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DACS-P-00124 Volume 51, Number 6, November - December 2012

DPI’s Bureau of Entomology, Nematology and Plant Pathology (the botany section is included in this bureau) produces TRI-OLOGY six times a year, covering two months of activity in each issue. The report includes detection activities from nursery plant inspections, routine and emergency program surveys, and requests for identification of plants and pests from the public. Samples are also occasionally sent from other states or countries for identification or diagnosis.

HighlightsFollowing are a few of the notable entries from this volume of TRI-OLOGY. These entries are reports of interesting plants or unusual pests, some of which may be problematic. See Section Reports for complete information.

Aphodius distinctus (a dung beetle) — a new Florida State Record. This beetle is abundant and widespread in much of the United States, but not reported previously from Florida.

Sipha maydis (a spiny cereal aphid) — a new Georgia State Record. This Eurasian cereal pest has a broad host range among grasses and cereal crops and can transmit at least one of the viruses in the barley yellow dwarf complex. This colony was found on wheat in a greenhouse in Griffin, Georgia.

Meloidogyne incognita (the southern root-knot nematode) has been reported to be pathogenic to numerous plant species in several parts of the world. In Florida, this nematode species parasitizes many crops of agronomic and horticultural importance as well as weed plants. Recently, the noxious weed, Chinese tallow (Sapium sebiferum), was found to be parasitized by this nematode.

Nelsonia canescens (blue pussyleaf), previously known as both Justicia canescens and Justicia brunelloides before recent taxonomic revision, was collected from the same county park where the original Florida population was discovered. No other locations with wild populations have been found. Although several other tropical relatives of this plant have become widely naturalized, this species does not appear to be a pest plant.

Dracaena mottle badnavirus (Dracaena mottle) was found on Dracaena sanderiana (Belgian evergreen, lucky bamboo) in an Alachua County nursery. This is the first United States record of the viral pathogen. Dracaena mottle can integrate into the host genome and cause no symptoms, posing a

regulatory dilemma.

Section Reports

Botany 2Entomology 5Nematology 8Plant Pathology 10

Aphodius distinctus (a dung beetle) Photograph courtesy of Dr. Paul E. Skelley

Nelsonia canescens (blue pussyleaf) Photograph courtesy of Alan R. Franck, Atlas of Florida Vascular Plants

How to cite Tri-ology:Dixon, W.N. and P.J. Anderson. (Editors). year. Section. Tri-ology Volume(number): page. [date you accessed site] website address For example: Dixon, W.N. and P.J. Anderson. (Editors). 2012. Entomology section. Tri-ology 47(5): 8. [accessed July 5, 2012] http://www.freshfromflorida.com/content/download/12542/151552/triology_5101.pdf

Florida Department of Agriculture and Consumer Services • Adam H. Putnam, Commissioner

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Botany SectionCompiled by Patti J. Anderson, Ph.D.This section identifies plants for the Division of Plant Industry, as well as for other governmental agencies and private individuals. The Botany Section maintains a reference herbarium with over 11,000 plants and nearly 1,400 vials of seeds. Some of the samples received for identification are discussed below:

Aglaia odorata Lour. (peppery orchid-tree, Chinese perfume plant), from a genus of about 120 species found in China, the Indo-Malayan region and Pacific islands. Meliaceae. This evergreen shrub or small tree has scattered, tiny, stellate scales on new growth, but is otherwise glabrous. The compound leaves are alternate, with three to five glossy green leaflets that are 3.5 to 7 cm long. The petiole and rachis are narrowly winged. Inflorescences are axillary, up to 14 cm long, with panicles of tiny (about 2 mm across), fragrant, five-parted, yellow flowers. The fruits are yellowish berries, about 1 cm wide. At first glance, this species is similar in appearance to Murraya paniculata in the Rutaceae (citrus family), but Aglaia leaves have no pellucid glands as do those of Rutaceae. This species could be a useful addition to the landscape as a fragrant hedge plant that is not subject to diseases of Citrus species. Aglaia odorata is used in traditional Chinese medicine. The flowers are used to scent tea and in linen closets. Other more common members of the Meliaceae or mahagony family in Florida include the weedy chinaberry tree, Melia azedarach, and the Florida endangered West Indian mahagony, Swietenia mahagoni. (Sarasota County; submitted by the general public; 10 November 2012.) (Mabberley 2008; Walker 1976; http://libproject.hkbu.edu.hk/was40/detail?lang=en&channelid=1288&searchword=herb_id=D00922 [accessed 14 December 2012].)

Gouania lupuloides (L.) Urban (chew-stick), from a genus of about 50 species native to tropical and warm regions. Rhamnaceae. This woody vine or scrambling shrub can grow 7-12 m in length or height. It climbs with coiled tendrils at the base of the inflorescences and can be distinguished from other vines in this family by those tendrils. The alternate leaves have serrate to bluntly toothed margins with glands at the tip of each tooth, ovate to elliptic blades that can be up to 10 cm long and 5 cm wide, and tips that are acute to short acuminate. The petioles are 0.5 to 2 cm long. Racemes of tiny white to yellow green flowers produce small, three-winged fruits, containing deep brown seeds that are 3-4 mm long. The native range of chew-stick includes Florida, the West Indies, the Bahamas, Mexico, Central America and northern South America. The species grows on roadsides, in pastures and in forests. In Florida, chew-stick grows in coastal hammocks. Austin (2008) reports numerous common names in several languages that suggest using the vine for teeth cleaning or as a washing soap, including chaw stick, toothbrush tree, limpia dientes (tooth cleaner), liane savon (soap vine) and soap stick. It seems that wherever the plant grows, stem cuttings are used to clean teeth and gums. Even the popular Frommer’s travel guide to Jamaica mentions the attraction of a compounding pharmacy in Kingston that makes a medicinal toothpaste on the premises, called Chew Dent using G. lupuloides; Chew-stick is also used in flavoring Jamaican beers. (Miami-Dade County; B2012-728; Jake M. Farnum; 5 November 2012.) (Austin 2004; Nelson 2011; Porter and Prince 2004; Wunderlin and Hansen 2011; http://www.fs.fed.us/global/iitf/pdf/shrubs/Gouania%20lupuloides.pdf [accessed 20 December 2012].)

