histo test bank 2

7/28/2019 Histo Test Bank 2

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Nervous

1.What are the supporting cells in the central nervous system called?

a. Schwann cells

b. Basket cellsc. Gangliond. Neuroglia

e. Satellite cells

Answer: d

Schwann cells are responsible for the myelination of neurons in the peripheralnervous system. Basket cells are a type of neuron seen in the cerebellum. A

ganglion is a collection of nerve cell bodies outside of the CNS. Neuroglia are thesupporting cells in the central nervous system Sometimes, neuroglia called glial

cells or glia. Satellite cells are found in the ganglia of the peripheral nervoussystem.

2.Which of the following is an element of the peripheral nervous system?a. Receptorsb. Brachial plexus

c. Gangliad. Sciatic nerve

e. All of the above

Answer: e

The central nervous system consists of the brain and spinal cord. All other nervoussystem elements are considered to be in the peripheral nervous system. Thus the

peripheral nervous system includes receptors, the brachial plexus, the sciatic nerve,and ganglia.

3.What are most neurons in the body?a. Unipolarb. Pseudounipolar

c. Bipolar

d. Multipolare. Both a and b

Answer: d

Most neurons in the body (over 99%) are multipolar.


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Neurons can be classified based on the number of axons and dendrites stemmingoff of the cell body. A unipolar neuron has one process which branches off of it This

process then immediately divides into two. Thus, a unipolar neuron is sometimesalso called a pseudounipolar neuron. Sensory neurons are unipolar.

A bipolar neuron has two process that branch from it: an axon and a dendrite.Bipolar neurons are not very common and are found in some of the organs forspecial senses. Bipolar neurons are found in the retina, inner ear, and the region ofthe nose involved with smell.

Multipolar neurons have one axon and many (at least two) dendrites that branch offof it. Most neurons are multipolar. Motor neurons and interneurons are multipolar.

4.What is the cell body of a neuron called?

a. Ganglionb. Perikaryon

c. Astrocyted. Nissle. Terminal bouton

Answer: b

A ganglion is a collection of neuron cell bodies outside of the central nervoussystem. The cell body of a neuron is called a perikaryon or soma. An astrocyte is asupporting cell seen in the central nervous system. The basophilic clusters ofribosomes and rough endoplasmic seen in neuron cell bodies is called Nissl, Nissl

bodies or Nissl substance. The terminal bouton is the end portion of an axon. It is

also called an axon terminal or end bulb. The terminal bouton will be associatedwith another neuron in a synapse.

5.

Which cell is a macrophage found in the central nervous system?a. Kupffer cells

b. Histiocytec. Dust celld. Langerhans celle. Microglia

Answer: e

Macrophages are mononuclear phagocytes. Many tissues have resident (fixed)

macrophages. Fixed macrophages are given a unique name, depending on thetissue that they are located in. Kupffer cells are the hepatic macrophages.

Histiocytes are macrophages seen in connective tissue. Dust cells are alveolarmacrophage found in the respiratory tract. Langerhans cells are macrophages seen

in the skin. Microglia are the central nervous system macrophages.


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6.Which type of neuron is multipolar?

a. Motor neuronsb. Interneuronsc. Sensory neuronsd. Both a and b

e. All of the above

Answer: d

Both motor neurons and interneurons are multipolar.

7.

What provides tensile strength to a neuron?a. Meninges

b. Myelinated nerve fibersc. Cell bodies

d. Nodes of Ranviere. Neurofilaments

Answer: e

The meninges are composed of the three connective tissue covers which surround

the brain and spinal cord. White matter is myelinated nerve fibers. Gray matter isessentially neuron cell bodies and associated dendrites or unmyelinated axons.Nodes of Ranvier are the gaps that occur in the myelin sheath. Neurofilaments area type of intermediate filaments seen in neurons which provide rigidity and tensile

strength.

8.

Which meninx is made of a delicate web like connective tissue?a. Dura mater

b. Arachnoidc. Pia mater

d. Both a and be. All of the above

Answer: b

The meninges cover the brain and spinal cord. There are three: dura mater,arachnoid, and pia mater.

The dura mater is the outer meninx. The dura mater is composed of dense irregularconnective tissue.

The arachnoid is made of a delicate spider web like connective tissue.

The pia mater is the innermost meninx. It covers the brain intimately.


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Note from Sarah Bellham: Arachnoid is derived from the Greek word for spider. It isused in the words arachnophobia, arachnids and arachnoid.

9.What are the conglomerations of gray matter deep within the cerebrum and

cerebellumcalled?a. Tractsb. Islets

c. Somad. Cortex

e. Nuclei

Answer: e

A group of fibers traveling together to a destination is a tract. Islets of Langerhansare seen in the pancreas. Soma is another term for a neuron cell body. The outer

part of the brain is gray matter called the cortex. The conglomerations of graymatter deep within the cerebrum and cerebellum are called nuclei.

10.Which of the following is involved in the blood brain barrier?a. Astrocytesb. Ependymal cells

c. Oligodendrocytesd. Microglia

e. Schwann cells

Answer: a

Neuroglia are the supporting cells of the central nervous system. Sometimes,neuroglia called glial cells or glia. Astrocytes, ependymal cells, oligodendrocytes,

and microglia are all neuroglia.

Of the neuroglia cells, astrocytes are the most abundant and the largest. These are

star shaped cells involved in the blood brain barrier.

Ependymal cells line the ventricles and spinal canal.

Oligodendrocytes form myelin in the central nervous system.

Microglia are the central nervous system macrophages.

Schwann cells are seen in the peripheral nervous system and are not consideredneuroglia. Schwann cells are responsible for the myelination of neurons in the

peripheral nervous system.


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1.Which of the following forms myelin in the peripheral nervous system?

a. Schwann cellsb. Basket cellsc. Gangliond. Neuroglia

e. Satellite cells

Answer: a


ganglion is a collection of nerve cell bodies outside of the CNS. Neuroglia are thesupporting cells in the central nervous system Sometimes, neuroglia called glial

cells or glia. Satellite cells are found in the ganglia of the peripheral nervoussystem.

2.Which of the following is an element of the central nervous system?a. Receptors

b. Brachial plexusc. Sciatic nerved. Ganglia

e. Spinal cord

Answer: e

The central nervous system consists of the brain and spinal cord. All other nervous

system elements are considered to be in the peripheral nervous system. Thus theperipheral nervous system includes receptors, the brachial plexus, the sciatic nerve,and ganglia.

3.What are motor neurons?

a. Unipolarb. Pseudounipolarc. Bipolard. Multipolar

e. Both a and b

Answer: d

Motor neurons are multipolar.

Neurons can be classified based on the number of axons and dendrites stemming

off of the cell body. A unipolar neuron has one process which branches off of it Thisprocess then immediately divides into two. Thus, a unipolar neuron is sometimes

also called a pseudounipolar neuron. Sensory neurons are unipolar.


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A bipolar neuron has two process that branch from it: an axon and a dendrite.Bipolar neurons are not very common and are found in some of the organs for

special senses. Bipolar neurons are found in the retina, inner ear, and the region ofthe nose involved with smell.


4.What is a collection of cell bodies outside the CNS called?a. Ganglionb. Perikaryon

c. Astrocyted. Nissl

e. Terminal bouton

Answer: a

A ganglion is a collection of neuron cell bodies outside of the central nervoussystem. The cell body of a neuron is called a perikaryon or soma. An astrocyte is a

supporting cell seen in the central nervous system. The basophilic clusters ofribosomes and rough endoplasmic seen in neuron cell bodies is called Nissl, Nisslbodies or Nissl substance. The terminal bouton is the end portion of an axon. It isalso called an axon terminal or end bulb. The terminal bouton will be associated

with another neuron in a synapse.

5.

What is tissue which surrounds a nerve fascicle?

a. Perimysiumb. Periosteumc. Perichondrium

d. Perineuriume. Endosteum

Answer: d

The perimysium is the connective tissue sheath around fascicles of muscle.

The periosteum is the connective tissue covering of a bone.

The perichondrium is the connective tissue which surrounds cartilage.

The perineurium is the covering of nerve fascicles.

The endosteum is the lining of the inner bone (the side which abuts the medullary

cavity).


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Note from Sarah Bellham: The prefix "peri" means around, such as in the word"perimeter". The prefix "endo" means within or inner, such as in "endosteum",

"endocrine", "endoscope".

