Project in Music 10

A research

On

The Period of Romantic Period

SY: 2011-2012

Submitted by:

Kim John Bernas

Grade 10-BJHS

Submitted to:

Mrs. Maria Rhona E. Sanchez

Music Teacher

I. HISTORICAL AND CULTURAL BACKGROUND OF ROMANTIC PERIOD

Romanticism (or the Romantic Era or the "'Romantic Period"') was an artistic, literary and intellectual movement that originated in the second half of the 18th century in Europe, and gained strength in reaction to the Industrial Revolution.[1] In part, it was a revolt against aristocratic social and political norms of the Age of Enlightenment and a reaction against the scientific rationalization of nature.[2] It was embodied most strongly in the visual arts, music, and literature, but had a major impact on historiography,[3] education[4] and natural history.[5]

The movement validated strong emotion as an authentic source of aestheticexperience, placing new emphasis on such emotions as trepidation, horror and terror and awe—especially that which is experienced in confronting the sublimity of untamed nature and its picturesque qualities, both new aesthetic categories. It elevated folk art and ancient custom to something noble, made spontaneity a desirable characteristic (as in the musical impromptu), and argued for a "natural" epistemology of human activities as conditioned by nature in the form of language and customary usage.

Romanticism reached beyond the rational and Classicist ideal models to elevate a revived medievalism and elements of art and narrative perceived to be authentically medieval, in an attempt to escape the confines of population growth, urban sprawl, and industrialism, and it also attempted to embrace the exotic, unfamiliar, and distant in modes more authentic than Rococo chinoiserie, harnessing the power of the imagination to envision and to escape.

The modern sense of a romantic character may be expressed in Byronic ideals of a gifted, perhaps misunderstood loner, creatively following the dictates of his inspiration rather than the standard ways of contemporary society.

Although the movement was rooted in the German Sturm und Drang movement, which prized intuition and emotion over Enlightenment rationalism, the ideologies and events of the French Revolution laid the background from which both Romanticism and the Counter-Enlightenment emerged. The confines of the Industrial Revolution also had their influence on Romanticism, which was in part an escape from modern realities; indeed, in the second half of the 19th century, "Realism" was offered as a polarized

opposite to Romanticism.[6] Romanticism elevated the achievements of what it perceived as heroic individualists and artists, whose pioneering examples would elevate society. It also legitimized the individual imagination as a critical authority, which permitted freedom from classical notions of form in art. There was a strong recourse to historical and natural inevitability, azeitgeist, in the representation of its ideas.

II. DESCRIPTION AND HISTORY OF ROMANTIC MUSIC

Although the term "Romanticism" when applied to music has come to imply the period roughly from the 1820s until around 1900, the contemporary application of "romantic" to music did not coincide with this modern interpretation. In 1810 E.T.A. Hoffmann called Mozart, Haydn and Beethoven the three "Romantic Composers", and Ludwig Spohr used the term "good Romantic style" to apply to parts of Beethoven'sFifth Symphony. Technically, Mozart and Haydn are considered Classical composers, and by most standards, Beethoven represents the start of the musical

Romantic period. By the early 20th century, the sense that there had been a decisive break with the musical past led to the establishment of the 19th century as "The Romantic Era", and it is referred to as such in the standard encyclopedias of music.

The traditional modern discussion of the music of Romanticism includes elements, such as the growing use of folk music, which are also directly related to the broader current of Romantic nationalism in the arts[23] as well as aspects already present in 18th-century music, such as the cantabile accompanied melody[24] to which Romantic composers beginning with Franz Schubert applied restless key modulations.

The heightened contrasts and emotions of Sturm und Drang (German for "turbulence and urge(ncy)") seem a precursor of the Gothic novel in literature, or the sanguinary elements of some of the operas of the period of the French Revolution. The libretti of Lorenzo da Ponte forMozart's eloquent music convey a new sense of individuality and freedom. The romantic generation viewed Beethoven as their ideal of a heroic artist—a man who first dedicated a symphony to Consul Bonaparte as a champion of

freedom and then challenged Emperor Napoleon by striking him out from the dedication of the Eroica Symphony. In Beethoven's Fidelio he creates the apotheosis of the 'rescue operas' which were another feature of French musical culture during the revolutionary period, in order to hymn the freedom which underlay the thinking of all radical artists in the years of hope after the Congress of Vienna.

