history & civics
TRANSCRIPT
Oswaal ICSE Mind Maps, HISTORY & CIVICS, Class-IX [ 1
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History & CiviCs
To know about more useful books click here
2 ] Oswaal ICSE Mind Maps, HISTORY & CIVICS, Class-IX
To know about more useful books click here
�F
loo
ds
and
Ear
thq
uak
esIn
crea
sed
Ari
dit
y�
Def
ore
stat
ion
�A
ttac
k�
�T
he
Har
app
an C
ivil
iat
ion
in
no
rth
ern
an
dz
wes
tern
par
ts o
f In
dia
an
d P
akis
tan
.T
he
Mes
op
ota
mia
n C
ivil
iat
ion
on
th
e b
ank
s�
zo
f ri
ver
Eu
ph
rate
s an
d T
igri
s in
mo
der
n I
raq
.T
he
Ch
ines
e C
ivil
iat
ion
in
th
e v
alle
y o
f�
zH
wan
g H
o a
nd
Yan
gtz
e ri
ver
s.T
he
Eg
yp
tian
Civ
ili
atio
n o
n t
he
ban
ks
of
�z
Nil
e ri
ver
in
Eg
yp
t.
�T
he
Ind
us
Val
ley
Civ
ili
atio
n i
s b
est
kn
ow
nz
as t
he
Har
app
an C
ivil
iat
ion
.z
It i
s ca
lled
th
e H
arap
pan
Civ
ili
atio
n�
zb
ecau
se t
he
Har
app
an s
ite
was
th
e fi
rst
tob
e d
isco
ver
ed i
n 1
921
at t
he
mo
der
n s
ite
of
Har
app
a si
tuat
ed i
n t
he
pro
vin
ce o
fW
est
Pu
nja
b i
n P
akis
tan
.M
oh
enjo
aro
was
dis
cov
ered
in
192
2 ;
bo
th�
-Dli
e in
th
e In
du
s V
alle
y r
egio
n.
�T
he
Gre
at B
ath
is
on
e o
f th
e la
rges
t p
ub
lic
bu
ild
ing
sat
Mo
hen
joar
o. I
t h
as a
lar
ge
rect
ang
ula
r ta
nk
in
a-D
cou
rty
ard
su
rro
un
ded
by
a c
orr
ido
r o
n a
ll f
ou
r si
des
.
�T
he
rais
ed a
rea
of
each
cit
y w
as c
alle
d t
he
cita
del
.It
ow
ed i
ts h
eig
ht
to t
he
bu
ild
ing
s co
nst
ruct
ed o
nm
ud
bri
ck p
latf
orm
s. T
he
cita
del
had
th
e h
ou
ses
of
the
ruli
ng
cla
ss a
nd
im
po
rtan
t b
uil
din
gs.
�T
he
seal
s u
sed
by
th
e H
arap
pan
s sh
ow
th
eir
arti
stic
sk
ills
. Sea
ls o
f P
ash
up
ati
sho
w t
hat
peo
ple
bel
iev
ed i
n S
hiv
a. T
he
un
ico
rn s
eal
sho
ws
thei
r m
yth
ical
bel
iefs
.
�T
he
sto
ne
scu
lptu
re o
f a
man
wit
h a
bea
rd w
as d
isco
ver
edfr
om
Mo
hen
joar
o. T
his
scu
lptu
re i
s o
f h
igh
art
isti
c v
alu
e-D
and
po
ints
to
th
e ex
iste
nce
of
skil
led
art
isan
s in
th
eH
arap
pan
Civ
ili
atio
n.
z
�T
he
bro
nze
sta
tue
of
a d
anci
ng
gir
l, f
ou
nd
at M
oh
enjo
aro
is
a m
aste
r p
iece
of
art
-Dan
d i
t sh
ow
s a
hig
h d
egre
e o
f d
evel
op
men
tin
th
e ar
t o
f sc
ulp
ture
.
�A
rec
tan
gu
lar
do
cky
ard
was
dis
cov
ered
at
Lo
thal
in G
uja
rat.