6.

The colloquialism "gray matter" refers to somebody using his intellect or reasoningability. In reality, what is gray matter?a. Meningesb. Myelinated nerve fibers

c. Cell bodiesd. Nodes of Ranvier

e. Neurofilaments

Answer: c

A ganglion is a collection of nerve cell bodies outside of the central nervous system.White matter is myelinated nerve fibers. Gray matter is essentially neuron cell

bodies. Nodes of Ranvier are the gaps that occur in the myelin sheath.Neurofilaments are a type of intermediate filaments seen in neurons.

7.Where is the cerebrospinal fluid?a. Between the dura mater and boneb. Subdural space

c. Subarachnoid spaced. Between the pia mater and brain

e. None of the above

Answer: c

The cerebrospinal fluid is found in the subarachnoid space. The subarachnoid spaceis the space between the arachnoid and the pia mater.

8.Which of the following are considered to be part of the meninges?

a. Dura materb. Arachnoidc. Pia mater

d. Both a and ce. All of the above

Answer: e




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Note from Sarah Bellham: Arachnoid is derived from the Greek word for spider. It is

used in the words arachnophobia, arachnids and arachnoid.

9.What is the outer gray matter of the brain called?

a. Tractsb. Isletsc. Somad. Cortex

e. Nuclei

Answer: d



10.Which of the following is the most abundant neuroglia cell?

a. Astrocytesb. Ependymal cells


e. Schwann cells

Answer: a









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Schwann cells are seen in the peripheral nervous system and are not considered

neuroglia. Schwann cells are responsible for the myelination of neurons in the


1.

Which of the following is a supporting cell found in the ganglia?a. Schwann cells

b. Basket cellsc. Gangliond. Neurogliae. Satellite cells

Answer: e

Schwann cells are responsible for the myelination of neurons in the peripheral

nervous system. Basket cells are a type of neuron seen in the cerebellum. A

ganglion is a collection of nerve cell bodies outside of the CNS. Neuroglia are thesupporting cells in the central nervous system Sometimes, neuroglia called glialcells or glia. Satellite cells are found in the ganglia of the peripheral nervous

system.

2.

Which of the following is an element of the central nervous system?a. Receptorsb. Brachial plexusc. Brain

d. Gangliae. Sciatic nerve

Answer: c

The central nervous system consists of the brain and spinal cord. All other nervous

system elements are considered to be in the peripheral nervous system. Thus theperipheral nervous system includes receptors, the brachial plexus, the sciatic nerve,

and ganglia.

3.

What are interneurons?a. Unipolar

b. Pseudounipolarc. Bipolar

d. Multipolare. Both a and b

Answer: d

Interneurons are multipolar.


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Neurons can be classified based on the number of axons and dendrites stemmingoff of the cell body. A unipolar neuron has one process which branches off of it This

process then immediately divides into two. Thus, a unipolar neuron is sometimesalso called a pseudounipolar neuron. Sensory neurons are unipolar.

A bipolar neuron has two process that branch from it: an axon and a dendrite.Bipolar neurons are not very common and are found in some of the organs forspecial senses. Bipolar neurons are found in the retina, inner ear, and the region ofthe nose involved with smell.


4.Which of the following is supporting cell of the central nervous system?

a. Ganglionb. Perikaryon

c. Astrocyted. Nissle. Terminal bouton

Answer: c

A ganglion is a collection of neuron cell bodies outside of the central nervoussystem. The cell body of a neuron is called a perikaryon or soma. An astrocyte is asupporting cell seen in the central nervous system. The basophilic clusters ofribosomes and rough endoplasmic seen in neuron cell bodies is called Nissl, Nissl



5.

How many neurons are in the body of man?a. 10,000 (10 to the 4th)

b. 10,000,000 (10 to the 7th)c. 10,000,000,000 (10 to the 10th)d. 10,000,000,000,000 (10 to the 13th)e. 10,000,000,000,000,000 (10 to the 16th

Answer: c

There are 10,000,000,000 (10 to the 10th) to 100,000,000,000 (10 to the 11th)

neurons.

6.

What are the gaps that occur within the myelin sheath?a. Meninges

b. Myelinated nerve fibers


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c. Cell bodiesd. Nodes of Ranvier

e. Neurofilaments

Answer: d

A ganglion is a collection of nerve cell bodies outside of the central nervous system.White matter is myelinated nerve fibers. Gray matter is essentially neuron cell

bodies. Nodes of Ranvier are the gaps that occur in the myelin sheath.Neurofilaments are a type of intermediate filaments seen in neurons.

7.What is the dura mater composed of?

a. Loose irregular connective tissueb. Dense irregular connective tissue

c. Dense regular connective tissued. Simple squamous epithelium

e. Nervous tissue

Answer: b

The meninges cover the brain and spinal cord. The dura mater is the outer meninx.The dura mater is composed of dense irregular connective tissue.

8.Where is gray matter?

a. Outer surface of the cerebrum and cerebellumb. Outer surface of the spinal cord

c. Inner portion of the spinal cordd. Both a and b

e. Both a and c

Answer: e

The outer part of the cerebrum and cerebellum is gray matter. It is called thecortex. Underneath the cortex, is white matter. Gray matter is also found in

conglomerations within the cerebrum and cerebellum where it is called nuclei.

Gray matter is found in the central portion of the spinal cord in a butterfly shape.

White matter is on the outer portion of the spinal cord.

Note from Sarah Bellham: Notice that the distribution of gray matter and white

matter for the brain and spinal cord is the reverse of each other. On the cerebrumand cerebellum, gray matter is on the outer portion, white matter is deeper. For the

spinal cord, white matter is on the outer portion, and gray matter is deeper.

9.What surrounds a nerve?


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a. Neuriumb. Perineurium

c. Epineuriumd. Endoneuriume. None of the above

Answer: c

The endoneurium surrounds a nerve fiber. The perineurium surrounds a bundle ofnerve fibers. The epineurium surrounds a nerve.

10.Which of the following lines the ventricles?



e. Schwann cells

Answer: b








Schwann cells are seen in the peripheral nervous system and are not consideredneuroglia. Schwann cells are responsible for the myelination of neurons in theperipheral nervous system.

1.

What is a collection of nerve cell bodies outside of the central nervous systemcalled?

a. Schwann cellsb. Basket cells

c. Gangliond. Neuroglia

e. Satellite cells


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Answer: c

Schwann cells are responsible for the myelination of neurons in the peripheral

nervous system. Basket cells are a type of neuron seen in the cerebellum. Aganglion is a collection of nerve cell bodies outside of the CNS. Neuroglia are the

supporting cells in the central nervous system Sometimes, neuroglia called glialcells or glia. Satellite cells are found in the ganglia of the peripheral nervoussystem.

2.What percentage of neurons are interneurons?a. 0.1%

b. 1%c. 20%

d. 80%e. 99.9%

Answer: e

Interneurons are the neurons between the sensory and motor neurons. 99.9% of all

neurons are interneurons.

3.

What are sensory neurons?a. Unipolarb. Pseudounipolarc. Bipolar

d. Multipolar

e. Both a and b

Answer: e

Sensory neurons are unipolar. Unipolar neurons are sometimes also called

pseudounipolar.


off of the cell body. A unipolar neuron has one process which branches off of it Thisprocess then immediately divides into two. Thus, a unipolar neuron is sometimes

also called a pseudounipolar neuron. Sensory neurons are unipolar.

A bipolar neuron has two process that branch from it: an axon and a dendrite.

Bipolar neurons are not very common and are found in some of the organs forspecial senses. Bipolar neurons are found in the retina, inner ear, and the region ofthe nose involved with smell.



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4.What is the end of an axon called?

a. Ganglionb. Perikaryonc. Astrocyted. Nissl

e. Terminal bouton

Answer: e


supporting cell seen in the central nervous system. The basophilic clusters ofribosomes and rough endoplasmic seen in neuron cell bodies is called Nissl, Nissl

bodies or Nissl substance. The terminal bouton is the end portion of an axon. It isalso called an axon terminal or end bulb. The terminal bouton will be associated

with another neuron in a synapse.

