historiographical literature in the new testament … · 2017-09-21 · historiographical...

HISTORIOGRAPHICAL LITERATURE IN THE NEW TESTAMENT PERIOD 1ST AND 2ND CENTURIES CE1

Eve-Marie Becker

Th e intention of the present essay is to present the themes and forms of historiographical literature in the New Testament period I approach this as a literary-historical task2 ie as a thematical and form-specifi cal contextualization of New Testament literature in the frame of ancient historiographical genres So I shall describe the literary-historical framework in which the New Testament texts have their genesis and against this background I shall assess precisely this genesis of the New

1 For fundamental bibliographical information with an overview of the literary his-tory of Hellenistic historiography cf H Luumlhken ldquoSynopse der griechischen Litera-turrdquo in Einleitung in die griechische Philologie H-G Nesselrath (Stuttgart Teubner 1997) H Luumlhken ldquoSynopse der roumlmischen Literaturrdquo in Einleitung in die lateinische Philologie F Graf (Stuttgart Teubner 1997) O Lendle Einfuumlhrung in die griechische Geschichtsschreibung Von Hekataios bis Zosimos (Darmstadt Wissenschaft liche Buch-gesellschaft 1992) K Meister Die griechische Geschichtsschreibung Von den Anfaumln-gen bis zum Ende des Hellenismus (Stuttgart Kohlhammer 1990) D Flach Roumlmische Geschichtsschreibung 3rd ed (Darmstadt Wissenschaft liche Buchgesellschaft 1998) A Mehl Roumlmische Geschichtsschreibung Grundlagen und Entwicklungen Eine Einfuumlh-rung (Stuttgart Kohlhammer 2001) C R Holladay ed Fragments from Hellenistic Jewish Authors 1 Historians SBLTT (Chico Scholars Press 1983) M Landfester ed Geschichte der antiken Texte Ein Werklexikon DNPS 2 (Stuttgart Metzler 2007) R Nickel Lexikon der antiken Literatur (Duumlsseldorf Artemis amp Winkler 1999) M von Albrecht Geschichte der roumlmischen Literatur von Andronicus bis Boethius 2 vols 2nd ed (Muumlnchen Deutscher Taschenbuch Verlag 1997) D Gall Die Litera-tur in der Zeit des Augustus (Darmstadt Wissenschaft liche Buchgesellschaft 2006) C Reitz Die Literatur im Zeitalter Neros (Darmstadt Wissenschaft liche Buchgesell-schaft 2006) E-M Becker Das Markus-Evangelium im Rahmen antiker Historiogra-phie WUNT 194 (Tuumlbingen Mohr Siebeck 2006) C Moreschini and E Norelli Early Christian Greek and Latin Literature A Literary History 1 From Paul to the Age of Constantine (Peabody Hendrickson Publishers 2005) W Schneemelcher ed Neutestamentliche Apokryphen in deutscher Uumlbersetzung 1 Evangelien 2 Apos-tolisches Apokalypsen und Verwandtes (Tuumlbingen Mohr Siebeck 1990 6th ed 1997) A Feldherr ed Th e Cambridge Companion to the Roman Historians (Cambridge Cambridge University Press 2009) J Frey et al eds Die Apostelgeschichte im Kontext antiker und fruumlhchristlicher Historiographie BZNW 162 (Berlin de Gruyter 2009)mdash Concerning intercultural studies in the literary development of historiography cf recently K-P Adam ed Historiographie in der Antike BZAW 373 (Berlin de Gruyter 2008)

2 On literary-historical studies in the fi eld of early Christian literature in recent years cf G Th eissen Die Entstehung des Neuen Testaments als literaturgeschichtliches Problem Schrift en der Philosophisch-historischen Klasse der Heidelberger Akademie der Wissenschaft en 40 (Heidelberg Winter 2007) Moreschini and Norelli Literature

1788 eve-marie becker

Testament texts and writings as a literary-historical phenomenon3 ie as a process of a thematical and formal adaptation and transformation of certain types of ancient historiographical literary possibilities Th e comparative criterion consists of stories which tell a story ie historiographical texts in the narrower and broader senses of this term4 Th e New Testament period is understood as the space of time in which those early Christian texts and writings came into being which were later collected in the canon of the so-called New Testament ie the fi rst century and the fi rst third of the second century of the Common Era

In the fi rst section of this essay (1) I shall describe the literary-historical presuppositions of the composition of historiographical lit-erature in this period Th ese are determined by the Hellenistic period culture and literature5 In the second section (2) I present signifi cant literary-historical developments and literary representatives of the his-toriographical literature in the so-called early Imperial period (ca 30 BCEndashca 120 CE) in the Greek-Hellenistic Roman and early Jewish spheres In the third section (3) I shall discuss where early Christian texts especially the gospel literature belong in the framework of the literary history of Hellenistic historiography

1 Th emes Types and Forms of Hellenistic Historiography

11 Basic Questions

Historiographical literature in the Hellenistic age6 produces a variety of themes types and forms On the one hand these display culturally specifi c features in the Greek Roman and early Jewish spheres eg the literary elaboration of the period of Alexander and his successor

3 K Backhaus and G Haumlfner Historiographie und fi ktionales Erzaumlhlen Zur Kon-struktivitaumlt in Geschichtstheorie und Exegese BTh St 86 (Neukirchen-Vluyn Neukirch-ener Verlag 2007) choose a philological rather than a literary-historical approach

4 On the defi nition of historiographical texts see below5 For an introduction to the history of research into historiography cf Flach

Geschichtsschreibung 1ndash36 Th e defi nition of ldquoHellenismrdquo which is relevant to cultural and literary history

follows the classic defi nitions in the study of the classical period since J G Droysen Cf eg D Timpe ldquoHellenismus Irdquo RGG 4th ed 3 (2000) 1609ndash1610 Cf most recently also B Meiszligner Hellenismus (Darmstadt Wissenschaft liche Buchgesellschaft 2007)

historiographical literature in the new testament 1789

kings in Greek historiography7 the culture of remembrance of the early Roman historians infl uenced by annals (eg Q Fabius Pictor)8 and the narrative-legendary elaboration of biblical-historical narrative material in Jewish Hellenistic historiography (eg Eupolemus Artapa-nus)9 On the other hand there is a linguistic and literary cultural transfer and cultural exchange precisely in Hellenism and this can be seen both in the shaping of individual themes and forms and in the creation of mixed forms Th e defi nition of the so-called Hellenistic age usually envisages a space of time which is defi ned by political events (ca 330ndash30 BCE)10 Th e following presentation aims to describe the cultural intellectual and literary panorama in which the Greek Roman and Early Jewish historiographers were working until the beginning of the Imperial period (from ca 30 BCE)

Th e early Hellenistic period is marked by the hegemony of the Hellenes in the eastern Mediterranean region and neighboring lands in the aft ermath of Alexander the Great and by a considerable growth in literary production in the Greek language At the end of the fourth and beginning of the third centuries a social-historical transformation occurs in Greek historiography which is also signifi cant for the history of culture and literature it is now that the fi gure of the so-called court historian emerges11 Th is transformation is the beginning of a close link between politics and historiography Historiography had always been employed as a political instrument but this new link now also generated a number of literary forms and genres

7 Cf eg Lendle Einfuumlhrung 180ndash181 8 Cf Mehl Geschichtsschreibung 42ndash44 9 Cf Holladay Fragments10 On this cf J Bleicken Verfassungs- und Sozialgeschichte des Roumlmischen

Kaiserreiches 2 vols UTB 838839 (Paderborn Schoumlningh 4th ed 1995 in 3rd ed 1994) who dates the beginning of the Roman Imperial period to 3127 BCE (19)

11 ldquoIn the city state of the classical epoch of Greece the historians were prosperous citizens members of the leading classes of the Greek poleis At the end of the classical epoch when monarchies came into existence in the Greek worldmdashand with the mon-archies courtsmdashand with the courtsrdquo a new ruling society ldquothe fi gure of the historian who lived at court and was at the service of a ruler also came into existencerdquo B Meiszlig-ner Historiker zwischen Polis und Koumlnigshof Studien zur Stellung der Geschichtsschrei-ber in der griechischen Gesellschaft in spaumltklassischer und fruumlhhellenistischer Zeit Hyp 99 (Goumlttingen Vandenhoeck amp Ruprecht 1992) 4ndash5


Th e themes of Hellenistic historiography in its Greek and later Roman forms lie initially in the fi eld of Persian Macedonian and Greek history subsequently they concentrate on the protagonists of this history ie Alexander the Great and his successor kings Th is means that Hellenistic historiography increasingly takes on biograph-ical or person-centered traits which we also fi nd in Jewish Hellenistic historiography (eg the Moses fragment in Artapanus)12 At the same time a large number of historiographical methods and presentations developed in Hellenism of these only ldquotiny splinters have come down to usrdquo13 Accordingly every presentation of the literary history of the classical age is conditioned in advance by presuppositions which belong to textual history ie by the transmission of the texts and writ-ings available to us14

12 Demarcations Antiquarian Forms or Literature and Historiography Orientated to Tradition15

We must draw a distinction between the so-called antiquarian litera-ture of the classical period and historiography in the broader and narrower senses Th e term antiquarian literature has been applied since the Renaissance (with an allusion to Varrorsquos ldquoAntiquitiesrdquo) to all those historical forms which do not correspond ldquoto the Herodotean-Th ucydidean concept of the historiography which is based on the study of politics and warrdquo16 It is in this way that antiquarian historical literature has been distinguished from historiography at least from the beginning of the modern period onwards Th is demarcation vis-agrave-vis antiquarian literature shows us one essential characteristic of historio-graphical literature the latter is not limited to the mere collection of

12 Cf Holladay Fragments 208ndash21013 Lendle Einfuumlhrung 205 Th e following diff erentiations follow above all H-G

Nesselrath ldquoGeschichte der griechischen Literatur Die Kaiserzeitrdquo in idem Einleitung in die griechische Philologie (Stuttgart Teubner 1997) 269ndash293 at 279ndash281

14 On the criteria on which the collection of the fragments of Greek historians by F Jacoby (FGrHist) is based cf idem ldquoUeber die Entwicklung der griechischen Histo-riographie und den Plan einer neuen Sammlung der griechischen Historikerfrag-menterdquo Klio 9 (1909) 80ndash123

15 On this concept cf K Sallmann ed Die Literatur des Umbruchs Von der roumlmi-schen zur christlichen Literatur 117 bis 284 nChr Handbuch der Lateinischen Litera-tur der Antike 4 (Muumlnchen C H Beck 1997)

16 A Momigliano Die Geschichtsschreibung Griechische Literatur ed E Vogt NHL 2 (Wiesbaden Akad Verl-Ges Athenaion 1981) 305ndash336 at 310


historical information but aims to present this in such a way that it is both systematized and interpreted Th is applies already to the begin-nings of Greek and Roman historiography and to the Christian his-tory of the church Greek historiography is essentially a child of epic forms (myths) and of geographical forms (descriptions of the earth and travel narratives)17 Roman historiography has its precursors in the annales maximi and the so-called fasti18 and ecclesiastical historiogra-phy has its starting point in the chronographical form of the lists of bishops19 Th is means that history by defi nition involves the systemati-zation and interpretation of historical events and information

13 Th e Defi nition of ldquoHistoriographyrdquo in the Broader and Narrower Senses

Against this background how can we defi ne the genre of historio-graphical literature Let us fi rst mention two traits which are signifi -cant for the defi nition of the theme or contents and the literary form of historiography Th ematically speaking historiography is engaged in the narrative of historically relevant facts and events From a literary-formal aspect historiographical literature employs the form of prose from Herodotus onwards20 Th e presentation of history in the form of lists myths epics or poetry can at best be called precursor forms of historiography these do not genuinely belong to the macro-genre of ldquohistoriographyrdquo

17 In general cf Meister Geschichtsschreibung Cf also B Meissner ldquoAnfaumlnge und fruumlhe Entwicklungen der griechischen Historiographierdquo in Die antike Historiographie und die Anfaumlnge der christlichen Geschichtsschreibung ed E-M Becker BZNW 129 (Berlin de Gruyter 2005) 83ndash109

18 Cf Mehl Geschichtsschreibung For a critical evaluation of the annales maximi however cf H Beck and U Walter ldquoDie fruumlhen Roumlmischen Historiker 1 Selbstbe-wusstseinmdashTraditionsbildungmdashExperimentrdquo in Die fruumlhen Roumlmischen Historiker 1 Von Fabius Pictor bis Cn Gellius trans with commentary by H Beck and U Walter TzF 76 (Darmstadt Wissenschaft liche Buchgesellschaft 2001) 17ndash53 Cf J Ruumlpke ldquoFasti Quellen oder Produkte roumlmischer Geschichtsschreibungrdquo Klio 77 (1995) 184ndash202

19 Cf W Wischmeyer ldquoWahrnehmungen von Geschichte in der christlichen Lite-ratur zwischen Lukas und Eusebius Die chronographische Form der Bischofslistenrdquo in Die antike Historiographie und die Anfaumlnge der christlichen Geschichtsschreibung ed Becker 263ndash276

20 Cf W Schadewaldt Die Anfaumlnge der Geschichtsschreibung bei den Griechen HerodotmdashTh ukydides 4th ed stw 389 (Frankfurt Suhrkamp 1995) 19ndash21


A second diff erentiation is necessary at this point Th e macro-genre of historiographymdashie historiography in the broader sensemdashencom-passes a variety of individual forms and genres including historiogra-phy in the narrower sense How can we defi ne historiography in the broader sense and historiography in the narrower sense Where does the line of demarcation run One possible diff erentiating defi nition affi rms that historiography in the broader sense includes those prose texts which are concerned in various individual genres and forms with the presentation of historical themes and events (eg as biography autobiography monograph ethnography) while historiography in the narrower sense (following Hubert Cancik) designates an ldquoespecially highly developed form of historiographyrdquo21 which must be distin-guished specifi cally from biographical and autobiographical forms etc22

14 Defi ning the Distinctions between Historiography Biography and Autobiography

We shall now look in greater detail at the diff erentiation between his-toriography in the narrower sense and biography23 We must fi rst of all locate the phenomenon of biographical literature in the context of his-tory in general and specifi cally of cultural history since the growing importance of biographical literature has historical and political rea-sons ldquoWith the decline of the city states and the rise of the monar-chies the reign of a ruler became the natural unit of time of political history historiography became increasingly biographicalrdquo24 It is thus scarcely possible to use the self-understanding of the authors as a cri-terion for distinguishing between historiographical and biographical literature For example those who told the story of Alexander cer-tainly understood themselves as historians since the object of their work was the personality and the activity of Alexander as a theme

21 H Cancik ldquoGeschichtsschreibungrdquo NBL 1 (1991) 813ndash882 at 813ndash81422 Cf also Becker Markus-Evangelium 62ndash6323 On this cf those defi nitions which are seldom the object of further refl ection

eg in D Dormeyer review of E-M Becker Das Markus-Evangelium im Rahmen antiker Historiographie BZ 52 (2008) 132ndash135

24 Momigliano Geschichtsschreibung 317


belonging to the history of events and to history in general (eg Cleit-archus of Alexandria FGrHist 137)25

At the same time however steps were taken already in antiquity to distinguish between historiography and biography26 For example Polybius calls the bios as ἐγκωμιαστικός (cf 25611 10218) His intention is αὔξησις whereas history seeks the truth Plutarch (Alex 1 and frequently) explicitly wishes to write ldquohistoryrdquo in the form of βίος since his intention is to portray the character of the human person (τὰ τῆς ψυχῆς σημεῖα) ie ἀρετή and κακία Even in the so-called apodictic historiography which makes use of the bio-graphical excursus the distinction between historiography and biog-raphy is preserved27 In Roman literature too the distinction between historiographical writings in the narrower sense and biographical writ-ings (which included the literature of the exitus illustrium virorum) was maintained at least until the third or fourth century (cf eg Pliny Ep 8124 553)28

Finally autobiographical forms (hupomnecircmata and commentarii) are related to biographical literature29 Aratus of Sicyon (ca 271ndash213 BCE) is known as one of the earliest authors of hupomnecircmata in the

25 Cf Lendle Einfuumlhrung 168ndash17026 Cf A Dihle Die Entstehung der historischen Biographie SHAWPH 19863 (Hei-

delberg Carl Winter 1987) A Momigliano Th e Development of Greek Biography (Cambridge Harvard University Press 1971)

27 ldquoTh e apodictic historiography employed the biographical excursus to make his-torical causality clear but it distinguished historiography from biographyrdquo F Winkel-mann ldquoHistoriographierdquo RAC 15 (1991) 724ndash765 at 730 New Testament exegetes oft en fail to refl ect consistently on the diff erentiation between historiography and biography and to off er an evaluation of this Cf eg D Dormeyer Plutarchs Caumlsar und die erste Evangeliumsbiographie des Markus Rom und das himmlische Jerusalem Die fruumlhen Christen zwischen Anpassung und Ablehnung ed R von Haehling (Darmstadt Wissenschaft liche Buchgesellschaft 2000) 29ndash52 idem Das Markusevangelium als Idealbiographie von Jesus Christus dem Nazarener 3rd ed SBB 43 (Stuttgart Verlag Katholisches Bibelwerk 2002)

28 ldquoIt is only the imperial biographymdashwith Suetonius as its ancestormdashthat is made a vehicle of historiography in the third century CE But until the fourth cen-tury its status as an historiographical form was disputedrdquo Winkelmann ldquoHistorio-graphierdquo 738

29 For an overview cf K Meister ldquoAutobiographische Literatur und Memoiren (Hypomnemata)rdquo in Purposes of History Studies in Greek Historiography from the 4th to the 2nd Centuries BC ed H Verdin et al StHell 30 (Leiden Brill 1990) 83ndash89 Cf also in general H Sonnabend Geschichte der antiken Biographie Von Isokrates bis zur Historia Augusta (Stuttgart and Weimar Verlag J B Metzler 2002)


Hellenistic period (cf FGrHist 231)30 Autobiographical forms received a tremendous impetus in the sphere of Roman literature above all in the transition from the Roman Republic to the principate thanks to the prominent works by Julius Caesar (Commentarii)31 and Augustus (res gestaeMonumentum Ancyranum)32 From the Hellenistic period onwards experts in rhetoric ldquostudied the form of the older historio-graphy in order to determine the canon and to distinguish be-tween history biography and antiquarian studiesrdquo33

15 Types and Modes of Hellenistic Historiography

Hellenistic historiography displays a variety of literary types and modes which allow us to see something of the intellectual world and the rhetorical-literary schooling of the historiographers We shall therefore give a brief description of some of these eg the rhetorical-rhetoricizing the mimetic the apodictic and the pragmatic historiography

In the rhetorical historiography the historical discourse takes the form of narration and argumentation and the tradition possesses authority Th e aim of historiography is to facilitate correct evaluations and decisions in the contemporary confl icts In the fi rst century BCE Roman historiography is infl uenced by the Hellenistic-Peripatetic rhe-torical historiography in the way in which it copes with the contem-porary political crises An important factor in the increase in the rhetorical tendencies of Roman historiography was the rhetoricization of historical narration which was demanded especially by Cicero (Orat 254ndash56)34

30 To a large extent his writings can be regarded as unfalsifi ed and devoid of liter-ary artifi ce although they have a subjective coloring Cf Lendle Einfuumlhrung 192ndash194

31 Cf Mehl Geschichtsschreibung 68ndash7032 Cf F Blumenthal ldquoDie Autobiographie des Augustusrdquo Wiener Studien 35 (1913)

113ndash130 and 267ndash288 36 (1914) 84ndash103 Most recently cf also K Bringmann ed Augustus Schrift en Reden und Ausspruumlche WdF 91 (Darmstadt Wissenschaft liche 2008 Buchgesellschaft

33 D Harth ldquoGeschichtsschreibungrdquo Historisches Woumlrterbuch der Rhetorik 3 (1996) 832ndash870 at 837

34 Th e narrative form has a forensic component since it takes place in an inductive form Th is link is already found in Aristotle cf Rhet 21393a20 On Isocrates and Cicero cf also A Demandt Geschichte als Argument Drei Formen politischen Zukunft sdenkens im Altertum (Konstanz Universitaumltsverlag 1972) 18ndash20 and 30ndash32 Cf in general Harth ldquoGeschichtsschreibungrdquo 839ndash840


In his debate with the so-called mimetic historiography of a Duris of Samos (born 330 BCE)35 and the related pathetic historiography (eg Phylarchus)36 as well as with the apodictic historiography of a Hieronymus of Cardia (thirdsecond century)37 Polybius propagates a presentation which concentrates on the relevant historical questions He attacks rhetorical and dramatizing elements in historiography and coins the concept of pragmatic historiography Its methodological approach (the examination of written sources ldquoautopsyrdquo political action cf 1225e1) is already found in Herodotus and Th ucydides38 Unlike tragedy history is interested in ldquotruth and usefulness to the readerrdquo39 Th rough this apodictic interest Polybius establishes a demar-cation line vis-agrave-vis the pathetic historiography of Phylarchus (cf 25611ndash12) Historiography has practical and moral goals (112)40 Polybius sees its purpose as ldquocontributing to the ability to actrdquo in the political and military spheres (3593ndash5 1281 16143ndash10 etc)41 In general therefore we fi nd a basic moralizing and pragmatizing trait in the various types of Hellenistic historiography

35 We fi nd refl ections on the Hellenistic historiography at the beginning of the Makedonika (FGrHist 76 F1) Cf also Aristotle Poet 141453b1112 and Lendle Ein-fuumlhrung 186ndash187 Duris of Samos ldquoappliedrdquo the Aristotelian principles of the mimetic composition of fables ldquoto history in order to intensify the character of the narrative as an aesthetically eff ective and moral-didactic appealrdquo Harth ldquoGeschichtsschreibungrdquo 836