It
was
su
rro
un
ded
by
a m
assi
ve
bri
ckw
all,
pro
bab
ly a
s a
pro
tect
ion
ag
ain
st f
loo
ds.
�T
he
Har
app
ans
use
d a
scr
ipt
wh
ich
is
reg
ard
ed a
sp
icto
gra
ph
ic s
ince
its
sig
ns
rep
rese
nt
bir
ds,
fis
h a
nd
var
ieti
es o
f th
e h
um
an f
orm
.
�T
he
two
mo
st i
mp
ort
ant
Har
app
an c
itie
sar
e H
arap
pa
in M
on
tgo
mer
y d
istr
ict
of
Pu
nja
b a
nd
Mo
hen
jod
aro
in
Lar
kan
ad
istr
ict
of
Sin
dh
.
The
Ha
rap
pa
n
Civ
ili
ati
onz
Th
eC
itad
el
Sea
ls
Oswaal ICSE Mind Maps, HISTORY & CIVICS, Class-IX [ 3
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•A
gri
cult
ure
bec
ame
the
chie
f o
ccu
pat
ion
wh
ile
do
mes
tica
tio
n o
f an
imal
s al
so c
on
tin
ued
.•
Lan
d w
as t
he
imp
ort
ant
sou
rce
of
wea
lth
.•
Trad
ers
gu
ild
s h
ad c
om
e u
p a
nd
tra
de
had
bec
ame
ver
y i
mp
ort
ant.
Bes
ides
th
e o
ccu
pat
ion
s o
f ea
rlie
rp
erio
d, m
any
new
occ
up
atio
ns
lik
e p
hy
sici
ans,
mu
sici
ans,
an
d m
any
oth
er p
rofe
ssio
ns
emer
ged
.
•T
he
per
iod
wh
en A
ryan
s fi
rst
sett
led
in
In
dia
is
kn
ow
n a
s th
eE
arly
Ved
ic P
erio
d (
i.e,
150
0-10
00 B
C).
•A
ryan
s, s
o f
ar t
rib
al a
nd
no
mad
ic i
n n
atu
re, g
rad
ual
ly s
ettl
edin
th
e G
ang
etic
Val
ley.
Th
is p
erio
d i
s k
no
wn
as
the
Lat
erV
edic
Ag
e (1
000-
500
BC
).•
Th
e cu
ltu
re o
f th
e p
erio
d i
s re
ferr
ed t
o a
s th
e V
edic
cu
ltu
reb
ecau
se i
t w
as b
ased
on
th
e V
edic
tex
ts.
Itis
old
estr
elig
iou
ste
xtin
the
wo
rld
.Th
eh
ym
ns
the
inth
isV
eda
are
ded
icat
edb
yth
eag
esto
Go
ds.
sT
he
Rig
Ved
ich
ym
ns
are
the
auth
enti
cso
urc
eso
fkn
ow
led
ge
oft
he
life
ofp
eop
leo
fth
eti
me.
Th
eh
ym
ns
inth
isV
eda
wer
em
ean
tto
be
sun
gat
the
tim
eo
fth
esa
crif
ice
by
the
pri
ests
.
Itd
eals
wit
hh
ym
ns
reci
ted
du
rin
gth
ep
erfo
rman
ceo
fYaj
nas
.Th
eh
ym
ns
inth
isV
eda
thro
w l
igh
ton
the
soci
alan
dre
lig
iou
sli
feo
fth
eA
ryan
s.
�T
he
hy
mn
s in
th
is V
eda
dea
l w
ith
mag
ic a
nd
ch
arm
.B
esid
esth
ep
ow
ers
ofg
ho
sts
and
spir
its,
the
hy
mn
sd
ealw
ith
gy
an(k
no
wle
dg
e),k
arm
a(a
ctio
n)a
nd
up
asan
a(i
nv
oca
tio
n).
So
me
hy
mn
sal
sod
ealw
ith
med
icin
esfo
rth
etr
eatm
ento
fvar
iou
sd
isea
ses.
