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4/28/2015 1 Implementing Quality Early Childhood Programs in the Context of the Post2015 Sustainable Development Goals Hirokazu Yoshikawa University Professor, New York University CoDirector, NYU Global TIES for Children Center CoChair, Workgroup on ECD and Education, U.N. Sustainable Development Solutions Network April 23, University of New Mexico 1 Global TIES for Children Transforming Intervention Effectiveness and Scale Overview I. Early Childhood Development in the 20152030 UN Sustainable Development Goals II. From Goals and Targets to Implementation: Implementing quality programs at scale using curricula + onsite mentoring Prenatal to age 2 example: PEDS Trial parenting + nutrition intervention, Pakistan Preschool education example: Boston Prekindergarten Program 22 I. EARLY CHILDHOOD DEVELOPMENT IN THE 2015-2030 UN SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT GOALS 33 How SDG’s will be different from the 20002015 Millennium Development Goals (MDG’s) Incomplete MDG agenda + urgency of climate change and environmental degradation (Rockstrom et al., 2009, Nature; Steffen et al., 2015, Science) Therefore drafted for highincome country relevance, not just LMIC’s Much more inclusive process Interconnected challenges require collaboration & problem solving 4

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4/28/2015

1

Implementing Quality Early Childhood Programs in the Context of the Post‐2015 Sustainable 

Development Goals

Hirokazu Yoshikawa  

University Professor, New York University 

Co‐Director, NYU Global TIES for Children Center

Co‐Chair, Workgroup on ECD and Education, 

U.N. Sustainable Development Solutions Network

April 23, University of New Mexico1

Global TIES for ChildrenTransforming Intervention Effectiveness and Scale 

Overview

• I.  Early Childhood Development in the 2015‐2030 UN Sustainable Development Goals

• II.  From Goals and Targets to Implementation: Implementing quality programs at scale using curricula + on‐site mentoring 

– Prenatal to age 2 example: PEDS Trial parenting + nutrition intervention, Pakistan

– Preschool education example: Boston Prekindergarten Program

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I. EARLY CHILDHOOD DEVELOPMENT IN THE 2015-2030 UN SUSTAINABLE

DEVELOPMENT GOALS

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How SDG’s will be different from the 2000‐2015 Millennium Development Goals (MDG’s)

• Incomplete MDG agenda + urgency of climate change and environmental degradation (Rockstrom et al., 2009, Nature; Steffen et al., 2015, Science)

• Therefore drafted for high‐income country relevance, not just LMIC’s 

• Much more inclusive process 

• Interconnected challenges require collaboration & problem solving

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UN Sustainable Development Solutions Network (SDSN)

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Research and technical network advising the Secretary‐

General on the post‐2015 Sustainable Development Goals, 

chaired by Jeffrey Sachs. 

Only group to propose complete and science‐based set of 

goals, targets and indicators (UN SDSN, 2014, 2015, 

Indicators for Sustainable Development Goals); current SDG 

Finance report.  

Four of 9 planetary boundaries exceeded: (climate change, biosphere integrity, land‐system change, and altered biogeochemical cycles) SDSN workgroup on planetary boundaries

6Johan Rockström Executive Director of the Stockholm Resilience Centre; Co‐Chair, Workgroup 1 of SDSN

Human Developmentwithin the SafeOperating Space of a Stable Planet

2015‐2030: AchieveGrowth within Planetary Boundaries

Where is early childhood development in the 2000‐2015 MDG’s?

• Not included, beyond infant and maternal mortality 

• Past 20 Yrs: Much stronger evidence base

• Challenge: Can we communicate this science and its implications for policy in the SDG development process? 

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Science to Policy: February‐June 2014 briefings of the UN Working Group on the SDG’s

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THE ARGUMENT IN 3 SLIDES

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Decades of Science from Many Disciplines All Point to the Same Conclusion

The healthy development of children provides a strong foundation for healthy and competent adulthood, responsible citizenship, economic productivity, strong communities, and a sustainable society.