Melinis repens (Willd.) Zizka. (rose Natalgrass) from a genus of 22 species native to tropical and southern Africa. Gramineae/Poaceae. This is a weedy annual or short-lived perennial that is now widely distributed through the tropics and subtropics, but is thought to be native in southern Africa. Introduced to the

Sample Submissions

Nov/Dec

Year to date

Samples submitted by other DPI sections

1,174 8,404

Samples submitted for botanical identification only

157 859

Total Samples Submitted

1,331 9,263

Specimens added to the herbarium

18 226

Aglaia odorata (peppery orchid-tree)Photograph courtesy of Top Tropicals

Gouania lupuloides (chew-stick) herbarium specimenPhotograph courtesy of New York Botanical Garden http://sweetgum.nybg.org/vh/specimen.php?irn=906173

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United States as a forage grass, it has become naturalized throughout the southern states from North Carolina to California. A field full of rose Natalgrass is a beautiful sight, especially when backlit by the setting sun. Unfortunately, its beauty belies its weedy tendencies, and it has spread to nearly every county in Florida. This grass was brought to Florida about 1875 and is now documented in all but 13 of the state’s 67 counties. The culms are 40-150 cm long, decumbent and usually rooting at the lower nodes. The erect to spreading leaf blades are 4-27 cm long and 2-9 mm wide. Erect, airy panicles, 6-22 cm long and 3-12 cm wide, are borne in late summer or early fall, with distinctive spikelets about 4 mm long, their glumes densely covered in long and silky, pink or red hairs that turn silver with age. It is found in disturbed areas and open grasslands in a wide range of soil conditions. Because this grass is displacing native plants, it has been placed on the Florida Exotic Plant Pest Council’s (EPPC) list of invasive species (Category I). The species was also known as Rhychelytrum repens (Willd.) C.E.Hubb. and many older references use that name. (Miami-Dade County; B2012-705 and B2012-706; Andrew I. Derksen, USDA/CAPS; 29 October 2012; Orange County; B2012-735; George A. Warden; 7 November 2012; and Alachua County; by the general public; 5 November 2012.) (Langeland et al. 2008; Wipff 2003.)

Momordica charantia L. (balsam-apple, balsamito, bitter melon, karela, ku gua), from a genus of about 40 Old World tropical species. Cucurbitaceae. This annual, herbaceous vine to 5 m long is cultivated as a vegetable and has escaped cultivation to grow in disturbed areas throughout much of Florida. The vines have deeply dissected, alternate leaves with five to seven lobes and climb with coiled tendrils that grow from the petiole base of the leaves. The showy, yellow flowers are unisexual with both staminate (male) and pistillate (female) flowers found on the same vine. Male flowers mature before the female flowers, encouraging cross-pollination. The fruit, used as a vegetable, is oblong to ovoid, with a warty, wrinkled, yellow-orange exterior that bursts open when ripe to reveal a bright red interior. The seeds are covered with a red aril and red pulp. There are several varieties of the cultivated fruit, for example, the form found in Chinese markets is usually pale green, oblong with blunt ends, with a warty surface texture. The form associated with Indian cuisine has jagged, tooth-like projections on the exterior and both ends of the fruit form sharp points. There are numerous intermediates between these two examples, as well as miniature forms and ripe fruits in a range of colors. M. charantia has been used in traditional medicine both as a tea to treat respiratory illnesses and to treat type 2 diabetes mellitus. Rigorous experimental studies of the plant’s medicinal efficacy remain inconclusive. (Miami-Dade County; B2012-771; Linda G. McRay; 9 November 2012 and Miami-Dade County; B2012-789; Jake M. Farnum; 26 November 2012.) (Hammer 2002; Huxley 1992; http://www.hort.purdue.edu/newcrop/cropfactsheets/karela.html; http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20166099 [accessed 20 December 2012].)

Nelsonia canescens (Lam.) Spreng. (blue pussyleaf), from a genus with a single species from the Old World tropics. Acathaceae. This annual grows 10-20 cm tall, with a creeping or sprawling habit and stems that often root at basal nodes to form ground-covering mats. This growth habit has been found to give a competitive advantage to the species in seasonally dry areas of Central Africa. The opposite leaves are petioloate, with petioles usually about 1.2 cm, but occasionally up to 4 cm long. The leaf blade is elliptic to ovate, with an entire margin, cuneate base and acute apex. The inflorescence consists of cylindrical spikes with spiraling, imbricate bracts. The sessile flowers have a lobed, 4-5 mm long calyx and a lobed, 4-5.5 mm long, glabrous corolla from bluish purple to white in color. Most plant parts are covered with soft,

Melinis repens (rose Natalgrass) close view of flowerPhotograph courtesy of Patti J. Anderson, DPI

Melinis repens (rose Natalgrass) in the landscapePhotograph courtesy of Patti J. Anderson, DPI

Momordica charantia (balsam-apple, balsamito, bitter melon, karela, ku gua)Photograph courtesy of Roger L. Hammer, Atlas of Florida Vascular Plants

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non-glandular hairs, including inflorescence bracts with trichomes up to 2 mm long. The fruit is a capsule about 2 mm long with 8-16 seeds. This species was known as Justicia canescens Lamarck and Justicia brunelloides Lam. before recent taxonomic revision. This sample was collected from the same county park where the original Florida population was discovered. Although several other tropical relatives of this plant have “adopted” Florida as their home and become widely naturalized, including several species of Ruellia, Justicia and Thunbergia, the initial discovery of Nelsonia remains the only known population. In spite of its ability to naturalize here, this species does not appear to be a pest plant at this time. It grows in open areas in Asia and Africa where it is native and was found growing along a sidewalk in Sarasota. The plant is used medicinally and has been found to contain anti-inflammatory and analgesic compounds. (Sarasota County; B2012-861; Karen ‘Lea’ Etchells; 27 December 2012.) (Chidumayo 2006; Franck and Daniel 2011; Owoyele et al. 2005; http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=2&taxon_id=200022012 [accessed 31 December 2012].)

