Frisius Gemma's illustration of a camera obscura, 1544.Science and Society Museum/ Universal Images Group

Camera ObscuraCamera Obscura

Aristotle wrote about light that allows an upside down view of the world through a pin hole in one wall of a dark chamber, 1000 years

before the camera

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Device is a room or box with a hole in one side. Light from an external scene passes through the hole and strikes a surface inside, where it is reproduced, upside-down; color and perspective are preserved.

Can be projected onto paper, and then traced to produce an accurate representation

Painters used it to trace sketches of scenes on paper to be filled in later with paint

Camera ObscuraCamera Obscura

Joseph Niepce 1826 - HeliographyJoseph Niepce 1826 - Heliography

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The One and Only Heliograph: View from the Window at Le Gras –An 8-Hour Exposure

First permanent photograph that can still be viewed

Niepce combined the camera obscura with photosensitive Niepce combined the camera obscura with photosensitive paper and named the process Heliographypaper and named the process Heliography

Louis Daguerre 1839: DaguerreotypeLouis Daguerre 1839: Daguerreotype

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Daguerre built on work of Niepce – First practical photographic process using the Camera Obscura

Images on silver-plated copper, coated with silver iodide and "developed" with warmed mercury

1839 Daguerreotype: First Image of a Person

A Daguerreotype of Louis Daguerre

6Daguerreotype set upDaguerreotype set up

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Daguerreotype: Daguerreotype: Are We Done Yet?Are We Done Yet?

Subjects Looked miserable because it

wasn’t fun to be photographed sitting

still in the same pose for a long period of time

Henry Fox Talbot Henry Fox Talbot 1839: Calotype1839: Calotype

Introduced Negative/Positive Images images using paper soaked in silver chloride and fixed with salt solution.

Positive images by contact printing onto another sheet of paper Patented the process in 1841 under the name Calotype. Not as clear as Daguerreotypes but was first use of "positive" and "negative”.

8Calotype by Henry Fox Talbot

Frederick Archer 1851: Frederick Archer 1851: Wet CollodionWet Collodion

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Archer improved photographic resolution with Wet Collodion photography

Less Expensive than daguerreotypes

Negative/positive process permitted unlimited reproductions

Process was published but not patented so he didn’t profit

Mathew Brady used the Wet-Collodion Process

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Wet-Collodion, Frederick Archer, 1851Wet-Collodion, Frederick Archer, 1851

Before and After Battle Scenes

Shutter Speeds Were Still Too Long to Capture ActionCivil War Photographs Used the Wet Collodian Process

Photography: Halftone PrintingPhotography: Halftone Printing

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Canadian Illustrated News published in Montreal 1869 – 1883 was notable for its innovative use of half-tone photographs

Right is first halftone reproduction photo by William Notman of Queen Victoria's son, Prince Arthur.

Before halftone, pictures prepared by artists and engraved on plates (like line-art – see the picturesque scenes around the News's masthead above Prince Arthur's photo.

William Augustus Leggo

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Halftone printing process

The halftone printing process developed by William Augustus Leggo, a Quebec engraver, who used a screen to produce what he called a "granulated photograph”.

Image broken into dots of varying size that, at a distance, come together with all shades from white to grey to black.

James Clerk Maxwell, 1861: Colour PhotographyJames Clerk Maxwell, 1861: Colour Photography

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Maxwell demonstrated colour photography with 3 black and white photographs, each taken through a red, green, or blue filter.

Photos were turned into lantern slides and projected in registration with the same color filters.

The first colour slide.

This is the "colour separation" method

The first permanent colour photograph, by James Clerk Maxwell in 1861

14“Young Lady with an Umbrella,” 1907 by Louis Lumière

Colour MaterialsColour Materials

Lumiere BrothersLumiere Brothers

Autochrome, 1903

Autochrome Lumière an early colour photography process.

Principal colour photography process in use before the invention of subtractive color film in the mid-1930s.

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English doctor, proposed the use of an emulsion of gelatin and silver bromide on a glass plate; the "dry plate" process sparked invention of motion picture film

Process made amateur photography possible when George Eastman invented cameras with gelatin dry plate films in rolls

Gelatin-Bromide - Richard Maddox, 1871 Gelatin-Bromide - Richard Maddox, 1871

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Motion Studies by Eadweard MuybridgeMotion Studies by Eadweard Muybridge, , 18781878

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George Eastman, 1888George Eastman, 1888

Gelatin-BromideGelatin-Bromide

Eastman introduced $25 (about $500 today) Kodak camera. His jingle "You press the button and we do the rest" 100 pictures included,When photos taken, camera mailed for developing and reloading.

By 1900 cameras were $1 (about $20 today )

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George Eastman George Eastman 18881888

First Kodak Camera.

Left- so easy even a “girl” can use it.

A pretty girl will sell your product and its lifestyle

Holography came from an attempt to improve the electron microscope.

In 1964 after invention of laser holography became commercially available

CNN election coverage Nov 08 included holographic reporters

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First Mass Produced Hologram 1984 on National Geographic1988 National Geographic. The whole cover is a hologram

Holography: Dennis Gabor, 1947

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Early Polaroid Camera

Instant Photography: Edwin Land 1948Instant Photography: Edwin Land 1948

60 second instant photographyCo-founder of PolaroidLater Sony Mavica, 1984

See more on Digital Cameras at:

The 30 Most Important Digital Cameras of All Time

http://www.popphoto.com/gear/2013/10/30-most-important-digital-cameras

First Digital Camera 1975First Digital Camera 1975

Created by Steven Sasson at Eastman Kodak