5.What is the connective tissue covering around the brain and spinal cord?

a. Meningesb. Myelinated nerve fibersc. Cell bodies


Answer: a

A ganglion is a collection of nerve cell bodies outside of the central nervous system.White matter is myelinated nerve fibers. Gray matter is essentially neuron cellbodies. Nodes of Ranvier are the gaps that occur in the myelin sheath.

Neurofilaments are a type of intermediate filaments seen in neurons.

6.

Which meninx is made of a dense irregular connective tissue?a. Dura materb. Arachnoidc. Pia mater


Answer: a

The meninges cover the brain and spinal cord. There are three: dura mater,

arachnoid, and pia mater.

The dura mater is the outer meninx. The dura mater is composed of dense irregular

connective tissue.


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Note from Sarah Bellham: Arachnoid is derived from the Greek word for spider. It is

used in the words arachnophobia, arachnids and arachnoid.

7.What is a group of fibers traveling together?

a. Tractsb. Isletsc. Somad. Cortex

e. Nuclei

Answer: a



8.Where is white matter?

a. Outer surface of the cerebrum and cerebellumb. Outer surface of the spinal cord

c. Inner portion of the braind. Both a and b

e. Both b and c

Answer: e

The outer part of the cerebrum and cerebellum is gray matter. It is called thecortex. Underneath the cortex, is white matter. Gray matter is also found in

conglomerations within the cerebrum and cerebellum where it is called nuclei.

Gray matter is found in the central portion of the spinal cord in a butterfly shape.

White matter is on the outer portion of the spinal cord.

Note from Sarah Bellham: Notice that the distribution of gray matter and whitematter for the brain and spinal cord is the reverse of each other. On the cerebrumand cerebellum, gray matter is on the outer portion, white matter is deeper. For the

spinal cord, white matter is on the outer portion, and gray matter is deeper.

9.

Which of the following forms myelin in the central nervous system?a. Astrocytesb. Ependymal cells


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e. Schwann cells

Answer: c



Of the neuroglia cells, astrocytes are the most abundant and the largest. These arestar shaped cells involved in the blood brain barrier.




Schwann cells are seen in the peripheral nervous system and are not consideredneuroglia. Schwann cells are responsible for the myelination of neurons in theperipheral nervous system.

10.What is the primary component of myelin?a. Amino acids

b. Proteinc. Carbohydrate

d. Lipide. Both b and c

Answer: d

The primary component of myelin is lipid. It is formed by the cell wrapping itself

around the axon. Thus, it is primarily the plasma membrane of either the Schwann

cells or the oligodendrocytes.

1.Which of the following is found in the cerebellum?

a. Schwann cellsb. Basket cellsc. Gangliond. Neuroglia

e. Satellite cells

Answer: b


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ganglion is a collection of nerve cell bodies outside of the CNS. Neuroglia are thesupporting cells in the central nervous system Sometimes, neuroglia called glialcells or glia. Satellite cells are found in the ganglia of the peripheral nervoussystem.

2.What are neurons in the retina?

a. Unipolarb. Pseudounipolar

c. Bipolard. Multipolar

e. Both a and b

Answer: c

The neurons in the retina are bipolar.


off of the cell body. A unipolar neuron has one process which branches off of it Thisprocess then immediately divides into two. Thus, a unipolar neuron is sometimesalso called a pseudounipolar neuron. Sensory neurons are unipolar.

A bipolar neuron has two process that branch from it: an axon and a dendrite.Bipolar neurons are not very common and are found in some of the organs forspecial senses. Bipolar neurons are found in the retina, inner ear, and the region of

the nose involved with smell.

Multipolar neurons have one axon and many (at least two) dendrites that branch off

of it. Most neurons are multipolar. Motor neurons and interneurons are multipolar.

3.

What are the basophilic clusters of ribosomes and rough endoplasmic reticulumseen in neurons called?

a. Ganglionb. Perikaryonc. Astrocyte

d. Nissle. Terminal bouton

Answer: d





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4.All of the following are properties of neurons, except:

a. High metabolic rateb. Longevityc. Specialized for conductiond. High mitotic rate

e. Limited ability for oxygen deprivation

Answer: d

Neurons do not divide; therefore they do not have a high mitotic rate.

Neurons have a high metabolic rate. They are unable to survive long without

oxygen. They have an extremely long longevity, lasting a lifetime. Neurons are

specialize for conduction. They send signals via a nervous impulse.

5.Which type of neuron is also called an internuncial neuron?

a. Sensory neuronsb. Motor neurons

c. Interneuronsd. Both a and be. All of the above

Answer: c

Interneurons are also called internuncial neurons.

6.What is white matter?a. Meninges

b. Myelinated nerve fibersc. Cell bodies


Answer: b

A ganglion is a collection of nerve cell bodies outside of the central nervous system.

White matter is myelinated nerve fibers. Gray matter is essentially neuron cellbodies. Nodes of Ranvier are the gaps that occur in the myelin sheath.

Neurofilaments are a type of intermediate filaments seen in neurons.

7.What is another term for the cell body of a neuron?


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a. Tractsb. Islets

c. Somad. Cortexe. Nuclei

Answer: c

A group of fibers traveling together to a destination is a tract. Islets of Langerhansare seen in the pancreas. Soma is another term for a neuron cell body. The outerpart of the brain is gray matter called the cortex. The conglomerations of graymatter deep within the cerebrum and cerebellum are called nuclei.

8.What is the covering of a nerve fiber?


c. Epineuriumd. Endoneuriume. None of the above

Answer: d


9.

Which of the following is the CNS macrophage?

a. Astrocytesb. Ependymal cellsc. Oligodendrocytes

d. Microgliae. Schwann cells

Answer: d








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10.

Which of the following is found in the peripheral nervous system?a. Astrocytesb. Ependymal cellsc. Oligodendrocytes

d. Microgliae. Schwann cells

Answer: e

Neuroglia are the supporting cells of the central nervous system. Sometimes,

neuroglia called glial cells or glia. Astrocytes, ependymal cells, oligodendrocytes,and microglia are all neuroglia.






neuroglia. Schwann cells are responsible for the myelination of neurons in theperipheral nervous system.

1.What is the cell body of a neuron called?

a. Ganglionb. Somac. Astrocyted. Nissl

e. Terminal bouton

Answer: b



bodies or Nissl substance. The terminal bouton is the end portion of an axon. It isalso called an axon terminal or end bulb. The terminal bouton will be > associatedwith another neuron in a synapse.


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2.Where is the ependyma found?

a. Lining ventriclesb. Lining spinal canalc. Covering the braind. Covering the spinal cord

e. Both a and b

Answer: e

The ependyma lines the ventricles and spinal canal.

3.

Which type of neuron is most abundant?a. Sensory neurons

b. Motor neuronsc. Interneurons


Answer: c

The vast majority of neurons are interneurons.

4.What surrounds a bundle of nerve fibers?


c. Epineuriumd. Endoneurium


Answer: b


5.Which meninx covers the brain intimately?

a. Dura materb. Arachnoid

c. Pia materd. Both a and be. All of the above

Answer: c


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Note from Sarah Bellham: Arachnoid is derived from the Greek word for spider. It isused in the words arachnophobia, arachnids and arachnoid.

6.Which of the following is the largest neuroglia cell?



e. Schwann cells

Answer: a










7.

Which of the following is NOT considered neuroglia?a. Astrocytes

b. Ependymal cellsc. Oligodendrocytesd. Microgliae. Schwann cells


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Answer: e

Neuroglia are the supporting cells of the central nervous system. Sometimes,

neuroglia called glial cells or glia. Astrocytes, ependymal cells, oligodendrocytes,and microglia are all neuroglia.






neuroglia. Schwann cells are responsible for the myelination of neurons in the


8.What is the innervation of an eccrine sweat gland?a. Cholinergic; parasympatheticb. Cholinergic; sympathetic

c. Adrenergic; parasympatheticd. Adrenergic; sympathetic

e. Cholinergic; motor

Answer: b

Eccrine sweat glands are innervated by the sympathetic nervous system. Theneurotransmitter for the eccrine sweat glands is acetylcholine. Thus it is cholinergic.

Note from Sarah Bellham: For most postganglionic sympathetic neurons, theneurotransmitter is norepinephrine. Eccrine sweat glands are an exception to this

generalization, as the innervation for eccrine sweat glands is cholinergicsympathetic.