Children are the common basis for all dimensions of sustainable development. No advances in sustainable development will occur in coming decades without multiple generations contributing to societal improvement. Moreover, beyond sheer survival, children have a right to thrive, develop to their full potential, and live in a sustainable world.

The Ability to Change Brains Decreases Over Time

Source: Levitt (2009)

Birth 10 20 30

Physiological “Effort” Required to Enhance Neural Connections

Normal Brain Plasticity Influenced by Experience

Age (Years)

40 50 60 70

Lifelong Benefits of Investing in Quality ECD Programs and Policies 

• Raising quality preprimary enrollment to 100% in low‐and middle‐income countries: benefit / cost ratio 7 to 15, depending on discount rate 

• (Engle et al., 2011; Hidrobo, Alderman, & Behrman, 2014)

• Based on school attainment / earnings projected effects 

• Jamaican parenting intervention from birth to 2 years (integration of nutrition, health and learning, though parenting component produced the long‐term effects):    

– Higher IQ; Reduced depression, violence at age 22 

– 50% higher earnings at age 22 (Gertler, Heckman et al., 2013)

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Current draft SDG Education goal and targets do include ECD

• Goal 4: “Ensure Inclusive and Equitable Quality Education and Promote Life‐long Learning Opportunities for All”  

• Target 4.2: “By 2030, ensure that all girls and boys have access to quality early childhood development, care and pre‐primary education so that they are ready for primary education.” 

• INDICATORS UNDER CONSIDERATION for Target4.2: – Percentage of children under 5 years of age who are developmentally 

on track in health, learning and psychosocial well‐being (UNICEF ECDI and other measures)

– Percentage of children aged 24 months and above who attend an organized early learning/care and education programme.

• 30+ OTHER RELEVANT INDICATORS IN HEALTH, POVERTY REDUCTION, WATER, etc. assuming age disaggregation

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II. FROM GOALS AND TARGETS TO IMPLEMENTATION: HOW CAN WE IMPLEMENT ECD PROGRAMS AND POLICIES WITH QUALITY AT SCALE?

EXAMPLE 1. PAKISTAN (0-2 PARENTING PROGRAM)EXAMPLE 2. USA (PRESCHOOL EDUC)

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Report released October 2013

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Dimensions of quality that matter for children in prenatal‐3 home visiting programs 

• Effectiveness factors for home visiting include:• More highly trained visitors = larger effects. • No evidence that 1-3 visits have any impact.• Engaging and maintaining participation of families.• Opportunities for practice and skill-building to

promote responsive and stimulating parenting interactions.

• Some successful programs specifically target populations at high risk with focused curricula (e.g., focused on parent responsiveness in the first year of life; focused on behavior management for preschool-aged children).

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Dimensions of quality in preprimary education programs 

• Structural Quality (group size; adult‐child ratio; teacher qualifications) 

• Process Quality (quality of teacher‐child interaction, including warmth and responsiveness as well as classroom instructional practices to support specific skills in children) 

• Structural quality features help to create conditions for positive process quality, but do not ensure that it will occur. 

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A promising pathway to promote quality in ECD programs and policies

• Combination of 

• 1) Evidence‐based and developmentally focused curricula 

– Focus on specific developmental skills 

– Sequence of engaging, enjoyable activities and materials that build on developmental evidence of how skills grow during the period 

– Culturally relevant and congruent with community and policy goals 

• 2) On‐site, frequent mentoring and coaching 

– Contrasts with usual supervision or “inspection” model in the US and LMICs

– Supportive feedback in context of mutual rapport and trust rather than high‐stakes evaluation  19

Example 1. PEDS Intervention, Pakistan (Yousafzai et al., 2014, Lancet) 

• Combination of: • 1) Evidence‐based Curriculum (Care for Child 

Development parenting module of WHO / UNICEF, adapted for rural Pakistan– Home visitors support mothers’ responsive and stimulating 

activities with infants / toddlers – practice and feedback – in monthly visits from 0‐24 months 

