Hypnotherapy

Dr Mark Feldman

What Is Hypnosis ?

Altered state – not sleep Highway hypnosis Books and TV Exercise Day dreaming

Hynpnogogic and hypnopompic state

The Trance State Light hypnosis – 90%+

Eye closure Fluttering lids Stillness Breathing slows – diaphragmatic Features flatten Swallowing Smiling Bradycardia

The Trance State Medium hypnosis – 70%+

Head drops Eyelid catalepsy Flushing or pallor Responds to suggestions Feeling of lethargy, heaviness Some analgesia – dentistry , dressings IMR May feel as though in trance

The Trance State Deep hypnosis 20% – somnambulism

5% Amnesia

Anaesthesia

Direct logic ‘ can you tell me your name’

Out of body dissociation

+ve /-ve hallucinations

Trance with eyes open

Hypnotic Phenomenon Motor

IMR

Catalepsy

Automatic writing

Swallowing

REM

Hypnotic Phenomenon

Sensory Analgesia

Anaesthesia

Positive and negative hallucination

Memory Amnesia

Hypermnesia

Time Distortion – compress – elongate Regress Revivify Age progression

Post hypnotic suggestion Eliminate Install Ego Strengthening

Hypnotic Phenomenon

Hypnotic Phenomenon Miscellaneous

Autonomic control

Blood, sweat, tears

Dissociation

Uses of Hypnotherapy

Behavioural problems

Smoking

Weight loss

Eating disorders – bulimia, anorexia

Enuresis

Uses of Hypnotherapy Psychological problems

Anxiety Panic Phobias Insomnia Premature ejaculation Vaginismus

Uses of Hypnotherapy Psychosomatic disorders

Migraine

Hyperventilation

Stammering

Irritable bowel/bladder

Eczema

Uses of Hypnotherapy Pain control

Chronic

Acute

Terminal care

Obstetric

Dental

Uses of Hypnotherapy Other

Sports – motivational

Criminal investigation

Recovery of lost objects - memories

History of Hypnotherapy

3000BC – ancient Egyptians

Ancient Greeks Indian Sanskrits

Hindu fakirs Celtic druids

African witch doctors

Jesus’s miracles?

History of Hypnotherapy 1500 Paracelsus

Swiss doctor discovered mercury as cure for syphilis

Passed magnets over patient to effect cure

1600 Valentine Greatrakes The ‘ great Irish Stroker’ – again

stroked magnets to cure

History of Hypnotherapy

1725 Maximilian Hehl

Jesuit priest – using magnets to heal

Mesmer was his student

History of Hypnotherapy (1734-1815 )Franz

Anton Mesmer Father of hypnosis

Found could stop bleeding with a stick and therefore postulated ‘ animal magnetism’

History of Hypnotherapy Franz Anton Mesmer(contd)

‘De Planatorium influxu’ – magnetic fields pervade nature

Cured patient of paralysis and temporary blindness

Cured Maria Theresa Paradies – protégé of empress of blindness. Angering parents

Moved from Vienna to Paris Mozart was a fan

History of Hypnotherapy Franz Anton

Mesmer(cont) Developed the ‘baquet’

Asked Louis XVI for a

board of enquiry in 1784

Benjamin Franklin,

Guillotine, Lavoisier

Found all due to the

imagination !

History of Hypnotherapy 1727-1779 Father

Gassner Contempory of

Mesmer Suggestion as faith

healing 1787 Marquis de

Puysegur Student of Mesmer Magnetised elm trees Somnambulism

History of Hypnotherapy 1815 Abbe Jose Castodi de Faria

Fixed gaze method first to coin word ‘sleep’

History of Hypnotherapy 1791 John Elliotson

Professor at University London

Became interested via a student of Faria

1837 Surgery under hypnosis – angered other doctors as pain ‘ needed for healing’

Expelled from university hospital

History of Hypnotherapy 1795 – 1860 James

Braid Scottish surgeon coined

term ‘ hypnosis’ Developed suggestions

method Saw Mesmer and was

eventually convinced Changed term to ‘

monoidiesm’ ‘Nervous sleep’ acting

on subject whose suggestibility is increased’

History of Hypnotherapy 1808-1859 James

Esdaile

Scottish doctor

Reports in 1846 300

major operations

Reduced post op

mortality from 505%

History of Hypnotherapy 1864 Nancy school of Hypnosis

Liebeault – ‘ de la suggestion’