References

Austin, D. F. 2004. Florida Ethnobotany. CRC Press, Boca Raton, Florida. 909 p.

Chidumayo, E.N. 2006. Fitness implications of clonal integration and leaf dynamics in a stoloniferous herb, Nelsonia canescens (Lam.) Spreng (Nelsoniaceae). Evolutionary Ecology 20: 59-70.

Franck, A. R. and T. F. Daniel. 2011. Florida Nelsonia canescens, a genus and species new to the adventive flora of the United States. Castanea 76: 429-431.

Hammer, R. 2002. Everglades wildflowers. Falcon Press, Guilford, Connecticut. 231 p.

Huxley, A.J. (editor). 1992. The new Royal Horticultural Society dictionary of gardening. 4 volumes. Macmillan Press, London, England. 3,240 p.

Langeland, K.A., H.M. Cherry, C.M. McCormick and K.A.Craddock Burks. 2008. Nonnative plants in Florida’s natural areas. The University of Florida, IFAS Communications Services, Gainesville, Florida. 193 p.

Mabberley, D.J. 2008. Mabberley’s plant-book: a portable dictionary of plants, their classification and uses, 3rd edition. Cambridge University Press, New York, New York. 1,021 p.

Nelson, G. 2011. Botanical key to Florida’s trees, shrubs and woody vines. Pineapple Press, Inc., Sarasota, Florida. 208 p.

Owoyele, V.B., Y.Y. Oloriegbe, E.A. Balogun and A.O. Soladoye. 2005. Analgesic and anti-inflammatory properties of Nelsonia canescens leaf extract. Journal of Ethnopharmacology 99: 153-156.

Porter, D. and D. Prince. 2004. Frommer’s Jamaica, 3rd edition. Wiley Publishing, Hoboken, New Jersey. 247 p.

Walker, E.H. 1976. Flora of Okinawa and the Southern Ryukyu Islands. Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington, D. C. 1,159 p.

Wipff, J.K. 2003. Melinis. Flora of North America 25: 490-492.Wunderlin, R. P. and B. F. Hansen. 2011. Guide to the vascular plants of

Florida, 3rd edition. University Press of Florida, Gainesville, Florida. 783 p.

Nelsonia canescens (blue pussyleaf) Photograph courtesy of Alan R. Franck, Atlas of Florida Vascular Plants

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Entomology SectionCompiled by Susan E. Halbert, Ph.D.

This section provides the division’s plant protection specialists and other customers with accurate identifications of arthropods. The entomology section also builds and maintains the arthropod reference and research collection (the Florida State Collection of Arthropods with over 9 million specimens), and investigates the biology, biological control and taxonomy of arthropods.

Halotydeus bakerae (a redlegged mite) — a new US Continental Record. An exotic phytophagus mite tentatively identified as Halotydeus bakerae Qin & Halliday (Penthaleidae), recently was discovered in the top layer of soil of a potted plant at a nursery in Homestead. The genus Halotydeus is native to Australia and Africa. These mites feed primarily on grasses, but they also have been found on clover, mosses, and other plants. All Halotydeus species are phytophagous, and none are known to be established in the USA.

Mites in the genus Halotydeus are relatively easy to identify in the field due to their dark body and red to orange legs. Halotydeus are more likely to be found fall through early spring. They can be gregarious when feeding, but congregate in the upper soil layer or under leaves at other times. If disturbed, the mites will frequently drop to the ground. (Miami-Dade County; E2012-7960; Holly B. Glenn, University of Florida, Tropical Research and Extension Center; 18 October 2012.) (Dr. W.C. ‘Cal’ Welbourn.)

Aphodius distinctus (a dung beetle) — a new Florida State Record. This is an introduced species, abundant and widespread in the USA, but not reported previously from Florida. (Santa Rosa County; E2012-8884; Johanna K. Welch, USDA/APHIS/PPQ, and J. Mikaela Anderson; 13 November 2012.) (Dr. Michael C. Thomas.)

Sipha maydis (a spiny cereal aphid) — a new Georgia State Record. This Eurasian cereal pest was found in the United States for the first time in 2007 in California. It has a broad host range among grasses and cereal crops and can transmit at least one of the viruses in the barley yellow dwarf complex. This colony was found on wheat in a greenhouse in Griffin, Georgia. (Spalding County, GA; E2012-9123; Daniel E. Bland, Jr. and Lisa M. Ames, University of Georgia; 30 November 2012.) (Dr. Susan E. Halbert.)

Entomology Specimen ReportFollowing are tables with entries for records of new hosts or newgeographical areas for samples identified in the current volume’s time periodas well as samples of special interest. An abbreviated table, with all the newrecords, but less detail about them, is presented in the body of this webpage and another version with more complete data is downloadable as an Excel spreadsheet.

The tables are organized alphabetically by plant host if the specimen has aplant host. Some arthropod specimens are not collected on plants and arenot necessarily plant pests. In the table below, those entries that have noplant information included are organized by arthropod name.

Sample/Specimen Submissions

NovemberSamples Submitted 732Specimens Identified 8,421DecemberSamples Submitted 627Specimens Identified 4,694Year to DateSamples Submtted 9,616Specimens Identified 142,655

Aphodius distinctus (a dung beetle) Photograph courtesy of Dr. Paul E. Skelley

Sipha maydis (a spiny cereal aphid) Photograph courtesy of Lisa M. Ames, University of Georgia

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pale

legu

me

bug

Esca

mbi

aIN

TER

DIC

TIO

N IN

TER

CEP

TIO

N

Lact

uca

sativ

ale

ttuce

, rom

aine

lettu

ce, l

eaf l

ettu

ceLy

gus h

espe

rus

a w

este

rn ly

gus b

ugEs

cam

bia

INTE

RD

ICTI

ON

INTE

RC

EPTI

ON

Lact

uca

sativ

ale

ttuce

, rom

aine

lettu

ce, l

eaf l

ettu

ceTe

tran

eura

sp.