• 2) On‐site monthly mentoring of the implementing home‐visitor workforce (community health worker workforce of Pakistan – LHW’s) by coaches 

• This combination tested with and without additional nutrition support (micronutrients and nutritional counseling) to promote healthy growth 

2020

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Moderate to Large Positive Effects of CCD Parenting Module on Cognitive Skills at 24 months (+.5‐.7 ES)

Example 2. Boston PreK program

• Combination of: • 1) Evidence-based curricula

– OWL (Broad curriculum across physical, arts, social, science, social studies, language, literacy, math domains, with particular focus on language / literacy -- Schickedanz & Dickinson, 2007) and

– Building Blocks math curriculum (Clements & Sarama, 2007)

• 2) Coaching twice a month; one set of coaches supporting two curricula as well as positive behavior management, classroom organization

23

Some of the largest effects on language and math of US public preK evaluations to date 

(Weiland & Yoshikawa, 2013) 

24

0.44***

0.62*** 0.59***0.50***

0

0.1

0.2

0.3

0.4

0.5

0.6

0.7

PPVT-III(vocabulary)

W-J LW (earlyreading)

W-J AP (numeracy) REMA Short(numeracy,geometry)

effe

ct s

ize

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Boston’s Strong Curricula + Coaching Boost Executive Function(Weiland & Yoshikawa, 2013) 

25

0.24*** 0.24*** 0.21***0.28***

0

0.1

0.2

0.3

0.4

0.5

0.6

0.7

Backward DS(working memory)

Forward DS(working memory)

Pencil Tap(inhibitory control)

DCCS (cognitiveflexibility)

effect size

Boston preK substantially reduces school readiness gaps: income, race/ethnicity and DLL status 

• Subgroups: All children benefitted, but impacts particularly impressive and larger for children from lower‐income families and Latino children.

– Completely closed the kindergarten school readiness gap among poor and non‐poor children in mathematics

– Completely closed the school readiness gap between Latino and White children in early reading and mathematics

– Narrowed school readiness gaps between White and Asians and between White and Black students.

– Caution – gaps can open up again as different groups experience different schooling, or as comparison groups gain skills, later

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Conclusion: Fulfilling the Promise of Quality in ECD 

Programs and Policies

• SDG target on ECD likely to remain, with word “quality”

• In US and LMIC’s alike, combination of evidence‐based curricula and on‐site mentoring of teachers can raise process quality 

• Combination is proving effective in both 0‐3 home‐based programs as well as preschool education 

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Video of the Boston PreK Program

• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=URZkGPwcsn0

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Thanks

UN Sustainable Development Solutions Network

• Chandrika Bahadur, Guido Schmidt‐Traub, Jeffrey Sachs and members of the SDSN Thematic Group on Early Childhood Development and Education 

BOSTON: 

• BPS: Participating families, teachers, principals, early childhood coaches, Jason Sachs and the BPS Department of Early Childhood 

• Carolyn Layzer and Abt Associates; Profs. Nonie Lesaux, Richard Murnane, and John Willett

• Research assistants: Kjersti Ulvestad, Carla Schultz, Michael Hurwitz, Julia Hayden, Hadas Eidelman, Kam Sripada, Ellen Fink, Julia Foodman, Deni Peri, Caitlin Over, and John Goodson

• Our grant officer and funder: Caroline Ebanks at the US Department of Education’s Institute of Educational Sciences

NYU Global TIES for Children Center: Larry Aber, Carly Tubbs, Alice Wuermli, Mahjabeen Raza, Ed Seidman, Dana Burde2929

Global TIES for ChildrenTransforming Intervention Effectiveness and Scale 

References

• Gertler, P., Heckman, J., Pinto, R., Zanolini, A., Vermeersch, C., Walker, S., ... & Grantham‐McGregor, S. (2014). Labor market returns to an early childhood stimulation intervention in Jamaica. Science, 344(6187), 998‐1001.