•In
th
e b
egin
nin
g t
he
mai
n o
ccu
pat
ion
was
do
mes
tica
tio
no
f an
imal
s an
d a
gri
cult
ure
was
sec
on
dar
y.•
Cat
tle
was
th
e im
po
rtan
t so
urc
e o
f w
ealt
h.
•M
any
peo
ple
wer
e en
gag
ed i
n t
rad
e an
d c
om
mer
ce.
Dy
ein
g, e
mb
roid
ery
; ca
rpen
try,
wea
vin
g, p
ott
ery,
cra
fts
in g
old
an
d i
ron
wer
e im
po
rtan
t o
ccu
pat
ion
s.
•Jo
int
Fam
ily
Sy
stem
pre
vai
led
.•
Sig
nif
ican
t d
ecli
ne
in s
tatu
s o
f w
om
en.
•T
he
cast
e sy
stem
was
bec
om
ing
rig
id.
•G
uru
ku
l sy
stem
was
fu
rth
er e
xpan
ded
.•
Co
nsu
mp
tio
n o
f m
eat
was
red
uce
d. R
ice
bec
ame
stap
le c
erea
l.•
Rel
igio
n b
ecam
e m
ore
co
mp
lex.
•N
ew G
od
s li
ke
Bra
hm
a, R
ama
and
Kri
shn
a as
in
carn
atio
ns
of
Vis
hn
u a
nd
Sh
iva
cam
e to
be
wo
rsh
ipp
ed.
•F
amil
y w
as t
he
bas
ic u
nit
.•
Wo
men
en
joy
ed e
qu
al r
igh
ts.
•R
igid
cas
te s
yst
em d
id n
ot
pre
vai
l.•
Gu
ruk
ul
syst
em o
f ed
uca
tio
n w
as f
oll
ow
ed.
•F
oo
d i
ncl
ud
ed m
ilk
, bar
ley,
fru
its,
veg
etab
les
and
mea
t.•
Wo
rsh
ip o
f n
atu
re a
nd
nat
ura
l p
hen
om
ena
pre
vai
led
.•
Th
ere
wer
e 33
Ved
ic g
od
s li
ke
Ind
ra, A
gn
i, V
aru
na,
Mit
ra, S
ury
a, e
tc.
Th
eR
amay
ana
was
ori
gin
ally
com
po
sed
inS
ansk
rit.
Th
eS
ansk
rit
ver
sio
nis
said
tob
eth
ew
ork
of
Mah
aris
hiV
alm
iki.
Th
est
ory
of
Ram
ayan
are
vo
lves
aro
un
dR
ama
and
the
abd
uct
ion
ofh
isw
ife
Sit
ab
ya
dem
on
kin
g,R
avan
a.
Bel
iev
edto
be
the
wo
rko
fS
age
Vy
asa,
Mah
abh
arat
ais
wri
tten
inS
ansk
ritl
ang
uag
e.It
con
tain
sth
est
ori
eso
fth
ed
esce
nd
ants
ofo
ne
of
the
earl
iest
Ved
ictr
ibes
call
edB
har
ata.
Th
eB
hag
wad
Git
a,w
hic
hfo
rms
anes
sen
tial
par
to
fth
eM
ahab
har
ata,
iso
ne
of
the
mo
stp
op
ula
rre
lig
iou
ste
xts
con
sid
ered
sacr
edb
ym
any
peo
ple
inIn
dia
.
The V
ed
ic
Perio
d
EarlyVedic
Age
• •
� �
�
4 ] Oswaal ICSE Mind Maps, HISTORY & CIVICS, Class-IX
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Rig
idC
ast
eS
yst
em
:T
he
div
isio
no
fso
cie
tyin
toB
rah
ma
ns,
Ksh
atr
iya
s,V
aish
yas
and
Sh
ud
ras
had
bec
om
e r
igid
.It
did
no
ta
llo
wa
ny
soci
al
mo
bil
ity
.
Dif
ficu
ltL
an
gu
ag
e:
Mo
sto
fth
eV
edic
lite
ratu
rew
asco
mp
ose
din
San
skri
t,w
hic
hth
eco
mm
on
pe
op
lefo
un
dd
iffi
cult
tou
nd
ers
tan
d.
