hindlimb myology of the honey bear (potos flavus) · hindlimb myology of the honey bear (potos...
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Hindlimb Myology of the Honey Bear (Potos flavus) Alexandra Hameline, Megan Demshar, and Dr. Heather Ahrens
Department of Biology, High Point University
Abstract:
Thekinkajou,Potosflavus,isamedium-sizedmammalthatresidesinthetropicalrainforestsoftheAmericas.Theyarefullyarboreal,haveaprehensiletail,andcanrotatetheirhindfeet180°tofacilitateclimbing.Thisstudyprovidesdetailedinformationaboutthemyologyofthehindlimbofthekinkajou.Therighthindlimbofamalekinkajouwasdissectedanddocumentedusingdescriptionsandphotographs.Thesedatawerecomparedwiththemyologyoftheredpanda,Ailurusfulgens,andringtail,Bassariscusastutus.Therewaslittlevariationbetweenthesethreespecies.Somemuscles,suchasM.popliteus,M.sartorius,andM.quadratusfemoris,werecloserwiththeoriginandinsertionoftheredpanda,potentiallyduetothesimilarityinlocomotionofthemammals.Othermuscles,suchasM.obturatorinternus,weremoresimilartotheringtail,likelyreflectingphylogeny.M.gracilis,M.fibularislongus,andM.extensordigitorumlateraliswerefoundtohavesimilaritiesininsertion,origin,orboth.Theseobservationsindicatethatbothfunctionandphylogenyinfluencelimbmyology,aswellasprovideadditionalcomparativedataforlocomotorandphylogeneticstudiesofcarnivorans.
TheKinkajou
• AnarborealmammalthatlivesintherainforestsoftheAmericas
• Scientificname:Potosflavus• FromtheProcyonidaefamily• Relatedtoraccoons,ringtails,
andcoatis• Haveprehensiletails• Canturntheirfeet180°• Nickname:HoneyBear(due
tothefactthattheyenjoyeatingfreshhoneyfrombeehives)
• Nocturnalanimals
PhotographbySanDiegoZoo
Methods:
• Dissectedafrozen,malekinkajou• Identifiedthemusclesoftheright
hindlimb• Documentedbydescriptionand
photographs• Comparedattachmentsitesofthe
musclestohindlimbdocumentationoftheAilurusfulgens(RedPanda)andBassariscusastutus(Ringtail)
Results:
Conclusion:• Itwasfoundthatthekinkajousharesmanysimilaritieswiththeredpandaand
ringtail.• Although,therearestillcommonalitiesbetweenthesethreespecies.• Theseobservationsindicatethatbothfunctionandphylogenyinfluencelimb
myology.• Theyprovideadditionalcomparativedataforlocomotorandphylogenetic
studiesofcarnivorans.
Citations:• “Kinkajou.”SanDiegoZooGlobalAnimalsandPlants,SanDiegoZooGlobal,2018,
animals.sandiegozoo.org/animals/kinkajou.• LieM,ZackS,LucasL,AllenD,FisheerR.2015.HindLimbMyologyoftheRingtail
(Bassariscusastutus)andtheMyologyofHindFootReversal.Journalofmammology97(1):211-233.
• FisherR,AdrianB,ElrodC,HicksM.2008.ThePhylogenyoftheRedPanda(Ailurusfulgens):Evidencefromthehindlimb.JAnat213:607-628.
• PhotosbyDr.HeatherAhrensandMeganDemshar
Figure1:1-Tibialiscranialis2-Gracilis3-Gastrocnemius4-Sartorius
Figure2:1-Fibularisbrevis2-Fibularislongus3-Tibialiscranialis4-Sartorius5-Extensordigitorumlongus
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Figure3:1-Quadricepsfemoris2-Gluteussuperficialis3-Femorococcygeus4-Bicepsfemoris5-Abductorcruriscaudalis6-Semitendinosus
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43
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Comparisons:• Gracilis:Originandinsertionsimilarinallthreespecies.Originfromthepubisandischii,insertiononthetibialcrestdistaltothetuberosity.• Sartorius:Originandinstertionsimilartotheredpanda.Originfromthetubercoxaeoftheilium,insertionfasciamedialkneeandmedialdistaltoknee.• Fibularislongus:Originsimilartoredpanda,insertionsimilartobothredpandaandringtail.Originatesfromthecraniolateralaspectofthefibularhead,insertionassumedtobeonthe
lateralaspectofthefirstmetatarsal.• Fibularisbrevis:Originissimilartotheringtail,insertionsimilartobothredpandaandringtail.Originatesfromthecraniolateralaspectofthefibularshaft,insertionassumedtobeatthe
baseofthe5thmetatarsal.• Gastrocnemius:Originisdifferentthanredpandaandringtail.Medialheadoriginatesonmedialsupracondylartuberosity,andlateralheadoriginatesonlateralsupracondylartuberosity.
Theinsertionpointsarethesameinallthreespecies,thecalcanealtuberosity.• Gluteussuperficialis:Originandinsertionisdifferentthantheredpandaandringtail.Originatesfromthedorsaliliaccrestandcaudalvertebrae1and2,insertslaterodistalaspectofthe
greatertrochanter.
AssaylocalizationofmutantsandautophagyefficiencyofmutantsAssaylocalizationofmutantsandautophagyefficiencyofmutants
Acknowledgements:IwouldliketothankJ.Davisforprovidingthespecimen,J.Perryforgivingadviceaboutthedissection,andA.Walkerforprovidingreferences.IwouldalsoliketothankDr.HeatherAhrensforassistingandsupportingmethroughthisproject.