history 12 policies and events in spain

History 12( Rizal’s Life, Works and Writings)

Presented by:Roy D. Perfuma

Department of Social SciencesCollege of Arts and SciencesCentral Mindanao University

REVALIDA

Test 1. Identification. Write the word or phrases for the following items:1. This major upheaval resulted in the complete independence of the

Americans from England.

2. It ended absolutism and feudal privileges in France after King Louis XVI and his wife Marie Antoinette were overthrown.

3. They believed a country should be free from domination by another and the people should enjoy liberty, equality and opportunity.

4. They supported the “good old days” when monarchs and kings ruled over their subjects.

5. They advocated that the government should own and manage the means of production for the benefit of many and not just for the few.

6. A German Political thinker who advocated abolition of private land ownership, nationalization or centralization of the means of production, confiscation of property.

7. It is defined as the activity of a nation in extending its control and authority beyond its territorial boundaries through acquisition of a new territory.

8. This major development in the 19th century marked the shift from manual labor to machine works, and from domestic system to the factory system.

Revalida

9. It is a feeling of oneness by a group of people who believe that they possess common traditions, culture, goals or ideas.

10 .It denotes the idea “ Government of the People, by the People and for the people”.

Test II. Matching Type. Match the items in column A that describe the items in column B.

A B

11.Liberty, Equality and Fraternity A. Know Thyself

12. Rerum Novarum B. Laissez Faire

13. Communism C. battlecry of French Revolution

14. Te Nosce Ipsum D. Conditions of Labor

15. “Hands off” E. violent revolution to improve theconditions of the working class.

RevalidaTest II. Essay1. Explain the effects(positive and negative)

of the Industrial Revolution in the socio-economic aspects during the 19th Century.(15ts.)

2. Why Rizal considered science as the soul of the 19th Century?(5 pts.)

3. Discuss the impact of modern means of transportation and communication in the development of nationalism as suggested by Rizal?( 5pts)

4. What were the reasons why Spanish colonialism in the Philippine lasted for more than 3 centuries? (10 pts)

Unit ii. POLICIES AND EVENTS IN 19TH Century Spain: Its Effects in the Philippines

Political instability in Spain: Liberals Vs Conservatives Inspired by the ideals of the French Revolution and the American Revolution, there was a constant conflict between the liberals and despotism. The liberals wanted to limit absolutism for the people to enjoy their constitutional and human rights. The opposition, the conservatives, wanted the retention of the monarchy.

Effects in Spain: The struggle consumed the strength and wealth of the nation There were plots, conspiracies, and revolts From 1834 to 1862, Spain adopted 4 Constitutions(1812, 1837, 1845 and 1869), elected 27 parliaments and installed 529 ministers with portfolios.


1. Effects of Spain’s Political Instability to the Phils. Constant changes in the Madrid government were followed by period rigodon of the colonial officials in the Philippines.

The common political dictum that “ to the victors belong the spoils of office led to the frequent changes of governor generals.

From 1853 to 1898, there were 41 of them who held office in the Phils, each serving an average term of 1 year and 3 months..

The frequent changes prevented the formulation and execution of sound policies and administration.

Unit ii. POLICIES AND EVENTS IN 19TH Century Spain: Its Effects in the Philippines Effects of Spain’s Political Instability to the Phils.

The choice of colonial officials was weak ; Under the policy of giving political rewards, there was a continuous sending of political undesirables –ignorant barbers and lackeys were appointed as provincial governors and rough sailors assigned as district judges and garrison commanders

Appointment of colonial officials was not through merits but based on monetary considerations;

After spending so much time and money to obtain appointment, many officials exploited their office to recover their expenses and enrich themselves.

Such practice of appointment it created mal-administration, graft and corruption and bribery among them and the welfare of the Filipinos was a second priority.

The distance of the colony from Spain and the overlapping pf powers among the colonial officials contributed to the perpetuation of anomalies in government service.