aphi

dEs

cam

bia

INTE

RD

ICTI

ON

INTE

RC

EPTI

ON

Lact

uca

sativ

ale

ttuce

, rom

aine

lettu

ce, l

eaf l

ettu

ceTe

xana

nus u

ltrat

usa

leaf

hopp

erEs

cam

bia

INTE

RD

ICTI

ON

INTE

RC

EPTI

ON

Man

devi

lla sp

.m

ande

villa

Hal

otyd

eus b

aker

aea

redl

elgg

ed m

iteM

iam

i-Dad

eU

S C

ON

TIN

ENTA

L

Man

gife

ra in

dica

man

goN

acol

eia

sp.

a cr

ambi

d m

oth

Palm

Bea

chC

OU

NTY

7

Plan

t Spe

cies

Plan

t Com

mon

Nam

eA

rthr

opod

Spe

cies

Art

hrop

od C

omm

on N

ame

Cou

nty

New

Rec

ords

Abie

s fra

seri

Fras

er's

fir, s

outh

ern

bals

am fi

rFi

orin

ia e

xter

naan

arm

ored

scal

eM

onro

eR

EGU

LATO

RY IN

CID

ENT

Abie

s fra

seri

Fras

er's

fir, s

outh

ern

bals

am fi

rFi

orin

ia e

xter

naan

arm

ored

scal

eH

amilt

onIN

TER

DIC

TIO

N IN

TER

CEP

TIO

N

Abie

s sp.

firC

erat

inop

sis n

igri

ceps

a dw

arf s

heet

wea

ver

Nas

sau

INTE

RD

ICTI

ON

INTE

RC

EPTI

ON

Agav

e sp

.Sp

odop

tera

eri

dani

aso

uthe

rn a

rmyw

orm

Ala

chua

HO

ST

Apiu

m g

rave

olen

sce

lery

Phyt

omyz

a sp

.an

agr

omyz

id fl

yEs

cam

bia

INTE

RD

ICTI

ON

INTE

RC

EPTI

ON

Aver

rhoa

car

ambo

laca

ram

bola

; sta

rfru

itJa

pana

nus h

yalin

usa

leaf

hopp

erPi

nella

sC

OU

NTY

Bam

busa

sp.

Frog

gatti

ella

n. s

p. (?

)C

ollie

rC

OU

NTY

Bras

sica

rapa

pak-

choi

, bok

-cho

i, pa

k-ch

oy, b

ok-c

hoy,

C

hine

se m

usta

rd, c

eler

y m

usta

rdBa

grad

a hi

lari

sba

grad

a bu

gEs

cam

bia

INTE

RD

ICTI

ON

INTE

RC

EPTI

ON

Bras

sica

rapa

pak-

choi

, bok

-cho

i, pa

k-ch

oy, b

ok-c

hoy,

C

hine

se m

usta

rd, c

eler

y m

usta

rdD

elia

pla

tura

seed

corn

mag

got

Esca

mbi

aIN

TER

DIC

TIO

N IN

TER

CEP

TIO

N

Cap

sicu

m a

nnuu

mpe

pper

Bact

eric

era

cock

erel

lipo

tato

psy

llid

Ala

chua

REG

ULA

TORY

INC

IDEN

T

Car

ya il

linoi

nens

ispe

can

Flor

icom

us c

rosb

yia

dwar

f she

etw

eave

rG

lade

sC

OU

NTY

Cic

hori

um e

ndiv

iaen

dive

, esc

arol

e, fr

isee

Der

ocer

as re

ticul

atum

gray

gar

den

slug

Nas

sau

INTE

RD

ICTI

ON

INTE

RC

EPTI

ON

Cic

hori

um e

ndiv

iacu

ltiva

ted

endi

veN

ason

ovia

ribi

snig

ricu

rran

t-let

tuce

aph

idEs

cam

bia

INTE

RD

ICTI

ON

INTE

RC

EPTI

ON

Citr

us sp

.Eu

rhin

us m

agni

ficus

mag

nific

ent w

eevi

lB

reva

rdC

OU

NTY

Cup

anio

psis

ana

card

ioid

esca

rrot

woo

d; tu

cker

oo tr

eePe

nest

ola

bufa

lisa

spilo

mel

ine

mot

hC

harlo

tteC

OU

NTY

Cyn

ara

card

uncu

lus

card

oon,

arti

chok

e, g

lobe

arti

chok

eD

eroc

eras

retic

ulat

umgr

ay g

arde

n sl

ugN

assa

uIN

TER

DIC

TIO

N IN

TER

CEP

TIO

N

Euge

nia

unifl

ora

Surin

am c

herr

y; C

ayen

ne c

herr

ySo

baro

ceph

ala

quad

rim

acul

ata

a cl

usiid

fly

Indi

an R

iver

CO

UN

TY

Euth

amia

gra

min

ifolia

com

mon

gol

dent

op, fl

atto

p go

lden

rod

Aste

rom

yia

euth

amia

ea

gall

mid

geW

akul

laC

OU

NTY

Frag

aria

x a

nana

ssa

gard

en st

raw

berr

yEp

iphy

as p

ostv

ittan

alig

ht b

row

n ap

ple

mot

hEs

cam

bia

INTE

RD

ICTI

ON

INTE

RC

EPTI

ON

Frax

inus

sp.

ash

tree

Agri

lus m

acer

a bu

pres

tid b

eetle

Gad

sden

CO

UN

TY

Gos

sypi

um h

irsu

tum

culti

vate

d co

tton

Apho

dius

dis

tinct

usa

dung

bee

tleSa

nta

Ros

aST

ATE

Hem

eroc

allis

sp.