9.What is the innervation of an apocrine sweat gland?

a. Cholinergic; parasympatheticb. Cholinergic; sympathetic

c. Adrenergic; parasympatheticd. Adrenergic; sympathetic

e. Cholinergic; motor

Answer: d


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Apocrine sweat glands are innervated by the sympathetic nervous system. Theneurotransmitter for the apocrine sweat glands is norepinephrine. Thus it is

adrenergic.

Urinary

1.What is the glomerulus?a. Afferent arteriole

b. Efferent arteriolec. Capillary tuft

d. Peritubular capillariese. Vasa recta

Answer: c

The afferent arteriole branches off the interlobular artery. The afferent arteriolesupplies blood to the glomerulus. The glomerulus is a capillary tuft. The glomerularcapillaries converge to form the efferent arteriole. The peritubular capillaries is a

second capillary network which arise after the efferent arteriole. They surround theproximal tubule, loop of Henle, and distal tubule. Vasa recta are the "straightvessels" which arise from some of the efferent arterioles.

2.What is a renal pyramid and its associated cortex referred to?a. Medulla

b. Lobec. Renal columns

d. Nephrone. Medullary ray

Answer: b

The kidney can be divided into an outer cortex and an inner medulla. A kidney lobe

consists of a medullary pyramid, its overlying cortex, and the associated renalcolumn. The renal columns are the tissue in between the pyramids. The nephron isthe functional unit of the kidney. A region where a portion of the medulla projectinto the renal cortex are referred to as medullary ray.

3.Approximately how many nephrons are there in each kidney?

a. 1,000b. 10,000

c. 100,000d. 1,000,000

e. 10,000,000


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Answer: d

There are approximately one million (1,000,000) nephrons in each kidney. The

nephron is the functional unit of the kidney.

4.What is the Malpighian corpuscle?a. Glomerulus

b. Bowman's capsulec. Renal corpuscled. Loop of Henlee. Distal convoluted tubule

Answer: c

The functional unit of the kidney is the nephron. The nephron can be divided into

the glomerulus and uriniferous tubule. The capillary tuft of the nephron is referred

to as the glomerulus. Bowman's capsule is a double layered cap surrounding theglomerulus. This is the first portion of the uriniferous tubule. The glomerulus andBowman's capsule make up the renal corpuscle. Another term for the renal

corpuscle is Malpighian corpuscle.

Bowman's capsule leads to the proximal convoluted tubule. The proximal

convoluted tubule leads to the loop of Henle. This then leads to the distalconvoluted tubule. The distal convoluted tubule then leads to the collecting duct.

5.What are the ducts of Bellini?

a. Collecting tubulesb. Distal convoluted tubule

c. Proximal convoluted tubuled. Loop of Henle

e. Medullary ray

Answer: a

Large collecting tubules near the apex of the pyramid are the ducts of Bellini. Theducts of Bellini are also called a papillary ducts.

6.What are the foot processes on podocytes?

a. Visceral layer of Bowman's capsuleb. Parietal layer of Bowman's capsulec. Pedicelsd. Juxtaglomerular cells

e. Macula densa

Answer: c


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The inner layer of Bowman's capsule is the visceral layer. It consists of cells calledpodocytes. The outer layer of Bowman's capsule is the parietal layer. Pedicels are

the foot processes on the podocytes. The juxtaglomerular cells secrete renin. Themacula densa are specialized cells in the distal convoluted tubule that are sensitiveto sodium. The juxtaglomerular cells and macula densa make up the

juxtaglomerular apparatus.

7.What vessel is a branch of the interlobular artery?

a. Afferent arterioleb. Efferent arteriole

c. Capillary tuftd. Peritubular capillaries

e. Vasa recta

Answer: a

The afferent arteriole branches off the interlobular artery. The afferent arteriolesupplies blood to the glomerulus. The glomerulus is a capillary tuft. The glomerularcapillaries converge to form the efferent arteriole. The peritubular capillaries is a

second capillary network which arise after the efferent arteriole. They surround theproximal tubule, loop of Henle, and distal tubule. Vasa recta are the "straightvessels" which arise from some of the efferent arterioles.

8.What type of tissue lines the bladder?

a. Simple squamous epitheliumb. Simple cuboidal epithelium

c. Simple columnar epitheliumd. Stratified squamous epitheliume. Transitional epithelium

Answer: e

The lining of the bladder is transitional epithelium. Epithelium lines body cavitiesand surfaces. There are domed shaped cells on the apical surface.

9.

What is the projection of the medulla into the renal cortex called?a. Medullab. Lobe

c. Renal columnsd. Nephron

e. Medullary ray

Answer: e


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The kidney can be divided into an outer cortex and an inner medulla. A kidney lobeconsists of a medullary pyramid, its overlying cortex, and the associated renal

column. The renal columns are the tissue in between the pyramids. The nephron isthe functional unit of the kidney. A region where a portion of the medulla projectinto the renal cortex are referred to as medullary ray.

10.What makes up the Juxtaglomerular apparatus?a. Pedicels

b. Juxtaglomerular cellsc. Macula densa

d. Both a and be. Both b and c

Answer: e

The inner layer of Bowman's capsule is the visceral layer. It consists of cells called

podocytes. Pedicels are the foot processes on the podocytes. The juxtaglomerularcells secrete renin. The macula densa are specialized cells in the distal convolutedtubule that are sensitive to sodium. The juxtaglomerular cells and macula densa

make up the juxtaglomerular apparatus.

1.What vessels arise from the efferent arteriole?

a. Afferent arterioleb. Efferent arteriole

c. Capillary tuftd. Peritubular capillaries

e. Vasa recta

Answer: d

The afferent arteriole branches off the interlobular artery. The afferent arteriolesupplies blood to the glomerulus. The glomerulus is a capillary tuft. The glomerular

capillaries converge to form the efferent arteriole. The peritubular capillaries is asecond capillary network which arise after the efferent arteriole. They surround theproximal tubule, loop of Henle, and distal tubule. Vasa recta are the "straightvessels" which arise from some of the efferent arterioles.

2.Which structure does the proximal convoluted lead to?

a. Glomerulusb. Bowman's capsule

c. Renal corpuscled. Loop of Henle

e. Distal convoluted tubule

Answer: d


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The functional unit of the kidney is the nephron. The nephron can be divided intothe glomerulus and uriniferous tubule. The capillary tuft of the nephron is referred

to as the glomerulus. Bowman's capsule is a double layered cap surrounding theglomerulus. This is the first portion of the uriniferous tubule. The glomerulus andBowman's capsule make up the renal corpuscle. Another term for the renalcorpuscle is Malpighian corpuscle.

Bowman's capsule leads to the proximal convoluted tubule. The proximalconvoluted tubule leads to the loop of Henle. This then leads to the distal

convoluted tubule. The distal convoluted tubule then leads to the collecting duct.

3.

What is the correct term for the foot processes on podocytes?a. Pedis

b. Pedicelsc. Pedalis

d. Pes

e. Pediocyte

Answer: b

The inner layer of Bowman's capsule is the visceral layer. It consists of cells calledpodocytes. Pedicels are the foot processes on the podocytes.

Note from Sarah Bellham: The Latin prefix pedalis, pes and pedis refers to the foot.Such words include pedal, pedicure, pedestrian and of course, the one we are allfamiliar with, the foot process on podocytes, which are pedicels.

4.Which of the following is NOT a function of the kidney?

a. Erythropoietin productionb. Vitamin D modification

c. Acid base balanced. Aldosterone production

e. Renin production

Answer: d

The kidney is involved in several things, in addition to urine production.

Erythropoietin is produced in the kidney. Vitamin D is modified in the kidney,

specifically, there is the addition of hydroxyl groups. The kidney plays an importantrole in acid base balance. Renin is produced in the kidney.

Aldosterone is produced in the adrenal gland.

5.What is the space between the renal pyramids called?


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a. Medullab. Lobe

c. Renal columnsd. Nephrone. Medullary ray

Answer: c

The kidney can be divided into an outer cortex and an inner medulla. A kidney lobeconsists of a medullary pyramid, its overlying cortex, and the associated renalcolumn. The renal columns are the tissue in between the pyramids. The nephron isthe functional unit of the kidney. A region where a portion of the medulla project

into the renal cortex are referred to as medullary ray.

6.

