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Introduzione

Aerodynamics is divided according to the application object. Examples of this are the classification in

aircraftaerodynamic, turbomachinery aerodynamic, satelliteaerodynamic.

Sn other structure can be derived from the aerodynamics itself. The subdivision to flow velocities results:subsonic, transonic. Supersonic, hypersonic.

Vehicles and bodies, flying at hypersonicspeed, can be of very different form. There are missels that dip in

to the earths atmosphere from the retur of a space missions, a very different form from aircraft, .

Critical to the design of hyperschallflugkopern is the interplay of the aerodynamic forces and moments un

thermal overload.

Depending on flight profile there are typical shape characteristics, which will be explained later in more

detail.

classification of hypersonic vehicles

Depending on their operational purpose can be classified hypersonic vehicles in the following three main

classes:

Rocket start, especially their upper stages are also technically speaking counte to the hypersonic vehicles,

since they are subjected to hypersonic fluid phenomena during ascent. However, the large part of the

acceleration takes place only in a very large (hight) Altitude, so that aerodynamic effect for ascending .

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For the first group of hypersoud vehicles include the return to earth parts of the first manned and

unmanned space missions. You are characterized by a ballistic rientro in the earths athmosphere for the

first re entry caplsules, the risk were by forecast inaccuracies fo ex

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crucial to the accelerations occurring during re-enter or the performance calculation for the hypersonic

cruise are the force coefficients.

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The re-entry into a plantes atmosphere is certainly one of the most famous on application cases of

hypersonic aerodynamics. Unlike the rocket ascent in which the bulk of the acceleration takes place only at

very hight altitudes, there are spacecraft with very hight speed on the denser air layer of the atmosphere.

The hight flying speed is degraded relatively rapidly though the aerodynamic drag of the aircraft. Here are

the following factors are crucial:

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One basic distinction between two types of re entry. The spimplest case is called ballistic re entry, in which

act on the missile only the resistivity and gravity. The second case is the re entry with aerodynamic lift. It

also includes an air force component perpendicular to the flight direction so that the path angle can be

significantrly influence. the lift-prone re-enters is the technically relevant case, since a purely ballistic

reentry engraver can be done practically only with spherical capsules. crucial is that even small glide ratios,

the extensive symmetrical capsules readily achieved under moderate angles of attack, accelerations can

have very large influence on the trajectory un particularly occurring.??