Th
ere
fore
,m
an
yp
eo
ple
beg
anto
loo
kfo
ran
alte
rnat
ive
reli
gio
nth
at
the
yc
ou
ldu
nd
ers
tan
db
ett
er.
Po
liti
cal
Sit
ua
tio
n:
Inth
esi
xth
cen
tury
BC
,M
agad
ha
was
rule
db
yB
imb
isar
aa
nd
late
rb
yA
jata
sha
tru
.W
he
nth
eo
pp
ort
un
ity
cam
e,th
eyb
oth
pat
ron
ised
Jain
ism
and
Bu
dd
his
m.
Ag
ric
ult
ura
lE
co
no
my
:F
arm
ers
ne
ed
ed
are
lig
ion
tha
tw
ou
ldg
ive
pro
tect
ion
toan
imal
s.B
oth
Jain
ism
and
Bu
dd
his
mp
reac
hed
no
n-v
oil
enec
ean
dw
ere
agai
nst
anim
alsa
crif
ice.
Co
rru
pti
on
inR
eli
gio
n:
Co
rru
pti
on
crep
tin
tore
lig
iou
sp
ract
ices
.Ksh
atri
ya
rule
rsp
rote
sted
agai
nst
the
do
min
ance
of
such
pra
ctic
es.
Bo
thJa
inis
man
dB
ud
dh
ism
wer
efo
un
ded
by
two
Ksh
atri
ya
pri
nce
s.
Re
ac
tio
na
ga
ins
tR
itu
ali
sm
:R
eli
gio
us
cere
mo
nie
sh
adb
eco
me
ver
yex
pen
siv
e,b
eyo
nd
the
me
an
so
fo
rdin
ary
pe
op
le.
Th
isw
as
an
imp
ort
ant
cau
seth
atg
ave
rise
tofa
ith
sth
atw
ere
sim
ple
and
inex
pen
siv
e.
•(a
) ri
gh
t fa
ith
(b
) ri
gh
tT
rira
tna
s :
kn
ow
led
ge
(c)
rig
ht
con
du
ct.
•T
he
Jain
s b
elie
ve
that
on
e sh
ou
ld b
ere
spo
nsi
ble
fo
r o
ne’
s o
wn
kar
ma
or
acti
on
s.•
Mah
avir
a co
nsi
der
ed a
ll m
en e
qu
al,
irre
spec
tiv
e o
f th
eir
cast
or
cree
d.
e•
Mah
avir
a b
elie
ved
in
th
e im
mo
rtal
ity
of
the
sou
l.•
Sal
vat
ion
()
can
be
ach
iev
edm
oksha
on
ly b
y l
ead
ing
an
au
ster
e li
fe b
ased
on
no
n-v
iole
nce
an
d s
elf-
den
ial.
•Ja
ins
bel
iev
e in
pen
ance
.
•T
he
esse
nce
of
Bu
dd
his
m l
ies
in f
ou
r n
ob
le t
ruth
s.•
Eig
ht-
fold
Pat
h :
Rig
ht
acti
on
, rig
ht
tho
ug
ht,
rig
ht
bel
ief,
rig
ht
liv
ing
, rig
ht
spee
ch, r
igh
t ef
fort
, rig
ht
reco
llec
tio
n a
nd
rig
ht
med
itat
ion
.•
Bu
dd
ha
hel
d t
hat
th
e w
ho
le u
niv
erse
was
co
ntr
oll
ed b
y D
har
ma,
a u
niv
ersa
l la
w.
•B
ud
dh
ism
bel
iev
ed i
n t
he
theo
ry o
f k
arm
a.•
Bu
dd
his
m i
nsi
sted
on
a l
ife
bas
ed o
n g
oo
d a
ctio
ns.
•T
he
ult
imat
e g
oal
of
life
is
to a
ttai
n s
alv
atio
n.
•B
ud
dh
ism
pre
ach
ed u
niv
ersa
l b
roth
erh
oo
d o
f m
ank
ind
an
d f
oll
ow
ed t
he
pat
h o
f n
on
-vio
len
ce.
