historical geography of the soviet era
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Historical Geography of the Soviet Era. Marxism. Karl Marx’s class analysis of Germany, Britain Working-class power “Dictatorship of Proletariat” “People’s Democracy” First need capitalism/ industry to create workers Socialism stage to Communism. Russian Marxism. - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
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HistoricalHistoricalGeographyGeographyof theof theSoviet EraSoviet Era
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MarxismMarxism • Karl Marx’s class analysis
of Germany, Britain
• Working-class power– “Dictatorship of Proletariat”
– “People’s Democracy”
• First need capitalism/
industry to create workers
• Socialism stage to Communism
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RussianRussianMarxismMarxism
- Bolsheviks (Majority radicals)
– Mensheviks (Minority moderates)– Also anarchists, other social revolutionaries
Russia hadmainly peasantry
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InternationalismInternationalismbefore WW Ibefore WW I
• European socialists vs. “War of the Bosses”
• But when war came, moderates voted for it
• Radicals against war (incl. Bolsheviks)
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World War IWorld War I(1914-18)(1914-18)
• Central Powers– Germany, Austria- Hungary, Bulgaria, Ottoman Turkey
• Allied Powers– Britain, France, Russia, Italy, U.S., Canada
• War for democracy?– Russia, Central Powers dictatorships
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Russia in WWIRussia in WWI• St. Petersburg (capital) renamed Petrograd
• Losing on Eastern Front
• Immense ruin, hardship
• Bolsheviks looked like prophets
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REVOLUTION, 1917REVOLUTION, 1917 • Czar Nicholas II deposed in February; Provisional Gov’t
• Soviets (Councils) of workers, soldiers, peasants govern themselves
• Bolshevik coup in October for Soviets
• Surrender west to Germans, 1918
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Russia after WWIRussia after WWI
• Revolutions collapse in Germany, Hungary
• Peasants like breakup of aristocratic holdings, but want to keep their own private land
• Bolshevik (Communist) Party amasses centralized power,
not Soviets
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Civil WarCivil War (Reds (Reds vsvs. Whites), 1918-21. Whites), 1918-21
• Brits, French, Poles, Americans, Japanese intervene for Whites
• Russia under siege
• “War Communism,” railroads win it for Reds
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Vladimir LeninVladimir Leninera, 1917-24era, 1917-24
• Workers and peasants together (Marxism-Leninism)
• Faced “Socialism in One Country”
• Died 1924; then 3-year power struggle – Petrograd renamed Leningrad
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Lenin on national self-determinationLenin on national self-determination• Nationalism of the oppressor vs. Nationalism of the oppressed
• Criticized Russian majority nationalism
• Independence for Poland, Finland, Baltic states
• Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR), 1922
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Eastern Europe after WWIEastern Europe after WWI FinlandEstoniaLatviaLithuaniaPoland
CzechoslovakiaAustriaHungaryYugoslavia
Romania gainsBessarabia(Moldova)
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Josef StalinJosef Stalinera, 1927-53era, 1927-53
• Centralism of Czarist Russia
• Ruthless murder of dissidents; purges of leaders
• Millions killed
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Stalinist “State Socialism”Stalinist “State Socialism”• Central planning of “Command Economy”
• Heavy industrialization to catch up to West
• Forced collectivization of private farmlands
• Discredited socialism as led by The People
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• Ukraine (Donbass)
• Urals
• Siberia (Kuzbass)
Industrial regionsIndustrial regions
UkraineUkraine(Donbass)(Donbass)
UralsUrals
SiberiaSiberia(Kuzbass)(Kuzbass)
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Stalin on nationalismStalin on nationalism• Ethnic Georgian (Dzhugashvili) but pro-Russian
• Feared, repressed ethnic minorities & religions
• Russification of minorities (Cyrillic)
• Ruled republics through Russified elites, money
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Stalin on nationalismStalin on nationalism• Constructed ethnic groups
from local identities
• Divide-and-rule through ethnic boundaries– “Time bombs” of
minorities within republics
• Yet boundaries strengthened identity later
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S.S.R.sS.S.R.s
Russian Soviet Federated Socialist Republic (RSFSR)
_________ Soviet Socialist Republic (SSR) :
Ukrainian Kazakh Byelorussian Kirghiz Georgian Turkmen Armenian Tadzhik Azerbaijan Uzbek
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Ethnic minority areas within S.S.R.sEthnic minority areas within S.S.R.s
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Ethnic minority areas within S.S.R.sEthnic minority areas within S.S.R.s(mainly within RSFSR)(mainly within RSFSR)
• Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic (ASSR)
• Autonomous Oblast (Region)
• Autonomous Okrug (District)
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Nagorno-KarabakhNagorno-Karabakh Ethnic Armenian region, but part of Azerbaijan;
War in 1988-94
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WW II, 1939-41WW II, 1939-41 • Pact with Germany (to delay inevitable?)
