T. S. Dye & Colleagues, Archaeologists, Inc.735 Bishop St., Suite 315, Honolulu, Hawai‘i 96813

Historic Properties Assessment for the ProposedT-Mobile West Waimanalo Cell Site (HI01197A),41–708 Kakaina Street, Waimanalo, Ko‘olaupokoDistrict, O‘ahu Island, TMK: (1) 4–1–024:079�

omas S. Dye, Ph.D. Kekapala P. Dye

August 28, 2008

Applicant: Hawaii Environmental Consultants, LLC.Applicant’s Consultant: T. S. Dye & Colleagues, Archaeologists, Inc.Location: 41–708 Kakaina Street, Waimanalo, Ko‘olaupoko District, Oahu Island.Tax map key: (1) 4–1–024:079.Request: Proposed T-Mobile West Waimanalo Cell Site (HI01197A).Direct E�ect: No historic properties in area of potential e�ect (APE) for direct e�ects.Visual E�ect: No historic properties a�ected in area of potential e�ect for visual e�ects.

1 IntroductionAt the request of Hawaii Environmental Consultants, LLC., T. S. Dye & Colleagues,Archaeologists, Inc. conducted an historic properties assessment of a parcel for theproposed T-Mobile West Waimanalo cellular site (HI01197A). e primary focus of theproject was on the discovery and appropriate treatment of historic properties within thearea of potential e�ect. e goals of the investigation were to determine whether theinstallation of a new antenna and equipment shelter will have direct or visual e�ects onhistoric properties.

1.1 Project Area e T-Mobile West Corporation proposes to install a new 85 �. tall antenna pole in thenortheast corner of a parcel at 41-708 Kakaina Street, Waimanalo, O‘ahu. e monopole

�Prepared for Hawaii Environmental Consultants, LLC, 2051 Young Street, Suite 216, Honolulu, HI96826.

1

2 1 INTRODUCTION

will include up to nine 6 �. high antennas mounted at the top of the pole. e 30 × 30 �.,900 �.2, lease parcel is located in the northeast portion of a 2.236 ac. parcel owned byAaron Y. Uyema and identi�ed on tax maps as TMK: (1) 4–1–024:079 (�gs. 1, 2).

Figure 1. eproposed T-MobileWirelessWestWaimanalo cellular site located at 41–708Kakaina Street, on a portion of the 1998 USGS Koko Head Quadrangle.

ree pre-fabricated equipment cabinetswill bemounted on a concrete pad at the baseof the antenna pole and an emergency generator will also be installed on a concrete pad. e entire facility will be enclosed by a 6 �. high chain link fence. Ground disturbance isexpected for the installation of the antenna pole, the equipment cabinet and generatorfoundations, and the chain link fence (�g. 3).According to the FCC Nationwide Programmatic Agreement, the APE for direct

e�ects on historic properties includes the area of potential ground disturbance duringthe installation of the tower, equipment shelter and utilities. e APE for visual e�ectson historic properties for a tower 200 �. or less is the area within ca. 0.5 mi. of the tower.

1.1 Project Area 3

Description View of project site on Kakaina Street in central portion of Waimanalo Valley (image

adapted from GoogleEarth) Photo 3 HEC

Project Number Site Name T-Mobile HI01197A West Waimanalo Cell Site, Waimanalo, Oahu, Hawaii Photo Date

HEC #0848 Client T-Mobile 07-30-2008

Description View of project site in central eastern portion of parcel, with unfinished concrete slab foundation visible to immediate left and fruit trees visible to right (from GoogleEarth)

Photo 4 HEC Project Number Site Name T-Mobile HI01197A West Waimanalo Cell Site, Waimanalo, Oahu, Hawaii Photo Date

HEC #0848 Client T-Mobile 07-30-2008

Figure 2. Proposed T-Mobile West Waimanalo project site within parcel at 41–708Kakaina Street parcel, adapted from Google Earth, courtesy of HEC.

Figure 3. Proposed T-Mobile West Waimanalo cellular site plan shown in red, courtesyof HEC.

4 1 INTRODUCTION

1.2 Background Research

is historic properties assessment includes the review of historic documents, mapsand archaeological reports on �le at the State Historic Preservation Division library, theHawaii State Library and the State Bureau of Conveyances. No �eld inspection of theproposed site was conducted by T. S. Dye & Colleagues, Archaeologists, Inc.

