hist 202 - hesen. february 1945 roosevelt, churchill, stalin germany would be broken into zones free...
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HIST 202 - Hesen
The Truman and Eisenhower Years: The
U.S. in the 1950s
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Conference at YaltaFebruary 1945
Roosevelt, Churchill, Stalin
Germany would be broken into zones
Free electionsUnited Nations
would be formed
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End of the WarFDR Dies! – April 12,
1945Harry Truman takes
the helmPotsdam (July 1945)
End the war with Japan
Nuremburg Trials
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Postwar Boom“Normalcy”
15 million soldiers return home
Hard to find jobsPeople saved A LOT
of moneyGreat Depression is
a memoryEnjoyed high
standard of living
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Benefits to Soldiers Servicemen’s
Readjustment Act (1944)GI BillOffered $ for college Low interest loans Segregated at first
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Baby Boom!!!1950s Family Life
People happy to be home!!!
Increase in marriages and births
Sex was looked at differently
50 million births between 1945-1960
Switched focus for women
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Suburban LifeSuburbs
Outside citiesCheaper – better
transportationCities life wasn’t
appealing
William J. LevittLevittowns…
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The Dark Side of Levittown
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EconomicsEmployment Act of 1946
Truman wanted to give people benefits
Universal healthcare Increase minimum wageCongress did not
approvedOnly approved
minimum wageOffice of Price
Administration (OPA)Kept prices and wages
fixed
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Inflation and StrikesPrice and wage
fixing caused inflation
Inflation rose to nearly 25%
Workers were unhappy
United Mine Workers strike (1946)Truman sent in
ArmyQuelled strike
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Problems with the 80th Congress
Passed 22nd Amendment (1951)President may only
serve two terms
Truman’s Fair DealWanted to mirror
Progressive programs
Much like FDR’s New Deal
Congress shot him down
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Origins of the Cold WarU.S. Soviet relations
strained:WWIBolshevik
RevolutionRed ScareStalin as dictator
Truman was ALWAYS suspicious of Stalin
Non-aggression pact w/Hitler
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Origins of the Cold War Occupation zones set up in EuropeU.S.SovietOther Allied powers
Winston Churchill’s “Iron Curtain” Speech
ContainmentKeep the Commies where they are – don’t let them spread
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Truman’s PlansTruman Doctrine (1947)
$400 million in economic aid to Greece and Turkey
Marshall Plan (1948) Infused the European
economy with billionsCommunism won’t have a
chance to take overBerlin Airlift (June 1948)
Berlin cut off by SovietsU.S. aids by dropping
food and rations
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The Forgotten War, 1950-53North Korea invades
South KoreaDivides country along
38th parallelU.S. gets involved –
containmentEnds in stalemateGeneral Mac Arthur
criticized Truman publically – “too soft on Communism”
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Second Red ScareHouse Un-American
Activities Committee (HUAC)
Hiss CaseWhittaker Chambers“Pumpkin Papers”Alger Hiss
The RosenbergsPresumably spied for the
RussiansExceuted in 1953
Joseph McCarthySenator from WisconsinWent after “radicals”McCarthyism
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Arms Race Under EisenhowerMutually Assured
Destruction (MAD)Militarism returns
Between U.S. and Soviets
Search for the best A-Bomb
Developed the H-Bomb
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“Duck and Cover”
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SputnikSpace Race
Soviets launched Sputnik in 1957
Made Americans look inferior
U.S. placed emphasis on math and science
1959 – U-2 IncidentSoviets shot down
spy planeFrancis Gary Powers
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Popular Culture in 1950sEscapism
TVAdvertisingPaperbacksCorporate America
The Organizational ManCritics – “beatniks”
WomenReturn to duties at homeThe Common Sense Book
on Baby and Child Care (1946) – Dr. Benjamin Spock
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Date Night With the Family