The insecurity of tenure of office of the colonial administrators also made them unscrupulous and corrupt.


2. Corrupt Governor Generals in the PhilsRafael de Izquierdo(1871-1873)- a boastful and ruthless official who ignited the anger of the Filipinos by executing the 3 priests, Mariano Gomez, Jose Burgos and Jacinto Zamora Feb 13, 1872

Fernando Primo de Rivera- a two term governor general from (1880-1883) and (1897-1898). He enriched himself by accepting bribes from gambling casinos which allowed to operate

Valeriano Weyler(1888-1891)-known as “Butcher of Cuba”; he arrived as a poor man and returned to Spain a millionaire. He received bribes and gift of diamonds for his wife from wealthy Chinese who evaded the anti-Chinese laws. It was during his tenure when he ordered the persecution of Rizal’s family and the tenants of the Dominican estates in Calamba. Camilo de Polavieja(1896-1897)- an able and ruthless governor who ordered the execution of Rizal.


Political Structure in the Philippines during Spanish Colonial Period

Governor General

Lieutenant Governor

Alcalde Mayores(Provinces)

Corregidores(Corregimientos)


Political Structure in the Philippines during Spanish Colonial Period

Alcalde Mayor ( Provincial Governor)

Gobernadorcillo (Town Mayor of Pueblos)

Cabeza de Barangay


Check and balance of Power of Spanish Colonial Official in the Philippines.

Governor General Lieutenant General

Royal Audiencia

Residencia

Visitador General


Political Structure in the Philippines during Spanish Colonial PeriodThe Philippines was a crown colony under Spanish domination. From 1565 to 1821, the Philippines was a dependency of Mexico, and the Viceroy, in name of the King, administered the country under the Consejo de Indias( Council of the Indies)Ministerio de Ultramar- took over the administration of the Philippines directly from Madrid after Mexico gained its independence in 1821.Recopilacion de Leyes de Indias( Compilation of Laws on the Royal Lands in the Indies)-issued in 1680 to rules its extensive possessions.

Governor General- the highest governing body in the colony\ he was the chief executive appointed by the King. He was also the commander-in-chief of the military forces of the colony, Minister of Finance, Agriculture etc. - He was also the vice royal patron that granted him the power to recommend parish priests and the authority to intervene in controversies between the religious authorities. He could reject or suspend the implementation of any royal decree from Spain with his cumplase power, if in his opinion, the conditions in the colony did not justify its implementation.


Political Structures during the Spanish Colonial Period

Alcade Mayores or Provincial Governor- Spanish civil official who led the provinces where peace had been restored. It became a model of graft, corruption and inefficiency brought about by those inexperienced individuals or with no background at all to execute their varied responsibilities.

Corregidores(Politico-Military Governors)- they took charge of the territories where peace had not been completely restored\ unpacified areas known as corregimientos.

Gobernadorcillos- equivalent to mayors who administered towns or pueblos. The local position was at first occupied by pre-colonial chieftains and their descendants and later elected by an electoral board composed of outgoing gobernadorcillo and 12 members of the principalia( social and political aristocracy)

Principalia- referred to prominent landowners and propertied citizens who could read write and speak Spanish.

Cabeza de Barangay- an appointive position who administer the villages or barangays/ barrio, the smallest unit of the government. He maybe a Filipino or Chinese mestizo, whose main responsibility was to maintain peace and order and collect tributes and taxes in his barrio.


Audencia Real (Royal Audencia)- established in 1583 to act as the Supreme Court of the colony; also served as advisory body to the governor and audited expenditures of the government.

Residencia - a judicial institution headed by the incoming Governor General to conduct trial of an outgoing governor general and other Spanish official for the purpose of punishing those guilty of corruption.

Visitador General – investigator sent by the king or an official dispatch by the Council of Indies to check the behaviour of the high officials of Spain.

The counterbalance efforts of the officials proved ineffectual in reprimanding corrupt administrators, because it was quite easy for them to bride the official conducting the investigation.