What is the capillary tuft of the nephron?a. Glomerulus

b. Bowman's capsulec. Renal corpuscled. Loop of Henle


Answer: a

The functional unit of the kidney is the nephron. The nephron can be divided intothe glomerulus and uriniferous tubule. The capillary tuft of the nephron is referredto as the glomerulus. Bowman's capsule is a double layered cap surrounding the

glomerulus. This is the first portion of the uriniferous tubule. The glomerulus and

Bowman's capsule make up the renal corpuscle. Another term for the renalcorpuscle is Malpighian corpuscle.



7.What vessel supplies blood to the glomerulus?a. Afferent arteriole

b. Efferent arteriolec. Capillary tuftd. Peritubular capillaries

e. Vasa recta

Answer: a


capillaries converge to form the efferent arteriole. The peritubular capillaries is a


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second capillary network which arise after the efferent arteriole. They surround theproximal tubule, loop of Henle, and distal tubule. Vasa recta are the "straight

vessels" which arise from some of the efferent arterioles.

8.

What type of tissue composes the kidney tubules?a. Simple squamous epitheliumb. Simple cuboidal epitheliumc. Simple columnar epithelium

d. Stratified squamous epitheliume. Transitional epithelium

Answer: b

The kidney tubules are simple cuboidal epithelium. Epithelium lines body cavities

and surfaces. Simple cuboidal epithelium is "simple" because it is one cell thick."Cuboidal" refers to the shape of the cells.

9.Where is renin secreted from?

a. Visceral layer of Bowman's capsuleb. Parietal layer of Bowman's capsulec. Pedicelsd. Juxtaglomerular cells

e. Macula densa

Answer: d

The inner layer of Bowman's capsule is the visceral layer. It consists of cells calledpodocytes. The outer layer of Bowman's capsule is the parietal layer. Pedicels are

the foot processes on the podocytes. The juxtaglomerular cells secrete renin. Themacula densa are specialized cells in the distal convoluted tubule that are sensitive

to sodium. The juxtaglomerular cells and macula densa make up thejuxtaglomerular apparatus.

10.What are the "straight vessels"?a. Afferent arteriole

b. Efferent arteriolec. Capillary tuftd. Peritubular capillaries

e. Vasa recta

Answer: e


capillaries converge to form the efferent arteriole. The peritubular capillaries is a


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1.

What is the inner region of the kidney called?a. Medulla

b. Lobec. Renal columns


Answer: a

The kidney can be divided into an outer cortex and an inner medulla. A kidney lobe

consists of a medullary pyramid, its overlying cortex, and the associated renalcolumn. The renal columns are the tissue in between the pyramids. The nephron is

the functional unit of the kidney. A region where a portion of the medulla projectinto the renal cortex are referred to as medullary ray.

2.What is the double layered cap on the glomerulus?


c. Renal corpuscled. Loop of Henle


Answer: b

The functional unit of the kidney is the nephron. The nephron can be divided intothe glomerulus and uriniferous tubule. The capillary tuft of the nephron is referred

to as the glomerulus. Bowman's capsule is a double layered cap surrounding theglomerulus. This is the first portion of the uriniferous tubule. The glomerulus and

Bowman's capsule make up the renal corpuscle. Another term for the renalcorpuscle is Malpighian corpuscle.



3.

Where are podocytes seen?a. Visceral layer of Bowman's capsule

b. Parietal layer of Bowman's capsulec. Pedicels

d. Juxtaglomerular cellse. Macula densa


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Answer: a


podocytes. The outer layer of Bowman's capsule is the parietal layer. Pedicels arethe foot processes on the podocytes. The juxtaglomerular cells secrete renin. The

macula densa are specialized cells in the distal convoluted tubule that are sensitiveto sodium. The juxtaglomerular cells and macula densa make up the


4.What vessel is formed from an aggregation of the glomerular capillaries?

a. Afferent arteriole

b. Efferent arteriolec. Capillary tuft

d. Peritubular capillariese. Vasa recta

Answer: b

The afferent arteriole branches off the interlobular artery. The afferent arteriole

supplies blood to the glomerulus. The glomerulus is a capillary tuft. The glomerularcapillaries converge to form the efferent arteriole. The peritubular capillaries is a



5.

What is the functional unit of the kidney?

a. Medullab. Lobe

c. Renal columns


Answer: d

The kidney can be divided into an outer cortex and an inner medulla. A kidney lobeconsists of a medullary pyramid, its overlying cortex, and the associated renal

column. The renal columns are the tissue in between the pyramids. The nephron isthe functional unit of the kidney. A region where a portion of the medulla project

into the renal cortex are referred to as medullary ray.

6.Which structure leads to the collecting duct?


c. Renal corpuscle


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d. Loop of Henlee. Distal convoluted tubule

Answer: e

The functional unit of the kidney is the nephron. The nephron can be divided intothe glomerulus and uriniferous tubule. The capillary tuft of the nephron is referredto as the glomerulus. Bowman's capsule is a double layered cap surrounding the

glomerulus. This is the first portion of the uriniferous tubule. The glomerulus andBowman's capsule make up the renal corpuscle. Another term for the renal

corpuscle is Malpighian corpuscle.



7.

What cells are sensitive to sodium concentration?a. Visceral layer of Bowman's capsuleb. Parietal layer of Bowman's capsule

c. Pedicelsd. Juxtaglomerular cells

e. Macula densa

Answer: e


podocytes. The outer layer of Bowman's capsule is the parietal layer. Pedicels are

the foot processes on the podocytes. The juxtaglomerular cells secrete renin. Themacula densa are specialized cells in the distal convoluted tubule that are sensitive

to sodium. The juxtaglomerular cells and macula densa make up the


Blood

1.

Which of the four basic tissue types does blood belong to?a. Epithelium

b. Connective tissuec. Muscle

d. Nervous tissuee. Blood

Answer: b


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There are four basic tissue types: epithelium, connective tissue, muscle andnervous tissue. Connective tissue is the most diverse. Blood is considered a type of

connective tissue.

2.

Which of the following formed elements do not contain a nucleus?a. Plateletsb. Erythrocytesc. Leukocytes

d. Monocytese. Both a and b

Answer: e

Blood is composed of the formed elements and plasma. Plasma is the liquid portion

of blood. The formed elements consist of the cells and cell fragments. Theerythrocytes (red blood cells), platelets, and leukocytes (white blood cells) are all

considered formed elements.

Erythrocytes do not contain a nucleus. During their development within the bone

marrow, they have a nucleus. However, prior to their entering into the bloodstream, the nucleus is ejected.

Platelets are cell fragments. Platelets also do not contain a nucleus. They arefragments from megakaryocytes within the bone marrow. Leukocytes, whichinclude monocytes, are cells with a nucleus.

3.

What comes from a megakaryocyte?a. Lymphocytes

b. Basophilsc. Erythrocytes

d. Monocytese. Platelets

Answer: e

Platelets are cell fragments. They are fragments from megakaryocytes within the

bone marrow.

Histology hint from Sarah Bellham: The prefix "mega" is from the Greek "megas"

which means great or big. For example: megaphone, megalomaniac, megabyte,and megakaryocyte.

4.Which leukocyte is the most abundant in a peripheral smear of blood?a. Lymphocytesb. Basophils
http://www.histology-world.com/audioslides/blood.htmhttp://www.histology-world.com/audioslides/blood.htmhttp://www.histology-world.com/audioslides/blood.htmhttp://www.histology-world.com/audioslides/blood.htm


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c. Neutrophild. Monocytes

e. Eosinophils

Answer: c

Neutrophils are the most abundant leukocyte.

Leukocytes are the white blood cells. The order of

frequency of the leukocytes is: neutrophil,lymphocyte, monocyte, eosinophil, basophil.

Histology hint from Sarah Bellham: The order offrequency of the leukocytes can be remembered by

the mnemonic: "Never Let Monkeys Eat Bananas".

5.

Which of the following is not a granulocyte?a. Lymphocytesb. Neutrophil

c. PMNd. Eosinophils

e. Basophils

Answer: a

The granulocytes are named because of the presence of visible cytoplasmicgranules. The granulocytes consist of neutrophils, eosinophils, and basophils. "PMN"

is an abbreviation for polymorphonuclear neutrophil. Thus, it is a neutrophil, whichis a granulocyte. The non-granulocytes are lymphocytes and monocytes.