36 Cf also Winkelmann ldquoHistoriographierdquo 729 and Lendle Einfuumlhrung 202 On pathos and emotionality in historiography in general cf most recently J Marincola ldquoBeyond Pity and Fear Th e Emotions of Historyrdquo Ancient Society 33 (2003) 285ndash315

37 FGrHist 15438 Cf Winkelmann ldquoHistoriographierdquo 729 Polybiusrsquos manner of writing follows

the rhetorical pattern narratiomdashprobatiomdashapplicatio (cf Harth ldquoGeschichtsschrei-bungrdquo 836) On the historical method of Th ucydides cf also most recently H Sonna-bend Th ukydides Studienbuumlcher Antike 13 (Hildesheim Olms 2004) esp 55ndash57

39 Winkelmann ldquoHistoriographierdquo 72940 Cf H Traumlnkle Livius und Polybios (Basel and Stuttgart Schwabe 1977) A M

Eckstein Moral Vision in Th e Histories of Polybius (Berkeley University of California Press 1995) esp 272ndash274

41 Meiszligner Historiker 557


16 Refl ections in Classical Antiquity on the Th eory and Methodof Historiography

Scattered ldquomethodological observationsrdquo are found in the works of the ancient historians42 especially when they discuss the exordium43 For example Livy speaks critically of the relationship between historiogra-phy and poetry44 A number of theoretical discussions of the essence signifi cance and function of historiography had a decisive infl uence on the form of historiographical works In his conception of literary composition Aristotle defi nes history as a chance narrative of events (Poet 91451b) Since poetry communicates what could happen accord-ing to the rules of probability and necessity (καὶ τὰ δυνατὰ κατὰ τὸ εἰκὸς ἢ τὸ ἀναγκαῖον) it is ldquomore philosophicalrdquo and more signifi cant than historiography (διὸ καὶ φιλοσοφώτερον καὶ σπουδαιότερον ποίησις ἱστορίας ἐστίν 1451a and b) Historiography inquires into what is specifi c whereas poetry inquires into what is general (καθόλου)

Cicerorsquos discussion refl ects the historiographical theories of the late Roman Republic He understands history as magistra vitae vita memo-riae and lux veritatis (Orat 236) and as munus oratoris maximum (Orat 262)45 Contrary to the Roman tradition of the annales maximi which was meant only to preserve the memory of places times human persons and deeds Cicero favors a rhetorically shaped form of histo-riography which is comparable to the Greek tradition (Orat 251ndash53 Leg 16ndash8) In the Flavian period which brings a ldquoclassicistic reac-tionrdquo46 Quintilian gives us glimpses of the historiographical theories of the Imperial period (Orat Inst 10131)47 He posits a close relation-

42 Winkelmann ldquoHistoriographierdquo 73243 Flach Geschichtsschreibung 9ndash11 refers to the following refl ections on the the-

ory of history in classical antiquity Th ucydides 1222ndash3 Cassius Dio 53194ndash5 Tacitus Ann 112f Hist 112 Polybius eg 1225ndash27 2567ndash9

44 Cf Livy Praef 113 Cf also T P Wiseman ldquoHistory Poetry and Annalesrdquo in Clio amp the Poets Augustan Poetry amp the Traditions of Ancient Historiography ed D S Levine and D P Nelis MnS 224 (Leiden Brill 2002) 331ndash362 at 331ndash333

45 K-E Petzold ldquoCicero und Historierdquo in idem Geschichtsdenken und Geschichts-schreibung Kleine Schrift en zur griechischen und roumlmischen Geschichte Historia 126 (Stuttgart F Steiner 1999) 86ndash109 M Fleck Cicero als Historiker Beitraumlge zur Alter-tumskunde 39 (Stuttgart Teubner 1993) esp 15ndash17

46 von Albrecht Geschichte 71747 Cf in general also A D Leeman ldquoDie roumlmische Geschichtsschreibungrdquo in Roumlmi-

sche Literatur ed M Fuhrmann NHL 3 (Frankfurt Akademische Verlagsgesellschaft Athenaion 1974) 115ndash146 at 134ndash135


ship between historiography and poetry historiography does not prove but narrates in a literary form not bound by the rules of metre ( quodam modo carmen solutum est et scribitur ad narrandum non ad probandum) ldquoTh is makes it clear that Quintilian wishes to see an even stronger link between historiography and poetry than did Cicerordquo48 Quintilian is not the only one who takes this approach he refl ects the increased blurring of the distinction between historiography and poetry that we fi nd in the Roman literature of the early Imperial period49 Tacitus emphasizes the moral and ethical character of historiography He sets out his understanding of the praecipuum munus annalium of history at Ann 365 ldquoTh e passage states fi rst what historyrsquos role should be in respect to good behaviour and second what the purpose is in recording instances of bad behaviourrdquo50

Refl ection on history in the sense of the elaboration of a technical ars historica is found only in Lucian51 who composed the only ldquosys-tematic monograph on historiographyrdquo52 that has survived from the classical period He addresses his methodological linguistic and sub-stantial demands to the historianmdashdemands that are directed against the customary historiography of contemporary imperial military cam-paigns which were nothing other than exaggerated panegyrics Lucian defi nes the distinction between poetry and history by saying that a poet is driven by a deity and by the Muses and is therefore permitted to relate incredible things (Hc 8) Th e following aspects must also be borne in mind when one writes historical works the historian is wri-ting for the instruction of posterity (Hc 40f) and this means that the purpose of history is to be of service by presenting the truth (Hc 8) Th e historianrsquos task is to present factual matters (Hc 38ndash39) A good historian needs political acumen and skill in presentation (Hc 34) Th e facts must be well chosen and critically evaluated they should be based primarily on things one has personally witnessed or on the

48 Leeman ldquoGeschichtsschreibungrdquo 13549 On this cf most recently Wiseman ldquoHistoryrdquo esp 353ndash35450 T J Luce ldquoTacitus on lsquoHistoryrsquos Highest Functionrsquo Praecipuum munus annal-

ium (Ann 365)rdquo ANRW II 334 (1991) 2904ndash2927 at 2906ndash2907 emphasizing the diff erence from Livy who off ers instruction by means of examples In Tacitus we fi nd the idea ldquothat history can act as a deterrentrdquo (2914)

51 Cf E Keszligler ldquoArs historicardquo Historisches Woumlrterbuch der Rhetorik 1 (1992) 1046ndash1048 at 1046 Cf in general G Avenarius Lukians Schrift zur Geschichtsschrei-bung (Meisenheim Hain 1956)

52 Winkelmann ldquoHistoriographierdquo 732


testimony of credible witnesses (Hc 47) Th e historian must begin by drawing up an outline of his presentation which he then fi lls in with details (Hc 48) Th e style should be generally comprehensible and simple (Hc 43ndash45) Th e course of the narrative should be related briefl y and precisely (Hc 50 56ndash57) An historical work needs no preface a short summary of its contents is suffi cient (Hc 52) In these refl ections Lucian gives an interesting insight into the ancient theory about the production and reception of historiography and into the evaluation of the literary genre of ldquohistoryrdquo in classical antiquity

17 Th emes and Forms of Early Jewish Historiography

Jewish Hellenistic historiography53 aims both at assimilation and at the preservation of the identity of the historiographical themes and forms of an Old Testament and Jewish character in the context of the mixed Hellenistic cultures Early Jewish historiography thus lives in the ten-sion between assimilation and the preservation of identity54 Th e dias-pora Jews who had largely lost their knowledge of Hebrew and Aramaic established a historiography in Greek Jewish Hellenistic his-toriography displays not only linguistic but also formal infl uence on the part of Greek historiography For example 1 Maccabees contains some elements such as the ethnographical chapter about Rome which are related to Greek historiography Th is book is based on various written sources including letters and documents which the author may have consulted in an archive in Jerusalem His presentation also relies on legendary and oral traditions55 2 Maccabees ldquoresembles much more strongly the popular Greek historiography with its pronounced love of miracles and remarkable eventsrdquo56 2 Maccabees ldquoas a work of

53 Cf also the introduction in E Schuumlrer Th e History of the Jewish People in the Age of Jesus Christ (175 BCndashAD 135) A New English Version revised and ed G Vermes and F Millar 1 (Edinburgh Clark 1973) 19ndash122

54 On this cf the overview by O Wischmeyer ldquoOrte der Geschichte und der Geschichtsschreibung in der fruumlhjuumldischen Literaturrdquo in Die antike Historiographie und die Anfaumlnge der christlichen Geschichtsschreibung ed Becker 157ndash179 Cf also G E Sterling Historiography and Self-Defi nition Josephos Luke-Acts and Apologetic Historiography NovTSup 64 (Leiden Brill 1992)

55 Cf eg K-D Schunck 1 Makkabaumlerbuch JSHRZ I4 (Guumltersloh Guumltersloher Verlagshaus 1980) 291

56 Momigliano Geschichtsschreibung 326 ldquoTh e fragments of Greco-Jewish histories from the fi rst two centuries of the Hellenistic period off er a tantalizing glimpse into the process of assimilation and cultural polemics which were at work among Jews


the pathetic and rhetorical historiography which aimed at great dra-matic eff ects and was dominant in Hellenismrdquo conforms completely to ldquocontemporary Greek historiography Indeed 2 Maccabees is the only work of this genre which has survived in its entiretyrdquo57 Th e his-toriographer Flavius Josephus writing in the early Imperial period follows even more directly the forms and elements of Greek historiography

Despite linguistic and cultural processes of adaptation ie the use of the Greek language and the consequences this had for early Jewish literature and historiography58 the literary products of Jewish Hellenistic historiography nevertheless largely preserve their own spe-cifi c character Religious aspects play a central role here59 as does the fact that there was little interest in individual historical themes and in history in general in Israel and especially in Diaspora Judaism in the second century BCE with the exception of the Maccabean confl icts60 Instead of writing a continuous history of contemporary events bibli-cal traditions are elaborated into contemporary narratives61 (cf

during the period but they make little or no contribution to the understanding of contemporary political developments Such is the concern of the two major Jewish histories of the period 1 and 2 Maccabeesrdquo H W Attridge ldquoHistoriographyrdquo in Jew-ish Writings of the Second Temple Period ed M E Stone CRINT 2 (Assen Van Gorcum 1984) 157ndash184 at 171 On the signifi cance of the Books of Maccabees for early Jewish historiography cf most recently also H Lichtenberger ldquoGeschichts-schreibung und Geschichtserzaumlhlung im 1 und 2 Makkabaumlerbuchrdquo in Die antike Historiographie und die Anfaumlnge der christlichen Geschichtsschreibung ed Becker 197ndash212

57 C Habicht 2 Makkabaumlerbuch JSHRZ I3 (Guumltersloh Guumltersloher Verlagshaus 1976) 189

58 ldquoAll the nations that came into contact with the Greeks in the Hellenistic age produced books in Greek about their national historyrdquo A Momigliano Th e Classical Foundations of Modern Historiography (Berkeley University of California Press 1990) 24

59 Cf also M Pohlenz and P Wendland ldquoDie griechische Prosardquo in Einleitung in die Altertumswissenschaft 1 Part 3 ed A Gercke and E Norden 3rd ed (Leipzig B G Teubner 1927) 64ndash166 at 161ndash162

60 ldquoOn the one hand the postbiblical Jews really thought they had in the Bible all the history that mattered superevaluation of a certain type of history implied under-valuation of all other events On the other hand the whole development of Judaism led to something unhistorical eternal the Law the Torah Th e signifi cance which the Jews came to attach to the Torah killed their interest in general historiographyrdquo Momigliano Foundations 23 On the historical sources for early Jewish history cf Schuumlrer History 19ndash43

61 Cf also R Doran ldquoTh e Jewish Hellenistic Historians Before Josephusrdquo ANRW II 201 (1987) 246ndash297 at 295


Artapanus)62 Th is is why it is diffi cult to defi ne the specifi c genre of the early Jewish historiographical writings and thus to demarcate them vis-agrave-vis the rest of early Jewish literature63 Historical themes are given an arbitrary literary form in other areas of early Jewish literature which are not counted among the ldquohistorical writingsrdquo in the broader sense (prophecy apocalyptic sapiential literature) Th ese historical themes can be understood only against the background of the prophetic-apocalyptic coding (eg Dan 12) or of sapiential instruction (Sirach)64 and are thus accessible only to specifi c groups

Among the surviving Jewish Hellenistic historical works we must distinguish between (a) those that have survived intact (1 Esdras 1ndash3 Maccabees) and were included in the Septuagint and in the Vulgate canon and (b) the mostly brief fragments of historical works which survive only in compilations by later writers Eusebius (especially in Praeparatio evangelica 9) Clement of Alexandria and Josephus were not the fi rst to transmit fragments of the Jewish Hellenistic historiog-raphers this had been done earlier by the Hellenistic historiographer L Cornelius Alexander Polyhistor (born 105 BCE) in his work On the Jews65 Th e fragments refer to writers who are orthonymous but about whom scarcely any historical information survives references to anonymous authors (Ps-Eupolemus) or pseudepigraphical writers (Ps-Hecataeus) are less frequent Nevertheless there is a tendency in

62 On this cf Becker Markus-Evangelium 178ndash180 eadem ldquoArtapanos lsquoJudaicarsquo A Contribution to early Jewish Historiographyrdquo in History and Identity How Israelrsquos Later Authors Viewed Its Earlier History ed N Calduch-Benages et al DCLY 2005 (New York de Gruyter 2006) 297ndash320 Concerning a poetic author like Ezekiel the Tragedian who in his Exagoge also uses the Exodus-traditions cf C R Holladay ed Fragments from Hellenistic Jewish Authors 2 Poets SBLTT (Atlanta Scholars Press 1989) 301ndash529 Cf latest also P Lanfranchi LrsquoExagoge drsquoEzeacutechiel le Tragique Intro-duction texte traduction et commentaire Studia in Veteris Testamenti pseudepigrapha 21 (Leiden Brill 2006)

63 Cf U Mittmann-Richert Einfuumlhrung zu den historischen und legendarischen Erzaumlhlungen JSHRZ VI1 (Guumltersloh Guumltersloher Verlagshaus 2000) 1 ldquoTh e only works that can be called historical writings in the narrower sense of the term are 1 and 2 Maccabees rdquo

64 Cf the refl ections on the historiographical character of some Qumran texts (eg the Damascus Document) and Sirach by B Z Wacholder ldquoHistoriography of Qum-ran Th e Sons of Zadok and Th eir Enemiesrdquo in Qumran between the Old and New Testament ed F H Cryer and T L Th ompson JSOTSup 280 (Sheffi eld Sheffi eld Academic Press 1998) 347ndash377

65 Th e fundamental study of this work is J Freudenthal Alexander Polyhistor und die von ihm erhaltenen Reste judaumlischer und samaritanischer Geschichtswerke Helleni-stische Studien vol 1 and 2 (Breslau H Skutsch 1875) esp 16ndash18


Jewish literature for authors to remain anonymous We fi nd the phe-nomenon of orthonymous authorship fi rst in Sirach and Martin Hengel has emphasized that this is connected with the ldquodiscovery of the individuality of the authorrdquo in the ldquoHellenistic periodrdquo66 (c) Josephus represents an independent type of historiographical litera-ture which must be evaluated in the context of Hellenistic Roman historiography

2 Tendencies and Representatives of the Historiography of the Early Imperial Period

21 Basic Questions

As we have seen Greek historiography in the Hellenistic Roman period displays a large number of historiographical conceptions and ldquoan immense volume of productionrdquo Th is makes it diffi cult to achieve an overview67 In terms of literary history this leads to a mingling of the historiographical genres A strict classifi cation of the various types of historiography according to genre-specifi c elements is virtually impos-sible At most historiography in the Hellenistic-Roman period can be classifi ed according to ldquotrendsrdquo and ldquothemesrdquo68 In the second century BCE a political upheaval replaced the hegemony of the Hellenes by the hegemony of the Romans modern European scholars who thought in classicistic terms once wrote that ldquoTh e standstill and decline of the productive intellectual powers of the Greek East meant that in this period Rome overtook the leading role and set the tone in the fi eld of literature toordquo69

Roman historiography became more important than Greek histori-ography from the fi rst century BCE onwards In the Augustan period the literature related to the Imperium Romanummdashespecially poetry but also historiographymdashwas produced in an affi rmative or critical

66 M Hengel Die Evangelienuumlberschrift en SHWPH 19843 (Heidelberg C Winter1984) 25

67 K Meister ldquoGeschichtsschreibung II Griechenlandrdquo DNP 4 (1998) 992ndash996 at 993 idem Geschichtsschreibung 80 ldquoTh ere is an immense volume of production a great diversity of themes and considerable diff erences in the manner of pre-sentationrdquo

68 Cf Meister Geschichtsschreibung 99469 Pohlenz and Wendland ldquoProsardquo 109


proximity to the princeps (cf eg Livy and Nicholas of Damascus)70 Augustus promoted it and exercised an ideological infl uence on it71 Th e autobiographical activity of Augustus himself (the Res Gestae) which was imitated by the subsequent principes72 shows clearly that historiographical works were understood to have a programmatic function as mediators of the Augustan ideology and that they were in fact employed in this way (cf once again Nicholas) Th is tie was then loosened temporarily under the Julio-Claudian principes73 but it took on renewed intensity under the Flavians (69ndash96 CE) with a conscious reference back to the Augustan age (cf Quintilian) It is against this background that the historiographical works of Flavius Josephus and Tacitus must be understood Th is also explains the increasing signifi -cance of biographical literature (cf Suetonius and C Nepos) which generated the genre of imperial biographies (Historia Augusta)

A factor of social history also left its mark on the literature of the early Imperial period At the beginning of this period the cultural infl uence of the ldquoItalic dynastiesrdquo declined Th e ldquoprovincializationrdquo of Latin literature meant that literary traditions were ldquooft en preserved in a purer form in peripheral regions than in the center which was very much exposed to innovationsrdquo74 Th e literary tendencies of the histori-ography of the early Imperial period are mentioned by the Roman historians themselves in the transition from the republic to the prin-cipate A high didactic and moral function is attributed to historio-graphy (cf Livy Praef 10) so that history is not only ldquothe remembering of past deeds and charismatic values which renders these present but also a lsquolamp of truthrsquordquo (cf Cicero above)75 Awareness

70 ldquoTh e Augustan regime it seems did not attempt to dominate historical writing as it did poetryrdquo G B Conte Latin Literature A History (Baltimore Johns Hopkins University Press 1994) 369

71 Cf Conte Literature 251ndash253 On Augustan literature in general cf most recently the essays in Levine and Nelis Clio amp Th e Poets

72 On the commentarii literature of the early Imperial period cf J Wilkes ldquoJulio-Claudian Historiansrdquo CW 65 (1972) 177ndash203 at 181ndash183 R G Lewis ldquoImperial Autobiography Augustus to Hadrianrdquo ANRW II341 (1993) 629ndash706 On the HypomnemataCommentarii of Vespasian and Titus cf HRR 2108 and the references by Josephus Apion 156 Life 342 358 cf also Schuumlrer History 32ndash33 On the Hypomnemata of Herod the Great cf Josephus Ant 15174 and Schuumlrer History 26ndash27

73 Cf in general Wilkes ldquoHistoriansrdquo74 Quotation from von Albrecht Geschichte 70975 Harth ldquoGeschichtsschreibungrdquo 839


of the auctoritas of the traditions permitted the historians to achieve the literary and stylistic synthesis of various forms of presentation76

Th ematically the historiographical literature of the early Imperial period is concerned with Roman history in literary-historical terms it belongs to the tradition of Hellenistic historiography77 A good exam-ple of this position in the history of culture and of literature is Nicholas of Damascus78 He belongs in linguistic and literary terms to the Greek Hellenistic culture and the circumstances of his life79 and the subjects of his historiographical works belong fi rmly to the beginnings of the Roman Imperial period80

22 Historiographical Authors in the Early Imperial Period (fi rstsecond century of the Common Era)

Tables (1)ndash(3) list historiographical authors who worked in the period relevant to the New Testament age ie the early Imperial period in the Greek Hellenistic Roman and early Jewish linguistic and cultural spheres Th ose authors are listed who present historical themes in prose form81

828384858687888990

76 ldquoTh e normative view of the exemplary knowledge of tradition indeed of a value untouched by change (auctoritas) gave the historians (Livy Sallust Tacitus) the free-dom to combine and make a stylistic synthesis of various forms of presentation in order to write persuasively forms drawn from oratory literature and dialectics such as narrative description argumentation dramatization fi ctitious speech the narrative of events commentaries aphorismsrdquo Harth ldquoGeschichtsschreibungrdquo 839

77 With regard to Tacitus cf the presentation by D Flach Tacitus in der Tradition der antiken Geschichtsschreibung Hyp 39 (Goumlttingen Vandenhoeck und Ruprecht 1973) 14ndash16

78 In general cf R Laqueur ldquoNikolaosrdquo RE 17 (1937) 362ndash42479 He is one of the Greek-speaking historians who ldquothemselves worked in Romerdquo in

increasing numbers from the late Republican period onward ldquoor at any rate were closely connected to the great men of Romerdquo A Dihle Die griechische und lateinische Literatur der Kaiserzeit Von Augustus bis Justinian (Muumlnchen C H Beck 1989) 153