Bernheim

Freud studied here Initially enthusiastic – eventually

discounted hypnosis

History of Hypnotherapy 1878 Charcot –

school of Saltpierre Pathological theory

Stages of hypnosis Lethargy

Catalepsy

Somnambulism

History of Hypnotherapy Dave Elman

1950’s Stage Hypnotist Studied Hypnosis

for years Taught doctors

exclusively Quick inductions Deepening

techniques

History of Hypnotherapy 1929-1980 Milton Erickson

Indirect approach

Metaphor

Utilization

Theories of Trance Suggestion Theory

Bernheim 1886 – suggestions bypass concious mind

Modified Sleep Abbe Faria – a type of sleep BUT thought

would always amnesia Pathological Theory

Charcot – BUT 90% hypnotisable NOT equivalent to hysteria

Theories of Trance Dissociation

Janet ‘ splitting of consciousness into two’ BUT not always amnesia – can remove amnesia by suggestion

Neo Dissociation Some cognition continuous throughout

Psychoanlanalytic Freud – libidinal gratification Ferenczi – parent/child BUT mirrors

metronomes may hypnotise

Theories of Trance Conditioned response

Pavlov to word ‘ sleep’ BUT not sleep, metronomes, quick awakening

Role Playing R White – goal directed striving

Atavistic Regression Ainslie Meares to a primitive level –

primitive man accepted ideas by suggestion

Theories of Trance Neurophysiological

Barry Wyke – voice blocks other sensory input [like gate theory]

Hemispheric Specificity L verbal/voluntary/language speech R nonverbal/emotional/submissive/art

music/imagination Meszaros – induction L brain R brain

Suggestibility Tests

Magnetic fingers

Handclasp

Heavy and light hands

Postural sway

Chevreul’s pendulum

The Hypnotic Session

Introduction

Induction

Deepening

Posthypnotic suggestion

Awakening

The Hypnotic Session Introduction

Explanation of hypnosis Remove fears

Control issues Amnesia Reassurance Not trying

The Hypnotic Session Induction

Permissive Progressive relaxation Hand fixation Eye closure Candle flame Thumbnail

The Hypnotic Session Induction

Intermediate Vogts fractionation Hand levitation

Authoritative Eye to eye Mind body dissociation

The Hypnotic Session Induction

Other

Tactile

Rhythmic eye movement

Hand rotation

Post hypnotic

The Hypnotic Session Deepening

Balcony Early learning set ‘Now’ Countdown Limb catalepsy Hand levitation Minds eye Hand rotation

The Hypnotic Session Suggestions

Establish rapport Create expectancy

Will – not maybe never ‘try’ Law of concentrated attention

Repetition of something result Law of reversed effect

Try and bend your arm Law of dominant effect

Strong emotions replace weaker

The Hypnotic Session Suggestions

Positive – unconscious ignores negatives Positive reinforcement

Yes set Specific Multiple senses Implied – less directive Unambiguous

The Hypnotic Session Suggestions

Utilization Of patients world – interests ,

preferences, preferred modality – visual,kinaesthetic

Current experience – ‘ feel the chair’

The Hypnotic Session Types of suggestion

Implication When your hand begins to lift – NOT if Trance now or later

Truism Everybody knows how to…

Not knowing and not doing You don’t have to try to hard

The Hypnotic Session Types of suggestion

Covering all response – failsafes Your hand will be lighter or heavier

Questions Can you, do you, does, will it See , sense, feel

Contingent suggestions As your hand lowers so you find yourself

back in time

The Hypnotic Session Types of suggestion

Implied directive Time binding introduction Implied suggestion for internal response Behavioural response showing completed

As soon as your mind has identified when the problem developed your hand will float up

The Hypnotic Session Types of suggestion

Apposition of opposites As your arm becomes more rigid your

body becomes more relaxed Wet/dry tense/heavy difficult/easy

Interspersal of metaphors Own experience Truisms Tailored

The Hypnotic Session Types of suggestion

Symbolism and imagery Imagine what the pain looks like

Negatives - to discharge resistance You can - can you not You will - will you not

Double bind If you are ready to go into trance your R

hand will lift otherwise your L hand will lift

The Hypnotic Session Techniques to facilitate trance

Focus attention Enhance awareness of immediate experience Note and accept new aspects of the

experience Introducing immediate goal Repetition – reinforcing partial response Encourage dissociations and involuntary

response Build anticipation expectation

The Hypnotic Session Belief +Imagination + Conviction +

Expectation = Hypnosis [ Hunter]

Critical faculty is bypassed and selective

thinking established[Elman]