•N
o f
aith
in
rit
ual
s an
d s
acri
fice
s.
Ja
inis
m a
nd
Bu
dd
his
m
CausesforRiseofJainism&
TeachingsofBuddhismD
octr
in
esof Jainism
• • •
•
•
•
Oswaal ICSE Mind Maps, HISTORY & CIVICS, Class-IX [ 5
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Art
has
has
tra
was
wri
tten
by
Kau
tily
a,al
sok
no
wn
asC
han
aky
a.H
ew
asth
ead
vis
or
and
Pri
me
Min
iste
ro
fC
han
dra
gu
pta
.It
isa
com
pre
hen
siv
em
anu
alth
atd
eals
wit
hp
oli
tics
,ru
les
of
dip
lom
acy,
pri
nci
ple
so
fad
min
istr
atio
nan
do
ther
such
po
liti
calt
op
ics.
Meg
asth
enes
was
the
Gre
ekam
bas
sad
or
atth
eco
urt
of
Ch
and
rag
up
taM
aury
a.H
ew
rote
ab
oo
kn
am
ed
Ind
ika
wh
ich
co
nta
ins
his
imp
ress
ion
so
fw
hat
he
hea
rdan
dsa
wd
uri
ng
his
stay
inIn
dia
.
Ash
ok
aned
icts
are
the
old
est,
bes
tp
rese
rved
and
pre
cise
lyd
ated
reco
rds
of
Ind
ia.
Th
ese
ed
icts
are
insc
rib
ed
on
rock
sa
nd
pil
lars
thro
ug
ho
ut
the
cou
ntr
y.T
he
insc
rip
tio
ns
on
thes
eed
icts
pro
vid
ea
use
fuli
nsi
gh
tin
toth
eli
fean
did
eals
of
Ash
ok
aan
dab
ou
tth
eh
isto
ryo
fth
eM
aury
as.
Th
efo
un
dat
ion
of
the
San
chi
Stu
pa
was
laid
by
Ash
ok
aat
San
chi
abo
ut
45k
mfr
om
Bh
op
alin
,M
adh
ya
Pra
des
h.T
hey
hav
eca
rved
pan
els
dep
icti
ng
even
tsfr
om
the
life
of
Bu
dd
ha
and
som
eta
les
fro
mJa
tak
a.
•A
fter
the
Kal
ing
aw
ar,A
sho
ka
bec
ame
the
Peo
ple
’sK
ing
.•
He
emb
race
dB
ud
dh
ism
.•
He
wan
ted
his
sub
ject
sto
foll
ow
such
aD
ham
ma
that
was
bas
edo
nth
eu
nif
yin
gp
rin
cip
les
ofa
llm
ajo
rre
lig
ion
so
fth
ew
orl
d.
•T
he
Dh
amm
a,as
des
crib
edin
Ash
ok
a’s
Ed
icts
,is
no
tare
lig
ion
or
reli
gio
us
syst
em,b
uta
‘Mo
ralL
aw’,
‘aC
om
mo
nC
od
eo
fC
on
du
ct’
or
an‘E
thic
alO
rder
’,w
hic
his
aco
mm
on
mee
tin
gg
rou
nd
ofa
llre
lig
ion
s.
•M
aury
anad
min
istr
atio
nh
adtw
om
ain
div
isio
ns
–C
ivil
Ad
min
stra
tio
nan
dM
ilit
ary
Ad
min
istr
atio
n.
•T
he
Civ
ilA
dm
inis
trat
ion
had
two
mai
nd
ivis
ion
s–th
eC
entr
alG
ov
ern
men
tan
dth
eP
rov
inci
alG
ov
ern
men
t.•
Th
eM
aury
ang
ov
ern
men
twas
cen
tral
ised
and
was
man
aged
by
sev
eral
off
icer
so
fdif
fere
ntr
ank
s.T
he
kin
gw
asth
esu
pre
me
auth
ori
tyan
dh
isth
ron
ew
ash
ered
itar
y.•
InA
sho
ka’
sti
me,
ther
ew
ere
fiv
eP
rov
ince
s-M
agad
ha,
Gan
dh
ara,
Av
anti
,So
uth
ern
Pro
vin
cean
dK
alin
ga.
