his 101 chapter 9 the consolidation of europe
DESCRIPTION
TRANSCRIPT
The Consolidation of Europe1100-1300
Technological Advances Heavy wheeled plow Water mills Windmills
Increased population Urbanization Market for goods
Peasants Tied to the land Strip farming
Tenants in kind Three field system of crop rotation
Adaptable to climate 2 growing seasons Higher yields
Commerce Long distance trade controlled by
Venetian, Pisan and Genoese navies Created expanding market for Eastern
luxury goods Champagne Fairs
Town Speicalization Paris and Bologna: universities Venice, Genoa, Cologne & London: long
distance trade Milan, Florence, Ghent and Bruges:
manufacturing centers
Universities
University of Bolognia
The Sorbonne
The Guild System Male dominated professional associations of
craftsmen Master craftsmen Journeymen Apprentice
Preserve monopolies and limit competition Controlled prices Wages Methods of production
Masterpiece Merchant guilds
Feudalism
What was the relationship between Feudalism and the rise of national monarchies?
Feudalism: A highly decentralized political system in which public powers of minting, justice, taxation and defense were vested in the hands of a private lord.
Feudalism 101
Fief: contract in which someone granted something of value to someone else in return for a service Land grant implied subordination
Vassal Lord Homage
Most developed and lasted the longest in France 10th and 11th centuries-minimal feudal pyramids 12th & 13th powerful lords insisted on pyramid
structure
Feudalism and Government in England
England Battle of Hastings 1066
William the Conqueror (1066-1100) Normans—extensive grants of English land King
Only the king could coin money National land tax Summon population to arms All landholders owed loyalty to crown
William the ConquerorFrom the Bayeaux Tapestry
Henry I (1100-1135)
Created the Exchequer Appointed sheriffs to supervise counties Traveling circuit judges
Checked power of landowners and sheriffs
Henry II of England
Henry II (1154-1189)
England Henry II (1154-1189)
Grandson of Henry I Ruled Normandy; Anjou; Aquitane & England Expanded use of juries to determine facts in civil (not
criminal) cases Conflict with the Church Two sons-Richard I (Lionheart) & John
Henry II of England Tomb
Richard I of England (R. 11889-1199)
Richard I 3rd Crusade Spent only 6 months in England During
his reign Imprisoned in Germany and Ransomed by
John I
Trifels Castle in Germany, James Emerson, World Images Group
John I of England (R. 1199-1216)
Taxes and fines on aristocracy and free artisans to recover lands in France and ransom Richard I
1214 failed military campaign in France 1215 Runnymede, forced to sign Magna
Carta
John I of England
Henry III of England (R. 1216-1272
Henry III (1216-1272) Perfected legal system “English Common Law” Taxed both Nobles and commoners in proportion to
their income
Tomb of Henry IIWestminster Abbey
Edward I of England
Parliament Assembly of nobles, clergy and townsmen Announce tax levies Hear judicial cases involving higher nobility Review local administration Hear complaints
What was the relationship between Feudalism and the rise of national
monarchies?
France Capetian Dynasty
Produced uninterrupted line of sons for 300 years Long-lived Direct rule over Paris and surrounding area Rich agriculture Protectors of popes Patronized University of Paris (Sorbonne)
Louis VI (the Fat) (1108-1137) Consolidated control over land around Paris
Louis VII (1137-1180) Incited rebellions by Henry II’s sons against their father Kept Henry II from increasing power in France
French MonarchsCentralized Bureaucracy
King as Penultimate Feudal Lord
France Philip II (1179-1223)
Claimed homage from John in return for lands in France (which John already owned as son of Henry)
Confiscated lands Appointed royal officials with judicial, military and administrative authority (no
separation of powers) Louis VIII (1223-1226)
strengthened French administrative control into lands seized from John Louis IX (Saint Louis) (1226-1270)
increased French control of lands in France Engaged in last crusades
Philip IV (1285-1314) Wars against Flanders and England Raised taxes on commoners but not nobility who were exempt from paying direct
taxes to crown Estates General
Centrality of Church to power of KingIndependence of Princes
Germany Territories
Switzerland Eastern France Belgium & Netherlands Northern Italy
Relied heavily on cooperation with Church Church leaders frequently members of royal family appointed by
emperor Henry IV & Henry V (1056-1125)
Conflicts with Dukes of Saxony & Pope Gregory VII Civil war Investiture
Enabled German princes to rule “principalities” with larger independence than existed in France or England
New Emperors must be elected from among the Princes and approved by the Pope
Pope Gregory VII (1073-1085) Election violently supported by a mob of Romans Violated terms of Papal decree of 1059 Caused friction between Pope and Henry IV
Could a lay person appoint Bishops or Abbots? Gregory VII prohibited all clerics from accepting church offices from a
layman even if the layman was a king Henry IV refused to accept this and appointed a new archbishop in
Milan Gregory reminded Henry that Gregory was the successor to St. Peter
and Henry owed Gregory the same obedience Gregory renounced his obedience to Gregory reminding Gregory that
his election as Pope violated the decree of 1059 Gregory excommunicated Henry and called on his subjects to rebel Saxon Nobility renewed their civil war Henry must humble himself at Canossa
Investiture Conflict
Pope Gregory VII
Gregory VII vs. Henry IV Round II
Gregory supported Henry’s rival Duke Rudolf of Swabia in 1077
Henry invaded Rome in 1081 to depose Gregory and set up Guibert of Ravenna as Pope 17 Cardinals deserted Gregory Guibert was enthroned as Pope Clement III in 1084 Clement III crowned Henry IV Holy Roman Emperor
A rival German Prince, Robert Guiscard, allied with Gregory and Henry and Clement fled Rome
Gregory was chased out of Rome also because the nobles were angry that Gregory did not treat the Norman Kings as harshly as he did the Italian and German princes.
