.5 deg S for the next two cycles. Time and frequency resolutions are 1 s and 1 kHz.From Isham et al., Ann Geophys., 2005

SEE interferometer data from 5 October 2004 at EISCAT on Ramfjordmoen. A view of the portion of the frequency scale encompassing the DM, and showing the power spectrum, the coherences for all three antenna baselines, plus elevation and azimuth angles computed for the DM source region. The DM can be seen between about -10 and -12 kHz relative to the pump frequency. The elevation angle of the DM is about 77 deg during the pump cycle beginning at 10:56 UT and about 73 deg during the follow two cycles. Time and frequency resolutions are 1 s and 200Hz

From Isham et al., Ann Geophys., 2005

Cross power (unnormalized coherence) curves calculated from raw voltage samples from the pairs of the north–south receiver channels (the left panels) and west–east receiver channels (the right panels). The top row of spectra were made using a noise generator and the 4040-kHz notch filters connected to each receiver. The bottom panels show the corresponding experimental SEE cross power spectra, measured 6.5 min after the pump on time at 15:30 UT on 6 October 2004, using the 4040-kHz notch filters with the pump transmitting at 4040 kHz. The vertical line is plotted at 4038.8 kHz, slightly below the filter cutoff frequency.

From Tereshchenko et al., Ann Geophys., 2006

SEE power spectral densities for the north (left column), south (central column), and west (right column) antennas at four different times and antenna beam directions. Both the DP component and the narrow continuum (NC) are clearly seen in the SEE spectra. The time at the left of each plot refers to minutes after 15:30 UT on 6 Oct 2004. The beam direction is degrees south of vertical.

From Tereshchenko et al., Ann Geophys., 2006

Intensity-weighted average locations of the downshifted peak (DP) source region estimated from the phase difference angles (dots) are shown along with contours of the angle between the pump beam direction and the geomagnetic field at 250 km (solid lines). The squares show the mean positions of the DP for each of the HF beam directions while the labels indicate the corresponding pump beam pointing. 0-deg-south (i.e. vertical) pump beam pointing began at 15:30 UT, 7-deg-south at 15:34 UT, 14-deg-south at 15:38 UT, and 21-deg-south at 15:42 UT. The average location varied from about 2.5-deg north to 5-deg south of magnetic zenith (located at the center of the contour circles), with the three positions closest to field-aligned having the strongest signal intensities (see Figure 6). Note also the approximately 1.5-degree eastward offset of the source region for pump pointing near magnetic field-aligned (14 deg south) as compared to the other beam positions. From Tereshchenko et al., Ann Geophys., 2006

Conclusions (directional Conclusions (directional SEE)SEE)

While the position of the DP component of the SEE spectrum did shift somewhat in response to the changing angle of the HF pump beam, its position remained between 2.5° north and 5° south of the magnetic zenith for the entire 21° range of beam positions, with the peak intensity occurring between 1° and 2° south, corresponding to 7° south pump beam pointing. This suggests that the DP may have a “preferred” position, perhaps just south of field-aligned, which shifts in response to the power distribution in the pump beam pattern.


• 1979 First experiments with partial facility• 1979 ELF/VLF wave excitation experiments (Dowden et al., 1981)




• 1985 Low frequency (2.7-4 MHz) array destroyed in storm• 1989 Gyroharmonic effects in SEE, AA, Te measured (Leyser et al., 1989 and many others)

• 1990 Operation of the rebuilt, high-gain (30dBi) array-1 started• 1993 transfer of Heating from Max-Planck to EISCAT• 1993 First API experiment at Tromsø (Rietveld et al., 1996)

• 1997 Aspect angle and other details of Langmuir turbulence (Isham et al., 1999)

• 1998 Large Te increases at night, aspect-angle dependent (Rietveld et al., 2003)

• 1999 Artificial aurora, magnetic zenith effect (Brändström et al., 1999, Kosch et al., 2000)

• 1998 ULF waves and Ionopsheric Alfven Resonator (Robinson et al., 2000)

• 1999 PMSE modification (Chilson et al., 2000)

• 2003 PMSE overshoot (Havnes et al., 2003)

• 2004 Interferometry of SEE (Isham et al., 2005; Tereshchenko et al., 2006)

• 2007 First significant upgrade of RF-generation and modulation system

The Future

Antenna 1

Antenna 2

Antenna 3

TransmitterControl

SPEAR

HEATING

The future of EISCATThe future of EISCAT• From 2007 EISCAT has a new structure• China joins, France leaves, other countries’ (GE?, UK,

FI, NI, NO, SW) shares change, reduced budget• EU-funded design study for a new generation IS radar for

the mainland (EISCAT-3D) is well underwaySee http://e7.eiscat.sehttp://e7.eiscat.se

• EU-funded trans-national access (see http://e7.eiscat.sehttp://e7.eiscat.se)• Fewer mainland radar operations, but continuous ESR

operation during IPY planned• Heating facility is being upgraded and remains a very

important part of EISCAT• Unofficially, SPEAR will be bought by China (Wuhan).

Heater UpgradeHeater Upgrade• Replacing 12 synthesizers with DDS

technology –faster and more flexible frequency and beam direction changes

• Use antenna array-3 as a receiving antenna

for magnetospheric (and other) radar experiments

Array-3 feed lines, power combiners

To receiver

Using antenna array-3 as a receiver

ConclusionsConclusions

The HF facility is delivering new science and is in high demand. It will be available, with upgrades, after 2007 for further experiments The incoherent scatter radars will also be available but with fewer hours of operations. The facility is being upgraded by:

replacing analogue synthesizers with Direct Digital Synthesis units which will allow faster frequency changes One receiving array will be used for magnetospheric radar experiments

EU-funded trans-national access available for new users.

http://e7.eiscat.sehttp://e7.eiscat.se

Yeoman and Wright, Ann. Geophys., 2001

Wright and Yeoman, Ann. Geophys., 1999.

HF-induced Te change and time constant in HF-induced Te change and time constant in the lower ionospherethe lower ionosphere

Te/Tn Te/Tn

highlights from heating at tromsø and prospects for the future eiscat scientific association...

Documents

irregularity excitation

eregion hibberd

operational highlights1979

standing wave

auroral e region

upward radiated wave

hf frequency

eregion norway radar4