Oph

iom

yia

kwan

soni

sda

ylily

leaf

min

erB

aker

CO

UN

TY

Itea

virg

inic

aV

irgin

ia-w

illow

, Virg

inia

sw

eets

pire

Olig

onyc

hus c

offe

aesp

ider

mite

Ala

chua

HO

ST

Lact

uca

sativ

ale

ttuce

, rom

aine

lettu

ce, l

eaf l

ettu

ceBa

cter

icer

a co

cker

elli

pota

to p

sylli

dEs

cam

bia

INTE

RD

ICTI

ON

INTE

RC

EPTI

ON

Lact

uca

sativ

ale

ttuce

, rom

aine

lettu

ce, l

eaf l

ettu

ceC

erat

agal

lia sp

.a

leaf

hopp

erEs

cam

bia

INTE

RD

ICTI

ON

INTE

RC

EPTI

ON

Lact

uca

sativ

ale

ttuce

, rom

aine

lettu

ce, l

eaf l

ettu

ceC

erat

agal

lia sp

.a

leaf

hopp

erEs

cam

bia

INTE

RD

ICTI

ON

INTE

RC

EPTI

ON

Lact

uca

sativ

ale

ttuce

, rom

aine

lettu

ce, l

eaf l

ettu

ceC

erat

agal

lia sp

.a

leaf

hopp

erEs

cam

bia

INTE

RD

ICTI

ON

INTE

RC

EPTI

ON

Lact

uca

sativ

ale

ttuce

, rom

aine

lettu

ce, l

eaf l

ettu

ceD

elia

pla

tura

seed

corn

mag

got

Esca

mbi

aIN

TER

DIC

TIO

N IN

TER

CEP

TIO

N

Lact

uca

sativ

ale

ttuce

, rom

aine

lettu

ce, l

eaf l

ettu

ceLi

riom

yza

lang

eiC

alifo

rnia

pea

leaf

min

erSu

wan

nee

INTE

RD

ICTI

ON

INTE

RC

EPTI

ON

Lact

uca

sativ

ale

ttuce

, rom

aine

lettu

ce, l

eaf l

ettu

ceLi

riom

yza

lang

eiC

alifo

rnia

pea

leaf

min

erEs

cam

bia

INTE

RD

ICTI

ON

INTE

RC

EPTI

ON

Lact

uca

sativ

ale

ttuce

, rom

aine

lettu

ce, l

eaf l

ettu

ceLi

riom

yza

lang

eiC

alifo

rnia

pea

leaf

min

erEs

cam

bia

INTE

RD

ICTI

ON

INTE

RC

EPTI

ON

Lact

uca

sativ

ale

ttuce

, rom

aine

lettu

ce, l

eaf l

ettu

ceLi

riom

yza

lang

eiC

alifo

rnia

pea

leaf

min

erEs

cam

bia

INTE

RD

ICTI

ON

INTE

RC

EPTI

ON

Lact

uca

sativ

ale

ttuce

, rom

aine

lettu

ce, l

eaf l

ettu

ceLy

gus e

lisus

pale

legu

me

bug

Esca

mbi

aIN

TER

DIC

TIO

N IN

TER

CEP

TIO

N

Lact

uca

sativ

ale

ttuce

, rom

aine

lettu

ce, l

eaf l

ettu

ceLy

gus e

lisus

pale

legu

me

bug

Esca

mbi

aIN

TER

DIC

TIO

N IN

TER

CEP

TIO

N

Lact

uca

sativ

ale

ttuce

, rom

aine

lettu

ce, l

eaf l

ettu

ceLy

gus h

espe

rus

a w

este

rn ly

gus b

ugEs

cam

bia

INTE

RD

ICTI

ON

INTE

RC

EPTI

ON

Lact

uca

sativ

ale

ttuce

, rom

aine

lettu

ce, l

eaf l

ettu

ceTe

tran

eura

sp.

aphi

dEs

cam

bia

INTE

RD

ICTI

ON

INTE

RC

EPTI

ON

Lact

uca

sativ

ale

ttuce

, rom

aine

lettu

ce, l

eaf l

ettu

ceTe

xana

nus u

ltrat

usa

leaf

hopp

erEs

cam

bia

INTE

RD

ICTI

ON

INTE

RC

EPTI

ON

Man

devi

lla sp

.m

ande

villa

Hal

otyd

eus b

aker

aea

redl

elgg

ed m

iteM

iam

i-Dad

eU

S C

ON

TIN

ENTA

L

Man

gife

ra in

dica

man

goN

acol

eia

sp.

a cr

ambi

d m

oth

Palm

Bea

chC

OU

NTY

Plan

t Spe

cies

Plan

t Com

mon

Nam

eA

rthr

opod

Spe

cies

Art

hrop

od C

omm

on N

ame

Cou

nty

New

Rec

ords

Man

gife

ra in

dica

man

goTr

agin

ops i

rror

atus

an o

dini

id fl

yH

endr

yC

OU

NTY

Mel

anth

era

nive

asn

ow sq

uare

stem

Phen

acoc

cus p

arvu

sa

mea

lybu

gM

onro

eH

OST

Ole

a eu

ropa

eaol

ive

Plat

ynot

a ro

stra

naea

ster

n om

nivo

rous

leaf

rolle

rVo

lusi

aH

OST

Phoe

nix

dact

ylife

rada

te p

alm

Blap

stin

us sp

.a

tene

brio

nid

beet

leEs

cam

bia

INTE

RD

ICTI

ON

INTE

RC

EPTI

ON

Phoe

nix

dact

ylife

rada

te p

alm

Eleo

des s

p. n

r. sc

abro

saPa

lm B

each

REG

ULA

TORY

INC

IDEN

T

Pinu

s sp.

date

pal

mSc

aphi

nus m

utic

usa

cera

mby

cid

beet

leEs

cam

bia

CO

UN

TY

Pinu

s sp.

pine

Thio

nia

ellip

tica

an is

sid

plan

t hop

per

Esca

mbi

aC

OU

NTY

Pinu

s sp.

pine

Xyle

bori

nus a

ndre

wes

ia

scol

ytid

bee

tleN

assa

uC

OU

NTY

Pinu

s sp.

pine

Xyle

boru

s int

rusu

sa

scol

ytid

bee

tleH

illsb

orou

ghC

OU

NTY

Podo

carp

us m

acro

phyl

lus

Japa

nese

yew

Neo

phyl

laph

is sp

. nr.