Pyotr Tchaikovsky's wide ranging output includes symphonies, operas, ballets, instrumental and chamber music and songs. He wrote some of the most popular concert and theatrical music in the classical repertoire, including the ballets Swan Lake, The Sleeping Beauty and opera Eugene Onegin.

In the contemporary music culture, the romantic musician followed a public career depending on sensitive middle-class audiences rather than on a courtly patron, as had been the case with earlier musicians and composers. Public persona characterized a new generation of virtuosi who made their way as soloists, epitomized in the concert tours of Paganini and Liszt.

Beethoven's use of tonal architecture in such a way as to allow significant expansion of musical forms and structures was immediately recognized as bringing a new dimension to music. His later piano music and string quartets, especially, showed the way to a completely unexplored musical universe. E.T.A. Hoffmann was able to write of the supremacy of instrumental music over vocal music in expressiveness, a concept which would previously have been regarded as absurd. Hoffmann himself, as a practitioner both of music and literature, encouraged the notion of music as "programmatic" or narrative, an idea which new audiences found attractive. Early 19th century developments in instrumental technology—iron frames for pianos, wound metal strings for string instruments—enabled louder dynamics, more varied tone colours, and the potential for sensational virtuosity. Such developments swelled the length of pieces, introduced programmatic titles, and created new genres such as the free-standing concert overture or tone poem, the piano fantasia, nocturne and rhapsody, and the virtuosic concerto, which became central to musical romanticism.

In opera, a new Romantic atmosphere combining supernatural terror and melodramatic plot in a folkloric context was first successfully achieved by Weber's Der Freischütz (1817, revised 1821). Enriched timbre and color marked the early orchestration of Hector Berlioz in France, and the grand operas of Meyerbeer. Amongst the radical fringe of what became mockingly characterised (adopting Wagner's own words) as "artists of the future", Liszt and Wagner each embodied the Romantic cult of the free, inspired, charismatic, perhaps ruthlessly unconventional individual artistic personality.

The Romantic-era ballet freed itself both from opera, in which a ballet interlude retained an essential role only in Paris, and from court fêtes, and independently paralleled the developments of opera with explicit narrative libretti, expressed in lengthy passages of mime, the universal presence of impetuous or ill-fated young love, the supremacy of the ballerina and the choice often of supernatural subjects: Giselle (1841) remains the supreme example.

It is the period of 1815 to 1848 which must be regarded as the true age of Romanticism in music – the age of the last compositions of Beethoven (d.

1827) and Schubert (d. 1828), of the works of Schumann (d. 1856) and Chopin (d.1849), of the early struggles of Berlioz andRichard Wagner, of the great virtuosi such as Paganini (d. 1840), and the young Liszt and Thalberg. Now that we are able to listen to the work of Mendelssohn (d. 1847) stripped of the Biedermeier reputation unfairly attached to it, he can also be placed in this more appropriate context. After this period, with Chopin and Paganini dead, Liszt retired from the concert platform at a minor German court, Wagner effectively in exile until he obtained royal patronage in Bavaria, and Berlioz still struggling with the bourgeois liberalism which all but smothered radical artistic endeavour in Europe, Romanticism in music was surely past its prime—giving way, rather, to the period ofmusical romantics.

III. PROMINENT COMPOSERS OF THE ROMANTIC PERIOD

Name

Date born

Date died

Nationality

Notable works

Ludwig van Beethoven

1770

1827

German

Ludwig van Beethoven

regarded by many as the first Romantic era composer, famous for his nine symphonies, thirty-two piano sonatas, sixteen string quartets, ten violin sonatas and piano trios

Ferdinando Carulli

1770

1841 Italian

composer for the guitar, wrote concertos and chamber music

Anton Reicha

1770

1836

Czech

composer who experimented with irregular time signatures, has significant works for wind quintet

Johann Wilhelm Wilms

1772

1847

Dutch-German

Best known for writing Wien Neêrlands Bloed, which served as the Dutch national anthem from 1815 to 1932.

