History 9/10

Study Booklet

Created March the 6th, 2013

By: 9th and 10th Grade

Edited by:

Proofread By:

Designed by: Maddie Pentecost,

Sophie Lancaster and Kate Gurvis

Serving Sizes

Words, Slogans and Symbols of the United StatesBy: Sophie Lancaster

The Monroe Doctrine: the Shape of Things to ComeBy: Bethany Balentine

President Monroe was assisted by John Quincy Adams, and he had the idea that it was the President’s job to lead the way in defining the nation’s role. President Monroe created the Monroe Doctrine.The Monroe Doctrine was a policy that was announced on December the 2nd, 1823. The following rules were applied:The Western Hemisphere was no longer open to further colonization by European Powers, any attempts of those powers to extend their political system to any portion of American continents would be taken as a sign of unfriendliness towards the United States, the United States would not meddle with European Politics, and Europe must not disturb the political status of the republics on their own side of the ocean.

The Constitution

The Constitution is the document by which the government of the United States is run; this makes it a very important national symbol. The document is in essence the nation’s sacred document and it decides all final decisions. Once the document was ratified it became custom to refer to it as if it has always existed.

SlogansSlogans include; liberty, freedom and union. The country was young but it still had heroes and mottoes. “Don’t fire until you see the whites of their eyes.” General Putnam (Battle of Bunker Hill). “I have not yet begun to fight.” John Paul Jones (when the British commanded him to surrender his ship).

Flags1. 13 alternate stripes of white and

red and a circle of 13 white stars on a blue field in the top left corner.

2. Next, the small stars were arranged in the shape of a big star.

3. Lastly the stars were arranged in horizontal lines, and it was decided that with every new state added to the country another star would be added to the line of stars.

Bald EagleThe bald eagle is another symbol of the United States. It was chosen as the national bird and symbol because of it’s beauty, long life, great strength and because it is native to North America. It is found on the official seal of the United States as well as on the coins. At one point in time it was a popular decoration for walls, it was in pictures and on signs, and just anywhere a person could use it.

All of these rules would ensure their independence from European interference. These rules were followed, but there were threats due to the fact that they did not have a strong Army or Navy at the time. The only support for this claim was that they were coincided with British foreign policy and therefore would be supported by the large British Fleet. The Doctrine noted that the United States would neither interfere with existing European colonies nor meddle in the internal concerns of European countries.

Right: The First American FlagLeft: The Bald Eagle

Judiciary Review in the United StatesBy: Kate Gurvis

The Day the White House Turned BlackBy: Alexander Chambers

Who?

Justice of Peace, William Marbury vs. Secretary of State, James Madison

What?

The case where the Supreme Court formed a basis for the use of judicial review, under Article III of the constitution. This helped define the boundary between the constitutionally separate executive and judicial branches of the American Government.

Where?

United States, Supreme Court, Washington D.C.

When?

Argued: February 11, 1803

Decided: February 24. 1803

Why?

William Marbury had been appointed as the Justice of the Peace by John Adams but, his commission had not been delivered. Thus leading him to petition for the new Secretary of State, James Madison to deliver the documents to him. Madison refused. John Marshall as Chief Justice found that this refusal was both illegal and remediable. Nonetheless, the Court did not force Madison to hand over Marbury's commission, instead they held onto the fact that, the provision of the Judiciary Act of 1789 that originally enabled Marbury to bring his claim to the Supreme Court was itself unconstitutional, since it purported to extend the Court's original jurisdiction beyond that which Article III established. The petition was therefore denied.

This led to a case to modify Article III, by formalizing judicial review. In the end it is decided that Marbury had the right to his commission but, the court did not have the power to force Madison to deliver it. In the opinion of John Marshall, the failure to deliver the commission was "violative of a vested legal right." In deciding whether Marbury had a remedy, Marshall also stated that, "The Government of the United States has been emphatically termed a government of laws, and not of men. It will certainly cease to deserve this high appellation if the laws furnish no remedy for the violation of a vested legal right." This being the reason why Madison could not be forced to do anything against him will.