Histology hint from Sarah Bellham: Poly is from the Greek "polys", which meansmany. "Poly" is also sometimes used as a nickname for polymorphonuclear

leukocyte.

6.

Which of the following is a granulocyte?a. Thrombocyte

b. Lymphocyte

c. Eosinophild. Monocytee. Erythrocyte

Answer: c

The granulocytes are named because of the presence of visible cytoplasmicgranules. The granulocytes consist of neutrophils, eosinophils, and basophils. The
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non-granulocytes are lymphocytes and monocytes. Erythrocytes are red blood cells.A thrombocyte is a platelet.

Note from Sarah Bellham: The suffix (or prefix) "phil"

comes from the Greek word meaning love. It is used to

specify an attraction or affinity towards something. It isseen in such words as philosophy, philanthropy andbibliophile.

This suffix is used in naming the three granulocytes: eosinophils, basophils, andneutrophils. Eosinophils "love" or are attracted to the eosin dye; thus the granules

in an eosinophil are orange/pink. Basophils "love" or are attracted to the basophilicdye; thus the granules in a basophil are blue. Neutrophils "love" or are attracted tothe neutral dye; thus the granules in a neutrophil are neutral colored.

7.Which of the following is NOT a term used for a neutrophil?a. Polymorphonuclear neutrophils

b. Poly'sc. PMN

d. NPe. Polymorph

Answer: d

Neutrophils are granulocytes. Neutrophils have a multi-lobed nucleus. The lobes are

separated by a thin strand. Because of the shape of the nucleus, neutrophils are

also called "polymorphonuclear neutrophils", "poly's", "PMN", or "polymorph".

8.Which leukocyte has a multi-lobed (3-5 lobes) nucleus?a. Neutrophilb. Lymphocytes

c. Monocytesd. Eosinophil

e. Basophils

Answer: a

The leukocytes consist of neutrophils, lymphocytes, monocytes, eosinophils, andbasophils.

Neutrophils are granulocytes. Neutrophils have a multi-lobed nucleus. The lobes areseparated by a thin strand. Because of the shape of the nucleus, neutrophils are

also called "polymorphonuclear neutrophils", "poly's", "PMN", or "polymorph.
http://www.histology-world.com/testbank/blood1a.htm


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Lymphocytes are agranulocytes. Lymphocytes can be categorized by three sizes:small, medium, and large. The small lymphocytes are the smallest leukocyte, being

only slightly larger than an erythrocyte.

Monocytes are agranulocytes. They are the largest leukocyte.

Eosinophils are granulocytes. Eosinophils have prominent orange pink granules. Thenucleus of eosinophils is usually bi-lobed.

Basophils are granulocytes. Basophils have large blue granules, which often obscurethe nucleus. The granules are basophilic, therefore they are blue.

9.Which cell has large blue granules, often obscuring the nucleus?a. Neutrophilb. Lymphocytes

c. Monocytes

d. Eosinophile. Basophils

Answer: e

The leukocytes consist of neutrophils, lymphocytes, monocytes, eosinophils, andbasophils.

Neutrophils are granulocytes. Neutrophils have a multi-lobed nucleus. The lobes areseparated by a thin strand. Because of the shape of the nucleus, neutrophils are

also called "polymorphonuclear neutrophils", "poly's", "PMN", or "polymorph".

Lymphocytes are agranulocytes. Lymphocytes can be categorized by three sizes:

small, medium, and large. The small lymphocytes are the smallest leukocyte, beingonly slightly larger than an erythrocyte.


Eosinophils are granulocytes. Eosinophils have prominent orange pink granules. Thenucleus of eosinophils is usually bi-lobed.

Basophils are granulocytes. Basophils have large blue granules, which often obscure

the nucleus. The granules are basophilic, therefore they are blue.

10.Which of the following is not considered a "formed element"?a. Plasma

b. Erythrocytesc. Platelets


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d. Leukocytese. Red blood cells

Answer: a

Blood is composed of the formed elements and plasma. Plasma is the liquid portionof blood. The formed elements consist of the cells and cell fragments. Theerythrocytes (red blood cells), platelets, and leukocytes (white blood cells) are all

considered formed elements.

1.Approximately what percentage of the volume of blood do theformed elements comprise?

a. 5b. 25

c. 45d. 75

e. 90

Answer: c

Blood is composed of the formed elements and plasma. Plasma isthe liquid portion of blood. The formed elements consist of the cells

and cell fragments. The erythrocytes (red blood cells), platelets,and leukocytes (white blood cells) are all considered formedelements.

When a sample of blood is centrifuged, the percentage occupied by

the formed elements is the hematocrit. An average hematocrit isabout 45%.

2.Which of the following is the most abundant in a peripheral smear

of blood?a. Neutrophils

b. Basophilsc. Erythrocytesd. Leukocytes

e. Platelets

Answer: c

Erythrocytes (red blood cells) are the most abundant formedelement in a peripheral smear of blood.

3.Which leukocyte is the least abundant in a peripheral smear ofblood?
http://www.histology-world.com/audioslides/blood.htmhttp://www.histology-world.com/audioslides/blood.htmhttp://www.histology-world.com/audioslides/blood.htmhttp://www.histology-world.com/audioslides/blood.htm


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a. Lymphocytesb. Basophils


e. Eosinophils

Answer: b

Basophils are the least abundantleukocyte.

Leukocytes are the white bloodcells. The order of frequency ofthe leukocytes is: neutrophil,lymphocyte, monocyte,

eosinophil, basophil.

Histology hint from Sarah

Bellham: The order of frequencyof the leukocytes can be

remembered by the mnemonic:"Never Let Monkeys Eat Bananas".

4.Which of the following is not a granulocyte?

a. PMNb. Basophils


e. Eosinophils

Answer: d

The granulocytes are named because of the presence of visiblecytoplasmic granules. The granulocytes consist of neutrophils,

eosinophils, and basophils. "PMN" is an abbreviation forpolymorphonuclear neutrophil. Thus, it is a neutrophil, which is a

granulocyte. The non-granulocytes are lymphocytes andmonocytes.

Histology hint from Sarah Bellham: Poly is from the Greek "polys",which means many. "Poly" is also sometimes used as a nicknamefor polymorphonuclear leukocyte.

5.Which of the following is a granulocyte?a. Thrombocyte


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b. Monocytec. Lymphocyte

d. Basophile. Erythrocyte

Answer: d

The granulocytes are named because of the presence of visible

cytoplasmic granules. The granulocytes consist of neutrophils,eosinophils, and basophils. The non-granulocytes are lymphocytesand monocytes. Erythrocytes are red blood cells. A thrombocyte isa platelet.

Histology hint from Sarah Bellham:The suffix (or prefix) "phil" comes fromthe Greek word meaning love. It is

used to specify an attraction or affinitytowards something. It is seen in such

words as philosophy, philanthropy andbibliophile.

This suffix is used in naming the three granulocytes: eosinophils,

basophils, and neutrophils. Eosinophils "love" or are attracted tothe eosin dye; thus the granules in an eosinophil are orange/pink.

Basophils "love" or are attracted to the basophilic dye; thus thegranules in a basophil are blue. Neutrophils "love" or are attractedto the neutral dye; thus the granules in a neutrophil are neutral

colored.

6.Which of the following is described as having a "central pallor"?

a. Leukocytesb. Monocytes

c. Eosinophilsd. Plateletse. Erythrocytes

Answer: e

Erythrocytes (red blood cells) are described as biconcave discs.When stained, this phenomenon results in the central portion of thecell staining lighter, thus the "central pallor".

Histology hint from Sarah Bellham: A biconcave disc can bevisualized by holding two Frisbees together so that the middle


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portion is thinner than the top or bottom.

7.Which is the smallest leukocyte?

a. Neutrophilb. Lymphocytes


e. Basophils

Answer: b

The leukocytes consist of neutrophils, lymphocytes, monocytes,eosinophils, and basophils.

Neutrophils are granulocytes. Neutrophils have a multi-lobednucleus. The lobes are separated by a thin strand. Because of theshape of the nucleus, neutrophils are also called"polymorphonuclear neutrophils", "poly's", "PMN", or "polymorph.

Lymphocytes are agranulocytes. Lymphocytes can be categorizedby three sizes: small, medium, and large. The small lymphocytes

are the smallest leukocyte, being only slightly larger than anerythrocyte.