• Annexed eastern Poland, Baltics, Bessarabia (Moldavia)
• Invaded Finland (Winter War)
• Nazis invade USSR, June 1941
• Stalin allies with Brits, U.S.
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WW II, 1941-45WW II, 1941-45 • Germans besieged Leningrad through winter
• Failed to seize Moscow (government moved east)
• Halted at Stalingrad, before Caspian Sea
• 20 million Soviets dead, country devastated
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Russian nationalism in WWIIRussian nationalism in WWII• Stalin used “Mother Russia” to rally USSR
• “Traitorous” minority ethnic groups– Some initially welcomed Germans (or outdid them)
– But Nazis wanted Lebensraum (Living Space)
– Stalin relocates ethnic Germans, Chechens, etc.
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USSR after WWIIUSSR after WWII(Re)annexed territory
Baltics, Moldavia, E. Poland.Took E. Prussia (Kaliningrad)
Troops stayEast Germany, Poland,Czechoslovakia, Hungary, Romania, Bulgaria
Independent Communist“partisan” states
Yugoslavia, Albania, China (1949)
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Poland, 1945Poland, 1945
USSR annexeseastern Poland,which takeseastern Germany
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Ivan’s border changes Ivan’s border changes
Born in the Austro-Hungarian Empire (before WWI)
Grew up in Czechoslovakia (after WWI)
Fought in Hungary (during WWII)
Grew old in the Soviet Union (after WWII)
Died in Ukraine (after 1991)
All without leaving his hometown of Mukachevo
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IronIronCurtainCurtain 1946-891946-89
• Churchill speech, 1946
• Divided West from all Communist states
• Berlin Airlift 1948
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Cold WarCold WarMassive refugeeCrisis, poverty
Marshall Planfor recovery in West
Western military“containment”
Proxy warsin Greece, etc.
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NATO NATO vsvs. Warsaw Pact. Warsaw Pact
W. Germanyin NATO
Warsaw Pactformed 1955
NATO-Sovietnuclear race
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Revolts inRevolts inEasternEastern EuropeEurope
• East Germany, 1953
• Hungarian Revolution, 1956
• Broad-based opposition to Stalinism
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Nikita KhrushchevNikita Khrushchev, 1953-64, 1953-64• Russian from Ukraine
• “Destalinization”: less repressive
• Consumer goods emphasis
• “Virgin Lands” settlement
• Visited, confronted U.S. but backed down in Berlin, Cuba
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Leonid BrezhnevLeonid Brezhnev, 1964-82, 1964-82• Stalin & Khrushchev policies
– Economic stagnancy– Military superpower
• Invaded Czechoslovakia, 1968
• Rivalry with China; clash 1969
• Détente with U.S., 1972
• Invaded Afghanistan, 1979
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Polish SolidarityPolish Solidarity, 1980-81, 1980-81
• Poles revolted 1956, 1968, 1970
• Poland looser than others, 1970s– Hungary also “Goulash Communist”– Polish Pope, 1978
• Workers strikes spread from Gdansk, 1980
• Polish military crackdown, 1981
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Last days of USSRLast days of USSR • Yuri Andropov (ex-KGB), 1982-84
• War fears, spending on “Euromissile” race
• Konstantin Chernenko (Brezhnev clone), 1984-85
• Mikhail Gorbachev (glasnost) 1985-91
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Soviet era in your region? Soviet era in your region?