80 On this cf also M Kober Die politischen Anfaumlnge Octavians in der Darstellung des Velleius und dessen Verhaumlltnis zur historiographischen Tradition Ein philologischer Quellenvergleich Nikolaus von Damaskus Appianos von Alexandria Velleius Patercu-lus Epistemata 286 (Wuumlrzburg Koumlnigshausen amp Neumann 2000) M Toher Th e ldquoBios Kaisarosrdquo of Nicolaus of Damascus An Historiographical Analysis (unpub-lished PhD dissertation Brown University 1985)

81 For secondary literature cf n 1 above82 83 84 85 86 87 88 89 90


(1)

His

tori

ogr

aph

ical

Au

tho

rs W

ho

Wro

te i

n G

reek

Au

tho

rD

ates

His

tori

ogr

aph

ical

wo

rks

Ed

itio

ns

Seco

nd

ary

lite

ratu

re

Stra

bo

of A

ma

seia

82

ca

62

BC

Endash

24

CE

Γεωγραφικά

ndash

His

tori

ka h

ypom

nem

ata

ndash

A

Mei

nek

e 1

85

2ndash

18

53

S R

adt

20

02

ndash2

00

5

ndash

FG

rHis

t 9

1

ndash

W

Aly

St

rab

onis

Geo

gra

ph

ica

Vol

4

195

7ndash

L

end

le

Ein

fuumlh

run

g 2

37ndash

238

Hyp

sicr

ate

s83

1st

cen

t B

CE

()

Fra

gmen

ts o

f an

his

tori

cal

wo

rkF

GrH

ist

19

0K

M

eist

er

DN

P 5

(19

98)

821

Teu

cros

of

Cyz

igu

s84

1st

cen

t B

CE

Inte

r a

lia

Jew

ish

His

tory

FG

rHis

t 2

74

K

Mei

ster

D

NP

12

1 (2

002)

20

5

Tim

age

nes

of

Ale

xan

dri

a8

51

st c

ent

BC

E (

)Περὶ βασιλέων

FG

rHis

t 8

8K

M

eist

er

DN

P 1

21

(200

2)

573

Ga

ius

Iuli

us

Iub

a8

62

5 B

CE

ndash2

3 C

Endash

H

omoi

otet

esndash

R

hom

aik

e a

rch

aio

logi

andash

F

GrH

ist

27

5ndash

F

GrH

ist

27

5F

Ja

cob

y R

E 9

2 (

1916

)

2384

ndash23

95

Nic

hol

as

of D

am

asc

us8

7

ca

64

BC

EἹστορίαι

ndash

Vit

a d

es A

ugu

stu

sndash

F

GrH

ist

90

ndash

FG

rHis

t 9

0ndash

L

end

le

Ein

fuumlh

run

g 2

44ndash

246

ndash

M

Toh

er

Th

e lsquoB

ios

Ka

isa

rosrsquo

Plu

tarc

h8

8ca

4

5ndash

12

0 C

EΒίοι

K

Zie

gler

et

al

19

14

ndash1

93

2

19

93

ndash2

00

5 (

new

ed

)A

D

ihle

St

ud

ien

zu

r gr

iech

isch

en

Bio

gra

ph

ie

2nd

ed

19

70

Arr

ian

of

Nic

omed

ia8

98

59

0ndash

aft e

r 1

45

1

46

CE

ndash Ἀλεξάνδρου ἀνάβασις

ndash Ἰνδική

ndash Περίπλους

Εὐξείνου πόντου

AG

R

oo

s an

d G

W

irth

1

90

7ndash

19

28

2

nd

ed

19

67

ndash1

96

8

ndash

A

B

Bos

wor

th

Fro

m A

rria

n t

o

Ale

xan

der

19

88

ndash

E

Sch

wa

rtz

RE

21

(18

96)

1230

ndash12

47

ndash

P

A

Sta

dte

r A

rria

n o

f

Nic

omed

ia

1980

Ap

pia

n o

f A

lexa

nd

ria

90

bef

ore

10

0ndash

aft e

r 1

60

CE

Ῥωμαική

eg

B

P

Vie

reck

et

al

19

62

K

B

rod

erse

n

AN

RW

II

341

(19

93)

33

9ndash36

3

Pa

usa

nia

s91

ca

13

0ndash

18

0 C

EΠεριήγησις τῆς Ἑλλάδος

M

H

Ro

cha-

Per

eira

1

97

3ndash

19

81

2

nd

ed

1

98

9ndash

19

90

C

H

ab

ich

t P

au

san

ias

un

d s

ein

e B

esch

reib

un

g G

riec

hen

lan

ds

198

5

82

Cf

M L

and

fest

er e

d

Ges

chic

hte

566

f N

ick

el L

exik

on 4

39

8

3

Cf

Sch

uumlre

r H

isto

ry 2

4

84

Cf

ib

id

40

85

Cf

ib

id

22ndash

23

It i

s h

ow

ever

vir

tual

ly i

mp

oss

ible

to

day

to

id

enti

fy a

no

ther

his

tori

an m

enti

on

ed b

y S

chuuml

rer

His

tory

27

ndash28

mdashP

tole

mymdash

cf

A

Dih

le ldquo

Pto

lem

aio

s vo

n A

skal

on

rdquo R

E 2

32

(1

95

9)

18

63

S M

atth

aio

s ldquo

Pto

lem

aio

s au

s A

skal

on

rdquo D

NP

10

(2

00

1)

55

8

86

Cf

Nic

kel

Lex

ikon

44

2 7

87

8

7

Cf

ib

id

431ndash

432

858

8

8

Cf

Lan

dfe

ster

Ges

chic

hte

48

9ndash

49

3

89

Cf

ib

id

80ndash

83

90

Cf

ib

id

56ndash

58

91

Cf

ib

id

44

4ndash

44

5

91

92

93

94

95

96

97

98

99

10

01

01

10

21

03

10

41

05

10

61

07

10

8

91

9

2

93

9

4

95

9

6

97

9

8

99

1

00

1

01

1

02

1

03

1

04

1

05

1

06

1

07

1

08


(2)

His

tori

ogr

aph

ical

Au

tho

rs W

ho

Wro

te i

n L

atin

Au

tho

rD

ates

His

tori

ogr

aph

ical

wo

rks

Ed

itio

ns

Seco

nd

ary

lite

ratu

re

Liv

y92

59

BC

Endash

17

CE

Ab

urb

e co

nd

ita

lib

riR

S

Co

nw

ay a

nd

W

F

Wal

ters

(B

oo

ks

1ndash

30

) A

H

M

acD

on

ald

(B

oo

ks

31

ndash3

5)

P

G

Wal

sh

(Bo

ok

s 3

6ndash

40

) 2

nd

ed

1

96

7

19

65

1

99

9

von

Alb

rech

t G

esch

ich

te

659ndash

686

E

Bu

rck

Da

s G

esch

ich

tsw

erk

des

T

Liv

ius

19

92

Q

Del

liu

s93

1st

cen

t B

CE

()

His

tory

of

the

Pa

rth

ian

Ca

mp

aig

nH

RR

25

3M

St

roth

ma

nn

D

NP

3

(199

7)

393

Au

gust

us9

43

1 B

CE

ndash1

4 C

ER

es g

esta

e D

ivi

Au

gust

iH

V

olk

man

n

19

69

vo

n A

lbre

cht

Ges

chic

hte

51

1ndash52

4

Pom

pei

us

Tro

gus9

51

st c

ent

BC

E (

)H

isto

ria

rum

Ph

ilip

pic

aru

m l

ibri

X

LIV

O

Seel

2

nd

ed

1

97

2

von

Alb

rech

t G

esch

ich

te

686ndash

689

O

Seel

A

NR

W

II 3

02

(198

2)

1363

ndash14

23

Asi

niu

s P

olli

o96

1st

cen

t B

CE

()

His

tori

ae

HR

R 2

67

ndash7

0 (

H

Pet

er)

von

Alb

rech

t G

esch

ich

te

655ndash

658

G

Zec

chin

i A

NR

W

II 3

02

(198

2)

1265

ndash12

96

Cre

mu

tiu

s C

ord

us9

7dagger

25

CE

An

na

les

HR

R 2

87

ndash9

0 (

H

Pet

er)

M

Fu

hrm

an

n

DkP

1

1333

ndash13

34

Ga

ius

()

Vel

leiu

s P

ate

rcu

lus9

8

20

19

BC

Endash

aft e

r 3

0 C

EH

isto

ria

Rom

an

aW

S

Wat

t 2

nd

ed

1

99

8

von

Alb

rech

t G

esch

ich

te

841ndash

845

92

Cf

Lan

dfe

ster

Ges

chic

hte

36

2ndash

36

5

93

Cf

Sch

uumlre

r H

isto

ry

24

ndash2

5

It i

s vi

rtu

ally

im

po

ssib

le t

od

ay t

o i

den

tify

an

oth

er h

isto

rian

men

tio

ned

by

Sch

uumlre

r H

isto

ry

27

ndash2

8mdash

An

ton

ius

Juli

anu

smdashcf

als

o H

RR

21

08

ndash1

09

9

4

Cf

Nic

kel

Lex

ikon

56

6 O

n t

he

Hyp

omn

emat

ac

omm

enta

rii

des

Ves

pa

sian

un

d T

itu

s c

f H

RR

21

08

an

d n

72

ab

ove

9

5

Cf

Nic

kel

Lex

ikon

43

7

96

Ibid

42

49

7

Ibid

57

9

8

Cf

Lan

dfe

ster

Ges

chic

hte

63

2ndash

63

4


Tab

le (

2)

(con

t)

Au

tho

rD

ates

His

tori

ogr

aph

ical

wo

rks

Ed

itio

ns

Seco

nd

ary

lite

ratu

re

Va

leri

us

Ma

xim

us9

91

st c

ent

CE

Fa

cta

et

dic

ta m

emor

ab

ilia

J B

risc

oe

19

98

vo

n A

lbre

cht

Ges

chic

hte

85

2ndash85

9 G

M

asl

ako

v

AN

RW

II

321

(19

84)

43

7ndash49

6

Cu

rtiu

s R

ufu

s10

01

st c

ent

CE

His

tori

ae

Ale

xan

dri

Ma

gni

regi

s M

ace

don

um

E

Hed

ick

e 2

19

31

vo

n A

lbre

cht

Ges

chic

hte

85

9ndash86

9 W

R

utz

A

NR

W

II 3

24

(198

6)

2329

ndash23

57

Pom

pon

ius

Mel

a1

01

Mid

-1st

cen

t C

ED

e ch

orog

rap

hia

lib

ri I

IIA

Si

lber

man

1

98

8

von

Alb

rech

t G

esch

ich

te

984

F

La

sser

re

DkP

4

1039

ndash10

40

Pli

ny

the

Eld

er1

02

23

24

CE

ndash7

9 C

EB

ello

rum

Ger

ma

nia

e li

bri

XX

Lo

stvo

n A

lbre

cht

Ges

chic

hte

10

03ndash

1011

P

Cor

nel

ius

Ta

citu

s10

35

5ndash

12

0 C

Endash

d

e vi

ta e

t m

orib

us

Iuli

i A

gric

ola

endash

d

e or

igin

e et

sit

u G

erm

an

oru

mndash

H

isto

ria

endash

A

nn

ale

s

ndash

J D

elz

19

83

ndash

A

Oumln

ner

fors

1

98

3ndash

K

W

elle

sley

1

98

6ndash

H

H

eub

ner

1

97

8

2n

d e

d

19

94

von

Alb

rech

t G

esch

ich

te

869ndash

908

Ga

ius

Suet

oniu

s T

ran

qu

illu

s10

4

ca

70

ndash1

40

CE

ndash

de

viri

s il

lust

rib

us

ndash

de

vita

Ca

esa

rum

ndash

R

A

Kas

ter

19

95

ndash

M

Ihm

1

90

8

19

93

(re

pri

nt)

vo

n A

lbre

cht

Ges

chic

hte

11

04ndash

1119

K

R

B

rad

ley

A

NR

W I

I 33

5 (

1991

)

3701

ndash37

32

9

9

Cf

Lan

dfe

ster

Ges

chic

hte

62

5ndash

62

6

10

0

Cf

ib

id

190ndash

191

10

1

Cf

Nic

kel

Lex

ikon

19

7

10

2

Cf

Lan

dfe

ster

Ges

chic

hte

48

0ndash

48

3

10

3

Cf

ib

id

573ndash

577

10

4

Cf

ib

id

568ndash

570

10

5

Cf

ib

id

247ndash

248


10

6

Cf

Lan

dfe

ster

Ges

chic

hte

45

6ndash

45

9

10

7

Cf

Ho

llad

ay F

ragm

ents

37

1ndash

38

1

10

8

Cf

Lan

dfe

ster

Ges

chic

hte

32

8ndash

33

0

(3)

His

tori

ogr

aph

ical

Wri

ters

in

So

-Cal

led

Ear

ly J

ud

aism

(G

reek

-Sp

eak

ing)

Au

tho

rD

ates

His

tori

ogr

aph

ical

wo

rks

Ed

itio

ns

Seco

nd

ary

Lit

erat

ure

Ph

ilo

of A

lexa

nd

ria

10

6ca

1

5 B

CE

ndash5

0 C

Endash

In

Fla

ccu

mndash

L

ega

tio

ad

Ga

ium

L

Co

hn

et

al

18

96

ndash1

91

5

19

62

(r

epri

nt)

W

H

aa

se (

ed)

A

NR

W I

I 21

1

(198

4)

Just

us

of T

iber

ias1

07

1st

cen

t C

Endash

Ἰουδαίων

βασιλεῖς οἱ

ἐν

τοῖς

στέμμασιν

ndash Ἰουδαικὸς πόλεμος

C

R

Ho

llad

ay

Fra

gmen

ts

38

2ndash

38

7

Sch

uumlre

r H

isto

ry

34ndash

37

T

Ra

jak

ldquoJ

osep

hu

s a

nd

Ju

stu

s of

Tib

eria

srdquo i

n

ead

em

Th

e Je

wis

h D

ialo

gue

wit

h

Gre

ece

an

d R

ome

200

1 1

77ndash

193

Fla

viu

s Jo

sep

hu

s10

83

73

8ndash

ca

10

0 C

Endash

a

nti

qu

ita

tes

Jud

aic

ae

ndash

de

bel

lo I

ud

aic

oB

N

iese

1

88

5ndash

18

95

1

95

5

(rep

rin

t)

P

Bil

de

Fla

viu

s Jo

sep

hu

s B

etw

een

Je

rusa

lem

an

d R

ome

198

8


Th is means that this overview has the following boundaries Authors such as Diodorus Siculus (Bιβλιοθήκη ἱστορική)109 or Dionysius of Halicarnassus (eg Ῥωμαικὴ ἀρχαιολογία)110 are not mentioned in the following tables because the dates of their lives do not belong clearly to the transition to the fi rst century of the Common Era (Dio-dorus fi rst century BCE Dionyius ca 60 BCE-aft er 7 CE) Authors such as Ovid (43 BCEndash17 CE)111 or the Alexandrian Dionysius Per-iegetes (fi rst half of the second century CE)112 are not included because the works they wrote on historical themes are not composed in prose the Fasti of Ovid is in elegiac distiches and the Periegesis of Dionysius is in hexameters

3 Early Christian Literature in the Framework of Ancient Historiography

31 Basic Questions

Th e Greek Hellenistic Jewish Hellenistic and Roman historiographies of the Hellenistic Roman period display distinctive characteristics not only in their language but also in their ideas and choice of subjects In its very origins historiography is closely linked to culture and con-text Th is also applies to the social status of the historian113 In the Hellenistic-Roman period however processes of assimilation begin114

109 Cf Landfester Geschichte 201 Lendle Einfuumlhrung 242ndash244110 Cf Landfester Geschichte 215ndash216 Lendle Einfuumlhrung 239ndash241111 Cf Landfester Geschichte 424ndash425 Gall Literatur 151ndash153112 Cf Landfester Geschichte 213113 For an exemplary study of the question of the social status of Josephus cf G W

Bowersock ldquoForeign Elites at Romerdquo in Flavius Josephus and Flavian Rome ed J Edmondson et al (Oxford Oxford University Press 2005) 53ndash62 A wide fi eld for sociological research opens up here as H Schneider has shown ldquoAt present the mod-ern social history of classical antiquity displays a rich variety of themes the level of education eg the ability to write and read and status symbols are the object of a research which moves between the disciplines and is able to draw on the questions and methodologies of the modern social sciencesrdquo ldquoSozial- und Wirtschaft sgeschichterdquo DNP 153 (2003) 83ndash92 at 90

114 For the early Jewish area following on the studies by V Tcherikover (eg Hel-lenistic Civilization and the Jews [Philadelphia Jewish Publication Society of America 1959]) cf the standard works eg M Hengel ldquoTh e Interpenetration of Judaism and Hellenism in the pre-Maccabean Periodrdquo in Th e Cambridge History of Judaism 2 ed W D Davies and L Finkelstein (Cambridge Cambridge University Press 1989) 167ndash228 E S Gruen Diaspora Jews amidst Greeks and Romans (Cambridge Harvard University Press 2002)


Th e three cultural spheresmdashGreek Roman and Jewishmdashwhich were initially rather independent of each other came into contact and min-gled Th is cultural exchange and transfer took place in specifi c political constellations fi rst in the Hellenistic Macedonian hegemony then in the period of the successor kings and then in the imperial expansion of the Romans Th is can be illustrated by some well-known examples

ndash Diaspora Judaism speaks and writes Greekndash the development of Roman literature fi nds its orientation in earlier

Greek Hellenistic worksndash the Hellenistic historian Polybius discovers the signifi cance of

Roman history for the eastern Mediterranean regionndash the Greek Hellenistic compiler Alexander Polyhistor devotes his

energies to the collection of Jewish historiographical works

Th ese processes of assimilation reach their peak thanks to the geo-graphical expansion of the Roman empire under Augustus and to the consolidation of the political military and institutional structures in the early Imperial period In this period the shared elements of culture become important and one can say that a new type of culture emerges as can be seen (to a limited extent) in the Jewish Hellenistic literature of the fi rst century CE Here we think fi rst of all of Josephus115 but also of some writings by Philo of Alexandria which have at least a partly his-toriographical character (eg the Legatio ad Gaium and In Flaccum)116 It is interesting to see that the Jewish Hellenistic literature shares the common Hellenistic syntheses especially in the fi eld of historiography

115 For a structural comparison between historiographical elements in Josephus and in the Gospel of Mark cf Becker Markus-Evangelium 301ndash303 Only a few structural comparisons with regard to the literary-historical aspects in the historiographical writ-ings of Josephus will be found in C Boumlttrich and J Herzer eds Josephus und das Neue Testament Wechselseitige Wahrnehmungen WUNT 209 (Tuumlbingen Mohr Siebeck 2007) cf the essay by M Vogel ldquoGeschichtsschreibung nach den Regeln von Lob und Tadel Sterbeszenen bei Josephus und im Neuen Testamentrdquo in Josephus ed Boumlttrich and Herzer 535ndash546 On the essence and function of historiography in general cf D E Aune ldquoHistoriographyrdquo in idem Th e Westminster Dictionary of New Testament amp Early Christian Literature amp Rhetoric (Louisville Westminster John Knox Press 2003) 215ndash218

116 Cf table (3) On this cf also P W van der Horst ldquoPhilorsquos In Flaccum and the Book of Actsrdquo in idem Jews and Christians in Th eir Graeco-Roman Context Selected Essays on Early Judaism Samaritanism Hellenism and Christianity WUNT 196 (Tuumlbingen Mohr Siebeck 2006) 98ndash107 and in general cf also Schuumlrer History 859ndash864


Th e genesis of the earliest Christian texts coincides with this situation which is determined politically by the conditions of the early Imperial period and in terms of cultural and literary history by the assimilation processes of the Hellenistic-Roman period In what follows I concen-trate on the texts in the New Testament and then refer only briefl y (see section e) to extra-canonical texts (the so-called Apostolic Fathers apocrypha etc) which are related to historiography and were written at roughly the same time as the New Testament texts

32 Th e Gospels as Historiographical LiteraturemdashExample Th e Gospel of Mark

From Gotthold E Lessing onwards the gospel literature especially the synoptic gospels have been read as history-oriented accounts of the life and work of Jesus of Nazareth117 Modern gospel research118 also sees close links between the gospels and biographical literature the gospels take up elements which are known from the offi cial prophetic biography of the Old Testament (cf Helmut Koester)119 and their genre is comparable to that of the pagan biographies of classical anti-quity (cf Detlev Dormeyer)120 Th e identifi cation of a structural close-ness between the gospels and biographical literature means that they belong to the genre of historiography in the broader sense (cf also Rich-ard A Burridge)121 Adela Yarbro Collins agrees in this basic classifi ca-tion of the gospels as historiographical literature and has recently

117 Cf G E Lessing ldquoTh eses aus der Kirchengeschichterdquo in idem Werke und Briefe in zwoumllf Baumlnden 8 Werke 1774ndash1778 ed A Schilson (Frankfurt Deutscher Klassiker Verlag 1989) 619ndash627 idem Neue Hypothese uumlber die Evangelisten als bloszlig mensch-liche Geschichtsschreiber betrachtet Wolfenbuumlttel 1778 in Werke und Briefe 8629ndash654

118 For an overview of research cf D Dormeyer Das Markus-Evangelium (Darm-stadt Wissenschaft liche Buchgesellschaft 2005) esp 112ndash137 Becker Markus-Evan-gelium 37ndash29

119 Cf H Koester ldquoUumlberlieferung und Geschichte der fruumlhchristlichen Evangelien-literaturrdquo ANRW II 522 (1984) 1463ndash1542 idem ldquoEvangelium II Gattungrdquo RGG 4th ed 2 (1999) 1735ndash1741