Eosinophils are granulocytes. Eosinophils have prominent orange

pink granules. The nucleus of eosinophils is usually bi-lobed.

Basophils are granulocytes. Basophils have large blue granules,

which often obscure the nucleus. The granules are basophilic,therefore they are blue.

8.Which leukocyte usually has a bi-lobed nucleus?



e. Basophils

Answer: d



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Neutrophils are granulocytes. Neutrophils have a multi-lobednucleus. The lobes are separated by a thin strand. Because of the

shape of the nucleus, neutrophils are also called"polymorphonuclear neutrophils", "poly's", "PMN", or "polymorph".




Eosinophils are granulocytes. Eosinophils have prominent orangepink granules. The nucleus of eosinophils is usually bi-lobed.



9.What is the buffy coat?

a. Leukocytesb. Platelets

c. Erythrocytesd. Plasma

e. Both a and b

Answer e:

The buffy coat is seen in a sample of centrifuged blood. It is thethin layer above the red blood cells, but below the plasma. Itconsists of the leukocytes and platelets.

10.What is another term for a platelet?a. Thrombocyte

b. Monocytec. Lymphocyte

d. Basophile. Erythrocyte

Answer: a

A thrombocyte is another name for a platelet.

1.Which leukocyte is the second most abundant in a peripheral smearof blood?


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a. Lymphocytesb. Basophils

c. Neutrophild. Monocytese. Eosinophils

Answer: a

Lymphocytes are the second mostabundant leukocyte.

Leukocytes are the white bloodcells. The order of frequency of

the leukocytes is: neutrophil,lymphocyte, monocyte,eosinophil, basophil.

Histology hint fom Sarah Bellham:The order of frequency of theleukocytes can be remembered by

the mnemonic: "Never LetMonkeys Eat Bananas".

2.Which of the following is a granulocyte?

a. Lymphocyteb. Neutrophil

c. Monocyted. Erythrocytee. Thrombocyte

Answer: b

The granulocytes are named because of the presence of visible

cytoplasmic granules. The granulocytes consist of neutrophils,eosinophils, and basophils. The non-granulocytes are lymphocytesand monocytes. Erythrocytes are red blood cells. A thrombocyte is

a platelet.

Histology hint from Sarah Bellham:The suffix (or prefix) "phil" comes from

the Greek word meaning love. It isused to specify an attraction or affinity

towards something. It is seen in suchwords as philosophy, philanthropy andbibliophile.

This suffix is used in naming the three granulocytes: eosinophils,
http://www.histology-world.com/testbank/blood3a.htmhttp://www.histology-world.com/testbank/blood3a.htmhttp://www.histology-world.com/testbank/blood3a.htmhttp://www.histology-world.com/testbank/blood3a.htm


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basophils, and neutrophils. Eosinophils "love" or are attracted tothe eosin dye; thus the granules in an eosinophil are orange/pink.

Basophils "love" or are attracted to the basophilic dye; thus thegranules in a basophil are blue. Neutrophils "love" or are attracted

to the neutral dye; thus the granules in a neutrophil are neutralcolored.

3.Which leukocyte has orange-pink granules?a. Neutrophilb. Lymphocytes


e. Basophils

Answer: d



shape of the nucleus, neutrophils are also called"polymorphonuclear neutrophils", "poly's", "PMN", or "polymorph".








4.What is another term for a red blood cell?

a. Thrombocyteb. Monocyte

c. Lymphocyted. Basophile. Erythrocyte


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Answer: e

An erythrocyte is another name for a red blood cell.

5.Which of the following is described as a "biconcave disc"?

a. Plateletsb. Erythrocytes

c. Leukocytesd. Monocytese. Eosinophils

Answer: b

Erythrocytes (red blood cells) are described as biconcave discs.When stained, this phenomenon results in the central portion of the

cell staining lighter, thus the "central pallor".

Histology hint from Sarah Bellham: A biconcave disc can be

visualized by holding two Frisbees together so that the middleportion is thinner than the top or bottom.

6.Which is the largest leukocyte?


c. Monocytes

d. Eosinophile. Basophils

Answer: c



shape of the nucleus, neutrophils are also called

"polymorphonuclear neutrophils", "poly's", "PMN", or "polymorph".




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Male Reproductive

1.Which cells produce testosterone?

a. Interstitial cellsb. Leydig cells

c. Sertoli cellsd. Sustentacular cellse. Both a and b

Answer: e

Leydig cells produce testosterone. These are also called "interstitial cells" or"interstitial cells of Leydig". Sertoli cells are directly involved in spermatogenesis.

They are also called "sustentacular cells" or "nurse cells".

2.How many seminiferous tubules are found in each testis of an average man?a. 4-6

b. 40-60c. 400-600

d. 4000-6000e. 40,000-60,000

Answer: c

The average testis in an adult man has between 400 and 600 seminiferous tubules.

3.Which of the following are produced by the Leydig cells?a. Inhibinb. Androgen binding protein

c. Testosteroned. Both a and b

e. All of the above


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Answer: c

Sertoli cells produce inhibin and androgen-binding protein. The interstitial cells of

Leydig produce testosterone.

4.Which of the following is NOT considered part of the male genital duct system?a. Rete testis

b. Tubuli rectic. Seminal vesiclesd. Ductus deferense. Ductus epididymidis

Answer: c

The male genital duct system contains: rete testes, tubuli recti, ductuli efferentes,

ductus epididymidis, and ductus deferens. The male accessory glands contain the

bulbourethral glands, seminal vesicles, and prostate.

5.What is the surface modification seen on the cells of the epididymis?

a. Microvillib. Stereocilia

c. Ciliad. Keratinizatione. Both a and b

Answer: b

Microvilli are the finger like projections seen on the surface of some cells. Theappearance of microvilli form what is also called the brush border or striated

border.

Stereocilia are very long microvilli. Stereocilia are seen in the epididymis and the

hair cells of the ear.

Cilia is the hair like surface modification seen on some epithelia. Cilia are made of

microtubules.

Keratinization is seen in the epidermis. Cells in the stratum corneum are essentiallyjust bags of keratin.

6.

What type of hormone is testosterone?a. Protein

b. Amino acid chainc. Steroid


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d. Catecholaminee. None of the above

Answer: c

Hormones can have a variety of structures. Hormones which are proteins includeinsulin and prolactin. Peptide chains are short chains of amino acids. Examples ofhormones which are peptide chains are antidiuretic hormone and oxytocin. Steroid

hormones are cholesterol derivatives. Steroid hormones include testosterone andestradiol. Norepinephrine and epinephrine are catecholamines.

7.Which of the following is true?

a. There is one corpus cavernosa and one corpus spongiosumb. There is one corpus cavernosa and two corpora spongiosum

c. There are two corpora cavernosa and one corpus spongiosumd. There are two corpora cavernosa and two corpora spongiosum

e. There are four corpora cavernosa and two corpora spongiosum

Answer: c

The corpora cavernosa and corpus spongiosum are erectile tissue. There are twocorpora cavernosa and one corpus spongiosum.

8.What gland in the male is homologous to the greater vestibular gland in the

female?a. Bartholin's gland

b. Prostate glandc. Skene's gland

d. Cowper's glande. Brunner's gland

Answer: d

The prostate gland is found in males.

Skene's glands are also called the lesser vestibular glands and are found in females.

The bulbourethral glands are also called Cowper's glands. The bulbourethral glandsare found in males and are homologous to the Bartholin's glands in females.

Brunner's glands are found in the duodenum.

9.What is the most commonly seen type of epithelium in the prostate?

a. Transitional


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b. Simple columnarc. Stratified squamous

d. Simple squamouse. Simple cuboidal

Answer: b

The glandular epithelium of the prostate is most often simple columnar, however a

variety of types can be found.

10.What type of epithelium lines the epididymis?a. Pseudostratified



Answer: a

Pseudostratified epithelium lines the epididymis.

1.Which cells are directly involved in spermatogenesis?

a. Interstitial cellsb. Leydig cells

c. Sertoli cellsd. Sustentacular cells

e. Both c and d

Answer: e



2.

Which of the following are produced by the Sertoli cells?a. Inhibin

b. Androgen binding proteinc. Testosterone


Answer: d

Sertoli cells produce inhibin and androgen-binding protein. The interstitial cells ofLeydig produce testosterone.