Another area where the British and American soldiers fought was along the American-Canadian border. This area was fought over by both land a naval attacks, as the frontier was very large. The frontier ran from the Great Lakes along the Saint Lawrence River and all the way to Lake Champlain.

The third area where battles were fought was in the American South and along the Gulf Coast. This not only saw large scale naval attacks and assaults, but it also saw some of the largest on-land battles, in which the American forces defeated Britain and their allies and saw Britain and American territories being temporarily occupied by the enemies.

In 1814, the British, having recently defeated Napoleon Bonaparte, were able to send additional soldiers across the Atlantic to launch what would be one of the British’ final attacks on the United States. The British thought that they would be well covered for soldiers, which they were, but the United States was well prepared too. This could be seen as a revenge move from the British as they hadn’t yet successfully taken over, and kept hold of, any part of the United States. The British, who were losing ground fast in this battle, burned Washington, which caused a massive uproar in America. The burning of Washington caused the White House to be burned to a crisp, with the outside walls.

The war was fought in three main areas, not all on land however. One of the largest places where battles took place was at sea. Warships and privateers of either sides would attack the opponents merchant vessels to stop materials and goods making it to the main lands to support the ground soldiers. Also at sea, the British blockaded the Atlantic coast of the United States and during later stages of the war, launched beaching assaults upon the east coast of the United States. The battles on this Atlantic theatre took place in many different ways. Many of the attacks were single-ship actions, in which one ship from either side fought in a dog-fight. Many ships were lost this way, but the tactic often meant that if your side lost a ship, the opponent’s ship was in such a bad state that it was unable to cause much damage in a sea-to-land assault. The other effective way which the British attempted to stop the United States from succeeding in their battles was by blockading the Atlantic frontier with ships, and essentially sinking all merchant and commercial vessels. It was “dog eat dog”!

Post war treaties which followed came in large numbers, and there was much negotiation between the defeated British Empire and the United States, as there were many disputes to be settled. Eventually there were no boundary changes, which is surprising seeing as the disputes were far fought, and peaceful agreements were reached. This war seemed to lead, in part, to the start of the collapse of the British Empire. The British started to become a less powerful nation with the loss of America and everyone could see that the power of the British was starting to falter.  It was time for everyone to choose sides.

The war of 1812 was a 32 month conflict between the United States and the British Empire. Both sides had Indian allies, and these allies played a big part in the outcomes of the war. The war was declared by the United States on the British Empire for several reasons, such as to overcome the trade restrictions brought about by Britain’s ongoing wars with the French Republic. Other reasons included the impressment of American merchant sailors into the Royal Navy (the navy of the British Empire), the British support of American Indian tribes against the expansion of the United States, and outrages over national honor after humiliating defeats on the high seas. The time had come to fight back!

Left: Justice of the Peace by William Marbury

Right: Secretary of State by James Madison

Serving Sizes

Jefferson, Marshall and the CourtBy: Chanthea de Jonge

The U.S. and Foreign Trade in the 1800’sBy: Jaret Clarke

An attempt to change the court by impeachmentDuring Jefferson’s presidency the Republicans and president Jefferson feared the power of judges on the courts. They were especially threatened by Supreme court judges who were appointed for life and not voted in by the people. The republicans and Jefferson started to impeach some of the judges. Impeachment is when a person is accused of an unlawful activity. Samuel Chase, a judge on the Supreme court who had sign the Declaration of Independence was impeached by the Republicans. This was because his behavior in the trials of cases brought under the Sedition Act was considered biased against the Republicans on trial when he called them revolutionaries and other biased names. In Chase’s trial, he was acquitted by the judge Burr because his behavior did not meet the standard of an impeachable offense. This is because the Constitution says government officers can not be impeached except for ‘ treason, bribery, or other high crimes and misdemeanors.’’ The huge importance of Chase’s trial is that it later prevented others judges from being impeached just for political power. It left the United States with two political parties that had the freedom to disagree and still have power and not to be concerned about random impeachment.

