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Primary Source Documents: Table of Contents Medieval European Outlook and Worldview Bishop Adalbero of Laon The Tripartite Society (1050) 2 Lothario dei Segni (Pope Innocent III) On the Misery of the Human Condition (c.1190) 3 Pope Gregory VII The Dictates of the Pope [Dictatus Papae] (1075*) 4 Pope Innocent III Royal Power Derives Its Dignity From the Pontifical Authority (c.1200) 5 The Hereford Map (c. 1290) 5 The Medieval World-View: The Vanity of This World 6 Magna Carta (1215) 7 Geoffrey Chaucer The Prologue The Canterbury Tales (1380) 8 The Millers Prologue The Canterbury Tales (1380) 9-10

The Renaissance Pico della Mirandola Oration on the Dignity of Man (1486) 11 William Shakespeare Macbeth (1611) 12 Niccol Machiavelli The Prince (1513/1532) selected quotes 13 The Prince (1513/1532) quotes in context 14

The Protestant Reformation Martin Luther Address to the Christian Nobility of the German Nation Concerning the Reform of the Christian Estate (1520) 15 The Freedom of a Christian (1520) 15 John Calvin The Institutes of the Christian Religion (1535) 16 The Twelve Articles (1524) 17 Martin Luther Against the Thievish, Murderous Hordes of Peasants (1525) 17 Chronicle of King Francis I: Burning of Protestants in Paris (1535) 18 The Persecution of Anabaptists: The Examination of Elizabeth Dirks (1549) 18 King Henry VIII / English Parliament Act of Supremacy (1534) 19 Queen Elizabeth Tilbury Speech (1588) 20 King Henry IV The Edict of Nantes (1598) 21 The Scientific Revolution Cardinal Bellarmine Letter to Fr. Paolo Antonio Foscarini (April 12, 1615) 22 The First Global Age: Age of Exploration/Discovery King Affonso I Letter to King John of Portugal (1526) 23 Emperor Qianlong Letter from the Celestial Emperor to the 'Barbarian' King (c.1780s) 23 Clive Ponting A Green History of the World: The Environment and the Collapse of 24-27 Great Civilizations (1992)

Europe circa 16th-17th centuries Cotton Mather The Devil in New England (1692) (from The Wonders of The Invisible World) 28 Johannes Junius A Confession Of Witchcraft Explained (1628) 29 The Atlantic Slave Trade Stowage of the British Slave Ship Brookes Under the Regulated Slave Trade [1788] 30 Bartolome de las Casas The Tears of the Indians (1541) 31 King Ferdinand/Queen Isabella Edict of the Expulsion of Jews [Alhambra Decree] (1492) 32 Jacques Benigne Bossuet Politics Drawn From the Very Words of Holy Scripture (1707) 33 Thomas Hobbes Leviathan (1651) 34-35 The Age of Enlightenment The English Bill of Rights (1689) 36 John Locke The Second Treatise of Civil Government (1692) 37-38 Montesquieu The Spirit of the Laws (1748) 39 Voltaire Treatise on Tolerance (1763) and The Philosophical Dictionary (1764) 40 Baron dHolbach Good Sense (1772) 40 Denis Diderot Encyclopedia (1772) 41 Immanuel Kant What is Enlightenment? (1784) 41 Thomas Paine The Age of Reason (1794-1796) 41 Voltaire Candide (1759) 42-45 Thomas Jefferson et al. The Unanimous Declaration of the Thirteen United States of America (1776) 46

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Medieval European Outlook and Worldview

Bishop Adalbero of Laon The Tripartite Society (1050)

The community of the faithful is a single body, but the condition of society is threefold in order. For human law distinguishes two classes. Nobles and serfs, indeed , are not governed by the same ordinance . The former are the warriors and the protectors of the churches. They are the defenders of the people, of both great and small, in short, of everyone, and at the same time they ensure their own safety. The other class is that of the serfs. This luckless breed possesses nothing except at the cost of its own labour. Who could, reckoning with an abacus, add up the sum of the cares with which the peasants are occupied, of their journeys on foot, of their hard labours? The serfs provide money, clothes, and food, for the rest; no free man could exist without serfs. Is there a task to be done? Does anyone want to put himself out? We see kings and prelates make themselves the serfs of their serfs; [but in truth] the master, who claims to feed his serf, is fed by him. And the serf never sees an end to his tears and his sighs. Gods house, which we think of as one, is thus divided into three; some pray, others fight, and yet others work. The three groups, which coexist, cannot bear to be separated; the services rendered by one are a precondition for the labours of the two others; each in his turn takes it upon himself to relive the whole. Thus the threefold assembly is none the less united, and it is thus that law has been able to triumph, and that the world has been able to enjoy peace.

