his 101 chapter 9 10a religious & intellectual developments 1100-1300 su 16
TRANSCRIPT
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Religious and Intellectual Developmentsof the Middle Ages 1000-1300
Henry IV of GermanyPope Gregory VII
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Changes in the churchPapacy: dominant organizational force in western
ChristianityPope Leo IX a reformer, appointed by his cousin, German
Emperor Henry III Outlawed Simony (buying church offices) Tried to enforce priestly celibacy (in the year 1000, majority
of parish priests were married)1059 Pope Nicholas II papal decree—only Cardinals
could elect the Pope Middle ages—neither Kings nor Popes could imagine a
separation of powers of church and state Decree of 1059 raised concerns about the nature of
cooperation between church leaders and state leaders Both Kings and Popes were corrupt by today’s standards
Changes in the Church
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Pope LEO IX Pope Nicholas II
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Increase in number of parish churchesMarried Priests had to leave wives or leave
the churchEstablishment of cannon courts in which
litigants could appeal to the Pope (outside the jurisdiction of the Kings)
Parish Churches
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Cluny freed itself from obligation to noble families by placing itself under the direct protection of the pope.
Benefactor of Cluny relinquished control over Cluny property.
Cluny benefactor and family granted special spiritual privileges including guarantee of heaven.
Monastic Reformation & Cluny
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Monastery at Cluny
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Became Pope at 37Goal: bring all of Christendom under Papal
hegemony and to recover Jerusalem from the MuslimsArgued Pope had the right to discipline Kings who
sinnedEngineered the accession of Frederick II to power
as Emperor of GermanyIncreased church lands in Northern Italy of which
Pope was the secular PrinceVatican City
Pope had independent power to tax parishes
Innocent III (1198-1216)
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Pope as Supreme head of the Church 2nd in authority is Patriarch of Constantinople Doctrine of Transubstantiation Required Jews and Muslims to wear special
identification to distinguish them from Christians Required Sacramental Confession at least 1 time per
year High conduct for Priests than laiety No new Religious Orders Rules for trial and punishment of heretics and their
protectors
Fourth Lateran Council of 1215
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Heresy is the assertion of a controversial or novel change to the established dogma of a religion
Pope Innocent III supported the Medieval Inquisition to stamp out Christian heresyCatharsWaldensiansEpiscopal InquisitionMedieval Inquisition
Torture permitted after 1252Could not result in bloodshed, births, mutilation or deathCould only be used onceFull Confessions
Heresy and Inquisition
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The Strappado & Symbols of Heresy
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13th century Popes acted more like Kings and less like Christ’s Representative on Earth
Failure of the CrusadesInquisitionsConflict with Frederick II involved the church in
purely political controversy over who had secular control over territories in Italy
Pope Boniface III (1294-1303)National monarchies had gained more loyalty than
papal powerClerical taxationConflict with King Philip IV of France
Decline of the Church
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Increased emphasis on differences between Christians and non-Christians
Distinctive badges identified Jews, Muslims and Heretics in most Western Kingdoms
Expulsion of JewsEngland 1290France 1306
Distinctions between Christians and Non-Christians
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Philip IV of France levied taxes on French Clergy up to ½ of income from Church property
Pope Boniface III forbade clergy from transferring any property to the French crown
Philip called a meeting of Bishops, Aristocrats and merchants to condemn the PopeBoniface arrested and held in FranceBoniface died (1303), Benedict XI died in 1304.
French Cardinals narrowly elected Clement V
and moved the seat of the Papacy to Avignon in France
Avignon Papacy
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Academic Achievements
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Scholasticism: a method of reconciling the claims of competing authorities by applying Aristotle’s principles of logic to themSome early scholastics called this method
“dialectic”Dialectic= thesis + antithesis = synthesis
Abelard The Story of My CalamitiesSic et Nom (Yes and No)
Peter LombardBook of Sentences theological questions,
apparently contradictory answers from the Bible and Christian teachings; synthesis in answers
Academic Changes
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Thomas AquinasSumma Theologica
God created the world
Study of the natural world can lead to knowledge of God
Reason supports faith
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Dante Alighieri (1265-1321)
La Divina Commedia di Dante (Dante and the Divine Comedy). 1465 fresco, in the dome of the FlorenceCathedral.
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Describes Dante’s journey through hell, purgatory and earthGuides: Roman poet Virgil and Dante’s
deceased love, BeatriceVirgil represents reason and classical learning
Guides Dante through hell and purgatoryBeatrice represents Christian wisdom and
blessednessGuides Dante through Paradise
The Divine Comedy
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Art & Architecture
Chartres Cathedral
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Pilgrimage from the secular to the sacred
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Majesty
Façade intended to demonstrate to Approaching worshippers, both the Might of God and the Might of the institution.Western Façade of the Cathedral of Notre Dame in Paris
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Gargoyles
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Medieval Engineering
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Gargoyle PurposePrimary Purpose: Carry water away from the walls
Divide the flow of rainwater away from the roofAdopted from ancient Egyptians and Greeks
Used by the Church as a representation of evilFrighten worshippersRemind them that the end is nearAssured worshippers that evil is kept outside the
churchLions most used imageChimeras: combination of animal body parts to create new
creatures. Chimeras remind the people not to underestimate the
devil
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Illuminated Manuscripts
Drogo’s Sacramentary
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Vernacular LiteratureVirile and unpolished warrior society
BloodyHeroic warfareHonor LoyaltyWomen subordinate to men
Song of Roland (French)Song of the Nibelungs (German)Poem of the Cid (Spanish)
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Not merely revival of classical learningAdapted classical ideas to new, Christian
culture
12th Century Renaissance