The election of 1804Jefferson was very successful in his first term in the areas of economics, the growth of the country and foreign affairs. First, he doubled the amount of foreign trade. His, custom’s receipt outran Gallatin’s estimates and the national debt was reduced by 25 million dollars. He was able to improve the economy while growing the country. He increased the population between the Allegheny Mountains and the Mississippi River. Mississippi became its own territory in 1798, Indiana also became a territory in 1800. Lastly, Ohio became a state in February 1803. In foreign affairs, Jefferson had friendly relations with the European nations. This was helped when the $2.5 million debt to the British merchants, owed by the Americans citizens, was paid to the merchants. Although Jefferson was still arguing with the Spanish over West Florida, which Jefferson wanted to acquire. Also, Jefferson got a lot of respect when he stood up to the Barberry pirates. All these achievements were shown when Jefferson was reelected on March the 4th in 1804. Jefferson carried all but one state, which was Connecticut. Jefferson got 162 out of 176 electoral votes and beat the Federalist candidate from South Carolina who was Charles C. Pinckney. Pinckney got only 14 electoral votes from Connecticut. Jefferson surprised everyone with a great first term.

History of U.S. Imports and ExportsThe U.S. first began to start trade with China in 1785. England and France started the war again during in 1803. The merchant marines industry started to grow rapidly. This made lots of profit for the US during this time period. The United States main exports were lumber, cotton, rice, and fish. American sailing ships were a favorite for merchandise from South America. Foreign seamen started to become naturalized citizens of the US, most were from the British navy. They wanted to escape the brutal discipline of their military.

The Embargo Act

Thomas started to make cutbacks in the war with the army and the navy, which left them too weak. He figured that trade was so important that we did not need to fight for what we wanted. On December 17, 1807, Jefferson asked to make law that prohibited any American vessel from sailing for any foreign port. This policy did not cause any fear to British and the French. This hurt them in the long run, though. The embargo might have destroyed the American commerce it was supposed to protect. Soon enough, thousands of people in the shipping industry were thrown out of work. In 1808, foreign trade dropped by one-third of what its value had been in 1807. Ships disobeyed the embargo. The Republican Congress repealed the embargo on March 1, 1809, three days before Jefferson left office. Congress passed a Non- Intercourse Act that forbad trade with only Great Britain and France. They noticed that the embargo destroyed their support in the nation and messed up the party. Soon, Great Britain and France would respect American rights.

From “Good Feelings” to “Sectional Bitterness”By: Madeline Pentecost

This is James Monroe here, the fifth president of the United States. You know, at first I really thought that my time in office would be swell. As President Madison’s successor, I had big shoes to fill. Although I thought it would be great, it didn’t exactly turn out how I wanted it to. During my time in office there were no political parties; a wrong move on my part! The Federalist Party was gone by 1816 and as they disappeared the Republicans did the same. My time in office was already named the “era of good feelings.”

But not for long! Soon the country changed from the “era of good feelings” to the “era of bad feelings.” There was no reason for the parties to stay together, so they quickly fell apart. The national policy disappeared and sectional bitterness rose up. All the while I stood by and watched my country fall apart. I avoided making policies and drifted with the times. Not the best president was I?

Situation WithMississippi River

In the early 1800s, more and more Americans settled between the Appalachian Mountains and Mississippi River. Settling near the Mississippi river allowed the Americans to float their crops down the river for transportation. However, the enemy holding the mouth of the Mississippi river could block the river way and make crops useless as well as stopping the trade. President Jefferson understood very well that the Mississippi river was great highway to transport crops and make the life of western farmer possible. However, France made the Americans pay if they wanted to pass. If France didn’t stop the payment they made Americans to pay, America will be forced to “marry ourselves to the British fleet and nation.” Jefferson sent his friend James Monroe as his special ambassador to France to negotiate with France, to buy the land at the mouth of Mississippi river, or other ways to guarantee western Americans to pass the mouth of the river without paying.