abacus a tool to do complex addition and subtraction; early version of a calculator prelate church official (i.e. abbot, bishop, archbishop)

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Lothario dei Segni (Pope Innocent III)

On the Misery of the Human Condition (c.1190) For sure man was formed out of earth, conceived in guilt, born to punishment. What he does is depraved and illicit, is shameful and improper, vain and unprofitable. He will become fuel for the eternal fires food for worms, a mass of rottenness.

I shall try to make my explanation clearer and my treatment fuller. Man was formed of dust, slime, and ashes; what is even more vile, of the filthiest seed. He was conceived from the itch of the flesh, in the heat of passion and the stench of lust, and worse yet, with the stain of sin. He was born to toil, dread, and trouble; and more wretched still, was born only to die. He commits depraved acts by which he offends God, his neighbor, and himself, shameful acts by which he defiles his name, his person, and his conscience; and vain acts by which he ignores all things important, useful, and necessary. He will become fuel for those fires which are forever hot and burn forever bright; food for the worm which forever nibbles and digests; a mass of rottenness which will forever stink and reek.

A bird is born to fly; man is born to toil. All his days are full of toil and hardship, and at night his mind has no rest. How much anxiety tortures mortals! They suffer all kinds of cares, are burdened with worry, tremble and shrink with fears and terrors, are weighted down with sorrow. Their nervousness makes them depressed, and their depression makes them nervous. Rich or poor, master or slave, married or single, good and bad alikeall suffer worldly torments and are tormented by worldly vexations. For sudden sorrow always follows worldly joy: what begins in gaiety ends in grief. Worldly happiness in besprinkled in deed with much bitterness. Then, suddenly, when least expected, misfortune strikes, a calamity befalls us, disease attacks or death, which no one can escape, carries us off. Men strive especially for three things: riches, pleasures, and honors. Riches lead to immorality, pleasures to shame, and honors to vanity. But suppose a man is lifted up high, suppose he is raised to the very peak. At once his cares grow heavy, his worries mount up, he eats less and cannot sleep. And so nature is corrupted, his spirit weakened, his sleep disturbed, his appetite lost; his strength is diminished, he loses weight. Exhausting himself, he scarcely lives half a lifetime and ends his wretched days with a more wretched death. Almost the whole life of mortals is full of mortal sin, so that one can scarcely find anyone who does not go astray, does not return to his own vomit and rot in his own dung. Instead they are glad when they have done evil and rejoice in most wicked things. Being filled with all iniquity malice, fornication, avarice, wickedness, full of envy, murders, contention, deceit, evil, being whisperers, detractors, hateful to God, irreverent, proud, haughty, plotters of evil, disobedient to parents, foolish, dissolute, without affection, without fidelity, without mercy. This world is full of such and worse; it abounds in heretics and schismatics [Christians who reject the authority of the pope], traitors and tyrants, simonists [buyers or sellers of spiritual offices or sacred items] and hypocrites; the ambitious and the covetous, robbers and brigands, violent men, extortionists, usurers, forgers; the impious and sacrilegious, the betrayers and liars, the flatterers and deceivers; gossips, tricksters, gluttons, drunkards; adulterers, incestuous men, deviates, and the dirty-minded; the lazy, the careless, the vain, the prodigal, the impetuous, the irascible, the impatient and inconstant; poisoners, fortune tellers, perjurers, cursers; men who are presumptuous and arrogant, unbelieving and desperate; and finally those ensnared in all vices together.

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Pope Gregory VII

The Dictates of the Pope [Dictatus Papae] (1075*) 1. That the Roman church was founded by God alone. 2. That the Roman pontiff alone is rightly called universal. 3. That he alone can depose or reinstate bishops. 4. That, in a council his legate, even if a lower grade, is above all bishops, and can

pass sentence of deposition against them. 5. That the pope may depose the absent. 6. That, among other things, we ought not to remain in the same h