hippo notes thermodynamics
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Hippo Notes (Introduction) APB
*Temperature and heat are brought to mind in the same situations. Although temperature
and heat are related ______________________________________________________
*Heat is just a form of _____________________________________
Hippo Notes (Temperature)
*To measure the temperature on a macroscopic scale we use a device called __________
*The most useful temperature scale is linear. What is the minimum number of points youneed to calibrate a linear scale?
*Calibration scales are usually based on some physical phenomena like_____________
_____________________________________________________________________
*Name the three temperature scales currently used in the US
Note we do not use the term degrees with the Kelvin Scale.*What is the triple point of water?
*1 degree Celsius has the same magnitude as ___________________________________
*Which two points should we use to calibrate the Celsius and Fahrenheit scales?
*What are the slope and y-intercept of the line comparing the Celsius and Fahrenheitscales?
*Write the equation to convert from degrees Celsius to degrees Fahrenheit
*How many degrees F is 25 degrees C?
*How many degrees C is 59 degrees F?
*Looking at an object on the microscopic level we see that the molecules comprising it
are in constant motion. As we heat the object the motion becomes ________________
*We perceive ________________________________ as a sensation of extreme warmth
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*State the relationship between temperature and molecules.
Hippo Notes (Heat)
*When two objects come into contact Energy flows from _________________________
*We call this flowing energy ________________________
*What happens to the temperatures of the two objects? Justify your answer
*What happens when two objects of the same temperature are in contact with oneanother?
*What is it called when the two objects are at the same temperature and there is no heatflow?
*If you have two objects of different temperatures coming into contact with each other what can you say about the final temperature of each object?
*If one object is in thermal equilibrium with two other objects, what can you say aboutthose two other objects?
*What is the above concept known as?
Hippo Notes (Mechanical equivalent of heat)
*What do you think happens to the temperature of a nail that we hammer into a board?
*Where did the heat energy in the nail come from?
*Sketch Joule’s experiment. Briefly explain how it works.
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*What provides the mechanical energy in our experiment?
*How is the mechanical energy transformed into heat energy?
*What is the mechanical energy expended by our apparatus? Show your work!
*It takes 1J of __________ to raise ___________ of water ____________
*How many calories of heat are needed to raise the temperature of the water by 0.01 of adegree Celsius in our simulated apparatus? Show your work
*What is the mechanical energy equivalent of one calorie of heat?
*The mass of the nail is 5.0g, the temperature change of the nail is 10°C, it takes an inputof 0.11 cal/g to raise the temp of the nail 1°C. Show your work.
Hippo Notes (Joule’s apparatus simulation) ***COMPLETE THESIMULATION**********
Hippo Notes (Specific Heat)
*If energy is conserved, the total heat transferred from the hotter object must equal
____________________________________________________________________
*What is our symbol of heat energy?
*What is heat energy related to?
*Write your equation for heat. Define your variables
*Define c. (name, definition, and common units)
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*Sketch and define a calorimeter. Tell what it is used for.
*What is the total change in energy in the mug/tea system?
*Solve. Show all your work
*Why doe the tea cool down so little and the mug heat up so much?
Hippo Notes (Latent heat)
*Name the three common phases of matter and give the water example of each
*How will the temperature increase in ice in regards to the heat input?
*What happens to the temperature of the ice-water mixture as heat is added and ice
continues to melt?
*Why does this happen?
*The heat involved in a phase change is called ________________________________
*For a solid-liquid phase change it is known as _________________________________
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*After the ice completely melts what happens to the temperature of the water?
*When the water starts to boil and undergo the phase change from liquid to gas, whathappens to the temperature? why?
*The heat of a liquid –gas phase change is known as ____________________________
*What do you think affects the total amount of heat released during a phase transition besides the latent heat term?
*Write the equation for the heat involved in a phase change. Define your variables.
*What are the units of Latent heat?
*What is the finaltemperature of the water?
*Solve. Show all your work
*Do the same problem but now add 10g of ice at 0°C
Hippo Notes (Ice-Water mixture simulation) **COMPLETE THESIMULATION*********
Hippo Notes (Conduction)
*One way heat is transferred is called _______________________________________
*Define conduction:
*What is the heat flow per time interval proportional to?
*What else affects the rate of heat flow?
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*Write down the equation for heat transfer in an object. Define your variables, and units
*Which materials transfer heat the best?
*Define thermal conductors and insulators.
*Why are metals good heat conductors?
*Liquids and gasses are generally poor conductors of heat relative to solids. Why do youthink this is so?