120 Cf D Dormeyer and H Frankemoumllle ldquoEvangelium als literarische Gattung und als theologischer Begriff Tendenzen und Aufgaben der Evangelienforschung im 20 Jahrhundert mit einer Untersuchung des Markusevangeliums in seinem Verhaumlltnis zur antiken Biographierdquo ANRW II 252 (1984) 1543ndash1704 Dormeyer Markusevan-gelium 1666ndash1668

121 Cf eg H Cancik ldquoDie Gattung Evangelium Markus im Rahmen der antiken Historiographierdquo in idem Markus-Philologie Historische literargeschichtliche und sti-listische Untersuchungen zum zweiten Evangelium WUNT 33 (Tuumlbingen Mohr [Paul Siebeck] 1984) 85ndash113 R A Burridge What are the Gospels A Comparison with


described the Gospel of Mark more precisely as an historical mono-graph with eschatological tendencies122 Th e literary-historical perspec-tive which reads the gospel writings in the context of ancient historiography concentrates especially on the Gospel of Luke (see below) recently the Gospel of John too has been read in this light (Richard Bauckham)123

Th e discussion of the historiographical character of the Gospel of Mark can be illustrated by a recent approach (2006) I agree that Mark should be classifi ed under historiographical literature in the broader sense124 Unlike the approaches mentioned above my approach demar-cates the Gospel of Mark vis-agrave-vis biographical literature by highlight-ing its (sub-)historiographical character which I describe as follows First on the basis of Mark 11 the theme of the Gospel of Mark is seen as an event-historical monographic narrative of the beginning of the gospel125 Secondly the focus on the fi gure of Jesus is not primarily evaluated against the background of ancient biographies it is seen as a person-centered presentational element which is known from Jewish Hellenistic historiography (Artapanus)126 Th irdly the way in which the Gospel of Mark employs its sources and the interpretation of the historical narrative makes it comparable to works of ancient historiog-raphy (eg Polybius and Sallust)127 In particular the integration of the passion narrative (Mark 14ndash16) which to begin with has clear bio-graphical traits when compared to the ancient exitus literature128 into the total structure of the gospel presentation should be understood as a tendency to emphasize historiographical structures and to reduce

Graeco-Roman Biography SNTSMS 70 (Cambridge Cambridge University Press 1992)

122 Cf A Yarbro Collins Mark A Commentary Hermeneia (Minneapolis Fortress Press 2007) 42 ldquoMark as an Eschatological Historical Monographrdquo eadem ldquoMarkusevangeliumrdquo RGG 4th ed 5 (2002) 842ndash846

123 Cf R Bauckham ldquoHistoriographical Characteristics of the Gospel of Johnrdquo NTS 53 (2007) 17ndash36

124 Cf Becker Markus-Evangelium eadem ldquoTh e Gospel of Mark in the Context of Ancient Historiographyrdquo in Th e Function of Ancient Historiography in Biblical and Cognate Studies ed P G Kirkpatrick and T Goltz (New York T amp T Clark 2008) 124ndash134

125 Cf Becker Markus-Evangelium 102ndash104126 Cf ibid 178ndash180127 Cf ibid 149ndash151 213ndash215128 Cf eg U Eigler ldquoExitus illustrium virorumrdquo DNP 4 (1998) 344ndash345 F A

Marx ldquoTacitus und die Literatur der exitus illustrium virorumrdquo Phil 92 (1937) 83ndash103 A Ronconi ldquoExitus illustrium virorumrdquo RAC 6 (1966) 1258ndash1268


biographical narrative traits (cf also Tacitus Ann 1560ndash62)129 Th is means that the Gospel of Mark is a sub-historiographical writing and forms a genre sui generis in the fi eld of Hellenistic historiography in the broader sense

33 Th e Lukan Writings as Historiographical Literature

Th e so-called Lukan double work has a special position in historio-graphical research Here Martin Dibelius130 and Ernst Haenchen131 and most recently the studies by Eckhard Pluumlmacher132 have inter-preted the author Luke especially in the Acts of the Apostles as an historian133 In this context the comparison with Hellenistic-Roman historiography has led scholars to make a detailed identifi cation of historiographical narrative and stylistic elements (eg the motifs of miracles134 and the topos of the praefationes)135 Besides this the fol-lowing formal elements are ldquodecisiverdquo for the classifi cation of the Acts

129 Cf Becker Markus-Evangelium 362ndash364130 Cf eg M Dibelius ldquoDie Reden der Apostelgeschichte und die antike Geschichts-

schreibungrdquo (1949) in idem Aufsaumltze zur Apostelgeschichte ed H Greeven 5th edFRLANT 42 (Goumlttingen Vandenhoeck amp Ruprecht 1968) 120ndash162

131 Cf E Haenchen Die Apostelgeschichte 6th ed KEK 3 (Goumlttingen Vandenhoeck amp Ruprecht 1968) 81ndash83

132 Cf E Pluumlmacher ldquoLukas als griechischer Historikerrdquo RES 14 (1974) 235ndash264 idem ldquoGeschichtsschreibung IV Biblisch 2 Neues Testamentrdquo RGG 3rd ed (2000) 808 Cf also various essays in idem Geschichte und Geschichten Aufsaumltze zur Apostel-geschichte und zu den Johannesakten ed J Schroumlter and R Brucker WUNT 170 (Tuumlbingen Mohr Siebeck 2004) Cf most recently also idem ldquoHellenistische Ge-schichtsschreibung im Neuen Testament Die Apostelgeschichterdquo in Geschichte und Vergangenheit Rekonstruktion Deutung Fiktion ed U H J Koumlrtner (Neukirchen-Vluyn Neukirchener Verlag 2007) 115ndash127

133 Cf also D E Aune Th e New Testament in Its Literary Environment (Cambridge Westminster Press 1987) 77ndash79 D Dormeyer Das Neue Testament im Rahmen der antiken Literaturgeschichte Eine Einfuumlhrung (Darmstadt Wissenschaft liche Buchge-sellschaft 1993) 228ndash230 J Schroumlter ldquoLukas als Historiograph Das lukanische Dop-pelwerk und die Entdeckung der christlichen Heilsgeschichterdquo in Die antike Historiographie und die Anfaumlnge der fruumlhchristlichen Geschichtsschreibung ed Becker 237ndash262

134 Cf eg E Pluumlmacher ldquoTερατεία Fiktion und Wunder in der hellenistisch-roumlmi-schen Geschichtsschreibung und in der Apostelgeschichterdquo in idem Geschichte und Geschichten ed Schroumlter and Brucker 33ndash83

135 Cf L C A Alexander ldquoTh e Preface to Acts and the Historiansrdquo in History Literature and Society in the Book of Acts ed B Witherington (Cambridge Cam-bridge University Press 1996) 73ndash103 D E Aune ldquoPrefacerdquo in idem Th e Westmin-ster Dictionary of New Testament amp Early Christian Literature amp Rhetoric 367ndash372 esp at 369ndash371


of the Apostles under historiographical literature ldquoa foreword syn-chronization speeches and lettersrdquo136 In the case of the Gospel of Luke the closeness of the author and his work to Hellenistic-Roman historiography is much discussed137 especially by Anglo-American exegetes138 In this context the praefatio or prooemium at Luke 11ndash4 is signifi cant since it recalls the topos of ancient historiographers (cf also Josephus War 11ndash30)139 We also fi nd other individual narrative and compositional historiographical elements in the Gospel of Luke eg the synchronisms in Luke 21 and 31 the speeches (Luke 620ndash22 217ndash9) or the itineraryπερίπλους (Luke 951ndash53)140

34 Texts and Forms in the New Testament Literature Related to the Historiographical Genre

We now present texts and forms which display two characteristics that were described above as typical of historiography in the broader sense these are texts written in prose which are concerned with the interpre-tation of history Unlike the gospel literature and the Acts of the Apos-tles however these are mostly shorter individual texts which are a part of a larger writing that cannot be classifi ed under the macro-genre of historiography because of its own specifi c characteristics Such texts belong rather to the genre of letter or apocalypse

136 J Jervell Die Apostelgeschichte KEK 3 (Goumlttingen Vandenhoeck amp Ruprecht 1998) 77 Jervell classifi es Acts more precisely as ldquotragic historiographyrdquo 78)

137 However this question is not raised in the two most recent German commen-taries on the Gospel of Luke when they discuss the genre of the Gospel cf H Klein Das Lukasevangelium KEK I3 (Goumlttingen Vandenhoeck amp Ruprecht 2006) M Wolter Das Lukasevangelium HNT 5 (Tuumlbingen Mohr Siebeck 2008)

138 Cf eg J Fitzmyer Th e Gospel According to Luke IndashIX AB 28 (New York Dou-bleday 1981) 171ndash173 F Bovon Das Evangelium nach Lukas 1 Teilband (Lk 11ndash950 EKK III1 (Neukirchen-Vluyn Neukirchener Verlag 1989) 18ndash19 J B Green Th e Gospel of Luke NICNT (Grand Rapids Eerdmans 1997) 1ndash6 Cf also Aune New Testament 80ndash82

139 Cf Fitzmyer Gospel 287ndash289 Green Gospel 33ndash35 and most recently Wolter Lukasevangelium 57ndash61 On research into the Lukan prologue cf in general L Alex-ander Th e Preface to Lukersquos Gospel Literary Convention and Social Context in Luke 11ndash4 and Acts 11 (Cambridge Cambridge University Press 1993)

140 Cf most recently Wolter Lukasevangelium 364ndash366


1 Autobiographical passages in PaulTo the extent that autobiographical narrationes have an historio-graphical tendency (cf my remarks above on the hupomnecircmatacommentarii) some passages in the Pauline letters come close in their intention to historiography141 Here Galatians 1ndash2 and 2 Corinthians11ndash12 are particularly relevant Th e themes which Paul treats autobio-graphically vary between an account of his previous missionary activ-ity (1 Th ess 1 3 1 Cor 2ndash3) and a refl ection on his own person in the light of his vocation (eg 1 Cor 153ndash5) and his apostolate or apostolic mode of life (eg 1 Cor 9)142

2 Prophecy apocalyptic and the interpretation of historyProphetic and apocalyptic texts also come under the heading of histo-riographical literature where they formulate a look back on history andor eschatological scenarios which are the outcome of the percep-tion and interpretation of historical events and experiences Th is has prompted Georges Minois to see an historical and historiographical dimension in oracles and prophecies143 In the New Testament litera-ture144 the most prominent apocalyptic texts are Mark 13 parr and the Apocalypse of John145 Th ese have the function of interpreting and coping with history In the literature of the so-called Apostolic Fathers the concluding chapter of the Didache (16) can be called an apocalyp-tic text146

141 On this cf E-M Becker ldquoAutobiographisches bei Paulus Aspekte und Aufga-benrdquo in Biographie und Persoumlnlichkeit des Paulus ed E-M Becker and P Pilhofer WUNT 187 (Tuumlbingen Mohr Siebeck 20052009) 67ndash87 esp 73ndash75 O Wischmeyer ldquoPaulus als Ich-Erzaumlhler Ein Beitrag zu seiner Person seiner Biographie und seiner Th eologierdquo in Biographie ed Becker and Pilhofer 88ndash105

142 On this overview cf Becker ldquoAutobiographischesrdquo 82ndash83143 Cf G Minois Geschichte der Zukunft Orakel Prophezeiungen Utopien Progno-

sen (Duumlsseldorf and Zurich Artemis and Winkler 1998)144 On this cf P Vielhauer and G Strecker ldquoEinleitungrdquo in Schneemelcher Apo-

kryphen 2 491ndash515 esp at 495ndash497145 Cf Vielhauer and G Strecker ldquoEinleitungrdquo 525ndash527 On the special question of

the historicaltemporal dimensions of the Apocalypse of John cf D E Aune Revela-tion 1ndash5 WBC 52A (Dallas Word Books 1997) lxxxivndashlxxxv

146 Cf Vielhauer and Strecker ldquoEinleitungrdquo 535ndash537


35 Texts and Forms in the New Testament Apocrypha Related to the Historiographical Genre

In conclusion I mention the texts and writings from the fi eld of the so-called New Testament apocrypha which are related to the his-toriographical genre and may have been composed in the New Testament period as this was defi ned above ie no later than the mid-second century Once again these are prose texts which are concerned with the interpretation of history Th ese texts must be distinguished from others such as the Coptic Gospel of Th omas147 and the Gospel of Philip148 which belong to the literary genre of the collection of logia or fl orilegium from the Shepherd of Hermas which is a parenetic text149 and from so-called revelation dialogues such as the Book of Th omas150 Th e overview in Table (4) attempts to classify the relevant texts and writings under the three literary forms and genres (gospel Acts-literature related formsapocalypses) which we already fi nd in the New Testament literature Th is also brings to light literary-historical continuities and developments between New Testament literature and Christian literature outside the New Testament and shows their closeness to the historiographical macro-genre151

147 Cf B Blatz ldquoDas koptische Th omasevangeliumrdquo in Schneemelcher Apokryphen 1 esp 93ndash97

148 Cf H-M Schenke ldquoDas Evangelium nach Philippusrdquo in Schneemelcher Apo-kryphen 1 esp 148ndash154

149 Cf Vielhauer and Strecker ldquoEinleitungrdquo 537ndash547 Moreschini and Norelli Lite-rature 160ndash165

150 Cf H-M Schenke ldquoDas Buch des Th omasrdquo in Schneemelcher Apokryphen 1 esp 192ndash198

151 Th is article is dedicated to Wolfgang Wischmeyer Vienna on the occasion of his 65th birthday (5 October 2009)


15

1

On

th

is

cf

in g

ener

al

wh

ere

no

oth

er w

ork

s ar

e m

enti

on

ed

Sch

nee

mel

cher

A

pok

ryp

hen

1 a

nd

2

Mo

resc

hin

i an

d N

ore

lli

Lit

era

ture

F

or

furt

her

sec

on

dar

y li

tera

rure

cf

th

e in

div

idu

al a

rtic

les

in S

Douml

pp

an

d W

Gee

rlin

gs e

ds

Lex

ikon

der

an

tike

n c

hri

stli

chen

Lit

era

tur

3rd

ed

(F

reib

urg

H

erd

er 2

00

2)

Th

e gr

eat

diffi

cu

ltie

s in

dat

ing

this

lite

ratu

re a

re w

ell k

no

wn

mo

st o

f th

ese

text

s ar

e ldquofl

ow

ing

text

srdquo

Sin

ce s

cho

lars

oft

en p

rop

ose

dat

es

earl

ier

than

th

e m

id-s

eco

nd

cen

tury

ho

wev

er t

hey

are

in

clu

ded

in

th

is t

able

1

52

Cf

th

e ge

ner

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 DEU 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FRA 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GRE 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HEB 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 HRV 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 HUN 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 ITA 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 JPN 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 KOR ltFEFFc7740020c124c815c7440020c0acc6a9d558c5ec0020d654ba740020d45cc2dc002c0020c804c7900020ba54c77c002c0020c778d130b137c5d00020ac00c7a50020c801d569d55c002000410064006f0062006500200050004400460020bb38c11cb97c0020c791c131d569b2c8b2e4002e0020c774b807ac8c0020c791c131b41c00200050004400460020bb38c11cb2940020004100630072006f0062006100740020bc0f002000410064006f00620065002000520065006100640065007200200035002e00300020c774c0c1c5d0c11c0020c5f40020c2180020c788c2b5b2c8b2e4002egt LTH 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 LVI 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 NLD (Gebruik deze instellingen om Adobe PDF-documenten te maken die zijn geoptimaliseerd voor weergave op een beeldscherm e-mail en internet De gemaakte PDF-documenten kunnen worden geopend met Acrobat en Adobe Reader 50 en hoger) NOR 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 POL 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 PTB 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 RUM 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 RUS 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 SKY ltFEFF0054006900650074006f0020006e006100730074006100760065006e0069006100200070006f0075017e0069007400650020006e00610020007600790074007600e100720061006e0069006500200064006f006b0075006d0065006e0074006f0076002000410064006f006200650020005000440046002c0020006b0074006f007200e90020007300610020006e0061006a006c0065007001610069006500200068006f0064006900610020006e00610020007a006f006200720061007a006f00760061006e006900650020006e00610020006f006200720061007a006f0076006b0065002c00200070006f007300690065006c0061006e0069006500200065002d006d00610069006c006f006d002000610020006e006100200049006e007400650072006e00650074002e00200056007900740076006f00720065006e00e900200064006f006b0075006d0065006e007400790020005000440046002000620075006400650020006d006f017e006e00e90020006f00740076006f00720069016500200076002000700072006f006700720061006d006f006300680020004100630072006f00620061007400200061002000410064006f00620065002000520065006100640065007200200035002e0030002000610020006e006f0076016100ed00630068002egt SLV ltFEFF005400650020006e006100730074006100760069007400760065002000750070006f0072006100620069007400650020007a00610020007500730074007600610072006a0061006e006a006500200064006f006b0075006d0065006e0074006f0076002000410064006f006200650020005000440046002c0020006b006900200073006f0020006e0061006a007000720069006d00650072006e0065006a016100690020007a00610020007000720069006b0061007a0020006e00610020007a00610073006c006f006e0075002c00200065002d0070006f01610074006f00200069006e00200069006e007400650072006e00650074002e00200020005500730074007600610072006a0065006e006500200064006f006b0075006d0065006e0074006500200050004400460020006a00650020006d006f0067006f010d00650020006f0064007000720065007400690020007a0020004100630072006f00620061007400200069006e002000410064006f00620065002000520065006100640065007200200035002e003000200069006e0020006e006f00760065006a01610069006d002egt SUO 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 SVE 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 TUR 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 UKR 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 ENU (Brill Webready 2v1) gtgt Namespace [ (Adobe) (Common) (10) ] OtherNamespaces [ ltlt AsReaderSpreads false CropImagesToFrames true ErrorControl WarnAndContinue FlattenerIgnoreSpreadOverrides false IncludeGuidesGrids false IncludeNonPrinting false IncludeSlug false Namespace [ (Adobe) (InDesign) (40) ] OmitPlacedBitmaps false OmitPlacedEPS false OmitPlacedPDF false SimulateOverprint Legacy gtgt ltlt AddBleedMarks false AddColorBars false AddCropMarks false AddPageInfo false AddRegMarks false BleedOffset [ 0 0 0 0 ] ConvertColors NoConversion DestinationProfileName (None) DestinationProfileSelector WorkingCMYK Downsample16BitImages true FlattenerPreset ltlt PresetSelector MediumResolution gtgt FormElements false GenerateStructure false IncludeBookmarks true IncludeHyperlinks false IncludeInteractive false IncludeLayers false IncludeProfiles true MarksOffset 6 MarksWeight 0250000 MultimediaHandling UseObjectSettings Namespace [ (Adobe) (CreativeSuite) (20) ] PDFXOutputIntentProfileSelector WorkingCMYK PageMarksFile RomanDefault PreserveEditing false UntaggedCMYKHandling LeaveUntagged UntaggedRGBHandling 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Testament texts and writings as a literary-historical phenomenon3 ie as a process of a thematical and formal adaptation and transformation of certain types of ancient historiographical literary possibilities Th e comparative criterion consists of stories which tell a story ie historiographical texts in the narrower and broader senses of this term4 Th e New Testament period is understood as the space of time in which those early Christian texts and writings came into being which were later collected in the canon of the so-called New Testament ie the fi rst century and the fi rst third of the second century of the Common Era

In the fi rst section of this essay (1) I shall describe the literary-historical presuppositions of the composition of historiographical lit-erature in this period Th ese are determined by the Hellenistic period culture and literature5 In the second section (2) I present signifi cant literary-historical developments and literary representatives of the his-toriographical literature in the so-called early Imperial period (ca 30 BCEndashca 120 CE) in the Greek-Hellenistic Roman and early Jewish spheres In the third section (3) I shall discuss where early Christian texts especially the gospel literature belong in the framework of the literary history of Hellenistic historiography

1 Th emes Types and Forms of Hellenistic Historiography

11 Basic Questions

Historiographical literature in the Hellenistic age6 produces a variety of themes types and forms On the one hand these display culturally specifi c features in the Greek Roman and early Jewish spheres eg the literary elaboration of the period of Alexander and his successor

3 K Backhaus and G Haumlfner Historiographie und fi ktionales Erzaumlhlen Zur Kon-struktivitaumlt in Geschichtstheorie und Exegese BTh St 86 (Neukirchen-Vluyn Neukirch-ener Verlag 2007) choose a philological rather than a literary-historical approach

4 On the defi nition of historiographical texts see below5 For an introduction to the history of research into historiography cf Flach

Geschichtsschreibung 1ndash36 Th e defi nition of ldquoHellenismrdquo which is relevant to cultural and literary history

follows the classic defi nitions in the study of the classical period since J G Droysen Cf eg D Timpe ldquoHellenismus Irdquo RGG 4th ed 3 (2000) 1609ndash1610 Cf most recently also B Meiszligner Hellenismus (Darmstadt Wissenschaft liche Buchgesellschaft 2007)







































































































21 Basic Questions


















828384858687888990








(1)

His

tori

ogr

aph

ical

Au

tho

rs W

ho

Wro

te i

n G

reek

Au

tho

rD

ates

His

tori

ogr

aph

ical

wo

rks

Ed

itio

ns

Seco

nd

ary

lite

ratu

re

Stra

bo

of A

ma

seia

82

ca

62

BC

Endash

24

CE


ndash

His

tori

ka h

ypom

nem

ata

ndash

A

Mei

nek

e 1

85

2ndash

18

53

S R

adt

20

02

ndash2

00

5

ndash

FG

rHis

t 9

1

ndash

W

Aly

St

rab

onis

Geo

gra

ph

ica

Vol

4

195

7ndash

L

end

le

Ein

fuumlh

run

g 2

37ndash

238

Hyp

sicr

ate

s83

1st

cen

t B

CE

()