Bernhard Henrik Crusell

1775

1838 Finnish

composer and clarinet player

Johann Nepomuk Hummel

1778

1837

Austrian

composer and pianist, his music bridged the Classical era of music and Romantic era

Fernando Sor

1778

1839

Spanish

composer for the classical guitar who is credited with elevating the guitar to the level of concert instrument

Mauro Giuliani

1781

1828

Italiancomposer and virtuoso guitarist

Daniel Auber

1782

1871

Frenchopera composer noted for La muette de Portici

John Field

1782

1837 Irish

composer and pianist, notable for cultivating the nocturne

Niccolò Paganini

1782

1840 Italian

composer and virtuoso violinist, wrote the 24 Caprices for violin, five concerti for violin, string quartets and works for violin and guitar

Louis Spohr

1784

1859

German

composer, violinist and conductor, renowned for

chamber music and compositions for violin and harp

George Pinto

1785

1806

English

composer, violinist and virtuoso pianist, known for his contribution to the piano repretoire

Carl Maria von Weber

1786

1826

German

composer, conductor, pianist, guitarist and critic, one of the first significant Romantic opera composers

Giacomo Meyerbeer

1791

1864

German

composer for grand opera (Il crociato in Egitto, Les Huguenots, L'Africaine)

Gioachino Rossini

1792

1868 Italian

prolific opera composer, best known for The Barber of Seville and overtures to various other operas

Ignaz 179 18 Bohemi composer and piano

Moscheles

4 70 an

virtuoso, head of the Leipzig Conservatory after Felix Mendelssohn

Franz Berwald

1796

1868

Swedish

composer, little known in his lifetime, but his works, including his four symphonies are better known today

Gaetano Donizetti

1797

1848

Italian

opera composer, known for Lucia di Lammermoor and L'elisir d'amore among others

Franz Schubert

1797

1828

Austrian

Franz Schubert

composer, regarded as the first significant lieder writer, also known for his chamber music, piano works and symphonies

Early Romantic era composers (born 1800-1819)

Vincenzo Bellini (1801–1835), Italian opera composer, known for I Puritani, Norma and La sonnambula among others

Jean-Baptiste Duvernoy (1802–1880), French composer and pianist

Eliza Flower (1803–1846), English composer Adolphe Adam (1803–1856), French composer

best known for his ballet score Giselle

Hector Berlioz (1803–1869), French composer famous for his programmatic symphony, the Symphonie Fantastique

Henri Herz (1803–1888), Austrian composer and pianist

Franz Lachner (1803–1890), German composer and conductor, brother of Ignaz Lachner

Mikhail Glinka (1804–1857), Russian nationalist composer, wrote operas such as A Life for the Tsar

Johann Strauss I (1804–1849), Austrian dance music composer famous for the Radetzky March

Fanny Mendelssohn (1805–1847), sister of Felix Mendelssohn, German composer and pianist, remarkable for her vocal compositions and chamber music

Johann Friedrich Franz Burgmüller (1806–1874), German composer and pianist, brother of Norbert Burgmüller

Ignaz Lachner (1807–1895), German conductor, composer and organist, a prolific composer, notable for his chamber music

Michael William Balfe (1808–1870), Irish conductor and composer, remembered for his opera The Bohemian Girl

Felix Mendelssohn (1809–1847), brother of Fanny Mendelssohn, German conductor, music-director, composer and pianist, known for his Violin Concerto and the Wedding March from A Midsummer Night's Dream, also wrote five

symphonies including the Symphony No. 4'Italian', and several short lyrical piano pieces or Songs without Words.

