historical development of physical education curriculum kin 125
TRANSCRIPT
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Historical Development of Physical Education
CurriculumKIN 125
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Bernarr MacfaddenAugust 16, 1868-October 12, 1955
• http://www.bernarrmacfadden.com/macfadden6.html
• http://www.bernarrmacfadden.com/macfadden4.html
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Study of History
• Influence of individuals
• Innovations
• Institutions
• Impact of Social Forces
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Social Forces
• Religious Influences
• Immigration
• Philanthropy
• Urbanization
• Industrialization
• Educational Movements
• Technological Developments
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Religious InfluencesColonial America
• Puritans: New England Colonies
• Anglican: Middle Colonies
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Immigration
• German Turners
• Settled in Midwest America during the 1840s
• Introduction of German gymnastics in school systems
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Philanthropy
• Mary Hemenway in Boston
• Introduction of Swedish System
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Urbanization
• Health Problems associated with demographic changes
• Increase demand for recreation
• Promotion of sport for entertainment
• Need for social health concerns
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Industrialization
• Modifications in labor conditions
• Consumerism
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Educational Movements
• Development of European models in America
• Harvard and Yale modeled after Oxford and Cambridge
• Round Hill School: Northampton, Mass.
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Technological Developments
• Mass Media
• Developments in transportation and communication
• Mass production of consumer goods
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Johann Bernhard Basedow1723-1790
∗First to recognize the importance of exercise
∗Required a specific uniform for his students to allow unrestricted
movement
∗Offered a camp for 2 months during the summer for the children
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Curriculum Development: 19th Century
• Beck, Follen, and Lieber
• German Gymnastics
• Friedrich Ludwig Jahn: Father of Gymnastics
• 1848 Friedrich Hecker in Cincinnati
• Large Muscle development
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Charles Beck1798-1866
⋆Friend and follower of Jahn
⋆Was hired to teach Latin and Physical Education in the form of
German gymnastics
⋆Became the first official Physical Education teacher in
America
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From Gymnastik für die Jugend (1793) by GutsMuthsFrom Gymnastik für die Jugend (1793) by GutsMuthsGymnastik für die Jugend (1793) by GutsMuths
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Turnplatz
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Swedish Gymnastics
• Father of Swedish gymnastics: Per Henrik Ling
• Introduced in Boston through philanthropic efforts of Mary Hemenway
• Baron Nils Posse Training Institute
• Alternative to German gymnastics
• Light gymnastics with therapeutic emphasis
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Per Henrik Ling
Father of Swedish gymnastics
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Lewis System
• Dio Lewis, M.D.
• Medical gymnastics (new gymnastics)
• First physical education teacher training institute: 1861 in Boston
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Diocletian (Dio) Lewis1823-1866
♣ Did more to promote physical education than any other single
individual♣ Wanted the feeble, old, fat, frail and women to have a system they
could use♣ Opened the Normal Institute of
Physical Education in Boston♣ Invented bean bags and wooden
dumbells♣ Also used music to enhance his
exercisesFor More Information go to:
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diocletian_Lewis
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Beecher System
• Catherine Beecher of famous Beecher family
• Developed calisthenics for females
• Two female schools: Cincinnati and Hartford
• Called for the importance of physical activity for females
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Hitchcock System
• Edward Hitchcock, M.D.: hired as the first physical educator to have professorial rank, in 1861. He had the status of Assistant Professor of Physical Training and Hygiene at Amherst College
• Development of anthropometrics
• Group calisthenics accompanied to music
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Sargent System
• Dudley Sargent, M.D., hired in 1879 as Assistant Professor of Physical Training and Director of Hemenway Gymnasium, Harvard University
• Anthropometrics
• Individual Exercise program
• Over 90 patents for exercise machines
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Dudley Allen Sargent1840-1924
☺ Invented over 80 machines, using pulleys & weights
☺ Contributed to anthropometric measurements
- He took these measurements and compared them with standards at a given
age, whereupon a series of prescribed exercises was given to meet the demands
of each particular case
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Growth of Intercollegiate Sport
• Began as class rivalries in the 1820’s
• Developed into club teams in the 1840’s
• First Intercollegiate contest in 1852: rowing match between Harvard and Yale
• First Intercollegiate football contest occurred in 1869 between Rutgers and Princeton
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Intercollegiate Growth (cont.)
• International collegiate match in 1869 between Harvard and Oxford on the Thames River
• Football is modified in 1874
• By 1880’s attendance of over 40,000 spectators during national championship
• President Roosevelt convenes White House meeting in 1905
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Interschool Athletics
• Popularization of school sports in the early 1900’s
• Organization of state associations in the 1920’s
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Recreation
• Urban recreation programs as early as 1827 Boston opens the first municipal recreation center
• 1820’s boating clubs in Boston• 1842 New York Knickerbockers• 1845 Alexander Joy Cartwright codifies
baseball rules• Amateur baseball clubs throughout the
north east
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20th Century
• In 1910 Clark Hetherington introduces the “new physical education” (see pp.40-41; 231-232)
• Broadens the view that neuromuscular activities in the form of play leads to character development
• The view that physical education activities contribute to the goals of education
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20th cent. Cont.
• Philosophical view of Education Through the Physical. Espoused that physical education contributed to social and moral development.
• Jesse Feiring Williams
• Jay Nash
• Thomas Wood
• Luther Gulick: YMCA triangle
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Two Philosophical Views
• Education of the Physical: the importance of training the physical as a goal in and of itself.
• Education through the Physical: utilization of sports and games to develop behavioral goals such as social and moral development.