Sources of Abuses in the Colonial Administration

The most corrupt branch of government was the provincial government, where the Alcalde Mayor was the administrator, judge, military commander rolled in one.

1. Indulto Para Comerciar/Indulto de Comercio - a privilege given to the Alcalde Mayores to monopolize domestic trade, control prices and business practices.

They brought goods from the natives at a cheap rate and sold these goods back to the natives in times of scarcity but in a higher price. Due to floods of complaints by more responsible officials in Spain, a decree

was issued in 1844 which abolished the said privilege and fixed the salary of the Alcalde Mayor at 1,500, provided only lawyers or persons with 2 years of legal experience were qualified for the said position. In 1866, the judicial and executive duties of the civil officials were permanently separated.

2.Tribute / Taxes – another privilege enjoyed by the Alcalde Mayors where a certain percentage was collected from the total amount of taxes imposed on the provinces. They often exacted more tributes than required by law and pocketed the excess collections.


Sources of Abuses in the Colonial Administration

One tribute is equivalent to 8 reales or one peso and may be paid in money or in kind like rice, honey, corn, etc.

In 1851, it was increased to 12 reales or 1 ½ tribute. eventually it was replaced by cedula tax, which served as personal identity paper which described and contained the information of the bearing including his name

exempted from paying the tribute include the governadorcillos, cabezas and their families, government employees, soldiers with distinguished service, native chieftains, choir members , sacristans, porters of the church.

3. Bandala System - it was instituted by Governor General Sebastian Hurtado de Corcuera during the first half of the 17th century. this refers to assignment of annual quotas to each province for the

compulsory sale of product to the government. Due to lack of funds, the government issued promissory note in exchange for

the goods. Non-payment on the part of the government meant confiscation of products.


3. The Union of Church and State

With the spread of Christianity as one of the most important of Spain’s motive, the friars were used by the government as instrument of colonial control.

The Archbishop of Manila shared the extensive powers of the civil authorities, including the Governor General. Under him were the bishops in charge of the dioceses, and below the bishops were the priests who took care of the parishes.

The term of office of the Church officials was not limitless. They became more powerful during the 19th Century political instability in Spain, as the political control in the colony yielded in their hands.

Political authority was usually placed in the hands of a parish priest, making him both a religious and state representative of the town.

Frailocracia – “ government of friars”.

As a result, the conflict between church and state resulted from the intrigues and jealousies between the friars and civil officials. Even the tenure of higher officials at times depended on the will of the friars.

The religious corporations acquired vast tracks of hacienda and enriched their coffers at the expense of the people’s ignorance. The religious orders became the rightful owners of land after securing royal titles for the properties, thus causing agrarian unrest as the Filipino tenants viewed the friars as usurpers of their ancestral lands.

Unit ii. POLICIES AND EVENTS IN 19TH Century Spain: Its Effects in the PhilippinesSocial Structure during Spanish colonial period

Spanish Officials,Peninsulares Friars

Insulares, Creoles, Mestizos, favoured Natives

Indios


4. Racial Discrimination among the IndiosWhile Christianity was propagated in the Phils under the egalitarian concept of brotherhood of all men under God the Father, the Spanish authorities and friars did not follow its own teachings. Newly converted natives were not treated as brother Christians, but inferior human beings on the account of their brown skin and flat noses, thus undeserving of the rights and privileges enjoyed by the white Spaniards. The term “Indio” referring to the brown Filipinos means uneducated, uncivilized or savage”. Racial discrimination was prevalent in the government offices, in the courts of justice, in the armed forces, in the social circles, even in the education institutions and ecclesiastical hierarchy.


5. Denial of Human Rights to the Filipinos During the 19th century, the Spaniards struggled to secure respect and recognition of human rights.

However the Filipinos could not understand why the Spaniards who fought for the sacred rights of men would deny them of the same right.