1.2.1 Natural Setting

e T-Mobile West Waimanalo cellular site lies at an elevation of ca. 44 �. above sealevel. Two underlying soils are located in the vicinity of the project area—Pohakupusilty clay loam, 0 to 8 percent slopes and Hanalei silty clay, 0 to 2 percent slopes. ePohakupu series consists of well-drained soils on terraces and alluvial fans and wereformed in old alluvium derived from basic igneous material. e Hanalei series consistsof somewhat poorly drained to poorly drained soils on bottom lands and were alsodeveloped in alluvium derived from basic igneous rock [5]. e proposed project sitereceives an average rainfall of 40–60 in. annually [1].

1.2.2 Traditional and Historic Land Use

e project area is located within Waimanalo ahupua‘a in the traditional district ofKo‘olaupoko. Archaeological and archival data indicate a long-termHawaiian occupation,with development of pond-�eld irrigation along the inland sections of Puha stream andhabitation sites along the stream and the coast. Archaeological information indicatesuse of the interior beach ridges and swales with activities that included �re-making,cooking, lithic working, and burials. Most of this activity took place on a stable landsurface with little stratigraphic development except along the stream and near the coast,where cultural deposits are relatively thick.Before the Puha Stream was channelized in the twentieth century, the stream me-

andered across the plain depositing nutrient-rich terrestrial sediments on the relativelyinfertile sands, creating environments suitable for traditional Hawaiian aquaculture andirrigated agriculture.A description of Waimanalo in 1847 is given in the Ka Nupepa Kuokoa dated October

26, 1906.

At that time, it seemed that the valley was �lled with breadfruit, mountainapples, kukui and coconut trees. ere were taro patches, with banks coveredwith ti and wauke plants. Grass houses occupied the dry lands, a hundredof them here and sweet potatoes and sugar cane were much grown. It wasa great help toward their livelihood . . . e whole ahupuaa of Waimanalowas leased to white men except the native kuleanas and because the cattlewandered over them, they were compelled to build fences for protection. e taro patches that were neatly built in the time when chiefs ruled overthe people and the land, were broken up. e sugarcane, ti and wauke plantswere destroyed. e big trees that grew in those days, died because rootscould not get moisture. e valley became a place for animals. [12:244]

1.2 Background Research 5

e ahupua‘a of Waimanalo was part of the Crown Lands of Kamehameha III during themid-nineteenth century. Records indicate that the focus of early historic-era settlementin Waimanalo was inland of what is now Bellows Air Forces Station in areas associatedwith intensive development of irrigated agriculture along Waimanalo Stream inland ofthe plain [11]. Land Commission Awards and claims for lands now part of BAFS arelocated along either side of the stream [14].Land use changed in the early 1840s when omas Cummins, an Englishman, settled

in Waimanalo and established a cattle and horse ranch. In 1850, he leased the entireahupua‘a of Waimanalo except for the kuleana lands for $350.00 per year. e totalleased lands equalled 6,970 ac. Cummins, along with son, John A. Cummins, convertedthe cattle and horse ranch into a commercial sugar venture and the Waimanalo SugarCompanywas founded inMay of 1880, and eventually took over the lease. eWaimanaloSugar Company expanded its operations and was cultivating up to 2,600 ac. of sugarcaneon the volcanic soils and on the mixed volcanic and calcareous sands of the Waimanaloplain (�g. 4) [4]. eWaimanalo Sugar Company was liquidated in 1947, when the leasedlands were reverted to the Territory of Hawai‘i and later the State of Hawai‘i [2]. e proposed T-Mobile West Waimanalo cell site is located within �eld 15 of the

Waimanalo Sugar Company �eld system (�g. 4). In 1952, the proposed T-Mobile Waima-nalo cell site was part of a larger parcel of land purchased by Aaron Yoshinobu Uyemafrom the Territory of Hawai‘i (Land Patent No. 13,190). At that time, the larger parcelwas known as Waimanalo Farm Lot 8. It was originally a portion of the Government(Crown) Land of Waimanalo.