Frédéric Chopin

Frédéric Chopin (1810–1849), Polish composer and virtuoso pianist, his output includes nocturnes, ballades,scherzos, etudes, and a number of Polish dances such as mazurkas, polonaises, and waltzes (including theMinute Waltz)

Ferenc Erkel (1810–1893), Hungarian composer of grand opera

Norbert Burgmüller (1810–1836), German composer, praised by Robert Schumann

Robert Schumann (1810–1856), German composer and pianist, husband of Clara Schumann, a significantlieder writer, a prolific composer, wrote many short piano pieces, four symphonies, concerti and chamber music

Wilhelm Taubert (1811-1891) German Pianist, Composer and Conductor whose early works received praise from Felix Mendelssohn

Franz Liszt (1811–1886), Hungarian composer and a virtuoso pianist, wrote a number of tone poems and extended piano technique, famous for his Hungarian Rhapsodies and other solo piano works, one of the most influential and distinguished pianist composers of the Romantic era

Ferdinand Hiller (1811–1885), German composer, conductor, writer and music-director, close friend of Felix Mendelssohn

Ambroise Thomas (1811–1896), French composer, best known for the operas Mignon and Hamlet

Sigismond Thalberg (1812–1871), Swiss composer and one of the most distinguished pianists of the Romantic era

Louis Antoine Jullien (1812–1860), French eccentric conductor and composer of light music, king of promenade concerts in England

Friedrich von Flotow (1812–1883), German composer, chiefly remembered for his opera Martha

Stephen Heller (1813–1888), Hungarian composer, highly effected the late-Romantic composers

Alexandre Dubuque (1812–1898), Russian-resident French composer, known for teaching

Charles-Valentin Alkan (1813–1888), French composer and virtuoso pianist

Ernst Haberbier (1813–1869), German composer of brilliant piano music

Giuseppe Verdi (1813–1901), major Italian opera composer, best known for Nabucco, Rigoletto, La Traviata and Aida

Richard Wagner

Richard Wagner (1813–1883), major German opera composer (Der Ring des Nibelungen, Lohengrin, Tristan und Isolde, Parsifal among others), also famous for the widely used Bridal Chorus in marriages.

Giuseppe Lillo (1814-1863), Italian composer, best known for his operas amongst which is worth noting Odda di Bernaver and Caterina Howard

Adolf von Henselt (1814–1889), German composer and pianist

Robert Volkmann (1815–1883), German composer, companion of Johannes Brahms

William Sterndale Bennett (1816–1875), English composer, conductor, and editor

Émile Prudent (February 3, 1817 – May 14, 1863), French pianist and composer

Károly Thern (1817–1886), Hungarian composer, conductor and teacher

Niels Gade (1817–1890), Danish composer, violinist and organist

Charles Gounod (1818–1893), French composer, best known for his operas Faust and Roméo et Juliette

Jacques Offenbach (1819–1880), French opera and operetta composer, known for The Tales of Hoffmann and Orpheus in the Underworld

Franz von Suppé (1819–1895), Austrian composer and conductor notable for his operettas

Clara Schumann (1819–1896), German composer and pianist, wife of Robert Schumann, one of the leading pianists of the Romantic era

Middle Romantic era composers (born 1820-1839)

Henri Vieuxtemps (1820–1881), Belgian composer and violinist

Giovanni Bottesini (1821–1889), Italian conductor, composer and double bass virtuoso

Emilie Hammarskjöld (1821–1854), Swedish composer, consert pianist and organist

Joachim Raff (1822–1882), Swiss-born German composer, best known for eleven symphonies, most of them program music

César Franck (1822–1890), Belgian-born French composer, noted for his Symphony, also a significant composer for the organ

Édouard Lalo (1823–1892), French composer remembered for his Symphonie Espagnole for violin and orchestra and his Cello Concerto

Theodor Kirchner (1823-1903), German composer and pianist, he wrote over 1000 piano pieces.

Anton Bruckner (1824–1896), Austrian composer of nine large-scale symphonies (one incomplete) and two more unacknowledged

Bedřich Smetana (1824–1884), Czech nationalist composer, perhaps best known for his cycle of symphonic poems, Má vlast and his opera The Bartered Bride

Carl Reinecke (1824-1910), German composer, conductor and pianist, best known for his attachment to classical forms and conductedGewandhausorchester for nearly 35 years

Jean-Baptiste Arban (1825–1889), French virtuoso cornetist, wrote the "Grande méthode complète pour cornet à pistons et de saxhorn" now referred to as the "Trumpeter's Bible"

Johann Strauss II (1825–1899), Austrian composer known as "The Waltz King",

composed The Blue Danube and opera Die Fledermaus, son of the composer Johann Strauss I and elder brother of Josef Strauss and Eduard Strauss