fran

ssen

ia

podo

carp

us a

phid

Cla

yC

OU

NTY

Podo

carp

us m

acro

phyl

lus

Japa

nese

yew

Neo

phyl

laph

is sp

. nr.

fran

ssen

ia

podo

carp

us a

phid

Col

umbi

aC

OU

NTY

Podo

carp

us m

acro

phyl

lus

Japa

nese

yew

Neo

phyl

laph

is sp

. nr.

fran

ssen

ia

podo

carp

us a

phid

Oka

loos

aC

OU

NTY

Podo

carp

us sp

.po

doca

rpus

Neo

phyl

laph

is sp

. nr.

fran

ssen

ia

podo

carp

us a

phid

Suw

anne

eC

OU

NTY

Podo

carp

us sp

.po

doca

rpus

Neo

phyl

laph

is sp

. nr.

fran

ssen

ia

podo

carp

us a

phid

Bak

erC

OU

NTY

Prim

ula

vulg

aris

Engl

ish

prim

rose

Col

lado

nus m

onta

nus

a le

afho

pper

Esca

mbi

aIN

TER

DIC

TIO

N IN

TER

CEP

TIO

N

Que

rcus

sp.

oak

Alph

ina

glau

caa

fulg

orid

pla

ntho

pper

Suw

anne

eC

OU

NTY

Que

rcus

sp.

oak

Ocy

ptam

us p

arvi

corn

isa

flow

er fl

ySa

raso

taC

OU

NTY

Que

rcus

sp.

oak

Rhin

oleu

coph

enga

obe

saa

vine

gar fl

ySa

raso

taC

OU

NTY

Que

rcus

sp.

oak

Xyle

boru

s im

pres

sus

a sc

olyt

id b

eetle

Nas

sau

CO

UN

TY

Rosm

arin

us o

ffici

nalis

rose

mar

yEu

pter

yx d

ecem

nota

taLi

guria

n le

afho

pper

Esca

mbi

aIN

TER

DIC

TIO

N IN

TER

CEP

TIO

N

Rosm

arin

us o

ffici

nalis

rose

mar

yEu

pter

yx d

ecem

nota

taLi

guria

n le

afho

pper

Esca

mbi

aIN

TER

DIC

TIO

N IN

TER

CEP

TIO

N

Schi

nus t

ereb

inth

ifolia

Bra

zilia

n pe

pper

tree

; Flo

rida

holly

; C

hris

tmas

ber

ryM

eotip

a pu

lche

rrim

aa

cobw

eb sp

ider

Hen

dry

CO

UN

TY

Sedu

m te

trac

tinum

Chi

nese

ston

ecro

p, c

oral

reef

sedu

mPi

nnas

pis a

spid

istr

aefe

rn sc

ale

Ala

chua

HO

ST

Triti

cum

aes

tivum

whe

atSi

pha

may

dis

a ce

real

aph

idSp

aldi

ngG

EOR

GIA

STA

TE R

ECO

RD

Acan

thoc

epha

la c

onfr

ater

nabi

gleg

ged

bug

Hen

dry

CO

UN

TY

Ahas

veru

s n.sp

.a

silv

anid

bee

tleN

assa

uIN

TER

DIC

TIO

N IN

TER

CEP

TIO

N

Cne

stus

mut

ilatu

sca

mph

or sh

ot b

orer

Libe

rtyC

OU

NTY

Cym

onin

us n

otab

ilis

a se

ed b

ugB

row

ard

CO

UN

TY

Der

ocer

as re

ticul

atum

gray

gar

den

slug

Sem

inol

eR

EGU

LATO

RY IN

CID

ENT

Dup

onch

elia

fove

alis

Euro

pean

pep

per m

oth

Jack

son

CO

UN

TY

Hal

yom

orph

a ha

lys

brow

n m

arm

orat

ed st

ink

bug

Nas

sau

REG

ULA

TORY

INC

IDEN

T

Mon

arth

rum

fasc

iatu

ma

scol

ytid

bee

tleLi

berty

CO

UN

TY

Piss

odes

stro

bia

wee

vil

Ala

chua

REG

ULA

TORY

INC

IDEN

T

Sibi

nia

sella

taa

wee

vil

Bro

war

dC

OU

NTY

Stro

phos

oma

mel

anog

ram

mum

nut l

eaf w

eevi

lM

anat

eeR

EGU

LATO

RY IN

CID

ENT

Styl

opal

pia

luni

gere

llaa

pyra

lid m

oth

Bro

war

dC

OU

NTY

Xyle

boru

s cel

sus

a sc

olyt

id b

eetle

Bay

CO

UN

TY

Xyle

boru

s int

rusu

sa

scol

ytid

bee

tleH

illsb

orou

ghC

OU

NTY

Xyle

boru

s int

rusu

sa

scol

ytid

bee

tleLi

berty

CO

UN

TY

8

Nematology SectionCompiled by Janete A. Brito, Ph.D., Susan A. Wright, M.S., M. Sedonia Steininger, B.S. and Linhchi D. Nguyen, B.S.

This section analyzes soil and plant samples for nematodes, conducts pest detection surveys and provides diagnoses of plant problems, in addition to completing identification of plant parasitic nematodes involved in regulatory and certification programs. State of Florida statutes and rules mandate the predominant regulatory activities of the section. Analyses of plant and soil samples include those from in-state programs, plant shipments originating in Florida destined for other states and countries, as well as samples intercepted in Florida from outside the United States.