Fra

gmen

ts o

f an

his

tori

cal

wo

rkF

GrH

ist

19

0K

M

eist

er

DN

P 5

(19

98)

821

Teu

cros

of

Cyz

igu

s84

1st

cen

t B

CE

Inte

r a

lia

Jew

ish

His

tory

FG

rHis

t 2

74

K

Mei

ster

D

NP

12

1 (2

002)

20

5

Tim

age

nes

of

Ale

xan

dri

a8

51

st c

ent

BC

E (


FG

rHis

t 8

8K

M

eist

er

DN

P 1

21

(200

2)

573

Ga

ius

Iuli

us

Iub

a8

62

5 B

CE

ndash2

3 C

Endash

H

omoi

otet

esndash

R

hom

aik

e a

rch

aio

logi

andash

F

GrH

ist

27

5ndash

F

GrH

ist

27

5F

Ja

cob

y R

E 9

2 (

1916

)

2384

ndash23

95

Nic

hol

as

of D

am

asc

us8

7

ca

64

BC

EἹστορίαι

ndash

Vit

a d

es A

ugu

stu

sndash

F

GrH

ist

90

ndash

FG

rHis

t 9

0ndash

L

end

le

Ein

fuumlh

run

g 2

44ndash

246

ndash

M

Toh

er

Th

e lsquoB

ios

Ka

isa

rosrsquo

Plu

tarc

h8

8ca

4

5ndash

12

0 C

EΒίοι

K

Zie

gler

et

al

19

14

ndash1

93

2

19

93

ndash2

00

5 (

new

ed

)A

D

ihle

St

ud

ien

zu

r gr

iech

isch

en

Bio

gra

ph

ie

2nd

ed

19

70

Arr

ian

of

Nic

omed

ia8

98

59

0ndash

aft e

r 1

45

1

46

CE


ndash Ἰνδική



AG

R

oo

s an

d G

W

irth

1

90

7ndash

19

28

2

nd

ed

19

67

ndash1

96

8

ndash

A

B

Bos

wor

th

Fro

m A

rria

n t

o

Ale

xan

der

19

88

ndash

E

Sch

wa

rtz

RE

21

(18

96)

1230

ndash12

47

ndash

P

A

Sta

dte

r A

rria

n o

f

Nic

omed

ia

1980

Ap

pia

n o

f A

lexa

nd

ria

90

bef

ore

10

0ndash

aft e

r 1

60

CE

Ῥωμαική

eg

B

P

Vie

reck

et

al

19

62

K

B

rod

erse

n

AN

RW

II

341

(19

93)

33

9ndash36

3

Pa

usa

nia

s91

ca

13

0ndash

18

0 C


M

H

Ro

cha-

Per

eira

1

97

3ndash

19

81

2

nd

ed

1

98

9ndash

19

90

C

H

ab

ich

t P

au

san

ias

un

d s

ein

e B

esch

reib

un

g G

riec

hen

lan

ds

198

5

82

Cf

M L

and

fest

er e

d

Ges

chic

hte

566

f N

ick

el L

exik

on 4

39

8

3

Cf

Sch

uumlre

r H

isto

ry 2

4

84

Cf

ib

id

40

85

Cf

ib

id

22ndash

23

It i

s h

ow

ever

vir

tual

ly i

mp

oss

ible

to

day

to

id

enti

fy a

no

ther

his

tori

an m

enti

on

ed b

y S

chuuml

rer

His

tory

27

ndash28

mdashP

tole

mymdash

cf

A

Dih

le ldquo

Pto

lem

aio

s vo

n A

skal

on

rdquo R

E 2

32

(1

95

9)

18

63

S M

atth

aio

s ldquo

Pto

lem

aio

s au

s A

skal

on

rdquo D

NP

10

(2

00

1)

55

8

86

Cf

Nic

kel

Lex

ikon

44

2 7

87

8

7

Cf

ib

id

431ndash

432

858

8

8

Cf

Lan

dfe

ster

Ges

chic

hte

48

9ndash

49

3

89

Cf

ib

id

80ndash

83

90

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ib

id

56ndash

58

91

Cf

ib

id

44

4ndash

44

5

91

92

93

94

95

96

97

98

99

10

01

01

10

21

03

10

41

05

10

61

07

10

8

91

9

2

93

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4

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9

6

97

9

8

99

1

00

1

01

1

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03

1

04

1

05

1

06

1

07

1

08


(2)

His

tori

ogr

aph

ical

Au

tho

rs W

ho

Wro

te i

n L

atin

Au

tho

rD

ates

His

tori

ogr

aph

ical

wo

rks

Ed

itio

ns

Seco

nd

ary

lite

ratu

re

Liv

y92

59

BC

Endash

17

CE

Ab

urb

e co

nd

ita

lib

riR

S

Co

nw

ay a

nd

W

F

Wal

ters

(B

oo

ks

1ndash

30

) A

H

M

acD

on

ald

(B

oo

ks

31

ndash3

5)

P

G

Wal

sh

(Bo

ok

s 3

6ndash

40

) 2

nd

ed

1

96

7

19

65

1

99

9

von

Alb

rech

t G

esch

ich

te

659ndash

686

E

Bu

rck

Da

s G

esch

ich

tsw

erk

des

T

Liv

ius

19

92

Q

Del

liu

s93

1st

cen

t B

CE

()

His

tory

of

the

Pa

rth

ian

Ca

mp

aig

nH

RR

25

3M

St

roth

ma

nn

D

NP

3

(199

7)

393

Au

gust

us9

43

1 B

CE

ndash1

4 C

ER

es g

esta

e D

ivi

Au

gust

iH

V

olk

man

n

19

69

vo

n A

lbre

cht

Ges

chic

hte

51

1ndash52

4

Pom

pei

us

Tro

gus9

51

st c

ent

BC

E (

)H

isto

ria

rum

Ph

ilip

pic

aru

m l

ibri

X

LIV

O

Seel

2

nd

ed

1

97

2

von

Alb

rech

t G

esch

ich

te

686ndash

689

O

Seel

A

NR

W

II 3

02

(198

2)

1363

ndash14

23

Asi

niu

s P

olli

o96

1st

cen

t B

CE

()

His

tori

ae

HR

R 2

67

ndash7

0 (

H

Pet

er)

von

Alb

rech

t G

esch

ich

te

655ndash

658

G

Zec

chin

i A

NR

W

II 3

02

(198

2)

1265

ndash12

96

Cre

mu

tiu

s C

ord

us9

7dagger

25

CE

An

na

les

HR

R 2

87

ndash9

0 (

H

Pet

er)

M

Fu

hrm

an

n

DkP

1

1333

ndash13

34

Ga

ius

()

Vel

leiu

s P

ate

rcu

lus9

8

20

19

BC

Endash

aft e

r 3

0 C

EH

isto

ria

Rom

an

aW

S

Wat

t 2

nd

ed

1

99

8

von

Alb

rech

t G

esch

ich

te

841ndash

845

92

Cf

Lan

dfe

ster

Ges

chic

hte

36

2ndash

36

5

93

Cf

Sch

uumlre

r H

isto

ry

24

ndash2

5

It i

s vi

rtu

ally

im

po

ssib

le t

od

ay t

o i

den

tify

an

oth

er h

isto

rian

men

tio

ned

by

Sch

uumlre

r H

isto

ry

27

ndash2

8mdash

An

ton

ius

Juli

anu

smdashcf

als

o H

RR

21

08

ndash1

09

9

4

Cf

Nic

kel

Lex

ikon

56

6 O

n t

he

Hyp

omn

emat

ac

omm

enta

rii

des

Ves

pa

sian

un

d T

itu

s c

f H

RR

21

08

an

d n

72

ab

ove

9

5

Cf

Nic

kel

Lex

ikon

43

7

96

Ibid

42

49

7

Ibid

57

9

8

Cf

Lan

dfe

ster

Ges

chic

hte

63

2ndash

63

4


Tab

le (

2)

(con

t)

Au

tho

rD

ates

His

tori

ogr

aph

ical

wo

rks

Ed

itio

ns

Seco

nd

ary

lite

ratu

re

Va

leri

us

Ma

xim

us9

91

st c

ent

CE

Fa

cta

et

dic

ta m

emor

ab

ilia

J B

risc

oe

19

98

vo

n A

lbre

cht

Ges

chic

hte

85

2ndash85

9 G

M

asl

ako

v

AN

RW

II

321

(19

84)

43

7ndash49

6

Cu

rtiu

s R

ufu

s10

01

st c

ent

CE

His

tori

ae

Ale

xan

dri

Ma

gni

regi

s M

ace

don

um

E

Hed

ick

e 2

19

31

vo

n A

lbre

cht

Ges

chic

hte

85

9ndash86

9 W

R

utz

A

NR

W

II 3

24

(198

6)

2329

ndash23

57

Pom

pon

ius

Mel

a1

01

Mid

-1st

cen

t C

ED

e ch

orog

rap

hia

lib

ri I

IIA

Si

lber

man

1

98

8

von

Alb

rech

t G

esch

ich

te

984

F

La

sser

re

DkP

4

1039

ndash10

40

Pli

ny

the

Eld

er1

02

23

24

CE

ndash7

9 C

EB

ello

rum

Ger

ma

nia

e li

bri

XX

Lo

stvo

n A

lbre

cht

Ges

chic

hte

10

03ndash

1011

P

Cor

nel

ius

Ta

citu

s10

35

5ndash

12

0 C

Endash

d

e vi

ta e

t m

orib

us

Iuli

i A

gric

ola

endash

d

e or

igin

e et

sit

u G

erm

an

oru

mndash

H

isto

ria

endash

A

nn

ale

s

ndash

J D

elz

19

83

ndash

A

Oumln

ner

fors

1

98

3ndash

K

W

elle

sley

1

98

6ndash

H

H

eub

ner

1

97

8

2n

d e

d

19

94

von

Alb

rech

t G

esch

ich

te

869ndash

908

Ga

ius

Suet

oniu

s T

ran

qu

illu

s10

4

ca

70

ndash1

40

CE

ndash

de

viri

s il

lust

rib

us

ndash

de

vita

Ca

esa

rum

ndash

R

A

Kas

ter

19

95

ndash

M

Ihm

1

90

8

19

93

(re

pri

nt)

vo

n A

lbre

cht

Ges

chic

hte

11

04ndash

1119

K

R

B

rad

ley

A

NR

W I

I 33

5 (

1991

)

3701

ndash37

32

9

9

Cf

Lan

dfe

ster

Ges

chic

hte

62

5ndash

62

6

10

0

Cf

ib

id

190ndash

191

10

1

Cf

Nic

kel

Lex

ikon

19

7

10

2

Cf

Lan

dfe

ster

Ges

chic

hte

48

0ndash

48

3

10

3

Cf

ib

id

573ndash

577

10

4

Cf

ib

id

568ndash

570

10

5

Cf

ib

id

247ndash

248


10

6

Cf

Lan

dfe

ster

Ges

chic

hte

45

6ndash

45

9

10

7

Cf

Ho

llad

ay F

ragm

ents

37

1ndash

38

1

10

8

Cf

Lan

dfe

ster

Ges

chic

hte

32

8ndash

33

0

(3)

His

tori

ogr

aph

ical

Wri

ters

in

So

-Cal

led

Ear

ly J

ud

aism

(G

reek

-Sp

eak

ing)

Au

tho

rD

ates

His

tori

ogr

aph

ical

wo

rks

Ed

itio

ns

Seco

nd

ary

Lit

erat

ure

Ph

ilo

of A

lexa

nd

ria

10

6ca

1

5 B

CE

ndash5

0 C

Endash

In

Fla

ccu

mndash

L

ega

tio

ad

Ga

ium

L

Co

hn

et

al

18

96

ndash1

91

5

19

62

(r

epri

nt)

W

H

aa

se (

ed)

A

NR

W I

I 21

1

(198

4)

Just

us

of T

iber

ias1

07

1st

cen

t C

Endash

Ἰουδαίων


ἐν

τοῖς

στέμμασιν


C

R

Ho

llad

ay

Fra

gmen

ts

38

2ndash

38

7

Sch

uumlre

r H

isto

ry

34ndash

37

T

Ra

jak

ldquoJ

osep

hu

s a

nd

Ju

stu

s of

Tib

eria

srdquo i

n

ead

em

Th

e Je

wis

h D

ialo

gue

wit

h

Gre

ece

an

d R

ome

200

1 1

77ndash

193

Fla

viu

s Jo

sep

hu

s10

83

73

8ndash

ca

10

0 C

Endash

a

nti

qu

ita

tes

Jud

aic

ae

ndash

de

bel

lo I

ud

aic

oB

N

iese

1

88

5ndash

18

95

1

95

5

(rep

rin

t)

P

Bil

de

Fla

viu

s Jo

sep

hu

s B

etw

een

Je

rusa

lem

an

d R

ome

198

8




31 Basic Questions






































































15

1

On

th

is

cf

in g

ener

al

wh

ere

no

oth

er w

ork

s ar

e m

enti

on

ed

Sch

nee

mel

cher

A

pok

ryp

hen

1 a

nd

2

Mo

resc

hin

i an

d N

ore

lli

Lit

era

ture

F

or

furt

her

sec

on

dar

y li

tera

rure

cf

th

e in

div

idu

al a

rtic

les

in S

Douml

pp

an

d W

Gee

rlin

gs e

ds

Lex

ikon

der

an

tike

n c

hri

stli

chen

Lit

era

tur

3rd

ed

(F

reib

urg

H

erd

er 2

00

2)

Th

e gr

eat

diffi

cu

ltie

s in

dat

ing

this

lite

ratu

re a

re w

ell k

no

wn

mo

st o

f th

ese

text

s ar

e ldquofl

ow

ing

text

srdquo

Sin

ce s

cho

lars

oft

en p

rop

ose

dat

es

earl

ier

than

th

e m

id-s

eco

nd

cen

tury

ho

wev

er t

hey

are

in

clu

ded

in

th

is t

able

1

52

Cf

th

e ge

ner

al i

ntr

od

uct

ion

in

Mo

resc

hin

i an

d N

ore

lli

Lit

erat

ure

15

3ndash

15

7

15

3

Cf

P V

ielh

auer

an

d G

Str

eck

er ldquo

Jud

ench

rist

lich

e E

van

geli

enrdquo

in

Sch

nee

mel

cher

Ap

okry

phen

1 1

14

ndash1

47

Mo

resc

hin

i an

d N

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FRA 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HEB ltFEFF05D405E905EA05DE05E905D5002005D105D405D205D305E805D505EA002005D005DC05D4002005DB05D305D9002005DC05D905E605D505E8002005DE05E105DE05DB05D9002000410064006F006200650020005000440046002005D405DE05D505EA05D005DE05D905DD002005DC05EA05E605D505D205EA002005DE05E105DA002C002005D305D505D005E8002005D005DC05E705D805E805D505E005D9002005D505D405D005D905E005D805E805E005D8002E002005DE05E105DE05DB05D90020005000440046002005E905E005D505E605E805D5002005E005D905EA05E005D905DD002005DC05E405EA05D905D705D4002005D105D005DE05E605E205D505EA0020004100630072006F006200610074002005D5002D00410064006F00620065002000520065006100640065007200200035002E0030002005D505D205E805E105D005D505EA002005DE05EA05E705D305DE05D505EA002005D905D505EA05E8002E002D0033002C002005E205D905D905E005D5002005D105DE05D305E805D905DA002005DC05DE05E905EA05DE05E9002005E905DC0020004100630072006F006200610074002E002005DE05E105DE05DB05D90020005000440046002005E905E005D505E605E805D5002005E005D905EA05E005D905DD002005DC05E405EA05D905D705D4002005D105D005DE05E605E205D505EA0020004100630072006F006200610074002005D5002D00410064006F00620065002000520065006100640065007200200035002E0030002005D505D205E805E105D005D505EA002005DE05EA05E705D305DE05D505EA002005D905D505EA05E8002Egt HRV 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 HUN 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 ITA ltFEFF005500740069006c0069007a007a006100720065002000710075006500730074006500200069006d0070006f007300740061007a0069006f006e00690020007000650072002000630072006500610072006500200064006f00630075006d0065006e00740069002000410064006f00620065002000500044004600200070006900f9002000610064006100740074006900200070006500720020006c0061002000760069007300750061006c0069007a007a0061007a0069006f006e0065002000730075002000730063006800650072006d006f002c0020006c006100200070006f00730074006100200065006c0065007400740072006f006e0069006300610020006500200049006e007400650072006e00650074002e0020004900200064006f00630075006d0065006e007400690020005000440046002000630072006500610074006900200070006f00730073006f006e006f0020006500730073006500720065002000610070006500720074006900200063006f006e0020004100630072006f00620061007400200065002000410064006f00620065002000520065006100640065007200200035002e003000200065002000760065007200730069006f006e006900200073007500630063006500730073006900760065002egt JPN ltFEFF753b97624e0a3067306e8868793a3001307e305f306f96fb5b5030e130fc30eb308430a430f330bf30fc30cd30c330c87d4c7531306790014fe13059308b305f3081306e002000410064006f0062006500200050004400460020658766f8306e4f5c6210306b9069305730663044307e305930023053306e8a2d5b9a30674f5c62103055308c305f0020005000440046002030d530a130a430eb306f3001004100630072006f0062006100740020304a30883073002000410064006f00620065002000520065006100640065007200200035002e003000204ee5964d3067958b304f30533068304c3067304d307e305930023053306e8a2d5b9a3067306f30d530a930f330c8306e57cb30818fbc307f3092884c306a308f305a300130d530a130a430eb30b530a430ba306f67005c0f9650306b306a308a307e30593002gt KOR ltFEFFc7740020c124c815c7440020c0acc6a9d558c5ec0020d654ba740020d45cc2dc002c0020c804c7900020ba54c77c002c0020c778d130b137c5d00020ac00c7a50020c801d569d55c002000410064006f0062006500200050004400460020bb38c11cb97c0020c791c131d569b2c8b2e4002e0020c774b807ac8c0020c791c131b41c00200050004400460020bb38c11cb2940020004100630072006f0062006100740020bc0f002000410064006f00620065002000520065006100640065007200200035002e00300020c774c0c1c5d0c11c0020c5f40020c2180020c788c2b5b2c8b2e4002egt LTH 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 LVI 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 NLD (Gebruik deze instellingen om Adobe PDF-documenten te maken die zijn geoptimaliseerd voor weergave op een beeldscherm e-mail en internet De gemaakte PDF-documenten kunnen worden geopend met Acrobat en Adobe Reader 50 en hoger) NOR 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 POL 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 PTB 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 RUM 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 RUS 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 SKY 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 SLV 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 SUO 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 SVE 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 TUR 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 UKR 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 ENU (Brill Webready 2v1) gtgt Namespace [ (Adobe) (Common) (10) ] OtherNamespaces [ ltlt AsReaderSpreads false CropImagesToFrames true ErrorControl WarnAndContinue FlattenerIgnoreSpreadOverrides false IncludeGuidesGrids false IncludeNonPrinting false IncludeSlug false Namespace [ (Adobe) (InDesign) (40) ] OmitPlacedBitmaps false OmitPlacedEPS false OmitPlacedPDF false SimulateOverprint Legacy gtgt ltlt AddBleedMarks false AddColorBars false AddCropMarks false AddPageInfo false AddRegMarks false BleedOffset [ 0 0 0 0 ] ConvertColors NoConversion DestinationProfileName (None) DestinationProfileSelector WorkingCMYK Downsample16BitImages true FlattenerPreset ltlt PresetSelector MediumResolution gtgt FormElements false GenerateStructure false IncludeBookmarks true IncludeHyperlinks false IncludeInteractive false IncludeLayers false IncludeProfiles true MarksOffset 6 MarksWeight 0250000 MultimediaHandling UseObjectSettings Namespace [ (Adobe) (CreativeSuite) (20) ] PDFXOutputIntentProfileSelector WorkingCMYK PageMarksFile RomanDefault PreserveEditing false UntaggedCMYKHandling LeaveUntagged UntaggedRGBHandling UseDocumentProfile UseDocumentBleed false gtgt ltlt AllowImageBreaks true AllowTableBreaks true ExpandPage false HonorBaseURL true HonorRolloverEffect false IgnoreHTMLPageBreaks false IncludeHeaderFooter false MarginOffset [ 0 0 0 0 ] MetadataAuthor () MetadataKeywords () MetadataSubject () MetadataTitle () MetricPageSize [ 0 0 ] MetricUnit inch MobileCompatible 0 Namespace [ (Adobe) (GoLive) (80) ] OpenZoomToHTMLFontSize false PageOrientation Portrait RemoveBackground false ShrinkContent true TreatColorsAs MainMonitorColors UseEmbeddedProfiles false UseHTMLTitleAsMetadata true gtgt ]gtgt setdistillerparamsltlt HWResolution [600 600] PageSize [453543 680315]gtgt setpagedevice







































































































21 Basic Questions


















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His

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10

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1

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kel

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7

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10

3

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10

4

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10

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10

7

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1

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tori

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aph

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ters

in

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led

Ear

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ud

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(G

reek

-Sp

eak

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Au

tho

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ates

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tori

ogr

aph

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wo

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ns

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Lit

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Ph

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of A

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nd

ria

10

6ca

1

5 B

CE

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In

Fla

ccu

mndash

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ium

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(r

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H

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ed)