1.2.3 Archaeological Background

emajority of archaeological studies conducted in theWaimanalo area have been withinthe BellowsAir Force Station and theMarineCorps TrainingArea Bellows. Studies withinthe military installations have produced a large amount of information on settlementpatterns and traditional Hawaiian land use of Waimanalo. Early archaeological workat Bellows Air Force Station was conducted by Pearson et al. [9], Cordy and Tuggle [3]and, Tuggle and Spriggs [15]. Archaeological remains found within the Bellows Air ForceStation include traditional Hawaiian cultural deposits, human burials, and remnants ofmid-nineteenth and early twentieth century occupation.Fewer archaeological investigations were conducted in areas inland of Bellows Air

Force Station. Only one investigation was conducted near the proposed T-Mobile WestWaimanalo cellular site.In 2006, Scienti�c Consultants Services Inc. conducted an archaeological assessment

of two large parcels totaling 20 acres near the proposed T-MobileWestWaimanalo cellularsite. One study parcel, (TMK:4–1–008: 091, 092, 010, 081) is located approximately 150 mnorth of the proposed T-Mobile West Waimanalo cellular site. e second study parcel,(TMK:4–1–008: 091, 092, 010, 081), the closer of the two parcels, is located approximately60 m northeast of the T-Mobile West Waimanalo cellular site. Limited subsurface testingwas conducted during the study and, the underlying soil types encounteredwere similar tothose at the proposed T-Mobile cell site. No surface historic properties and no subsurfacecultural deposits were found during the investigation. e absence of historic propertieswas determined to be a result of past and current agricultural activities within the projectareas [13].

6 1 INTRODUCTION

Figure 4. eWaimanalo Sugar Company �eld system showing location of proposedT-Mobile West Waimanalo cell site parcel within �eld 15, shown in red. Adapted fromConde and Best [2].

Several other investigations were conducted in the inland area of Waimanalo, mostlyto the south and southeast of the proposed T-Mobile West Waimanalo cell site. In1988, Cultural Surveys conducted an archaeological reconnaissance survey of a 31.4 ac.portion of the Phase II Waimanalo Agricultural Park. e survey area is located inthe mauka portions of Waimanalo, approximately 2.1 km west of the T-Mobile WestWaimanalo cellular site. e survey resulted in the identi�cation of historic machineryassociated with sugar cultivation, and two traditional wetland agricultural terraces alongthe Maunawili ditchmauka of their survey area [6].In 1999 and 2000, Aki Sinoto Consulting conducted an archaeological inventory

survey for the development of a freshwater-well production facility, transmission line,and associated infrastructure proposed by the Board of Water Supply, City and Countyof Honolulu. e survey area was located in the southern portions of Waimanalo andthe well production facility was located at the base of the Ko‘olau mountains. A transmis-

1.2 Background Research 7

Figure 5. e cultivated sugar lands of Waimanalo in 1880, property parcel shown in red.Adapted from a 1916 map of Waimanalo by Walter E. Wall [16].

sion pipeline travelled from the production facilitymakai to the lower portions of theWaimanalo plain. e survey resulted in the identi�cation of two previously unrecordedstone features, which were given state site number 50–80–15–5876. Feature 1 is a steppedplatform constructed of boulders and cobbles and feature 2 is a rectangular platformconstructed of boulders. e features were considered to “represent historic period clear-ing mounds constructed by ethnic immigrants who resided in Waimanalo as laborersfor the plantation” [4:29]. Also identi�ed was one remnant historic-era site, a railroadberm from the sugarcane train and portions of the Kailua Ditch, a component of theWaimanalo Ditch System (State Site 50–80–15–4042).In 2003, Cultural Surveys Hawai‘i conducted an archaeological inventory survey for

the expansion of the USDA Hawai‘i Fruit Fly Production Facility at parcel TMK: (1) 4–1–26: por. 1. e inventory survey covered approximately 9 ac. of inland Waimanalolocated approximately 1.3 km southeast of the T-Mobile West Waimanalo cellular site. e surface of the parcel was surveyed on foot by three archaeologists and no subsurface

8 3 DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSIONS

testing was conducted. No sites of any kind or pre-contact features were observed duringthe survey. In addition, the surface of the project area appeared to be heavily altered byformer sugarcane cultivation with “mass grading of the land surface in all areas” Hammattet al. [7].One site eligible for listing on the National Register of Historic Places, theWaimanalo

Ditch System (State Site 50–80–15–4042), is located near the proposed T-Mobile WestWaimanalo cellular site. eWaimanalo Ditch System runs through Waimanalo roughlyfrom northwest to southeast, and was used as the water supply for commercial agricultureinWaimanalo for over a century. eWaimanaloDitch System is composed of three parts:the Kailua Ditch, Maunawili Ditch and Waimanalo Pump Ditch. eWaimanalo DitchSystem is signi�cant as a type of transport system for irrigation water associated withlarge scale agricultural ventures during the historic period. A portion of the WaimanaloPump Ditch is located approximately 200 m west of the assessment area. ere are no other historic properties sites listed on the National Register of Historic

Places within the area of potential e�ect for the undertaking.