Ivar Christian Hallström (1826–1901), Swedish opera composer

Josef Strauss (1827–1870), Austrian composer and younger brother of Johann Strauss II

Adolphe Blanc (1828–1885), French composer of chamber music

Anton Rubinstein (1829–1894), Russian conductor, composer and pianist

Louis Moreau Gottschalk (1829–1869), American composer famous for performing his own romantic piano works

Karl Goldmark (1830–1915), Hungarian composer Hans Guido Freiherr von Bülow (1830–1894),

German conductor, composer and virtuoso pianist

Jan Gerard Palm (1831–1906), Curaçao born composer, best known for his mazurkas, waltzes, danzas, tumbas, fantasies, and serenades.

August Söderman (1832–1876), Swedish composer, best known for his lieder and choral works

Alexander Borodin (1833–1887), Russian chemist and nationalist composer, wrote the opera Prince Igor

Johannes Brahms

Johannes Brahms (1833–1897), German composer, one of the leading musicians of the Romantic period, famous for his working under and of being compared to Beethoven, and his most influential works include the four symphonies, Violin Concerto (Brahms), two piano concertos, and Double Concerto in A minor for Violin, Cello and Orchestra (1887), aside from his other orchestral works, numerous chamber music and piano music pieces and lieder.

Amilcare Ponchielli (1834–1886), Italian opera composer known for La Gioconda

Julius Reubke (1834–1858), German piano and organ composer, known for Sonata on the 94th Psalm

Camille Saint-Saëns (1835–1921), French music critic, composer, pianist and an exceptional organist, renowned for his Organ Symphony, numerous concert pieces, pieces of chamber music, mélodies, Danse Macabre and The Carnival of the Animals

Henryk Wieniawski (1835–1880), Polish composer and violinist, famous for two concertos and character pieces of exceptional difficulty

Eduard Strauss (1835–1916), Austrian composer and younger brother of Johann Strauss II and Josef Strauss

César Antonovich Cui (1835–1918), Russian army officer, music critic, composer in Russian Five

Friedrich Baumfelder (1836–1916), German piano, choral, and orchestra composer, in his day known for his 'Tirocinium musicae' and today known for his 'Melody in F major'

Léo Delibes (1836–1891), one of the first significant ballet composers since the Baroque music, known for Coppélia, Sylvia, and Lakmé

Bertha Tammelin (1836–1915), Swedish composer, consert pianist and opera singer

Julius Weissenborn (1837–1888), German bassoonist, composer and music teacher, famous for his Practical Bassoon School

Émile Waldteufel (1837–1915), French composer of light music

Mily Balakirev (1837–1910), Russian nationalist composer and leader of the Russian Five

Georges Bizet (1838–1875), French composer of the opera Carmen

Max Bruch (1838–1920), German composer, known for his Violin Concerto No. 1, Scottish Fantasy, and Kol Nidrei for cello and orchestra

Modest Mussorgsky (1839–1881), Russian nationalist composer known for his intensely nationalist works including his opera Boris Godunov, and Pictures at an Exhibition, part of Russian Five

John Knowles Paine (1839–1906), first native-born American composer to acquire fame for his large-scale orchestral music

Late Romantic era composers (born 1840-1859)

Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky

Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky (1840–1893), Russian composer, known for his ballets (The Nutcracker, Swan Lake), his operas (Eugene Onegin), the 1812 Overture, his First Piano Concerto, his Violin Concerto and hissymphonies

Johan Svendsen (1840–1911), Norwegian composer, conductor and violinist

Emmanuel Chabrier (1841–1894), French composer who influenced Maurice Ravel, Les Six, Jean Françaixand many other French composers, known for the opera L'étoile

Antonín Dvořák (1841–1904), Czech composer, known for the "New World" Symphony

Arrigo Boito (1842–1918), Italian composer and librettist, known as a composer for his opera Mefistofele

Jules Massenet (1842–1912), French composer best known for his operas Manon and Werther and theMéditation for violin from the opera Thaïs

Arthur Sullivan (1842–1900), English composer known for his operettas in collaboration with W. S. Gilbert

Émile Bernard (1843–1902), French composer and organist known for his Divertissement for Doubled Wind Quintet