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1

(198

4)

Just

us

of T

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1st

cen

t C

Endash

Ἰουδαίων


ἐν

τοῖς

στέμμασιν


C

R

Ho

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ay

Fra

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38

2ndash

38

7

Sch

uumlre

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ry

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37

T

Ra

jak

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nd

Ju

stu

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srdquo i

n

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h

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200

1 1

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73

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a

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1

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1

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(rep

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sep

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Je

rusa

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an

d R

ome

198

8




31 Basic Questions






































































15

1

On

th

is

cf

in g

ener

al

wh

ere

no

oth

er w

ork

s ar

e m

enti

on

ed

Sch

nee

mel

cher

A

pok

ryp

hen

1 a

nd

2

Mo

resc

hin

i an

d N

ore

lli

Lit

era

ture

F

or

furt

her

sec

on

dar

y li

tera

rure

cf

th

e in

div

idu

al a

rtic

les

in S

Douml

pp

an

d W

Gee

rlin

gs e

ds

Lex

ikon

der

an

tike

n c

hri

stli

chen

Lit

era

tur

3rd

ed

(F

reib

urg

H

erd

er 2

00

2)

Th

e gr

eat

diffi

cu

ltie

s in

dat

ing

this

lite

ratu

re a

re w

ell k

no

wn

mo

st o

f th

ese

text

s ar

e ldquofl

ow

ing

text

srdquo

Sin

ce s

cho

lars

oft

en p

rop

ose

dat

es

earl

ier

than

th

e m

id-s

eco

nd

cen

tury

ho

wev

er t

hey

are

in

clu

ded

in

th

is t

able

1

52

Cf

th

e ge

ner

al i

ntr

od

uct

ion

in

Mo

resc

hin

i an

d N

ore

lli

Lit

erat

ure

15

3ndash

15

7

15

3

Cf

P V

ielh

auer

an

d G

Str

eck

er ldquo

Jud

ench

rist

lich

e E

van

geli

enrdquo

in

Sch

nee

mel

cher

Ap

okry

phen

1 1

14

ndash1

47

Mo

resc

hin

i an

d N

ore

lli

Lit

erat

ure

5

6ndash

63

1

54

Cf

J-

M P

rieu

r an

d W

Sch

nee

mel

cher

ldquoA

nd

reas

akte

nrdquo

in

Sch

nee

mel

cher

Ap

okry

phen

2 9

3ndash

13

7

15

5

Cf

C D

G M

uumlll

er ldquo

Die

Him

mel

fah

rt d

es J

esaj

ardquo

in S

chn

eem

elch

er A

pok

ryph

en 2

54

7ndash

56

2 M

ore

sch

ini

and

No

rell

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iter

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re 9

3ndash

97

1

56

Cf

W S

chn

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mrdquo

in

id

em A

pok

ryph

en 1

17

4ndash

17

9 M

ore

sch

ini

and

No

rell

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iter

atu

re 6

3ndash

64

1

57

Cf

K S

chaumlf

erd

iek

an

d R

oacute h

Uig

inn

ldquoJo

han

nes

akte

nrdquo

in

Sch

nee

mel

cher

Ap

okry

phen

2 1

38

ndash1

93

1

58

Cf

C D

G M

uumlll

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Die

Him

mel

fah

rt d

es J

esaj

ardquo

in S

chn

eem

elch

er A

pok

ryph

en 2

56

2ndash

57

8 M

ore

sch

ini

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iter

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7ndash

10

0

15

9

Cf

C M

aure

r an

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Sch

nee

mel

cher

in

Sch

nee

mel

cher

Ap

okry

phen

1 1

80

ndash1

88

Mo

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ore

lli

Lit

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ure

71

ndash7

4

16

0

Cf

J I

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an

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Str

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Die

Pse

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lem

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nen

rdquo i

n S

chn

eem

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pok

ryph

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43

9ndash

48

8

16

1

Cf

O C

ull

man

n ldquo

Kin

dh

eits

evan

geli

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in

Sch

nee

mel

cher

Ap

okry

phen

1 3

30

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72

Mo

resc

hin

i an

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ore

lli

Lit

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14

8ndash

15

3

16

2

Cf

O C

ull

man

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dh

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in

Sch

nee

mel

cher

Ap

okry

phen

1 3

30

ndash3

72

esp

33

4ndash

33

8

16

3

Cf

F S

chei

dw

eile

r an

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Sch

nee

mel

cher

ldquoB

arth

olo

maumlu

seva

nge

liu

mrdquo

Sch

nee

mel

cher

Ap

okry

phen

1 4

24

ndash4

40

1

64

Cf

F S

chei

dw

eile

r ldquo

Nik

od

emu

seva

nge

liu

m P

ilat

usa

kte

n u

nd

Houml

llen

fah

rt C

hri

stirdquo

in

Sch

nee

mel

cher

Ap

okry

phen

1 3

95

ndash4

24

1

65

Cf

M-

A v

an d

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liu

m d

es G

amal

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in

Sch

nee

mel

cher

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phen

44

1ndash

44

2

16

6

Cf

M D

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Heg

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prdquo i

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5


(4b

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ther

s

Au

tho

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ates

His

tori

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aph

ical

wo

rks

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itio

ns

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3

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6

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da

hl

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960)

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(1)

His

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aph

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ho

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n G

reek

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tho

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tori

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ical

wo

rks

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itio

ns

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lite

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re

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bo

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ca

62

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(2)

His

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4

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pei

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2

von

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02

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1363

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4


Tab

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2)

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Au

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His

tori

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aph

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wo

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lite

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91

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risc

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98

vo

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9 G

M

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ako

v

AN

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321

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43

7ndash49

6

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01

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His

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19

31

vo

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9ndash86

9 W

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24

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2329

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57

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8

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the

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24

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Lo

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19

94

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95

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8

19

93

(re

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K

R

B

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NR

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I 33

5 (

1991

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3701

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9

9

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6

10

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190ndash

191

10

1

Cf

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kel

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19

7

10

2

Cf

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chic

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48

0ndash

48

3

10

3

Cf

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id

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577

10

4

Cf

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570

10

5

Cf

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247ndash

248


10

6

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6ndash

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9

10

7

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37

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1

10

8

Cf

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0

(3)

His

tori

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aph

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in

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reek

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tho

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tori

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Ph

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ria

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Fla

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19

62

(r

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H

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ed)

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4)

Just

us

of T

iber

ias1

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cen

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Ἰουδαίων


ἐν

τοῖς

στέμμασιν


C

R

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38

2ndash

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7

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uumlre

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37

T

Ra

jak

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nd

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1 1

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73

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etw

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d R

ome

198

8




31 Basic Questions






































































15

1

On

th

is

cf

in g

ener

al

wh

ere

no

oth

er w

ork

s ar

e m

enti

on

ed

Sch

nee

mel

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A

pok

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1 a

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2

Mo

resc

hin

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ore

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Lit

era

ture

F

or

furt

her

sec

on

dar

y li

tera

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cf

th

e in

div

idu

al a

rtic

les

in S

Douml

pp

an

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Gee

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Lex

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tike

n c

hri

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chen

Lit

era

tur

3rd

ed

(F

reib

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H

erd

er 2

00

2)

Th

e gr

eat

diffi

cu

ltie

s in

dat

ing

this

lite

ratu

re a

re w

ell k

no

wn

mo

st o

f th

ese

text

s ar

e ldquofl

ow

ing

text

srdquo

Sin

ce s

cho

lars

oft

en p

rop

ose

dat

es

earl

ier

than

th

e m

id-s

eco

nd

cen

tury

ho

wev

er t

hey

are

in

clu

ded

in

th

is t

able

1

52

Cf

th

e ge

ner

al i

ntr

od

uct

ion

in

Mo

resc

hin

i an

d N

ore

lli

Lit

erat

ure

15

3ndash

15

7

15

3

Cf

P V

ielh

auer

an

d G

Str

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er ldquo

Jud

ench

rist

lich

e E

van

geli

enrdquo

in

Sch

nee

mel

cher

Ap

okry

phen

1 1

14

ndash1

47

Mo

resc

hin

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chic

hte

32

8ndash

33

0

(3)

His

tori

ogr

aph

ical

Wri

ters

in

So

-Cal

led

Ear

ly J

ud

aism

(G

reek

-Sp

eak

ing)

Au

tho

rD

ates

His

tori

ogr

aph

ical

wo

rks

Ed

itio

ns

Seco

nd

ary

Lit

erat

ure

Ph

ilo

of A

lexa

nd

ria

10

6ca

1

5 B

CE

ndash5

0 C

Endash

In

Fla

ccu

mndash

L

ega

tio

ad

Ga

ium

L

Co

hn

et

al

18

96

ndash1

91

5

19

62

(r

epri

nt)

W

H

aa

se (

ed)

A

NR

W I

I 21

1

(198

4)

Just

us

of T

iber

ias1

07

1st

cen

t C

Endash

Ἰουδαίων


ἐν

τοῖς

στέμμασιν


C

R

Ho

llad

ay

Fra

gmen

ts

38

2ndash

38

7

Sch

uumlre

r H

isto

ry

34ndash

37

T

Ra

jak

ldquoJ

osep

hu

s a

nd

Ju

stu

s of

Tib

eria

srdquo i

n

ead

em

Th

e Je

wis

h D

ialo

gue

wit

h

Gre

ece

an

d R

ome

200

1 1

77ndash

193

Fla

viu

s Jo

sep

hu

s10

83

73

8ndash

ca

10

0 C

Endash

a

nti

qu

ita

tes

Jud

aic

ae

ndash

de

bel

lo I

ud

aic

oB

N

iese

1

88

5ndash

18

95

1

95

5

(rep

rin

t)

P

Bil

de

Fla

viu

s Jo

sep

hu

s B

etw

een

Je

rusa

lem

an

d R

ome

198

8




31 Basic Questions






































































15

1

On

th

is

cf

in g

ener

al

wh

ere

no

oth

er w

ork

s ar

e m

enti

on

ed

Sch

nee

mel

cher

A

pok

ryp

hen

1 a

nd

2

Mo

resc

hin

i an

d N

ore

lli

Lit

era

ture

F

or

furt

her

sec

on

dar

y li

tera

rure

cf

th

e in

div

idu

al a

rtic

les

in S

Douml

pp

an

d W

Gee

rlin

gs e

ds

Lex

ikon

der

an

tike

n c

hri

stli

chen

Lit

era

tur

3rd

ed

(F

reib

urg

H

erd

er 2

00

2)

Th

e gr

eat

diffi

cu

ltie

s in

dat

ing

this

lite

ratu

re a

re w

ell k

no

wn

mo

st o

f th

ese

text

s ar

e ldquofl

ow

ing

text

srdquo

Sin

ce s

cho

lars

oft

en p

rop

ose

dat

es

earl

ier

than

th

e m

id-s

eco

nd

cen

tury

ho

wev

er t

hey

are

in

clu

ded

in

th

is t

able

1

52

Cf

th

e ge

ner

al i

ntr

od

uct

ion

in

Mo

resc

hin

i an

d N

ore

lli

Lit

erat

ure

15

3ndash

15

7

15

3

Cf

P V

ielh

auer

an

d G

Str

eck

er ldquo

Jud

ench

rist

lich

e E

van

geli

enrdquo

in

Sch

nee

mel

cher

Ap

okry

phen

1 1

14

ndash1

47

Mo

resc

hin

i an

d N

ore

lli

Lit

erat

ure

5

6ndash

63

1

54

Cf

J-

M P

rieu

r an

d W

Sch

nee

mel

cher

ldquoA

nd

reas

akte

nrdquo

in

Sch

nee

mel

cher

Ap

okry

phen

2 9

3ndash

13

7

15

5

Cf

C D

G M

uumlll

er ldquo

Die

Him

mel

fah

rt d

es J

esaj

ardquo

in S

chn

eem

elch

er A

pok

ryph

en 2

54

7ndash

56

2 M

ore

sch

ini

and

No

rell

i L

iter

atu

re 9

3ndash

97

1

56

Cf

W S

chn

eem

elch

er ldquo

Aumlg

ypte

reva

nge

liu

mrdquo

in

id

em A

pok

ryph

en 1

17

4ndash

17

9 M

ore

sch

ini

and

No

rell

i L

iter

atu

re 6

3ndash

64

1

57

Cf

K S

chaumlf

erd

iek

an

d R

oacute h

Uig

inn

ldquoJo

han

nes

akte

nrdquo

in

Sch

nee

mel

cher

Ap

okry

phen

2 1

38

ndash1

93

1

58

Cf

C D

G M

uumlll

er ldquo

Die

Him

mel

fah

rt d

es J

esaj

ardquo

in S

chn

eem

elch

er A

pok

ryph

en 2

56

2ndash

57

8 M

ore

sch

ini

and

No

rell

i L

iter

atu

re 9

7ndash

10

0

15

9

Cf

C M

aure

r an

d W

Sch

nee

mel

cher

in

Sch

nee

mel

cher

Ap

okry

phen

1 1

80

ndash1

88

Mo

resc

hin

i an

d N

ore

lli

Lit

erat

ure

71

ndash7

4

16

0

Cf

J I

rmsc

her

an

d G

Str

eck

er ldquo

Die

Pse

ud

ok

lem

enti

nen

rdquo i

n S

chn

eem

elch

er A

pok

ryph

en 2

43

9ndash

48

8

16

1

Cf

O C

ull

man

n ldquo

Kin

dh

eits

evan

geli

enrdquo

in

Sch

nee

mel

cher

Ap

okry

phen

1 3

30

ndash3

72

Mo

resc

hin

i an

d N

ore

lli

Lit

erat

ure

14

8ndash

15

3

16

2

Cf

O C

ull

man

n ldquo

Kin

dh

eits

evan

geli

enrdquo

in

Sch

nee

mel

cher

Ap

okry

phen

1 3

30

ndash3

72

esp

33

4ndash

33

8

16

3

Cf

F S

chei

dw

eile

r an

d W

Sch

nee

mel

cher

ldquoB

arth

olo

maumlu

seva

nge

liu

mrdquo

Sch

nee

mel

cher

Ap

okry

phen

1 4

24

ndash4

40

1

64

Cf

F S

chei

dw

eile

r ldquo

Nik

od

emu

seva

nge

liu

m P

ilat

usa

kte

n u

nd

Houml

llen

fah

rt C

hri

stirdquo

in

Sch

nee

mel

cher

Ap

okry

phen

1 3

95

ndash4

24

1

65

Cf

M-

A v

an d

en O

ud

enri

jn ldquo

Das

Eva

nge

liu

m d

es G

amal

ielrdquo

in

Sch

nee

mel

cher

Ap

okry

phen

44

1ndash

44

2

16

6

Cf

M D

urs

t ldquo

Heg

esip

prdquo i

n S

Douml

pp

an

d W

Gee

rlin

gs e

ds

Lex

ikon

der

an

tike

n c

hri

stli

chen

Lit

erat

ur

31

5

(4a

) H

isto

rio

grap

hic

al T

exts

in

Ext

ra-C

ano

nic

al E

arly

Ch

rist

ian

Lit

erat

ure

(up

to

ca

mid

-2n

d c

entu

ry)1

51

Go

spel

lit

erat

ure

Act

s li

tera

ture

15

2R

elat

ed f

orm

s A

po

caly

pse

s

Jew

ish

Ch

rist

ian

Gos

pel

s1

53

ndash

Gos

pel

s of

th

e N

aza

raee

sndash

G

osp

el o

f th

e E

bio

nit

esndash

G

osp

el o

f th

e H

ebre

ws

Act

s of

An

dre

w1

54

Asc

ensi

o Je

saia

e15

5

Gos

pel

of

the

Egy

pti

an

s15

6A

cts

of Th

om

as1

57

Ap

oca

lyp

se o

f P

eter

15

8

Gos

pel

of

Pet

er1

59

Pse

ud

o-C

lem

enti

nes

16

0

So-c

all

ed I

nfa

ncy

Gos

pel

s1

61 e

g

Pro

teva

nge

liu

m o

f Ja

mes

16

2

Gos

pel

of

Ba

rth

olom

ew1

63

Act

s of

Pil

ate

Gos

pel

of

Nic

odem

us1

64

Gos

pel

of

Ga

ma

liel

16

5


(4b

) O

ther

s

Au

tho

rD

ates

His

tori

ogr

aph

ical

wo

rks

Ed

itio

ns

Seco

nd

ary

Lit

erat

ure

Heg

esip

p1

66

2n

d c

entu

ry C

EH

ypom

nem

ata

T

Zah

n

Fo

rsch

un

gen

zu

r G

esch

ich

te

des

neu

test

amen

tlic

hen

Kan

on

s 6

1

90

0

22

8ndash

24

9

E

Pre

usc

hen

A

nti

lego

men

a

21

90

5

10

7ndash

11

3

21

0ndash

21

6

N

Hyl

da

hl

StTh

1

4 (1

960)

70

ndash11

3



(2)

His

tori

ogr

aph

ical

Au

tho

rs W

ho

Wro

te i

n L

atin

Au

tho

rD

ates

His

tori

ogr

aph

ical

wo

rks

Ed

itio

ns

Seco

nd

ary

lite

ratu

re

Liv

y92

59

BC

Endash

17

CE

Ab

urb

e co

nd

ita

lib

riR

S

Co

nw

ay a

nd

W

F

Wal

ters

(B

oo

ks

1ndash

30

) A

H

M

acD

on

ald

(B

oo

ks

31

ndash3

5)

P

G

Wal

sh

(Bo

ok

s 3

6ndash

40

) 2

nd

ed

1

96

7

19

65

1

99

9

von

Alb

rech

t G

esch

ich

te

659ndash

686

E

Bu

rck

Da

s G

esch

ich

tsw

erk

des

T

Liv

ius

19

92

Q

Del

liu

s93

1st

cen

t B

CE

()

His

tory

of

the

Pa

rth

ian

Ca

mp

aig

nH

RR

25

3M

St

roth

ma

nn

D

NP

3

(199

7)

393

Au

gust

us9

43

1 B

CE

ndash1

4 C

ER

es g

esta

e D

ivi

Au

gust

iH

V

olk

man

n

19

69

vo

n A

lbre

cht

Ges

chic

hte

51

1ndash52

4

Pom

pei

us

Tro

gus9

51

st c

ent

BC

E (

)H

isto

ria

rum

Ph

ilip

pic

aru

m l

ibri

X

LIV

O

Seel

2

nd

ed

1

97

2

von

Alb

rech

t G

esch

ich

te

686ndash

689

O

Seel

A

NR

W

II 3

02

(198

2)

1363

ndash14

23

Asi

niu

s P

olli

o96

1st

cen

t B

CE

()

His

tori

ae

HR

R 2

67

ndash7

0 (

H

Pet

er)

von

Alb

rech

t G

esch

ich

te

655ndash

658

G

Zec

chin

i A

NR

W

II 3

02

(198

2)

1265

ndash12

96

Cre

mu

tiu

s C

ord

us9

7dagger

25

CE

An

na

les

HR

R 2

87

ndash9

0 (

H

Pet

er)

M

Fu

hrm

an

n

DkP

1

1333

ndash13

34

Ga

ius

()

Vel

leiu

s P

ate

rcu

lus9

8

20

19

BC

Endash

aft e

r 3

0 C

EH

isto

ria

Rom

an

aW

S

Wat

t 2

nd

ed

1

99

8

von

Alb

rech

t G

esch

ich

te

841ndash

845

92

Cf

Lan

dfe

ster

Ges

chic

hte

36

2ndash

36

5

93

Cf

Sch

uumlre

r H

isto

ry

24

ndash2

5

It i

s vi

rtu

ally

im

po

ssib

le t

od

ay t

o i

den

tify

an

oth

er h

isto

rian

men

tio

ned

by

Sch

uumlre

r H

isto

ry

27

ndash2

8mdash

An

ton

ius

Juli

anu

smdashcf

als

o H

RR

21

08

ndash1

09

9

4

Cf

Nic

kel

Lex

ikon

56

6 O

n t

he

Hyp

omn

emat

ac

omm

enta

rii

des

Ves

pa

sian

un

d T

itu

s c

f H

RR

21

08

an

d n

72

ab

ove

9

5

Cf

Nic

kel

Lex

ikon

43

7

96

Ibid

42

49

7

Ibid

57

9

8

Cf

Lan

dfe

ster

Ges

chic

hte

63

2ndash

63

4


Tab

le (

2)

(con

t)

Au

tho

rD

ates

His

tori

ogr

aph

ical

wo

rks

Ed

itio

ns

Seco

nd

ary

lite

ratu

re

Va

leri

us

Ma

xim

us9

91

st c

ent

CE

Fa

cta

et

dic

ta m

emor

ab

ilia

J B

risc

oe

19

98

vo

n A

lbre

cht

Ges

chic

hte

85

2ndash85

9 G

M

asl

ako

v

AN

RW

II

321

(19

84)

43

7ndash49

6

Cu

rtiu

s R

ufu

s10

01

st c

ent

CE

His

tori

ae

Ale

xan

dri

Ma

gni

regi

s M

ace

don

um

E

Hed

ick

e 2

19

31

vo

n A

lbre

cht

Ges

chic

hte

85

9ndash86

9 W

R

utz

A

NR

W

II 3

24

(198

6)