2 Results

No�eld inspectionwas conducted of the proposed T-MobileWestWaimanalo cellular siteby T. S. Dye &Colleagues, Archaeologists, Inc. However, a �eld inspection was conductedby Hawaii Environmental Consultants, LLC and the information and photographs of theproject site were reviewed. e proposed T-Mobile Wireless West Waimanalo cellularsite is located within a cleared area of the parcel adjacent to a concrete foundation. Acouple of residences, a greenhouse and planted areas are also existing on the parcel. elimits of the project area were clearly de�ned and ground visibility was excellent. e proposed T-MobileWestWaimanalo cellular site appears to have been previously

graded and a large soil berm is located on the southern edge of the parcel (�gs. 6, 7, 8).No surface historic properties were observed within the proposed project site.

3 Discussion and Conclusions

A review of the archaeological literature, historic maps, and information provided byHEC, show that the project site has been extensively altered. Past land alteration occurredduring commercial sugarcane cultivation of the area and historic-era cattle grazing. eproposed T-Mobile West Waimanalo cellular site was located within the cultivated �eldsof the Waimanalo Sugar Company. Recent land alteration is evidenced by the large soilberm on the southern side of the parcel, residential structures and the installation of theconcrete foundations adjacent to the proposed cell site. e proposed T-Mobile West Waimanalo cell site is located outside the focus of

traditional Hawaiian habitation along Puha Stream (now called Waimanalo Stream). us, we believe that it is unlikely that subsurface historic properties will be found duringinstallation of the proposed T-Mobile West Waimanalo cell site. A partially channelizedunnamed stream runs along the eastern and southern boundaries of the T-Mobile WestWaimanalo cell site. It may be associated with the Waimanalo Pump Ditch. e stream

9

Description View of approximate location of proposed project site at subject parcel, looking NE Photo 7 HEC Project Number Site Name T-Mobile HI01197A West Waimanalo Cell Site, Waimanalo, Oahu, Hawaii Photo Date

HEC #0848 Client T-Mobile 07-30-2008

Description View of approximate location of proposed project site at subject parcel, looking N Photo 8 HEC Project Number Site Name T-Mobile HI01197A West Waimanalo Cell Site, Waimanalo, Oahu, Hawaii Photo Date

HEC #0848 Client T-Mobile 07-30-2008

Figure 6. Approximate location of proposed T-Mobile West Waimanalo cellular site(HI01197A) Project area looking northeast, courtesy of HEC.

Figure 7. Concrete foundations and residential structures adjacent to the cellular site,looking west/ southwest from cellular site, courtesy of HEC.

ows into the channelized portion of Puha Stream on themakai side of KalanianaoleHighway.No surface historic properties exist within the area of potential e�ect for the proposed

T-Mobile West Waimanalo Cell site and no subsurface deposits are likely to be foundbecause of past land alteration. erefore the construction of the facility will have nodirect e�ect on historic properties.A portion of the Waimanalo Pump Ditch is located approximately 200 m to the

west of the assessment area. However, the introduction of a visual element such as thecellular tower does not diminish or alter the characteristics that make this site signi�cant. significant

10 BIBLIOGRAPHY

Figure 8. Mounded dirt earth-berm adjacent to the cellular site, looking northeast,courtesy of HEC.

erefore, the undertaking will have no visual e�ect on this historic property.

GlossaryEntries for Hawaiian words are excerpted or paraphrased, where possible, from theHawaiian Dictionary [10], or from Lucas [8].

ahupua‘a Traditional Hawaiian land division usually extending from the uplands to thesea.

kuleana Right, title, property, portion, responsibility, jurisdiction, authority, interest,claim, ownership.

signi�cance A quality of a historic property that possesses integrity of location, design,setting, materials, workmanship, feeling, and association. e qualities are set outin SHPD administrative rule §13–275–6, Evaluations of Signi�cance.

signi�cant See signi�cance.

Bibliography[1] Armstong, R. W. (Ed.) (1973). Atlas of Hawaii (Second ed.). Honolulu: University ofHawaii Press.

[2] Conde, J. C. and G. M. Best (1973). Sugar Trains: Narrow Gauge Rails of Hawaii.Felton, CA: Glenwood Publishers.