Napoleon’s Grand PlanNapoleon had grand and complex plan to build a new French Empire in America. To do this, he first had a secret talk with Spanish King and with his great persuasion skill; he managed to get Louisiana back, the land that French lost to Spanish as result of war. After getting Louisiana back, French knew how to use the land, which was on the mouth of Mississippi river. The French made Americans to pay as much as they wanted to pass the river way.

Final DealNapoleon was a man who could make his mind up very quickly. When Americans in Paris offered to buy small piece of land on the mouth of Louisiana, Napoleon responded he would not sell it, but instead he would sell the whole Louisiana. Two negotiators, Monroe and Livingston, were afraid if they pulled out to ask the president and Congress about the deal, Napoleon would change his mind and not sell Louisiana. Monroe and Livingston themselves decided to buy whole Louisiana for 15 million dollars and Napoleon agreed on the deal. As soon as the deal was closed, Monroe and Livingston began to wonder whether what they would have to share was praise or blame.

The Deal of LouisianaBy: SeongHyuk Kim

Serving Sizes

The Tariff of 1816By: Rylan Sutton

The Benefits of The Louisiana PurchaseBy: Samuel Meyer

The news of the Louisiana Purchase was received with many different attitudes. Jefferson decided to ask congress to vote and decide if they are going to continue with the purchase of Louisiana. After a long debate congress approved, and Louisiana became property of the United States in October of 1803. Within a year, an American Governor was stationed in New Orleans, making sure the Mississippi River would stay open. Jefferson had always said that congress is limited to the powers given to the constitution. This purchase, for Jefferson meant going against everything he previously believed in. The purchase, however, had many upsides to it and so the purchase of Louisiana was agreed upon. The new addition of land doubled the size of the United States, and allowed for people to keep settling West. People in the Eastern States were afraid that the new states would cause a power struggle between them and the original thirteen colonies. The borders weren’t exactly set and therefore, this allowed for them to be expandable.

The tariff of 1816 was a tariff protects the smaller U.S factories from the larger British factories. The problem that they are facing is that Britain is producing the same quality goods at lower prices than the local U.S factories. It was causing Americans to buy cheaper goods from British imports; therefore American products were not selling. The tariff raised import duties very high and discourages Britain from importing products. It kept cheap British made goods out and keep small U.S factories in business.

What this new land consisted of was yet to be discovered, so Congress appropriated $2500 for a group of explorers to look for a water route to the Pacific, study Indian tribes, study the rocks, plants, and animals of the region. The expedition would go beyond U.S. territory. Jefferson chose Meriwether Lewis who was his private secretary and an army captain to lead the expedition. His lieutenant, William Clark, would accompany him. With approximately forty men, they started their expedition at the mouth of the Missouri River in 1804. The Lewis and Clark expedition had hereby started. They spent the first winter holed up in a trading post, in what is now called North Dakota. While there, they hired a French-Canadian fur trapper and his wife Sacagawea, a Shoshone Indian. They were to be translators in case of Native American contact. Sacagawea, who was pregnant, persuaded the Shoshone Indians to help with the expedition, which she then guided. During the next summer, they crossed the “Great Divide” in the Rocky Mountains, and reached the Columbia River. By December, they had reached the Pacific Ocean. Here, Clark carved “Wiliam Clark December 3rd. By land from the U. States in 1804 and 1805.”. This action claimed the Oregon region. The United States now stretched from coast to coast.

This kept the money in the United States and improved economy.This tariff did not work. It upset the southerners when the price rose up way more than European goods when the north part of America was producing the nations goods. In the 1800s the North of the USA was all industry and no slavery and the South was all farming and slavery. The prices of the goods got very expensive to produce when relying on only American made goods and American raw materials. The south did not want to pay for the northern made goods so the tariff did not work because European made goods were lower quality but a lot lower in price.