Hightech meets agriculture

in Metropolitan Food Clusters

December 3 2015, Peter J.A.M. Smeets

The Netherlands and agro & food

OXFAM: Netherlands has world’s best food

NORTH AMERICA

S/D 5.3

SOUTH&MIDDLE AMERICA

S/D 8.4

EX-USSR

S/D 3.0

EAST ASIA

S/D 0.6

SOUTH ASIA

S/D 0.4

WEST ASIA

S/D 0.5

REST OF EUROPE

S/D 1.0

SOUTH EUROPE

S/D 0.7

NORTH AFRICA

S/D 0.9

SOUTHEAST ASIA

S/D 0.8 REST OF AFRICA

S/D 3.3

OCEANIA

S/D 28.0

Ratio of potential supply and demand (S/D) in 2050 with expected 9.5 bln inhabitants on current European diet

Image elaborated by ir. Steef Buijs,

Based on WRR report ‘Duurzame risico’s, een

Blijvend gegeven’ (1994)

Global food system: Enough to eat

The Northwest European Delta Metropolis, with 35

mln people, is the basis for its strong position in

agri&food:

LONDON

PARIS

LILLE

BRUSSELLS

RUHR

AREA

AMSTER

DAM

spatial pressure

open economy

water infrastructure

non protected agriculture

Metropolitan Core

Consumers in metropoles determine the demand for food produced by the metropolitan food cluster

Metro consumers determine food demand produced by the metropolitan food cluster

Metropolitan Core

The agglomeration around the metropole attracks urban residents seeking open green space

Metropolitan Core

Infrastructure determines the spatial structure of the metropolitan food cluster

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Metropolitan Core

Agroparks are clusters of land independent production and processing of food

Wijnen bv, Capsicum grower in 50 ha hightech

greenhouse in Agropark California near Venlo

Recycling of harvested rainwater Storage of heat

Capsicum plants

Semi-mechanized sorting, packing and

quality control

Export to Japan

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Metropolitan Core

Consolidation centres redistribute large into small loads serving demand of metropole’s retail outlets

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Consolidation Centre: Fresh Park Venlo

Storage, distribution,

processing, trade and

services,

Main clients: 7 mln

consumers in German Ruhr

Area

In a consumer responsive

way throughout the whole

year

Seasonal products not

available from local

producers are being supplied

from storage or by world

wide trade

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Metropolitan Core

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Rural processing centres process products from land dependent agriculture for agroparks

Rural processing Centre: Vreba Melkvee

1500 dairy cows

Producing 16.5 mln kg milk/yr

1400 ha land

40% of fodder imported

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Other functions like biodiversity protection or water management determine the spatial fabric

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Metropolitan Core

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The MFC spatial scheme is inspired on the Southeast Netherlands: Nr 1 in agri-food: • 90.000 agri

food related jobs

• 17.000 enterprises

• Nr. 1 in livestock, 2 in horticulture

Innovation: Greenhouse technology in

livestock production

Greenhouse cluster in Shandong, China

Combined high humidity and temperature during 4 months/year

Need for advanced cooling

Ultra Clima® Corridor

Closed greenhouse technology and Pork production

Slaughterhouse

Offices

Co-digester and

Power production

Fodder

production

Sick animal

stables

2 store stables

with greenhouse

or algae

production on

rooftop

• 85.000 pigs and

5000 sows in 4 fully

separated units

• Slaughterhouse for

200 slaughterings

per hour

• Total area 17 ha

• Manure processing

in co-digester

producing biogas

and power

• CO2 and heat used

in greenhouse and

algae production

• Odour, ammonia

and fine dust

emission strongly

reduced

Visitor centre

Modern pig production stable

1. Daylight in stables

2. Internal plants for shade and aircondioning

3. Playzones for pigs

4. Heat and CO2 exchange

5. Algae refinery cleaning water and providing

pig feed

6. Playzone for pigs

7.Manure transport

9. Stable entrance and exit

10..