Edvard Grieg (1843–1907), Norwegian composer known for his Piano Concerto, Lyric Pieces for the piano, and incidental music to Peer Gynt

Nikolai Rimsky-Korsakov (1844–1908), Russian composer and member of The Five, best known for Flight of the Bumblebee from The Tale of Tsar Saltan, Scheherazade, and the Capriccio Espagnol

Pablo de Sarasate (1844–1908), Spanish virtuoso violinist and composer

Charles-Marie Widor (1844–1937), French composer, known for his works for the organ

Gabriel Fauré (1845–1924), French composer, known for his chamber music and a requiem among other pieces

Ignaz Brüll (1846–1907), Austrian composer and pianist

Robert Fuchs (1847–1927), Austrian composer and music teacher

Ludwig Philipp Scharwenka (1847–1917), German-Polish composer and music teacher, brother of Xaver Scharwenka

Henri Duparc (1848–1933), French composer, noted for seventeen mélodies

Hubert Parry (1848–1918), English composer, wrote choral song Jerusalem

Ernesto Köhler (1849–1907), Italian flautist and composer, known by flautists for his instructional work Progress in Flute Playing

Franz Xaver Scharwenka (1850–1924), Polish-German composer, pianist and music teacher, brother of Philipp Scharwenka

Vincent d'Indy (1851–1931), French composer, teacher of Erik Satie and Darius Milhaud among others

Francisco Tárrega (1852–1909) Spanish composer and virtuoso classical guitarist, known as the 'Father of modern classical guitar playing'

Hans Huber (1852–1921), Swiss composer Ciprian Porumbescu (1853–1883), Romanian

composer Engelbert Humperdinck (1854–1921),

German opera composer influenced by Richard Wagner, famous for Hänsel und Gretel

Leoš Janáček (1854–1928), Czech composer, known for his operas Káťa Kabanová and Jenůfa and orchestral pieces Sinfonietta andTaras Bulba

Alfredo Catalani (1854–1893), Italian composer, known for the operas Loreley and La Wally

Moritz Moszkowski (1854–1925), German Jewish composer-pianist who wrote prolifically for the piano, also composed a piano concerto and a violin concerto

John Philip Sousa (1854–1932), American composer, "The March King"

Ernest Chausson (1855–1899), French composer influenced by Franck and Wagner, seen as a bridge from them to Claude Debussy

Julius Röntgen (1855–1932), German-Dutch composer influenced by Brahms, close friend to Grieg

Sergei Ivanovich Taneyev (1856–1915), Russian composer, pianist and music teacher

Edward Elgar (1857–1934), English composer, wrote oratorios, chamber music, concerti and symphonies, most famous for his Enigma Variations and Pomp and Circumstance Marches

Cécile Chaminade (1857–1944), French composer and pianist

Ruggero Leoncavallo (1858–1919), Italian opera composer known almost exclusively for Pagliacci

Giacomo Puccini (1858–1924), Italian opera composer known forLa bohème, Tosca, and Madama Butterfly

Sergei Lyapunov (1859–1924), Russian composer and pianist

Romantic era/20th century transition composers (born 1860-1880)

Isaac Albéniz (1860–1909), Spanish composer, known for nationalist piano works such as Iberia and a 'set of 12 piano pieces'

Gustave Charpentier (1860–1956), French composer best known for his opera Louise

Gustav Mahler

Gustav Mahler (1860–1911), Austrian composer, one of the most important late-Romantic/early-Modernist composers, his works include nine innovative large-scale and sometimes programmatic symphonies, and many lieder

Edward MacDowell (1860–1908), American composer best known for his piano concertos and piano suites, his works include his most popular short piece, "To a Wild Rose"

Hugo Wolf (1860–1903), Austrian composer of lieder, influenced by Richard Wagner

Anton Arensky (1861–1906), Russian composer, pianist and music teacher

Claude Debussy (1862–1918), French composer, one of the most prominent figures working within the field ofImpressionist music, known for his compositions Clair de Lune (from Suite bergamasque), Deux Arabesques, and many others

Frederick Delius (1862–1934), English composer, used chromaticism in many of his compositions