Gregory fled to Monte Casino and then to Salerno where he died in 1085.
Wax Funeral Effigy of Gregory VII: Salerno Cathedral
The Crusades
Byzantine Emperor, Alexius hoped to use Norman mercenaries to defend Byzantium from Seljuk Turks.
Urban II wanted to demonstrate to Kings of Western Europe that the Papacy could command an army that might enforce Papal decrees with military might.
Urban II’s call to Crusade Clermont in France 1095
Any knight who wished to join in the fight to liberate the Holy Land from its Muslim Captors
Anyone fighting or dying in the service of Christ would win total absolution from sins and be transported to heaven
Glory, booty, salvation
Original Purposes
Council of Clermont 1095
Pope Urban II
Peter the Hermit
Centrality of the Church to the Power of the Monarch
Germany Frederick Barbarossa (1152-1190)
Holy Roman Empire: descending from Rome and blessed by God
Compromised with Princes of Lombard League and Pope Agreement for Henry VI to succeed him Henry to marry Norman Princess of Sicily Henry became king of Sicily when wife’s
brother died
Frederick Barbarossa
What Are the Differences in Development of National Monarchies in England, France and Germany (Holy Roman Empire)?
England Administrative System
Departments of Exchequer, Sheriffs and Courts; no one department controls all power
All landowners (including Church) must pay taxes and provide military support to the king;
Negotiations between King and Aristocracy limits the power of the King—beginning of Constitutional government (Magna Carta);
Distance from Church leadership in Rome encourages independence of monarchs;
Development of Parliament and beginning of participation in government by merchants and wealthy artisans.
What Are the Differences in Development of National Monarchies in England, France and Germany (Holy Roman Empire)?
France Focused on increasing territory by taking land from English
monarch; King appointed aristocrats to posts which include collecting
taxes, enforcing the law, and judiciary; French Kings as “protectors of the Pope” engaged in military
campaigns in Italy and church politics in Rome; Controversy over taxing authority of King over church lands; Estates General: appearance of consultation but not
supported by the monarch 1st Estate Aristocracy- no taxes 2nd Estate Church – resisted taxes 3rd Estate Everybody else – high taxes
What Are the Differences in Development of National Monarchies in England, France and Germany (Holy Roman Empire)?
Germany (Holy Roman Empire) Principalities: territories ruled by princes who
were not strong enough to force other princes to accept them as the “lord”
Princes elected the Holy Roman Emperor who had to then be approved by the Pope resulting in Papal interference in secular authority of Emperor;
Princes maintained taxing, enforcement, and judicial authority
Never developed strong central authority and Germany remained divided into Principalities;
Became Pope at 37 Goal: bring all of Christendom under Papal hegemony
and to recover Jerusalem from the Muslims Believed that Pope had the right to discipline Kings
who sinned Engineered the accession of Frederick II to power as
Emperor of Germany Increased church lands in Northern Italy of which
Pope was the secular Prince Vatican City
Power to tax parishes
Innocent III (1198-1216)
Innocent III
Pope as Supreme head of the Church 2nd in authority is Patriarch of Constantinople Doctrine of Transubstantiation Required Jews and Muslims to wear special
identification to distinguish them from Christians Required Sacramental Confession at least 1 time
per year High conduct for Priests than laiety No new Religious Orders Rules for trial and punishment of heretics and their
protectors
Fourth Lateran Council of 1215