11. Red zone is latrine

12. Green zone is for feeding

13. Gele middengebied is de ligzone voorzien

van een zaagselband

14. Urine opvang goot naar centrale buis

15. Loopgebied voor onderhoud en controle

16. Drinkkraan met waterlip

Heat stress in dairy: Growing demand cannot

be met by high productive local production Growth in milk demand High risk for heat stress

Ultra Clima Greenhouse for cows

aspired deliverables

● dairy production enabled in climate zones with high humidity and temperature

● increase in dairy productivity: lower costs, lower emissions, higher production

22

Contribution of dairy to climate change

0

50

100

150

200

250

Dairy cows Beef cattle Pigs Poultry Laying

hens

Sheep and

goats

Arable

sector

GH

G e

mis

sio

n (

Mto

n C

O2-e

q)

CO2 Land use change soybean

CO2 fossil fuel consumption

CO2 fertilizer production

CO2 liming and organic soils

CH4 enteric fermentation

CH4 manure management

N2O manure management

N2O soil emission

Beautiful Holland (?): Friesland Campina

24

REMEDy

CH4 CO2 CH4

CH4 CH4 CH4 CH4

CH4 CH4

CH4

CH4 CH4

CH4 CH4

CH4

CH4

CH4 CH4 CH4

CH4

CH4 CH4 CH4 CH4

REMEDy

CH4 + Dierwelzijn + Klimaat + Productie

- Stank - CH4

- Hitte stress

REMEDy

CH4

€€

€€

+ Energie

REMEDy

CH4

€€

+ Energie

Thank You

29

Dr P.J.A.M. Smeets

Agroparks and Metropolitan

Foodclusters

Email: peter.smeets@wur.nl

Mob.: +31651206758

Tel: +31 317 481675

www.wageningenur.nl

www.metropolitanfoodclusters.wur.nl

In recent decades most innovative agri-food has

followed the industrial development of clustering:

A Metropolitan Food Cluster (MFC) is

an innovative network of agrifood producers,

processors and service providers which is focused

on the urban areas.

It aims to optimize resource use efficiency,

market connectivity and embeddedness in the

wider social, spatial and institutional frameworks.

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Metropolitan Core

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A metropolitan food cluster typically rises around a metropolitan core

Freshpark Venlo: Auction, processing and

trade

Barge terminal Vegetable auction

Redistribution, big to small flows Distribution area for flower auction

Rural processing Centre: Vreba Melkvee

1500 dairy cows

Producing 16.5 mln kg milk/yr

1400 ha land

40% of fodder imported

5 key innovation principles of

Metropolitan Food Clusters

1. Resource use efficiency

2. Vertical integration

3. Horizontal integration

4. Agrologistics

5. Integrated design of hardware, orgware and software

An MFC is a system innovation

Law of the minimum factor:

The overall result is as good as the weakest link

Law of integrated system development

Improvements have a better end result if other factors are also improved

Resource use efficiency: land- and water use in closed-system greenhouse production

Key innovation 2: Vertical integration

Integration reduces transport and veterinary risks

Better meat quality because of stress reduction

Reduction of contamination and prevention of loss of taste

Added value stays within primary production

Large scale and industrial mode of production enables radical environmental

technology:

● Smell reduction

● Ammonia emission reduction

● Fine dust reduction

Mother animals

Genetics

Egg production

Breeding

Broilers

Slaughtering

Processing

Short

chain

broiler

production

manure

CO2

Energy

Retail

Feed

Key innovation 3: Horizontal integration

Integration of animal and vegetable production and processinghains enables industrial ecology through the exchange of rest- and by products

● Decrease of waste & omissions

● Additional profit from rest- and by-products

Commercially viable exchange requires physical proximity: agroparks arrange such space

Innovations are expensive require large scale for profitable implementation

Technologies secure sustainable large-scale production of the future: water efficiency, climate mitigation & adaptation

Horizontal integration in Pork production

Slaughterhouse

Offices

Co-digester and

Power production

Fodder

production

Sick animal

stables

2 store stables

with greenhouse

or algae

production on

rooftop

• 85.000 pigs and

5000 sows in 4 fully

separated units

• Slaughterhouse for

200 slaughterings

per hour

• Total area 17 ha

• Manure processing

in co-digester

producing biogas

and power

• CO2 and heat used

in greenhouse and

algae production

• Odour, ammonia

and fine dust

emission strongly

reduced

Visitor centre

Modern pig production stable

1. Daylight in stables

2. Internal plants for shade and aircondioning

3. Playzones for pigs

4. Heat and CO2 exchange

5. Algae refinery cleaning water and providing

pig feed

6. Playzone for pigs

7.Manure transport

9. Stable entrance and exit

10..