Nematodes of Special Interest

Meloidogyne incognita (Kofoid and White, 1919) Chitwood, 1949, was found infecting the roots of the noxious weed, Sapium sebiferum or Triadica sebifera (Chinese tallow tree). (Alachua County; N12-01253; Susan A. Wright; 14 October 2012. )

Meloidogyne incognita, the southern root-knot nematode has been reported to be pathogenic to numerous plant species in several parts of the world. In Florida, this nematode species has been found to parasitize many crops of agronomic and horticultural importance as well as weed plants. Recently, Chinese tallow (Sapium sebiferum), a deciduous tree species in the Spurge family (Euphorbiaceae), was found parasitized with M. incognita. This plant, native to eastern Asia where it has many commercial uses, was introduced into the United States in the late 1700s as a source of oil for the production of candles and soap and was later used as an ornamental. Having escaped cultivation, Chinese tallow now occurs in the southeastern United States, from North Carolina to Texas, as well as in California. The species thrives in wetland, coastal and disturbed habitats. It is a Florida state noxious weed and has been designated as a Category I invasive species by the Florida Exotic Pest Plant Council (FLEPPC). The USDA Invasive Plant Research Laboratory began research on biological control of Chinese tallow in 2007 in Ft. Lauderdale and in its Gainesville satellite laboratory in 2008. Although M. incognita has been found reproducing on the Chinese tallow, this root-knot nematode species is not a biological control agent and should not be used as one.

Collectors submitting five or more samples that were processed for nematological analysis during November - December 2012

Sample Submissions

Nov/Dec

Year to date

MorphologicalIdentifications

1,307 11,613

MolecularIdentifications

104 2,336

Total Samples Submitted

1,411 13,949

Certification andRegulatory Samples

Nov/Dec

Year to date

MultistateCertification forNational andInternationalExport

825 8,203

CaliforniaCertification

293 2,126

Pre- movement(Citrus Nurs-eryCertification)

40 224

Site or PitApproval (CitrusNursery andOtherCertifications)

51 188

Other Samples

Nov/Dec

Year to date

Identifications(invertebrate)

0 23

Plant Prob-lems

20 165

Intrastate Survey,Random

78 661

MolecularIdentifica-tions*

104 2,336

Bailey, W. Wayne 7 LeBoutillier, Karen W. 80Blaney, Richard L. 11 Ochoa, Ana L. 33Bloom, Richard T. 30 Qiao, Ping 116Brodie, Matthew W. 7 Spriggs, Charles L. 152Burgos, Frank A. 108 Terrell, Mark R. 14Hassell, Lisa M. 6 Vazquez, Dagne A. 20Krueger, Scott D. 13 Wallace, Howard L. 12

9

Sapium sebiferum (Chinese tallow tree) showing stunted growth and yellowing leaves caused by Meloidogyne incognita infection.Photograph courtesy of Mariana P. Beckman and J. A. Brito, DPI.

Sapium sebiferum (Chinese tallow tree) A close view of the roots of Sapium sebiferum showing root galling, the typical below ground symptom, induced by Meloidogyne incognita infection.Photograph courtesy of Mariana P. Beckman and J. A. Brito, DPI.

References

Brito, J.A., R. Kaur, R. Cetintas, J.D. Stanley, M.L. Mendes, E.J. McAvoy, T.O. Powers and D.W. Dickson. 2008. Identification and isozyme charac-terisation of Meloidogyne spp. infecting horticultural and agronomic crops and weed plants in Florida. Nematology 10:757-766.

Brito, J.A., R. Kaur, R. Cetintas, J.D. Stanley, M.L. Mendes, T.O. Powers and D.W. Dickson. 2010. Meloidogyne spp. infecting ornamental plants in Florida. Nematropica 40:87-103.

Zinno, Y and Y. Mamiya.1976. Damage to Sapium sebiferum caused by Meloidogyne spp. Forest Pest 25:2-5.

10

Plant Pathology SectionCompiled by Timothy S. Schubert, Ph.D., and David A. Davison, M.S.

This section provides plant disease diagnostic services and conducts a citrus germplasm introduction program. The agency-wide goal of protecting Florida agriculture very often begins with accurate diagnosis of plant problems. Disease management recommendations are offered where appropriate and available. Our plant pathologists are dedicated to keeping informed about plant diseases outside Florida in order to be prepared for potential introductions of new pathogens.

Dracaena mottle badnavirus (Dracaena mottle) was found on Dracaena sanderiana (Belgian evergreen, lucky bamboo) at a nursery. (Alachua County; P2012-68621; Cheryl A. Jones and Michael L. Dornberg; 13 December 2012.)

Regulatory dilemma on the horizon - One of the pathogens in this Tri-ology issue presents a new twist on the regulatory approach to managing a plant disease. Dracaena mottle badnavirus causes discolored patterns in the foliage of lucky bamboo, Dracaena sanderiana. The virus can be transmitted mechanically through asexual propagation and by mealybugs. The disease detracts from the aesthetic beauty of the host plant, but it is not lethal, at least not by itself. This host plant enters the United States from Asia in enormous quantities. An odd property of the Dracaena mottle badnavirus is its ability to integrate its genome into that of its host, sometimes partially, sometimes completely. Sequencing the host genome offers evidence that the viral pathogen sequence has been integrated wholly or in part more than once. The pathogen seems to cause symptoms only when intact and loose in the host cytoplasm. It is silenced, and the host is asymptomatic when integrated into the host genome. Curiously, the multiple partial and wholly integrated sequences appear to convey some host disease resistance against other viral pathogens. When the plant undergoes stress, the integrated sequence can cleave out of the host genome to cause disease. Alternatively, active disease might commence because of mealybug transmission.

Sample Submissions

Nov/Dec

Year to date

Pathology 600 3,000Bee 0 9Black Spot 150 219Box Blight 0 16Citrus Canker 333 1,722Citrus Green-ing

421 4,523

Interdictions 8 109Laurel Wilt 10 132Soil 3 55Sudden OakDeath

28 47

Sweet Or-angeScab-like Disease

0 17

Water 19 44Miscellaneous 7 43Total SamplesSubmitted

1,579 9,936

Some questions arise:• How can a diagnostic test based on the viral nucleic acid sequence discern

whether the virus is integrated and silenced or free and pathogenic, or even perhaps a combination of the two? • Is this distinction important? Presumably, symptoms would prompt submission to the clinic, but what if a symptomless

plant were part of an indexing program to supply clean propagative material? How should an effort to clean up the propagative material for lucky bamboo proceed? Should the propagative material be cleansed of all traces of the integrated Dracaena mottle badnavirus, or just the intact sequences, whether integrated or not? Probably all Dracaena sanderiana plants contain some amount of this viral nucleic acid. Complete cleansing may not be possible or advisable.