2329

ndash23

57

Pom

pon

ius

Mel

a1

01

Mid

-1st

cen

t C

ED

e ch

orog

rap

hia

lib

ri I

IIA

Si

lber

man

1

98

8

von

Alb

rech

t G

esch

ich

te

984

F

La

sser

re

DkP

4

1039

ndash10

40

Pli

ny

the

Eld

er1

02

23

24

CE

ndash7

9 C

EB

ello

rum

Ger

ma

nia

e li

bri

XX

Lo

stvo

n A

lbre

cht

Ges

chic

hte

10

03ndash

1011

P

Cor

nel

ius

Ta

citu

s10

35

5ndash

12

0 C

Endash

d

e vi

ta e

t m

orib

us

Iuli

i A

gric

ola

endash

d

e or

igin

e et

sit

u G

erm

an

oru

mndash

H

isto

ria

endash

A

nn

ale

s

ndash

J D

elz

19

83

ndash

A

Oumln

ner

fors

1

98

3ndash

K

W

elle

sley

1

98

6ndash

H

H

eub

ner

1

97

8

2n

d e

d

19

94

von

Alb

rech

t G

esch

ich

te

869ndash

908

Ga

ius

Suet

oniu

s T

ran

qu

illu

s10

4

ca

70

ndash1

40

CE

ndash

de

viri

s il

lust

rib

us

ndash

de

vita

Ca

esa

rum

ndash

R

A

Kas

ter

19

95

ndash

M

Ihm

1

90

8

19

93

(re

pri

nt)

vo

n A

lbre

cht

Ges

chic

hte

11

04ndash

1119

K

R

B

rad

ley

A

NR

W I

I 33

5 (

1991

)

3701

ndash37

32

9

9

Cf

Lan

dfe

ster

Ges

chic

hte

62

5ndash

62

6

10

0

Cf

ib

id

190ndash

191

10

1

Cf

Nic

kel

Lex

ikon

19

7

10

2

Cf

Lan

dfe

ster

Ges

chic

hte

48

0ndash

48

3

10

3

Cf

ib

id

573ndash

577

10

4

Cf

ib

id

568ndash

570

10

5

Cf

ib

id

247ndash

248


10

6

Cf

Lan

dfe

ster

Ges

chic

hte

45

6ndash

45

9

10

7

Cf

Ho

llad

ay F

ragm

ents

37

1ndash

38

1

10

8

Cf

Lan

dfe

ster

Ges

chic

hte

32

8ndash

33

0

(3)

His

tori

ogr

aph

ical

Wri

ters

in

So

-Cal

led

Ear

ly J

ud

aism

(G

reek

-Sp

eak

ing)

Au

tho

rD

ates

His

tori

ogr

aph

ical

wo

rks

Ed

itio

ns

Seco

nd

ary

Lit

erat

ure

Ph

ilo

of A

lexa

nd

ria

10

6ca

1

5 B

CE

ndash5

0 C

Endash

In

Fla

ccu

mndash

L

ega

tio

ad

Ga

ium

L

Co

hn

et

al

18

96

ndash1

91

5

19

62

(r

epri

nt)

W

H

aa

se (

ed)

A

NR

W I

I 21

1

(198

4)

Just

us

of T

iber

ias1

07

1st

cen

t C

Endash

Ἰουδαίων


ἐν

τοῖς

στέμμασιν


C

R

Ho

llad

ay

Fra

gmen

ts

38

2ndash

38

7

Sch

uumlre

r H

isto

ry

34ndash

37

T

Ra

jak

ldquoJ

osep

hu

s a

nd

Ju

stu

s of

Tib

eria

srdquo i

n

ead

em

Th

e Je

wis

h D

ialo

gue

wit

h

Gre

ece

an

d R

ome

200

1 1

77ndash

193

Fla

viu

s Jo

sep

hu

s10

83

73

8ndash

ca

10

0 C

Endash

a

nti

qu

ita

tes

Jud

aic

ae

ndash

de

bel

lo I

ud

aic

oB

N

iese

1

88

5ndash

18

95

1

95

5

(rep

rin

t)

P

Bil

de

Fla

viu

s Jo

sep

hu

s B

etw

een

Je

rusa

lem

an

d R

ome

198

8




31 Basic Questions






































































15

1

On

th

is

cf

in g

ener

al

wh

ere

no

oth

er w

ork

s ar

e m

enti

on

ed

Sch

nee

mel

cher

A

pok

ryp

hen

1 a

nd

2

Mo

resc

hin

i an

d N

ore

lli

Lit

era

ture

F

or

furt

her

sec

on

dar

y li

tera

rure

cf

th

e in

div

idu

al a

rtic

les

in S

Douml

pp

an

d W

Gee

rlin

gs e

ds

Lex

ikon

der

an

tike

n c

hri

stli

chen

Lit

era

tur

3rd

ed

(F

reib

urg

H

erd

er 2

00

2)

Th

e gr

eat

diffi

cu

ltie

s in

dat

ing

this

lite

ratu

re a

re w

ell k

no

wn

mo

st o

f th

ese

text

s ar

e ldquofl

ow

ing

text

srdquo

Sin

ce s

cho

lars

oft

en p

rop

ose

dat

es

earl

ier

than

th

e m

id-s

eco

nd

cen

tury

ho

wev

er t

hey

are

in

clu

ded

in

th

is t

able

1

52

Cf

th

e ge

ner

al i

ntr

od

uct

ion

in

Mo

resc

hin

i an

d N

ore

lli

Lit

erat

ure

15

3ndash

15

7

15

3

Cf

P V

ielh

auer

an

d G

Str

eck

er ldquo

Jud

ench

rist

lich

e E

van

geli

enrdquo

in

Sch

nee

mel

cher

Ap

okry

phen

1 1

14

ndash1

47

Mo

resc

hin

i an

d N

ore

lli

Lit

erat

ure

5

6ndash

63

1

54

Cf

J-

M P

rieu

r an

d W

Sch

nee

mel

cher

ldquoA

nd

reas

akte

nrdquo

in

Sch

nee

mel

cher

Ap

okry

phen

2 9

3ndash

13

7

15

5

Cf

C D

G M

uumlll

er ldquo

Die

Him

mel

fah

rt d

es J

esaj

ardquo

in S

chn

eem

elch

er A

pok

ryph

en 2

54

7ndash

56

2 M

ore

sch

ini

and

No

rell

i L

iter

atu

re 9

3ndash

97

1

56

Cf

W S

chn

eem

elch

er ldquo

Aumlg

ypte

reva

nge

liu

mrdquo

in

id

em A

pok

ryph

en 1

17

4ndash

17

9 M

ore

sch

ini

and

No

rell

i L

iter

atu

re 6

3ndash

64

1

57

Cf

K S

chaumlf

erd

iek

an

d R

oacute h

Uig

inn

ldquoJo

han

nes

akte

nrdquo

in

Sch

nee

mel

cher

Ap

okry

phen

2 1

38

ndash1

93

1

58

Cf

C D

G M

uumlll

er ldquo

Die

Him

mel

fah

rt d

es J

esaj

ardquo

in S

chn

eem

elch

er A

pok

ryph

en 2

56

2ndash

57

8 M

ore

sch

ini

and

No

rell

i L

iter

atu

re 9

7ndash

10

0

15

9

Cf

C M

aure

r an

d W

Sch

nee

mel

cher

in

Sch

nee

mel

cher

Ap

okry

phen

1 1

80

ndash1

88

Mo

resc

hin

i an

d N

ore

lli

Lit

erat

ure

71

ndash7

4

16

0

Cf

J I

rmsc

her

an

d G

Str

eck

er ldquo

Die

Pse

ud

ok

lem

enti

nen

rdquo i

n S

chn

eem

elch

er A

pok

ryph

en 2

43

9ndash

48

8

16

1

Cf

O C

ull

man

n ldquo

Kin

dh

eits

evan

geli

enrdquo

in

Sch

nee

mel

cher

Ap

okry

phen

1 3

30

ndash3

72

Mo

resc

hin

i an

d N

ore

lli

Lit

erat

ure

14

8ndash

15

3

16

2

Cf

O C

ull

man

n ldquo

Kin

dh

eits

evan

geli

enrdquo

in

Sch

nee

mel

cher

Ap

okry

phen

1 3

30

ndash3

72

esp

33

4ndash

33

8

16

3

Cf

F S

chei

dw

eile

r an

d W

Sch

nee

mel

cher

ldquoB

arth

olo

maumlu

seva

nge

liu

mrdquo

Sch

nee

mel

cher

Ap

okry

phen

1 4

24

ndash4

40

1

64

Cf

F S

chei

dw

eile

r ldquo

Nik

od

emu

seva

nge

liu

m P

ilat

usa

kte

n u

nd

Houml

llen

fah

rt C

hri

stirdquo

in

Sch

nee

mel

cher

Ap

okry

phen

1 3

95

ndash4

24

1

65

Cf

M-

A v

an d

en O

ud

enri

jn ldquo

Das

Eva

nge

liu

m d

es G

amal

ielrdquo

in

Sch

nee

mel

cher

Ap

okry

phen

44

1ndash

44

2

16

6

Cf

M D

urs

t ldquo

Heg

esip

prdquo i

n S

Douml

pp

an

d W

Gee

rlin

gs e

ds

Lex

ikon

der

an

tike

n c

hri

stli

chen

Lit

erat

ur

31

5

(4a

) H

isto

rio

grap

hic

al T

exts

in

Ext

ra-C

ano

nic

al E

arly

Ch

rist

ian

Lit

erat

ure

(up

to

ca

mid

-2n

d c

entu

ry)1

51

Go

spel

lit

erat

ure

Act

s li

tera

ture

15

2R

elat

ed f

orm

s A

po

caly

pse

s

Jew

ish

Ch

rist

ian

Gos

pel

s1

53

ndash

Gos

pel

s of

th

e N

aza

raee

sndash

G

osp

el o

f th

e E

bio

nit

esndash

G

osp

el o

f th

e H

ebre

ws

Act

s of

An

dre

w1

54

Asc

ensi

o Je

saia

e15

5

Gos

pel

of

the

Egy

pti

an

s15

6A

cts

of Th

om

as1

57

Ap

oca

lyp

se o

f P

eter

15

8

Gos

pel

of

Pet

er1

59

Pse

ud

o-C

lem

enti

nes

16

0

So-c

all

ed I

nfa

ncy

Gos

pel

s1

61 e

g

Pro

teva

nge

liu

m o

f Ja

mes

16

2

Gos

pel

of

Ba

rth

olom

ew1

63

Act

s of

Pil

ate

Gos

pel

of

Nic

odem

us1

64

Gos

pel

of

Ga

ma

liel

16

5


(4b

) O

ther

s

Au

tho

rD

ates

His

tori

ogr

aph

ical

wo

rks

Ed

itio

ns

Seco

nd

ary

Lit

erat

ure

Heg

esip

p1

66

2n

d c

entu

ry C

EH

ypom

nem

ata

T

Zah

n

Fo

rsch

un

gen

zu

r G

esch

ich

te

des

neu

test

amen

tlic

hen

Kan

on

s 6

1

90

0

22

8ndash

24

9

E

Pre

usc

hen

A

nti

lego

men

a

21

90

5

10

7ndash

11

3

21

0ndash

21

6

N

Hyl

da

hl

StTh

1

4 (1

960)

70

ndash11

3



Tab

le (

2)

(con

t)

Au

tho

rD

ates

His

tori

ogr

aph

ical

wo

rks

Ed

itio

ns

Seco

nd

ary

lite

ratu

re

Va

leri

us

Ma

xim

us9

91

st c

ent

CE

Fa

cta

et

dic

ta m

emor

ab

ilia

J B

risc

oe

19

98

vo

n A

lbre

cht

Ges

chic

hte

85

2ndash85

9 G

M

asl

ako

v

AN

RW

II

321

(19

84)

43

7ndash49

6

Cu

rtiu

s R

ufu

s10

01

st c

ent

CE

His

tori

ae

Ale

xan

dri

Ma

gni

regi

s M

ace

don

um

E

Hed

ick

e 2

19

31

vo

n A

lbre

cht

Ges

chic

hte

85

9ndash86

9 W

R

utz

A

NR

W

II 3

24

(198

6)

2329

ndash23

57

Pom

pon

ius

Mel

a1

01

Mid

-1st

cen

t C

ED

e ch

orog

rap

hia

lib

ri I

IIA

Si

lber

man

1

98

8

von

Alb

rech

t G

esch

ich

te

984

F

La

sser

re

DkP

4

1039

ndash10

40

Pli

ny

the

Eld

er1

02

23

24

CE

ndash7

9 C

EB

ello

rum

Ger

ma

nia

e li

bri

XX

Lo

stvo

n A

lbre

cht

Ges

chic

hte

10

03ndash

1011

P

Cor

nel

ius

Ta

citu

s10

35

5ndash

12

0 C

Endash

d

e vi

ta e

t m

orib

us

Iuli

i A

gric

ola

endash

d

e or

igin

e et

sit

u G

erm

an

oru

mndash

H

isto

ria

endash

A

nn

ale

s

ndash

J D

elz

19

83

ndash

A

Oumln

ner

fors

1

98

3ndash

K

W

elle

sley

1

98

6ndash

H

H

eub

ner

1

97

8

2n

d e

d

19

94

von

Alb

rech

t G

esch

ich

te

869ndash

908

Ga

ius

Suet

oniu

s T

ran

qu

illu

s10

4

ca

70

ndash1

40

CE

ndash

de

viri

s il

lust

rib

us

ndash

de

vita

Ca

esa

rum

ndash

R

A

Kas

ter

19

95

ndash

M

Ihm

1

90

8

19

93

(re

pri

nt)

vo

n A

lbre

cht

Ges

chic

hte

11

04ndash

1119

K

R

B

rad

ley

A

NR

W I

I 33

5 (

1991

)

3701

ndash37

32

9

9

Cf

Lan

dfe

ster

Ges

chic

hte

62

5ndash

62

6

10

0

Cf

ib

id

190ndash

191

10

1

Cf

Nic

kel

Lex

ikon

19

7

10

2

Cf

Lan

dfe

ster

Ges

chic

hte

48

0ndash

48

3

10

3

Cf

ib

id

573ndash

577

10

4

Cf

ib

id

568ndash

570

10

5

Cf

ib

id

247ndash

248


10

6

Cf

Lan

dfe

ster

Ges

chic

hte

45

6ndash

45

9

10

7

Cf

Ho

llad

ay F

ragm

ents

37

1ndash

38

1

10

8

Cf

Lan

dfe

ster

Ges

chic

hte

32

8ndash

33

0

(3)

His

tori

ogr

aph

ical

Wri

ters

in

So

-Cal

led

Ear

ly J

ud

aism

(G

reek

-Sp

eak

ing)

Au

tho

rD

ates

His

tori

ogr

aph

ical

wo

rks

Ed

itio

ns

Seco

nd

ary

Lit

erat

ure

Ph

ilo

of A

lexa

nd

ria

10

6ca

1

5 B

CE

ndash5

0 C

Endash

In

Fla

ccu

mndash

L

ega

tio

ad

Ga

ium

L

Co

hn

et

al

18

96

ndash1

91

5

19

62

(r

epri

nt)

W

H

aa

se (

ed)

A

NR

W I

I 21

1

(198

4)

Just

us

of T

iber

ias1

07

1st

cen

t C

Endash

Ἰουδαίων


ἐν

τοῖς

στέμμασιν


C

R

Ho

llad

ay

Fra

gmen

ts

38

2ndash

38

7

Sch

uumlre

r H

isto

ry

34ndash

37

T

Ra

jak

ldquoJ

osep

hu

s a

nd

Ju

stu

s of

Tib

eria

srdquo i

n

ead

em

Th

e Je

wis

h D

ialo

gue

wit

h

Gre

ece

an

d R

ome

200

1 1

77ndash

193

Fla

viu

s Jo

sep

hu

s10

83

73

8ndash

ca

10

0 C

Endash

a

nti

qu

ita

tes

Jud

aic

ae

ndash

de

bel

lo I

ud

aic

oB

N

iese

1

88

5ndash

18

95

1

95

5

(rep

rin

t)

P

Bil

de

Fla

viu

s Jo

sep

hu

s B

etw

een

Je

rusa

lem

an

d R

ome

198

8




31 Basic Questions






































































15

1

On

th

is

cf

in g

ener

al

wh

ere

no

oth

er w

ork

s ar

e m

enti

on

ed

Sch

nee

mel

cher

A

pok

ryp

hen

1 a

nd

2

Mo

resc

hin

i an

d N

ore

lli

Lit

era

ture

F

or

furt

her

sec

on

dar

y li

tera

rure

cf

th

e in

div

idu

al a

rtic

les

in S

Douml

pp

an

d W

Gee

rlin

gs e

ds

Lex

ikon

der

an

tike

n c

hri

stli

chen

Lit

era

tur

3rd

ed

(F

reib

urg

H

erd

er 2

00

2)

Th

e gr

eat

diffi

cu

ltie

s in

dat

ing

this

lite

ratu

re a

re w

ell k

no

wn

mo

st o

f th

ese

text

s ar

e ldquofl

ow

ing

text

srdquo

Sin

ce s

cho

lars

oft

en p

rop

ose

dat

es

earl

ier

than

th

e m

id-s

eco

nd

cen

tury

ho

wev

er t

hey

are

in

clu

ded

in

th

is t

able

1

52

Cf

th

e ge

ner

al i

ntr

od

uct

ion

in

Mo

resc

hin

i an

d N

ore

lli

Lit

erat

ure

15

3ndash

15

7

15

3

Cf

P V

ielh

auer

an

d G

Str

eck

er ldquo

Jud

ench

rist

lich

e E

van

geli

enrdquo

in

Sch

nee

mel

cher

Ap

okry

phen

1 1

14

ndash1

47

Mo

resc

hin

i an

d N

ore

lli

Lit

erat

ure

5

6ndash

63

1

54

Cf

J-

M P

rieu

r an

d W

Sch

nee

mel

cher

ldquoA

nd

reas

akte

nrdquo

in

Sch

nee

mel

cher

Ap

okry

phen

2 9

3ndash

13

7

15

5

Cf

C D

G M

uumlll

er ldquo

Die

Him

mel

fah

rt d

es J

esaj

ardquo

in S

chn

eem

elch

er A

pok

ryph

en 2

54

7ndash

56

2 M

ore

sch

ini

and

No

rell

i L

iter

atu

re 9

3ndash

97

1

56

Cf

W S

chn

eem

elch

er ldquo

Aumlg

ypte

reva

nge

liu

mrdquo

in

id

em A

pok

ryph

en 1

17

4ndash

17

9 M

ore

sch

ini

and

No

rell

i L

iter

atu

re 6

3ndash

64

1

57

Cf

K S

chaumlf

erd

iek

an

d R

oacute h

Uig

inn

ldquoJo

han

nes

akte

nrdquo

in

Sch

nee

mel

cher

Ap

okry

phen

2 1

38

ndash1

93

1

58

Cf

C D

G M

uumlll

er ldquo

Die

Him

mel

fah

rt d

es J

esaj

ardquo

in S

chn

eem

elch

er A

pok

ryph

en 2

56

2ndash

57

8 M

ore

sch

ini

and

No

rell

i L

iter

atu

re 9

7ndash

10

0

15

9

Cf

C M

aure

r an

d W

Sch

nee

mel

cher

in

Sch

nee

mel

cher

Ap

okry

phen

1 1

80

ndash1

88

Mo

resc

hin

i an

d N

ore

lli

Lit

erat

ure

71

ndash7

4

16

0

Cf

J I

rmsc

her

an

d G

Str

eck

er ldquo

Die

Pse

ud

ok

lem

enti

nen

rdquo i

n S

chn

eem

elch

er A

pok

ryph

en 2

43

9ndash

48

8

16

1

Cf

O C

ull

man

n ldquo

Kin

dh

eits

evan

geli

enrdquo

in

Sch

nee

mel

cher

Ap

okry

phen

1 3

30

ndash3

72

Mo

resc

hin

i an

d N

ore

lli

Lit

erat

ure

14

8ndash

15

3

16

2

Cf

O C

ull

man

n ldquo

Kin

dh

eits

evan

geli

enrdquo

in

Sch

nee

mel

cher

Ap

okry

phen

1 3

30

ndash3

72

esp

33

4ndash

33

8

16

3

Cf

F S

chei

dw

eile

r an

d W

Sch

nee

mel

cher

ldquoB

arth

olo

maumlu

seva

nge

liu

mrdquo

Sch

nee

mel

cher

Ap

okry

phen

1 4

24

ndash4

40

1

64

Cf

F S

chei

dw

eile

r ldquo

Nik

od

emu

seva

nge

liu

m P

ilat

usa

kte

n u

nd

Houml

llen

fah

rt C

hri

stirdquo

in

Sch

nee

mel

cher

Ap

okry

phen

1 3

95

ndash4

24

1

65

Cf

M-

A v

an d

en O

ud

enri

jn ldquo

Das

Eva

nge

liu

m d

es G

amal

ielrdquo

in

Sch

nee

mel

cher

Ap

okry

phen

44

1ndash

44

2

16

6

Cf

M D

urs

t ldquo

Heg

esip

prdquo i

n S

Douml

pp

an

d W

Gee

rlin

gs e

ds

Lex

ikon

der

an

tike

n c

hri

stli

chen

Lit

erat

ur

31

5

(4a

) H

isto

rio

grap

hic

al T

exts

in

Ext

ra-C

ano

nic

al E

arly

Ch

rist

ian

Lit

erat

ure

(up

to

ca

mid

-2n

d c

entu

ry)1

51

Go

spel

lit

erat

ure

Act

s li

tera

ture

15

2R

elat

ed f

orm

s A

po

caly

pse

s

Jew

ish

Ch

rist

ian

Gos

pel

s1

53

ndash

Gos

pel

s of

th

e N

aza

raee

sndash

G

osp

el o

f th

e E

bio

nit

esndash

G

osp

el o

f th

e H

ebre

ws

Act

s of

An

dre

w1

54

Asc

ensi

o Je

saia

e15

5

Gos

pel

of

the

Egy

pti

an

s15

6A

cts

of Th

om

as1

57

Ap

oca

lyp

se o

f P

eter

15

8

Gos

pel

of

Pet

er1

59

Pse

ud

o-C

lem

enti

nes

16

0

So-c

all

ed I

nfa

ncy

Gos

pel

s1

61 e

g

Pro

teva

nge

liu

m o

f Ja

mes

16

2

Gos

pel

of

Ba

rth

olom

ew1

63

Act

s of

Pil

ate

Gos

pel

of

Nic

odem

us1

64

Gos

pel

of

Ga

ma

liel

16

5


(4b

) O

ther

s

Au

tho

rD

ates

His

tori

ogr

aph

ical

wo

rks

Ed

itio

ns

Seco

nd

ary

Lit

erat

ure

Heg

esip

p1

66

2n

d c

entu

ry C

EH

ypom

nem

ata

T

Zah

n

Fo

rsch

un

gen

zu

r G

esch

ich

te

des

neu

test

amen

tlic

hen

Kan

on

s 6

1

90

0

22

8ndash

24

9

E

Pre

usc

hen

A

nti

lego

men

a

21

90

5

10

7ndash

11

3

21

0ndash

21

6

N

Hyl

da

hl

StTh

1

4 (1

960)