• Harvard Center on the Developing Child (2007).  A science‐based framework for early childhood policies.  Cambridge, MA: Author. 

• Hasan, A., Hyson, M., Chang, M.C. (Eds.). Early Childhood Education and Development in Poor Villages of Indonesia: Strong Foundations, Later Success. Directions in Development: Human Development. The World Bank, 2013 

• Lopez Boo, F., Araujo, M.C., & Tome, R. (2014).  ¿Comó se mide la calidad de los servicios de cuidado? Washington, DC: Inter‐American Development Bank. 

• Opel, A., Ameer, S. S., & Aboud, F. E. (2009). The effect of preschool dialogic reading on vocabulary among rural Bangladeshi children. International Journal of Educational Research, 48, 12‐20 U.N. Sustainable Development Solutions Network (2014a). Indicators for Sustainable Development Goals. Paris, New York, and New Delhi: Author. 

• Rao, N., Sun, J., Pearson, V., Pearson, E., Liu, H., Constas, M., & Engle, P. (2012). Is Something Better Than Nothing? An Evaluation of Early Childhood Programs In Cambodia." Child Development, 83,  864‐876. 

• U.N. Sustainable Development Solutions Network (2014b).  Young children as a basis for sustainable development.  Issue brief. Paris, NY, New Delhi: Author. 

• Yoshikawa, H., & Kabay, S.B. (2015).  The global evidence base on early childhood care and education (background paper for 2015 EFA Global Monitoring Report).  Paris: UNESCO. 

• Yoshikawa, H., Weiland, C., Brooks‐Gunn, J., Burchinal, M., Espinosa, L., Gormley, W., Ludwig, J.O., Magnuson, K.A., Phillips, D.A., & Zaslow, M.J. (2013).  Investing in our future: The evidence base on preschool education.New York: Foundation for Child Development and Ann Arbor, MI: Society for Research in Child Development. Available at: http://fcd‐us.org/sites/default/files/Evidence%20Base%20on%20Preschool%20Education%20FINAL.pdf

• Yoshikawa, H., Leyva, D., Snow, C.E., Treviño, E., Barata, M.C., Weiland, C., Gomez, C., & D’Sa, N. Arbour, M.C., (2015).  Impacts on classroom quality and child outcomes of an initiative to improve the quality of preschool education in Chile.  Developmental Psychology.  

• Yousafzai, A. K., Rasheed, M. A., Rizvi, A., Armstrong, R., & Bhutta, Z. A. (2014). Effect of integrated responsive stimulation and nutrition interventions in the Lady Health Worker programme in Pakistan on child development, growth, and health outcomes: a cluster‐randomisedfactorial effectiveness trial. The Lancet. 3030

Adaptation of child development measures in rural Pakistan

• How to engage children? 

• Tips for engaging the child included: getting down on the child’s level to play with objects that were not from EF tasks, inviting the child to play if the child is shy, asking the child simple questions, engaging with the child in a simple game that involves following directions (e.g., playing patty‐cake) so that the child can get used to hearing instructions from the data collector and providing a response or action 

• Observer rating measure (Smith‐Donald & Raver Preschool Self‐Regulation Assessment, adapted in low‐income urban Chicago sample): Aggression items removed

Rounds of pilot testing 

• Pool of families for pilot testing (60 families, children 4.1 to 4.3 years old – target age for full follow‐up study) 

• Each round – 5 children 

• Some measures required more than 3 rounds of testing and changing the measure, often drastically, in between  

4/28/2015

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Stroop: Round 1Difficulty associating sun with day and moon with 

night 

Say “moon” when sun is presented; say “sun” when moon is presented

Stroop: Round 2Difficulty with “sun” and “moon” 

Say “little” when big cat is presented; say “big” when little cat is presented

Cognitive Flexibility: The Dimensional Change Card Sort: Shapes and Colors

“Shape” in instructions changed to “picture” 

Cognitive Flexibility: The Dimensional Change Card Sort

“Grass Colored”“Mango Colored”