• Should plant health regulations target only symptomatic plants, or all plants that test positive whether symptomatic or not?

The preceding story is one of a couple of regulatory puzzles to arise in Florida because of recent sample submissions by DPI plant inspectors. Another similar situation involving a novel bacterial pathogen will be discussed in a future issue of Tri-ology. Clearly, our newer molecular diagnostic methods sometimes spawn tough questions with no simple answers.

ReferencesSu, L., S. Gao, Y. Huang, C. Ji, D. Wang, Y. Ma, R. Fang and X. Chen. 2007. Complete genomic sequence of Dracaena

mottle virus, a distinct badnavirus. Virus Genes 35: 423-429.

Plant Pathology Sample ReportFollowing is a table with entries for records of new hosts or new geographical areas for samples identified in the current volume’s time period as well as samples of special interest. The table is organized alphabetically by plant host.

11

Plan

t Sp

ecie

sPl

ant C

om-

mon

Nam

eC

ausa

l A

gent

Dis

ease

N

ame

Loca

tion

Type

Cou

nty

Sam

ple

Num

ber

Col

lect

orD

ate

New

R

ecor

dsA

loe

sp.

aloe

Pse

udoc

erco

-sp

ora

sp.

leaf

spo

tnu

rser

yO

rang

e68

421

Lesl

ie J

. Wil-

ber

1/2/

2013

Hos

t

Dra

caen

a sa

nder

iana

Bel

gian

eve

r-gr

een;

luck

y ba

mbo

o

Dra

caen

a m

ottle

bad

na-

viru

s

Dra

caen

a m

ottle

nurs

ery

Ala

chua

6862

1C

hery

l A.

Jone

s, M

i-ch

ael L

. Dor

n-be

rg

12/1

3/20

12C

ount

ry

Cap

sicu

m a

n-nu

umbe

ll an

d w

ax

pepp

ers

Leve

illul

a ta

uric

apo

wde

ry m

il-de

wre

side

nce

Ala

chua

6760

8Ti

mot

hy S

. S

chub

ert

11/1

3/20

12

Gos

sypi

um

hirs

utum

Mar

ie G

alan

te

cotto

n, w

ild

cotto

n

Cor

ynes

pora

ca

ssiic

ola

n/a

side

of r

oad

Jack

son

6737

8R

ober

t M.

Leah

y, J

ohan

-na

K. W

elch

, B

radl

ey A

. D

anne

r, C

AP

S

11/1

4/20

12H

ost

Gos

sypi

um

hirs

utum

Mar

ie G

alan

te

cotto

n, w

ild

cotto

n

Stil

bella

fim

-et

aria

boll

decl

ine

resi

denc

eA

lach

ua67

645

Rob

ert M

. Le

ahy,

Bra

d-le

y A

. Dan

ner

11/1

3/20

12H

ost

Iris

sp.

iris

Scl

erot

inia

sc

lero

tioru

mw

ater

y so

ft ro

tnu

rser

yO

sceo

la68

775

Pin

g Q

iao

1/7/

2013

Hos

t

Mis

cant

hus

sp.

mis

cant

hus

Bip

olar

is s

te-

nosp

ilale

af s

pot

UF,

Pla

nt S

ci-

ence

RE

CM

ario

n68

746

Man

inde

rpal

S

ingh

, Uni

ver-

sity

of F

lorid

a

12/2

1/20

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ost

Oni

mum

bas

i-lic

umsw

eet b

asil

Per

onos

pora

be

lbah

riido

wny

mild

ewnu

rser

yA

lach

ua68

844

nurs

ery

em-

ploy

ee

9/11

/201

2

Oni

mum

bas

i-lic

umsw

eet b

asil

Per

onos

pora

be

lbah

riido

wny

mild

ewnu

rser

yA

lach

ua68

895

Ric

hard

T.

Blo

om12

/28/

2012

Pho

enix

ca-

narie

nsis

Can

ary

isla

nd

date

pal

m,

pine

appl

e pa

lm

Can

dida

tus

Phy

topl

asm

a sp

. RFL

P G

roup

D R

16s

IV

Texa

s P

hoen

ix

palm

dec

line

resi

denc

eA

lach

ua68

779

Sus

an E

. H

albe

rt, J

odi

L. H

anse

n,

Tim

othy

S.

Sch

uber

t, R

egin

a D

. C

ahoe

, Dav

id

A. D

avis

on

12/2

1/20

12C

ount

y

Sen

na p

en-

dula

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hris

tmas

se

nna

Rav

enel

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cass

iaec

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rust

land

scap

erC

ollie

r67

652

Sco

tt D

. K

rueg

er11

/19/

2012

Sw

ingl

ea g

luti-

nosa

tabo

gX

anth

omon

as

axon

opod

is

pv. c

itri

Asi

atic

citr

us

cank

ernu

rser

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row

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6890

5H

ilda

D. G

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ez, U

SD

A1/

9/20

13H

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Zea

may

ssw

eet c

orn

Tenu

iviru

s M

aize

stri

pe

viru

s

Mai

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tripe

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rus

resi

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Bea

ch67

584

Rob

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ei-

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, Uni

ver-

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of F

lorid

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11/9

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2C

ount

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12

Our Mission... getting it done

The mission of the Division of Plant Industry is to protect Florida’s native and commercially grown plants and the State’s apiary industry from harmful pests and diseases. The Division employs a team of scientists to help carry out this mission by identifying insects, mites and spiders that appear on Florida’s plants and noxious weeds that are new to the state. These scientists prepare alerts with descriptive information as soon as possible after new pests are identified in the state. You might be interested in new DPI Pest Alerts issued this year, including alerts for a leafminer that could infest over 60,000 registered varieties of daylily, a moth pest of grass crops and a noxious weed new to Florida. For more information about these and other pests, see http://www.freshfromflorida.com/Divisions-Offices/Plant-Industry/Plant-Industry-Publications/Pest-Alerts