Pietro Mascagni (1863–1945), Italian opera composer, known for Cavalleria rusticana

Ricardo Castro (1864–1907), Mexican composer, works include piano music

Richard Strauss

Richard Strauss (1864–1949), German composer, known for Also sprach Zarathustra ("Thus Spoke Zarathustra"), wrote many tone poems, operas and lieder

Paul Dukas (1865–1935), French composer, known for his piece of program music The Sorcerer's Apprentice

Alexander Glazunov (1865–1936), Russian composer, influenced by Wagner and Liszt

Carl Nielsen (1865–1931), Danish composer, renowned for his six symphonies and concerti

Jean Sibelius (1865–1957), Finnish nationalist composer of seven symphonies, known for the symphonic poem Finlandia and Violin Concerto

Ferruccio Busoni (1866–1924), Italian composer and pianist, known for his opera Turandot and his many transcriptions and arrangements of Johann Sebastian Bach

Samuel Maykapar (1867–1938), Russian composer

Umberto Giordano (1867–1948), Italian opera composer

Enrique Granados (1867–1916), Spanish composer and pianist, known for his piano works and chamber music

Wilhelm Peterson-Berger (1867–1942), Swedish composer, wrote symphonies, operas, vocal and piano music

Amy Beach (1867–1944), American composer and pianist

Vittorio Monti (1868–1922), Italian composer, violinist, and conductor

Zygmunt Stojowski (1869/70–1946), Polish composer and pianist

Julius Conus (1869–1942), Russian composer and violinist

Franz Lehár (1870–1948), Hungarian composer, mainly known for his operettas

Guillaume Lekeu (1870–1894), Belgian (Wallon) composer, known for his violin sonata

Henry Kimball Hadley (1871–1937), American composer and conductor, composed the opera Cleopatra's Night

Oreste Ravanello (1871–1938), Italian composer, known for works for choir, and for organ

Alexander Zemlinsky (1871–1942), Austrian composer and music teacher, his students include Schoenberg and Korngold

Ralph Vaughan Williams (1872–1958), English composer, his works include nine symphonies, Fantasia on Greensleeves, and other orchestral poems

Hugo Alfvén (1872–1960), Swedish composer, known for Swedish Rhapsody, works include choral music, and five symphonies

Alexander Scriabin (1872–1915), Russian, known for his harmonically adventurous piano sonatas and theatrical, orchestral works

Sergei Rachmaninoff

Sergei Rachmaninoff (1873–1943), Russian composer, conductor and virtuoso pianist, wrote threesymphonies, four piano concertos, Rhapsody on a Theme of Paganini and solo piano music

Max Reger (1873–1916), prolific German composer, known for his Variations and Fugue on a Theme by Mozart

Reynaldo Hahn (1874–1947), Venezuelan composer, known for his strikingly beautiful and unabashedly tonal melodies

Arnold Schoenberg (1874–1951), Austrian composer, whose early works (e.g. "Verklarte Nacht") are influenced by Mahler, but subsequently developed atonalism and serialism with such watershed works as "Moses und Aron"

Franz Schmidt (1874–1939), Austrian composer, influenced by Bruckner and Brahms

Maurice Ravel (1875–1937), French composer, despite a limited number of compositions, famous for his virtuosic piano music such as "Gaspard de la nuit", and orchestral showpieces most notably "Bolero", his musical style strongly influenced by the Russian Five

Reinhold Glière (1875–1956), Russian composer, his works reflect Romantic era

Mieczysław Karłowicz (1876–1909), Polish composer, his style is of late Romantic era and nationalist character

Manuel de Falla (1876–1946), Spanish composer, best known for The Three-Cornered Hat

Ermanno Wolf-Ferrari (1876–1948), Italian composer and music teacher, known for his comic operas

Ernő Dohnányi (1877–1960), Hungarian conductor, composer and pianist

Franz Schreker (1878–1934), Austrian conductor, composer and music teacher, primarily a composer of operas

Ottorino Respighi (1879–1936), Italian composer, known for symphonic poems The Fountains of Rome and The Pines of Rome

Nikolai Medtner (1880–1951), Russian composer, known for his piano sonatas and concerti