Sinibaldo de Mas, a Spanish economist and diplomat to the Phils, sympathized with the Filipinos and said;

“ Why do we fall into an anomaly , such as combining our claim for liberty for ourselves, and our wish to impose our laws on remote peoples? Why do we deny to others the benefits which we desire for our fatherlands?

Rizal also voiced the respect and recognition of human rights as essential in promoting harmony among peoples;

“ …Liberty, rights, and love distinct races around the same standard, one aspiration, one destiny’.


6. Maladministration of Justice “ Justice delayed, justice denied “. The courts of justice were notoriously corrupt; the Spanish judges, fiscals(prosecuting attorneys) and court officials were inept and oftentimes ignorant of the law. Justice was slow, costly and partial; Wealth, social prestige and color of the skin were preponderant factors in winning the case in court. Rizal himself and his family were among the victims of the Spanish injustices: imprisonment of Dona Teodora in 1871 and in 1891 Rizal ‘s deportation to Dapitan in 1872 without a fair trial banishment of Paciano and his brother in laws in the different parts

of the country without due process of law.


7. Philippine Representation in the Spanish Cortes

Spain’s motive in Granting Philippine Representation: During the Spanish War of Independence(1808-1814) against the invading French

forces, the King saw the need to rally the colonies to be loyal to Spain, hence a central revolutionary body was created.

On January 22, 1809, it issued a decree granting all Spanish colonies a direct representation in the Spanish Cortes.

The Philippines was then represented 3 times, from 1810-1813, 1820-1823, and 1834-1837. Ventura de los Reyes was the first Filipino representative, and one of the signatories of the 1812 Spanish Constitution. With the creation of a new constitution in 1837 and the establishment of a parliamentary form of government in Spain, the right to representation was conveniently removed as there was no need for colonial support at that time. Philippine representation, no matter how brief and irrespective of its nature was a remarkable moment for the Filipinos struggle for the recognition and respect of human rights. For years, its restoration continued to be one of the major demands of the reformists, including by Rizal, MH Del Pilar and Lopez-Jaena.


8. The Opening of the Philippines to World Trade in 1834

The expansion of Philippine trade and the opening of the ports of Iloilo, Cebu, Sual in Pangasinan, and Zamboanga outside Manila stimulated foreign demands for Philippine products and encouraged agricultural production in the Philippines.

Effects: Traditional Philippine exports increased with the rapid development and production

of cash crops such as sugar from Iloilo and Negros, tobacco from Ilocos, Abaca from Bicol, indigo and rice from Panay Island /Central Luzon, and coffee from Batangas.

The Rise of the Middle Class.

The main beneficiaries of the emerging cash crop, free trade and commercialization of Philippine agriculture and economic expansion were the Spanish and Chinese mestizos who became capitalists and middlemen.

With enhanced wealth, it facilitated greater educational advantages among their children and with contact with foreign newcomers and new ideas, the new breeds of illustrados started to question the abuses of the governor and demanded social reforms.


9. The Iiberal administration of Gov Gen Carlos Ma de la Torre of 1869.

In 1869, the Spanish liberals had taken over the government and sent Carlos Ma. De la Torre as the new governor general to the Phils.

This benevolent governor was able to show his liberal disposition in running the affairs of the colonial government by introducing series of reforms, such as revocation of press censorship and the abolition of flogging as a form of punishment. He even lived simply within his means and broke the tradition by openly mingling with the indios, mestizos and Spaniards and treating them equally.

His administration as a result gave the Filipinos a taste of liberal regime and thus inspired the Filipino middle class to continue their campaign their reforms under the Spanish colonial rule.

Simple RecallDefine/Say something about the following terms:1. Peninsulares2. Insulares3. Governor General4. Indulto de Comercio5. Alcalde Mayor6. Residencia7. Visitador-General8. Corregidores9. Gobernadorcillo10.Bandala System

history 12 policies and events in spain

Data & Analytics

century spain

group of people

industrial revolution

american revolution

violent revolution

revalida test

battlecry of french

means of production