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3.Which of the following is NOT considered an accessory gland?

a. Prostateb. Bulbourethral glandc. Seminal vesiclesd. Ductus deferens


Answer: d

The male genital duct system contains: rete testes, tubuli recti, ductuli efferentes,ductus epididymidis, and ductus deferens. The male accessory glands contain the

bulbourethral glands, seminal vesicles, and prostate.

4.

What is another term for a bulbourethral gland?a. Bartholin's gland

b. Prostate glandc. Skene's glandd. Cowper's gland

e. Brunner's gland

Answer: d

Bartholin's glands are also called the greater vestibular glands. Bartholin's glandsare found in females and are homologous to the bulbourethral glands in males.

The prostate gland is found in males.

Skene's glands are also called the lesser vestibular glands and are found in females.

The bulbourethral glands are also called Cowper's glands. The bulbourethral glandsare found in males and are homologous to the Bartholin's glands in females.

Brunner's glands are found in the duodenum.

5.What are the spherical structures seen in some prostatic alveoli called?

a. Psammoma bodies

b. Corpora arenaceac. Hassall's corpusclesd. Prostatic concretions

e. Pacinian corpuscles

Answer: d


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Psammoma bodies are collections of calcium. It is derived from the Greek word"psammos", which means sand.

Corpora arenacea refers to the calcifications seen in the pineal gland. Corporaarenacea is nicknamed "brain sand".

Hassall's corpuscles are the ring like structures found in the thymus.

The spherical structures seen in some prostatic alveoli are called prostatic

concretions.

Pacinian corpuscles are pressure receptors in the skin.

6.What type of epithelium lines the seminal vesicles?

a. Pseudostratifiedb. Simple columnar

c. Stratified squamousd. Simple squamous

e. Simple cuboidal

Answer: a

Pseudostratified epithelium lines the seminal vesicles.

7.

What type of epithelium lines the vas deferens?a. Pseudostratified



Answer: a

Pseudostratified epithelium lines the vas deferens.

8.What type of gland composes the prostate?

a. Simple straight tubular glandb. Simple coiled tubular gland

c. Simple alveolar glandd. Compound tubular gland

e. Compound tubuloalveolar gland

A gland that has a duct that does not branch is called a simple gland. If the duct

branches, it is referred to as a compound gland.


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If the the part of the gland which secretes elements is shaped like a tube, it isreferred to as a tubular gland. If the ending of the tube is flasklike, it is

tubuloalveoler. If the part of the gland which secretes elements is shaped like aflask, it is referred to as acinar or alveolar.

The prostate is made of compound tuboloalveolar glands.

9.

What is the stroma of the prostate?a. Loose irregular connective tissueb. Smooth musclec. Fibromuscular

d. Adipose tissuee. Dense irregular connective tissue

Answer: c

The glands of the prostate lie in a fibromuscular stroma. It is also referred to as afibroelastic stroma. There are bundles of smooth muscle within dense irregularconnective tissue.

10.How many layers of smooth muscle are in the vas deferens?

a. 1b. 2c. 3d. 4

e. 5

Answer: c

There are three layers of smooth muscle in the vas deferens. There is an innerlongitudinal, a middle circular, and an outer longitudinal.

1.How many corpora cavernosa are there?

a. 1b. 2

c. 3d. 4e. 5

Answer: b



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Histology hint from Sarah Bellham: The word "corpora" is plural; "corpus" issingular. It is derived from the Latin word meaning "body".

2.Which one of the following are the earliest cells of spermatogenesis?

a. Primary spermatocytesb. Secondary spermatocytesc. Spermatidsd. Spermatozoa

e. Spermatogonia

Answer: e

The earliest cells of spermatogenesis are spermatogonia; these are primitive cells.The primary spermatocyte is derived from spermatogonia. This then develops into

secondary spermatocytes . The secondary spermatocyte is haploid. These developinto spermatids. The mature sperm cell is spermatozoa.

3.Which cells are also called "nurse cells"?

a. Interstitial cellsb. Leydig cellsc. Sertoli cellsd. Sustentacular cells

e. Both c and d

Answer: e



4.

When do the testes descend into the scrotum?a. Fetal development

b. Infancyc. Pubertyd. Adulthood

e. During arousal

Answer: a

The testes develop in the abdominal cavity. During fetal development, they descendto thescrotum.

5.Which is the largest accessory structure of the male reproductive system


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a. Epididymisb. Prostate

c. Seminal vesicled. Bulbourethral glande. Cowper's gland

Answer: b

The prostate is the largest accessory structure of the male reproductive system.

6.What is the capsule that surrounds the testes?a. Tunica adventitia

b. Tunica externac. Tunica media

d. Tunica intimae. Tunica albuginea

The tunica albuginea is the thick capsule around each testis.

7.

What is the "cap"at the anterior portion of a spermatazoon?

a. Head

b. Tailc. Acrosome

d. End piecee. Middle piece

The acrosome is the "cap" at the anterior portion of a spermatozoon.

8.What is another term for the corpus cavernosum urethrae?a. Corpora cavernosa

b. Corpus spongiosumc. Urethra

d. Corpus cavernosum clitoridise Erectile tissue

The corpus spongiosum is also called the corpus cavernosum urethrae. The corporacavernosa and corpus spongiosum are erectile tissue. The corpus cavernosum

clitoridis is in the female. The urethra is a muscular tube that runs from thebladder. It transports both urine and semen.

9.How many corpus spongiosum are there?a. 1b. 2


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c. 3d. 4

e. 5

Answer: a


Histology hint from Sarah Bellham: The word "corpora" is plural; "corpus" issingular. It is derived from the Latin word meaning "body".

10.What is the mature sperm cell?a. Primary spermatocytesb. Secondary spermatocytes

c. Spermatids

d. Spermatozoae. Spermatogonia

Answer: d

The earliest cells of spermatogenesis are spermatogonia; these are primitive cells.The primary spermatocyte is derived from spermatogonia. This then develops into

secondary spermatocytes . The secondary spermatocyte is haploid. These developinto spermatids. The mature sperm cell is spermatozoa.

Female Reproductive

1.What are developing gametes called?a. Oogenesisb. Ovary

c. Ovulationd. Oocyte

e. Ova

Answer: d

The term for the production of gametes is called gametogenesis. Gametogenesis inthe female is referred to as oogenesis. The ovary is the organ where gametogenesis

(oogenesis) occurs. Ovulation is the release of an oocyte and occurs every 28-30days. The developing gametes are called oocytes. The mature gamete is an ova.


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2.What is the inner part of the ovary?

a. Follicleb. Germinal epitheliumc. Medullad. Tunica albuginea

e. Cortex

Answer: c

The ovary is covered with germinal epithelium. Underneath the germinal epitheliumis connective tissue called the tunica albuginea. The outer region of the ovary is

called the cortex. The inner region of the ovary is called the medulla. The ovarianfollicle contains the oocyte.

Note from Sarah Bellham: The outer region of some other organs is also sometimescalled a cortex. The inner/middle region of some other organs is also sometimes

called a medulla.

3.

Which stage of the follicle is arrested in prophase?a. Primordial follicleb. Primary folliclec. Secondary follicle

d. Mature folliclee. Graffian follicle

Answer: a

A primordial follicle is a primary oocyte in the outer region of the cortex. It is

arrested in the first meiotic prophase. It is surrounded by flattened follicularepithelial cells.

The primary follicle is marked by the surrounding of flattened (squamous) follicularcells becoming cuboidal and the oocyte becomes bigger.

The presence of the antrum is a characteristic of a secondary follicle. A follicle atthis stage is also called an "antral follicle".

The mature follicle is also called the Graffian follicle.

4.

What is the cavity within a secondary follicle?a. Graffian follicle

b. Theca folliculic. Granulosa cellsd. Zona pellucidae. Antrum


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Answer: e

The follicle which is ovulated is the Graffian follicle. The connective tissue layer

around the primary follicle is the theca folliculi. The follicular cells are granulosacells. The acidophilic glycoprotein coat surrounding the oocyte is the zona pellucida.

A cavity within the follicle is the antrum.

5.

During the first week to 10 days, what is the main hormone which stimulates thegrowth of the follicles?a. FSHb. LH

c. HCGd. Estrogen

e. Progesterone

Answer:

histo test bank 2

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