70

ndash11

3



10

6

Cf

Lan

dfe

ster

Ges

chic

hte

45

6ndash

45

9

10

7

Cf

Ho

llad

ay F

ragm

ents

37

1ndash

38

1

10

8

Cf

Lan

dfe

ster

Ges

chic

hte

32

8ndash

33

0

(3)

His

tori

ogr

aph

ical

Wri

ters

in

So

-Cal

led

Ear

ly J

ud

aism

(G

reek

-Sp

eak

ing)

Au

tho

rD

ates

His

tori

ogr

aph

ical

wo

rks

Ed

itio

ns

Seco

nd

ary

Lit

erat

ure

Ph

ilo

of A

lexa

nd

ria

10

6ca

1

5 B

CE

ndash5

0 C

Endash

In

Fla

ccu

mndash

L

ega

tio

ad

Ga

ium

L

Co

hn

et

al

18

96

ndash1

91

5

19

62

(r

epri

nt)

W

H

aa

se (

ed)

A

NR

W I

I 21

1

(198

4)

Just

us

of T

iber

ias1

07

1st

cen

t C

Endash

Ἰουδαίων


ἐν

τοῖς

στέμμασιν


C

R

Ho

llad

ay

Fra

gmen

ts

38

2ndash

38

7

Sch

uumlre

r H

isto

ry

34ndash

37

T

Ra

jak

ldquoJ

osep

hu

s a

nd

Ju

stu

s of

Tib

eria

srdquo i

n

ead

em

Th

e Je

wis

h D

ialo

gue

wit

h

Gre

ece

an

d R

ome

200

1 1

77ndash

193

Fla

viu

s Jo

sep

hu

s10

83

73

8ndash

ca

10

0 C

Endash

a

nti

qu

ita

tes

Jud

aic

ae

ndash

de

bel

lo I

ud

aic

oB

N

iese

1

88

5ndash

18

95

1

95

5

(rep

rin

t)

P

Bil

de

Fla

viu

s Jo

sep

hu

s B

etw

een

Je

rusa

lem

an

d R

ome

198

8




31 Basic Questions






































































15

1

On

th

is

cf

in g

ener

al

wh

ere

no

oth

er w

ork

s ar

e m

enti

on

ed

Sch

nee

mel

cher

A

pok

ryp

hen

1 a

nd

2

Mo

resc

hin

i an

d N

ore

lli

Lit

era

ture

F

or

furt

her

sec

on

dar

y li

tera

rure

cf

th

e in

div

idu

al a

rtic

les

in S

Douml

pp

an

d W

Gee

rlin

gs e

ds

Lex

ikon

der

an

tike

n c

hri

stli

chen

Lit

era

tur

3rd

ed

(F

reib

urg

H

erd

er 2

00

2)

Th

e gr

eat

diffi

cu

ltie

s in

dat

ing

this

lite

ratu

re a

re w

ell k

no

wn

mo

st o

f th

ese

text

s ar

e ldquofl

ow

ing

text

srdquo

Sin

ce s

cho

lars

oft

en p

rop

ose

dat

es

earl

ier

than

th

e m

id-s

eco

nd

cen

tury

ho

wev

er t

hey

are

in

clu

ded

in

th

is t

able

1

52

Cf

th

e ge

ner

al i

ntr

od

uct

ion

in

Mo

resc

hin

i an

d N

ore

lli

Lit

erat

ure

15

3ndash

15

7

15

3

Cf

P V

ielh

auer

an

d G

Str

eck

er ldquo

Jud

ench

rist

lich

e E

van

geli

enrdquo

in

Sch

nee

mel

cher

Ap

okry

phen

1 1

14

ndash1

47

Mo

resc

hin

i an

d N

ore

lli

Lit

erat

ure

5

6ndash

63

1

54

Cf

J-

M P

rieu

r an

d W

Sch

nee

mel

cher

ldquoA

nd

reas

akte

nrdquo

in

Sch

nee

mel

cher

Ap

okry

phen

2 9

3ndash

13

7

15

5

Cf

C D

G M

uumlll

er ldquo

Die

Him

mel

fah

rt d

es J

esaj

ardquo

in S

chn

eem

elch

er A

pok

ryph

en 2

54

7ndash

56

2 M

ore

sch

ini

and

No

rell

i L

iter

atu

re 9

3ndash

97

1

56

Cf

W S

chn

eem

elch

er ldquo

Aumlg

ypte

reva

nge

liu

mrdquo

in

id

em A

pok

ryph

en 1

17

4ndash

17

9 M

ore

sch

ini

and

No

rell

i L

iter

atu

re 6

3ndash

64

1

57

Cf

K S

chaumlf

erd

iek

an

d R

oacute h

Uig

inn

ldquoJo

han

nes

akte

nrdquo

in

Sch

nee

mel

cher

Ap

okry

phen

2 1

38

ndash1

93

1

58

Cf

C D

G M

uumlll

er ldquo

Die

Him

mel

fah

rt d

es J

esaj

ardquo

in S

chn

eem

elch

er A

pok

ryph

en 2

56

2ndash

57

8 M

ore

sch

ini

and

No

rell

i L

iter

atu

re 9

7ndash

10

0

15

9

Cf

C M

aure

r an

d W

Sch

nee

mel

cher

in

Sch

nee

mel

cher

Ap

okry

phen

1 1

80

ndash1

88

Mo

resc

hin

i an

d N

ore

lli

Lit

erat

ure

71

ndash7

4

16

0

Cf

J I

rmsc

her

an

d G

Str

eck

er ldquo

Die

Pse

ud

ok

lem

enti

nen

rdquo i

n S

chn

eem

elch

er A

pok

ryph

en 2

43

9ndash

48

8

16

1

Cf

O C

ull

man

n ldquo

Kin

dh

eits

evan

geli

enrdquo

in

Sch

nee

mel

cher

Ap

okry

phen

1 3

30

ndash3

72

Mo

resc

hin

i an

d N

ore

lli

Lit

erat

ure

14

8ndash

15

3

16

2

Cf

O C

ull

man

n ldquo

Kin

dh

eits

evan

geli

enrdquo

in

Sch

nee

mel

cher

Ap

okry

phen

1 3

30

ndash3

72

esp

33

4ndash

33

8

16

3

Cf

F S

chei

dw

eile

r an

d W

Sch

nee

mel

cher

ldquoB

arth

olo

maumlu

seva

nge

liu

mrdquo

Sch

nee

mel

cher

Ap

okry

phen

1 4

24

ndash4

40

1

64

Cf

F S

chei

dw

eile

r ldquo

Nik

od

emu

seva

nge

liu

m P

ilat

usa

kte

n u

nd

Houml

llen

fah

rt C

hri

stirdquo

in

Sch

nee

mel

cher

Ap

okry

phen

1 3

95

ndash4

24

1

65

Cf

M-

A v

an d

en O

ud

enri

jn ldquo

Das

Eva

nge

liu

m d

es G

amal

ielrdquo

in

Sch

nee

mel

cher

Ap

okry

phen

44

1ndash

44

2

16

6

Cf

M D

urs

t ldquo

Heg

esip

prdquo i

n S

Douml

pp

an

d W

Gee

rlin

gs e

ds

Lex

ikon

der

an

tike

n c

hri

stli

chen

Lit

erat

ur

31

5

(4a

) H

isto

rio

grap

hic

al T

exts

in

Ext

ra-C

ano

nic

al E

arly

Ch

rist

ian

Lit

erat

ure

(up

to

ca

mid

-2n

d c

entu

ry)1

51

Go

spel

lit

erat

ure

Act

s li

tera

ture

15

2R

elat

ed f

orm

s A

po

caly

pse

s

Jew

ish

Ch

rist

ian

Gos

pel

s1

53

ndash

Gos

pel

s of

th

e N

aza

raee

sndash

G

osp

el o

f th

e E

bio

nit

esndash

G

osp

el o

f th

e H

ebre

ws

Act

s of

An

dre

w1

54

Asc

ensi

o Je

saia

e15

5

Gos

pel

of

the

Egy

pti

an

s15

6A

cts

of Th

om

as1

57

Ap

oca

lyp

se o

f P

eter

15

8

Gos

pel

of

Pet

er1

59

Pse

ud

o-C

lem

enti

nes

16

0

So-c

all

ed I

nfa

ncy

Gos

pel

s1

61 e

g

Pro

teva

nge

liu

m o

f Ja

mes

16

2

Gos

pel

of

Ba

rth

olom

ew1

63

Act

s of

Pil

ate

Gos

pel

of

Nic

odem

us1

64

Gos

pel

of

Ga

ma

liel

16

5


(4b

) O

ther

s

Au

tho

rD

ates

His

tori

ogr

aph

ical

wo

rks

Ed

itio

ns

Seco

nd

ary

Lit

erat

ure

Heg

esip

p1

66

2n

d c

entu

ry C

EH

ypom

nem

ata

T

Zah

n

Fo

rsch

un

gen

zu

r G

esch

ich

te

des

neu

test

amen

tlic

hen

Kan

on

s 6

1

90

0

22

8ndash

24

9

E

Pre

usc

hen

A

nti

lego

men

a

21

90

5

10

7ndash

11

3

21

0ndash

21

6

N

Hyl

da

hl

StTh

1

4 (1

960)

70

ndash11

3





31 Basic Questions






































































15

1

On

th

is

cf

in g

ener

al

wh

ere

no

oth

er w

ork

s ar

e m

enti

on

ed

Sch

nee

mel

cher

A

pok

ryp

hen

1 a

nd

2

Mo

resc

hin

i an

d N

ore

lli

Lit

era

ture

F

or

furt

her

sec

on

dar

y li

tera

rure

cf

th

e in

div

idu

al a

rtic

les

in S

Douml

pp

an

d W

Gee

rlin

gs e

ds

Lex

ikon

der

an

tike

n c

hri

stli

chen

Lit

era

tur

3rd

ed

(F

reib

urg

H

erd

er 2

00

2)

Th

e gr

eat

diffi

cu

ltie

s in

dat

ing

this

lite

ratu

re a

re w

ell k

no

wn

mo

st o

f th

ese

text

s ar

e ldquofl

ow

ing

text

srdquo

Sin

ce s

cho

lars

oft

en p

rop

ose

dat

es

earl

ier

than

th

e m

id-s

eco

nd

cen

tury

ho

wev

er t

hey

are

in

clu

ded

in

th

is t

able

1

52

Cf

th

e ge

ner

al i

ntr

od

uct

ion

in

Mo

resc

hin

i an

d N

ore

lli

Lit

erat

ure

15

3ndash

15

7

15

3

Cf

P V

ielh

auer

an

d G

Str

eck

er ldquo

Jud

ench

rist

lich

e E

van

geli

enrdquo

in

Sch

nee

mel

cher

Ap

okry

phen

1 1

14

ndash1

47

Mo

resc

hin

i an

d N

ore

lli

Lit

erat

ure

5

6ndash

63

1

54

Cf

J-

M P

rieu

r an

d W

Sch

nee

mel

cher

ldquoA

nd

reas

akte

nrdquo

in

Sch

nee

mel

cher

Ap

okry

phen

2 9

3ndash

13

7

15

5

Cf

C D

G M

uumlll

er ldquo

Die

Him

mel

fah

rt d

es J

esaj

ardquo

in S

chn

eem

elch

er A

pok

ryph

en 2

54

7ndash

56

2 M

ore

sch

ini

and

No

rell

i L

iter

atu

re 9

3ndash

97

1

56

Cf

W S

chn

eem

elch

er ldquo

Aumlg

ypte

reva

nge

liu

mrdquo

in

id

em A

pok

ryph

en 1

17

4ndash

17

9 M

ore

sch

ini

and

No

rell

i L

iter

atu

re 6

3ndash

64

1

57

Cf

K S

chaumlf

erd

iek

an

d R

oacute h

Uig

inn

ldquoJo

han

nes

akte

nrdquo

in

Sch

nee

mel

cher

Ap

okry

phen

2 1

38

ndash1

93

1

58

Cf

C D

G M

uumlll

er ldquo

Die

Him

mel

fah

rt d

es J

esaj

ardquo

in S

chn

eem

elch

er A

pok

ryph

en 2

56

2ndash

57

8 M

ore

sch

ini

and

No

rell

i L

iter

atu

re 9

7ndash

10

0

15

9

Cf

C M

aure

r an

d W

Sch

nee

mel

cher

in

Sch

nee

mel

cher

Ap

okry

phen

1 1

80

ndash1

88

Mo

resc

hin

i an

d N

ore

lli

Lit

erat

ure

71

ndash7

4

16

0

Cf

J I

rmsc

her

an

d G

Str

eck

er ldquo

Die

Pse

ud

ok

lem

enti

nen

rdquo i

n S

chn

eem

elch

er A

pok

ryph

en 2

43

9ndash

48

8

16

1

Cf

O C

ull

man

n ldquo

Kin

dh

eits

evan

geli

enrdquo

in

Sch

nee

mel

cher

Ap

okry

phen

1 3

30

ndash3

72

Mo

resc

hin

i an

d N

ore

lli

Lit

erat

ure

14

8ndash

15

3

16

2

Cf

O C

ull

man

n ldquo

Kin

dh

eits

evan

geli

enrdquo

in

Sch

nee

mel

cher

Ap

okry

phen

1 3

30

ndash3

72

esp

33

4ndash

33

8

16

3

Cf

F S

chei

dw

eile

r an

d W

Sch

nee

mel

cher

ldquoB

arth

olo

maumlu

seva

nge

liu

mrdquo

Sch

nee

mel

cher

Ap

okry

phen

1 4

24

ndash4

40

1

64

Cf

F S

chei

dw

eile

r ldquo

Nik

od

emu

seva

nge

liu

m P

ilat

usa

kte

n u

nd

Houml

llen

fah

rt C

hri

stirdquo

in

Sch

nee

mel

cher

Ap

okry

phen

1 3

95

ndash4

24

1

65

Cf

M-

A v

an d

en O

ud

enri

jn ldquo

Das

Eva

nge

liu

m d

es G

amal

ielrdquo

in

Sch

nee

mel

cher

Ap

okry

phen

44

1ndash

44

2

16

6

Cf

M D

urs

t ldquo

Heg

esip

prdquo i

n S

Douml

pp

an

d W

Gee

rlin

gs e

ds

Lex

ikon

der

an

tike

n c

hri

stli

chen

Lit

erat

ur

31

5

(4a

) H

isto

rio

grap

hic

al T

exts

in

Ext

ra-C

ano

nic

al E

arly

Ch

rist

ian

Lit

erat

ure

(up

to

ca

mid

-2n

d c

entu

ry)1

51

Go

spel

lit

erat

ure

Act

s li

tera

ture

15

2R

elat

ed f

orm

s A

po

caly

pse

s

Jew

ish

Ch

rist

ian

Gos

pel

s1

53

ndash

Gos

pel

s of

th

e N

aza

raee

sndash

G

osp

el o

f th

e E

bio

nit

esndash

G

osp

el o

f th

e H

ebre

ws

Act

s of

An

dre

w1

54

Asc

ensi

o Je

saia

e15

5

Gos

pel

of

the

Egy

pti

an

s15

6A

cts

of Th

om

as1

57

Ap

oca

lyp

se o

f P

eter

15

8

Gos

pel

of

Pet

er1

59

Pse

ud

o-C

lem

enti

nes

16

0

So-c

all

ed I

nfa

ncy

Gos

pel

s1

61 e

g

Pro

teva

nge

liu

m o

f Ja

mes

16

2

Gos

pel

of

Ba

rth

olom

ew1

63

Act

s of

Pil

ate

Gos

pel

of

Nic

odem

us1

64

Gos

pel

of

Ga

ma

liel

16

5


(4b

) O

ther

s

Au

tho

rD

ates

His

tori

ogr

aph

ical

wo

rks

Ed

itio

ns

Seco

nd

ary

Lit

erat

ure

Heg

esip

p1

66

2n

d c

entu

ry C

EH

ypom

nem

ata

T

Zah

n

Fo

rsch

un

gen

zu

r G

esch

ich

te

des

neu

test

amen

tlic

hen

Kan

on

s 6

1

90

0

22

8ndash

24

9

E

Pre

usc

hen

A

nti

lego

men

a

21

90

5

10

7ndash

11

3

21

0ndash

21

6

N

Hyl

da

hl

StTh

1

4 (1

960)

70

ndash11

3



































































15

1

On

th

is

cf

in g

ener

al

wh

ere

no

oth

er w

ork

s ar

e m

enti

on

ed

Sch

nee

mel

cher

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pok

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1 a

nd

2

Mo

resc

hin

i an

d N

ore

lli

Lit

era

ture

F

or

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her

sec

on

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y li

tera

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cf

th

e in

div

idu

al a

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in S

Douml

pp

an

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gs e

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an

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3rd

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(F

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H

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er 2

00

2)

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e gr

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s in

dat

ing

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lite

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re a

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wn

mo

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f th

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text

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e ldquofl

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text

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ce s

cho

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oft

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es

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than

th

e m

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in

th

is t

able

1

52

Cf

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ner

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erat

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15

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15

7

15

3

Cf

P V

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an

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ench

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e E

van

geli

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in

Sch

nee

mel

cher

Ap

okry

phen

1 1

14

ndash1

47

Mo

resc

hin

i an

d N

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lli

Lit

erat

ure

5

6ndash

63

1

54

Cf

J-

M P

rieu

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nee

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ldquoA

nd

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Ap

okry

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2 9

3ndash

13

7

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5

Cf

C D

G M

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Him

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chn

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54

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56

2 M

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and

No

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re 9

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97

1

56

Cf

W S

chn

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mrdquo

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id

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en 1

17

4ndash

17

9 M

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sch

ini

and

No

rell

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re 6

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64

1

57

Cf

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Uig

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nes

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in

Sch

nee

mel

cher

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phen

2 1

38

ndash1

93

1

58

Cf

C D

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mel

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es J

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chn

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56

2ndash

57

8 M

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re 9

7ndash

10

0

15

9

Cf

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nee

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1 1

80

ndash1

88

Mo

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Lit

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71

ndash7

4

16

0

Cf

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her

an

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Pse

ud

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lem

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chn

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43

9ndash

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8

16

1

Cf

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nee

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phen

1 3

30

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72

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Lit

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14

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15

3

16

2

Cf

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Sch

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1 3

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72

esp

33

4ndash

33

8

16

3

Cf

F S

chei

dw

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Sch

nee

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cher

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arth

olo

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nee

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1 4

24

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40

1

64

Cf

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od

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m P

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Sch

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cher

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phen

1 3

95

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24

1

65

Cf

M-

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44

1ndash

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2

16

6

Cf

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urs

t ldquo

Heg

esip

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Lex

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Lit

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31

5

(4a

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Ext

ra-C

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arly

Ch

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ian

Lit

erat

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(up

to

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mid

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51

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Act

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tera

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15

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53

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Act

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54

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the

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61 e

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63

Act

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64

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16

5


(4b

) O

ther

s

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ates

His

tori

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wo

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ns

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nd

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Lit

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Heg

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p1

66

2n

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EH

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nem

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T

Zah

n

Fo

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un

gen

zu

r G

esch

ich

te

des

neu

test

amen

tlic

hen

Kan

on

s 6

1

90

0

22

8ndash

24

9

E

Pre

usc

hen

A

nti

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men

a

21

90

5

10

7ndash

11

3

21

0ndash

21

6

N

Hyl

da

hl

StTh

1

4 (1

960)

70

ndash11

3



(4b

) O

ther

s

Au

tho

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ates

His

tori

ogr

aph

ical

wo

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Ed

itio

ns

Seco

nd

ary

Lit

erat

ure

Heg

esip

p1

66

2n

d c

entu

ry C

EH

ypom

nem

ata

T

Zah

n

Fo

rsch

un

gen

zu

r G

esch

ich

te

des

neu

test

amen

tlic

hen

Kan

on

s 6

1

90

0

22

8ndash

24

9

E

Pre

usc

hen

A

nti

lego

men

a

21

90

5

10

7ndash

11

3

21

0ndash

21

6

N

Hyl

da

hl

StTh

1

4 (1

960)

70

ndash11

3


historiographical literature in the new testament … · 2017-09-21 · historiographical...

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