[3] Cordy, R. H. and H. D. Tuggle (1976). Bellows, Oahu, Hawaiian Islands: New workand new interpretations. Archaeology and Physical Anthropology in Oceania 11(3),207–235.

BIBLIOGRAPHY 11

[4] Drolet, P. and A. Sinoto (2001, February). Archaeological Inventory Survey, BWSWaimanalo Well III, Waimanalo, Ko‘olaupoko, O‘ahu (TMK:4–1–08:05, 79, & 80). Pre-pared for Austin Tsutsumi & Associates. Honolulu: Aki Sinoto Consulting.

[5] Foote, D. E., E. L. Hill, S. Nakamura, and F. Stephens (1972). Soil Survey of theIslands of Kauai, Oahu, Maui, Molokai, and Lanai, State of Hawaii. Washington, DC:U.S. Department of Agriculture, Soil Conservation Service in cooperation with theUniversity of Hawaii Agricultural Experiment Station.

[6] Hammatt, H. H. and D. Borthwick (1988, January). Archaeological Reconnaissanceof the Mauka Portion of Phase II Waimanalo Agricultural Park, Waimanalo, O‘ahu.Prepared for Akinaka and Associates. Kailua, HI: Cultural Surveys Hawaii.

[7] Hammatt, H. H., D.W. Shideler, and S. D.M. Freeman (2003, December). Archaeolog-ical Inventory Survey in Support of Expansion of the USDAHawai‘i Fruit Fly ProductionFacility, Addendum to Archaeological Inventory Survey in Support of Modi�cation of theUSDA Hawai‘i Fruit Fly Production Facility at Waimanalo, Ko‘olaupoko, O‘ahu (TMK4–1–26: Por.1). Prepared for Hawai‘i Paci�c Engineers. Kailua, HI: Cultural SurveysHawaii.

[8] Lucas, P. F. N. (1995). A Dictionary of Hawaiian Legal Land-Terms. Honolulu:Native Hawaiian Legal Corporation and University of Hawai‘i Committeee for thePreservation and Study of Hawaiian Language, Art and Culture.

[9] Pearson, R. J., P. V. Kirch, and M. Pietrusewsky (1971). An early prehistoric siteat Bellows beach, Waimanalo, Oahu, Hawaiian Islands. Archaeology and PhysicalAnthropology in Oceania 6(3), 204–234.

[10] Pukui, M. K. and S. H. Elbert (1971). Hawaiian Dictionary ( ird ed.). Honolulu:University of Hawaii Press.

[11] Silva, C. L. (1981). Historical documentary research (conducted in conjunctionwith the cultural resources survey, Bellows Air Force Station, Oahu, Hawaii). InArchaeological Reconnaissance Survey of Proposed Additional Marine Corps TrainingAreas, Bellows Air Force Station, Oahu, Hawaii, Prepared for Commander, Paci�cDivision, Naval Facilities Engineering Command. Kurtistown, HI: ArchaeologicalResearch Associates.

[12] Sterling, E. P. and C. C. Summers (1978). Sites of Oahu. Honolulu: Departments ofAnthropology and Education, B. P. Bishop Museum.

[13] Tome, G., L. Morawski, and R. L. Spear (2006, December). An ArchaeologicalAssessment of Two Parcels Totaling Approximately 20 Arces in Waimanalo, WaimanaloAhupua‘a, Ko‘olaupoko District, Island of O‘ahu, Hawai‘i [TMK (1) 4–1–08:011 and (1)4–1–23:065] and [TMK (1) 4–1–08:91,92,10,81]. Prepared for PBR Hawaii. Honolulu:Scienti�c Consulting Services.

[14] Tuggle, H. D. (1997, June). Archaeological Research of Areas Proposed for Developmentof Military Family Housing and Expansion of Military Training at Bellows Air Force

12 BIBLIOGRAPHY

Station, O‘ahu Task 1: Literature Review of the Cultural Resources of the Bellows Area.Prepared for Belt Collins Hawaii. Honolulu: International Archaeological ResearchInstitute.

[15] Tuggle, H. D. and M. Spriggs (2001). e age of the Bellows dune site, O18, O‘ahu,Hawai‘i, and the antiquity of Hawaiian colonization. Asian Perspectives 39(1–2), 165–188.

[16] Wall, W. E. (1916, July). Waimanalo, Koolaupoko, Oahu. Hawaii Survey O�ce, HTSMap 2045. Scale 1 in. = 1500 �.