11. Red zone is latrine

12. Green zone is for feeding

13. Gele middengebied is de ligzone voorzien

van een zaagselband

14. Urine opvang goot naar centrale buis

15. Loopgebied voor onderhoud en controle

16. Drinkkraan met waterlip

Laarakker: Thermophyllic co-digestation

Pre treatment of waste

Premixing

Thermophyllic co-digestation

Aerobic cleaning of waste water

Anaerobic cleaning of wastewater

Biogas storage

Storage of digestate

Processed water storage

Power generator

Co-digestation at 55°C, very efficient

Processing 120.000 ton organic waste/yr,

producing 4.5 MW power

Co-digester is core of industrial ecology in

agropark

Micro algae raffinage

Water treatment

Production of raw materials

– Proteins for food/feed

– Oils for biodiesel

– Omega 3 fatty acids

Agropark Suikerunie: advanced integration

04 December 2015

43

Greenhouses

Digester

Sugar Factory

Water Sanitation

Land dependent agriculture

Co-digester

Melasse storage

30 ha eggplant greenhouse

Key innovation 4: Intelligent agrologistics

Agrologistics, from the farm gate until the supermarket, is key in delivering a high quality product

Agrologistics is the key to economic performance in the agrosector

The logistic network may also be used as a source of market information regarding demanded products in the encounter of buyers and producers

Key innovation 5: Parallel development of

hardware, orgware and software

Merging between agro-industry and greenhouses:

Foodcluster Biopark Terneuzen

Agropark in sea harbour

Primary agricultural production through industrial ecology connected to agro-industry

Focus on sustainable development of bio-energy production

In operation

http://www.bioparkterneuzen.com/cms/publish/content/downloaddocument.asp?document_id=420

Yara

fertiliser

production

200 ha

Greenhouses

Nedalco

bio-

ethanol

Heros

wastewater

cleaning

BiomassaUnie

co-digester

Roosendaal

Energy

Biodiesel

Pro

ces &

waste

wate

r

Proces & wastewater

heat

CO2 CO2

Bio

ma

ss w

aste

Su

bstr

ate

Po

we

r

47 47

Emerging from Greenhouse Cluster:

Foodcluster Agriport A7

• http://www.agriporta7.nl/

• Centre for growing vegetables,

agribusiness industry and logistics, 30

minutes from Amsterdam

• Primary production:

– Large scale glasshouses : 300 ha

growing to 1.000 ha

– Field crops : 40.000 ha

• Vegetables industry, logistics and services

– Business park: 70 ha

• To be added

– closed fish production and processing

– ICT-server centre

48

Area Agriport A7 august 2008

Warehouses and

logistics

Greenhouses

and power

generation

Agriport A7: residual heat of datacenter for

greenhouses

Microsoft Data Center

Clustering also necessary in livestock and

dairy

Good examples from horticulture are not followed in livestock and dairy

Expansion of livestock and dairy strongly limitated in present setting

Sustainable clustering in high-productive areas provides opportunities

● Enabling the continued and sped up development of livestock industries

● Pro-active relieve of vulnerable areas

NORTH AMERICA

S/D 5.3

SOUTH&MIDDLE AMERICA

S/D 8.4

EX-USSR

S/D 3.0

EAST ASIA

S/D 0.6

SOUTH ASIA

S/D 0.4

WEST ASIA

S/D 0.5

REST OF EUROPE

S/D 1.0

SOUTH EUROPE

S/D 0.7

NORTH AFRICA

S/D 0.9

SOUTHEAST ASIA

S/D 0.8 REST OF AFRICA

S/D 3.3

OCEANIA

S/D 28.0

Ratio of potential supply and demand (S/D) in 2050 with expected 9.5 bln inhabitants on current European diet

Image elaborated by ir. Steef Buijs,

Based on WRR report ‘Duurzame risico’s, een

Blijvend gegeven’ (1994)

Global food system: Enough to eat?

Netherlands Agri&Food 2014: Top 5 export products

Horticulture

Nr. 1 in global exports

billion

Meat

Nr. 4 in global

exports after USA, Brasil

and Germany

billion

Dairy

Nr. 3 in global

exports after Germany and New Zealand

billion

Vegetables

Nr. 1 in global exports

billion

Animal and plant oils and fats

Nr. 3

in global exports after

China and India

billion

Without targeted spatial policy towards clustering the metropolitan green space will be filled with megastables and peri-urban dwellers in conflic.t

Thank You

54

Dr P.J.A.M. Smeets

Agroparks and Metropolitan

Foodclusters

Email: peter.smeets@wur.nl

Mob.: +31651206758

Tel: +31 317 481675

www.wageningenur.nl

www.metropolitanfoodclusters.wur.nl