Hippo Notes (Home insulation Simulation) **COMPLETE THESIMULATION***
Hippo Notes (Convection)
*Define Convection:
*Describe how convection makes a lava lamp work.
*Conduction and Convection both require______________________________________
in order to ____________________________________________
Hippo Notes (Radiation)
*Radiant energy transfer involves ____________________________________________
and therefore ____________________________________________________________
*What two things affects the rate at which an object radiates energy?
*Write the equation for rate of radiation. Name it, define your variables.
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*What type of object has an emissivity close to one?
*Approximately how much greater is the rate of radiant heat output for an object at1000°C than for the same object at 250°C
*If an object is good at emitting radiation how is it at absorbing radiation?
*A perfect absorber with an emissivity of _______ is known as ____________________
*What is the initial rate of heat loss per cookie? Show your work
*If we double the cookies’ diameter how does this affect the initial rate of heat loss per cookie?
Hippo Notes (Thermal expansion)
*Most substances _____________________when heated. If this occurs in one direction
it is called _____________________________________
*What does linear expansion depend upon?
*Write your equation for linear expansion. Define your variables.
*What happens when you heat a bi-metalic strip? Why?
*What happens to the diameter of an iron ring when you heat it to a higher temperature?
*What happens to the diameter of the hole in the aluminum sheet after you heat thealuminum to a higher temperature?
*Write your equation for volumetric expansion. Define your variables
*How do the coefficients for liquids and gasses compare to those for solids?
*Explain why ice floats on water.
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Hippo Notes (Gas Laws)
*Name the 4 variables that determine the behavior of an ideal gas
*Write down the three gas laws and their names and the conditions under which they aretrue.
*If a given quantity of gas at a constant temperature has its pressure reduced by one-fourth, how will this affect its volume?
*Sketch the graph that exhibits Charles’ Law. Make sure to label the axes and explainthe graph.
* 0 Kelvin = _______________________ °C
*We always use Kelvin when _______________________________________________
*If the temperature of a given quantity of gas at a constant pressure is increased by afactor of two, what will be the effect on its volume?
*Write the equation for the number of moles of a gas. Define your variables
*Write the ideal Gas Law. Define your variables
*What are standard temperature and pressure?
*Define a mole of gas
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*Define boltzman’s constant.
*Write the ideal Gas law in terms of the number of gas molecules
Hippo Notes (ideal gas law simulation) **COMPLETE THE SIMULATION*
Hippo Notes (Kinetic Theory)
*The basic premise of Kinetic Theory says_____________________________________
*Write the assumptions of Kinetic theory
*The pressure a gas exerts on the wall of a container _____________________________
*Derive an equation for the pressure of the gas.
*Write the equation that relates temperature and kinetic energy. Define your variables
*Define the root mean square speed. give its equation
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Hippo Notes (First Law of Thermodynamics)
*Define a closed system:
*Define and give the symbol for internal energy
*Write the equation for the first law of thermodynamics. (Define your variables verycarefully)!!!
*Write another equation for the internal energy
*What is the work done on a gas where the volume is changed while allowing the gas toremain in equilibrium?
*When does the above formula not apply?
*Sketch a P-V curve and show the work done
*Define an isothermal process
*Write what we know for an isothermal process including what happens to the internalenergy in an isothermal process.
*Define an adiabatic process
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*What do we know about an adiabatic process. Including what happens to thetemperature of a gas during adiabatic compression.
*Sketch and compare P-V diagrams for isothermal and adiabatic processes.
Hippo Notes (Second Law of thermodynamics)
*Write the second law of thermodynamics
*Define and sketch the diagram of a heat engine
*Describe how a heat engine works.
*Write the equation for the change in internal energy for one cycle and the work done for one cycle of a heat engine
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*Write the equation for the efficiency of a heat engine in terms of work, and also only interms of heat. Define your variables
*Consider an engine that has a power output of 80000 J/s, a heat input rate of 4000J/cycle and runs at 100 cycles/second. What is the efficiency of the engine? Show your work
*Why is it impossible for an engine to run at 100% efficiency?
*Write another form of the second law of thermodynamics
*Explain the Carnot cycle in detail and sketch the P-V diagram
*Write the equation for the Carnot engine efficiency. Define your variables.
Hippo Notes (Heat Pump Simulation) **COMPLETE THE SIMULATION**
Hippo Notes (Entropy)
*When no temperature difference exists _______________________________________
*Define and give the symbol for Entropy:
*State the second Law of Thermodynamics in terms of Entropy:
*Compare the change in Entropy for an idealized versus a real process.
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