•T
he
Pro
vin
ces
wer
ed
ivid
edin
tod
istr
icts
call
edJa
nap
adas
.T
hei
rad
min
istr
atio
nw
aslo
ok
edaf
ter
by
Pra
des
hik
a,R
aju
ka
and
Yu
kta
.•
Imp
ort
antc
itie
s,th
eca
pit
als
ofp
rov
ince
s,h
adth
eir
ow
nad
min
istr
atio
nsy
stem
.Th
eh
ead
oft
he
city
was
call
edN
agar
adh
yak
sha.
•T
her
ew
ere
the
Rev
enu
eS
yst
eman
dth
eS
py
Sy
stem
.•
Th
eM
aury
anA
rmy
con
sist
edo
f6,0
0,00
0in
fan
try,
30,0
00ca
val
ry,9
000
war
-ele
ph
ants
and
8,00
0ch
ario
ts.
The M
au
ry
an
Em
pir
e
So
urc
eso
f
Info
rmat
ion
•
• •
•
6 ] Oswaal ICSE Mind Maps, HISTORY & CIVICS, Class-IX
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Att
ende
d by
God
s an
d le
gend
ary
sage
s, b
ut a
llits
wor
ks h
ave
peri
shed
.•
The
Sang
amag
ere
fers
toth
epe
riod
whe
nbu
lkof
Tam
illit
erat
ure
was
com
pose
dby
abo
dyof
Tam
ilsc
hol
ars
and
poe
tsin
thre
esu
cces
sive
liter
ary
gath
erin
gsca
lled
Sang
am.
Tiru
kkur
alis
cons
ider
edas
aco
mpo
und
ofth
ete
achi
ngs
ofD
harm
asha
stra
,th
eA
rtha
shas
tra
and
the
Kam
asut
ra.I
tcom
pris
esa
seri
esof
brie
fmet
rica
lpr
over
bson
man
yas
pect
sof
life
and
relig
ion.
Itis
aco
llect
ion
ofTa
mil
cou
ple
tsor
gan
ised
into
133
chap
ters
.
•
•
It w
as a
tten
ded
by S
ever
al P
oets
, pro
duce
d a
larg
e m
ass
of li
tera
ture
, but
onl
y To
lkap
piya
mby
Tol
kapp
iar
(the
old
est b
ook
of T
amil
gram
mar
) has
sur
vive
d.
•It
was
att
ende
d by
man
y po
ets.
It p
rodu
ced
vast
lite
ratu
re o
f whi
ch o
nly
a fr
actio
n ha
ssu
rviv
ed. I
t is
this
frac
tion
whi
ch c
onst
itute
s th
eex
tant
bod
y of
San
gam
lite
ratu
re.
•
Sour
ceT
he S
anga
mA
ge
Oswaal ICSE Mind Maps, HISTORY & CIVICS, Class-IX [ 7
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The
ge o
fA
The G
up
tas
Fa-
Hie
nw
asth
eea
rlie
stch
ines
ep
ilg
rim
wh
ov
isit
edIn
dia
on
are
lig
iou
sm
issi
on
du
rin
gth
ere
ign
of
Ch
an
dra
gu
pta
II.
He
we
nt
on
ap
ilg
rim
age
toM
ath
ura
,Kan
nau
j,K
apil
avas
tu,
Ku
shin
agar
,V
aish
ali,
Pat
alip
utr
a,K
ash
ian
dR
ajg
irm
ade
care
ful
ob
serv
atio
ns
abo
ut
and
the
con
dit
ion
sat
that
tim
e.
Itis
on
eo
fth
eim
po
rta
nt
ep
igra
ph
ice
vid
en
ces
of
the
Imp
eria
lG
up
tas.
Co
mp
ose
db
yH
ari
sen
a,
the
cou
rtp
oe
to
fS
amu
dra
gu
pta
,A
llah
abad
pil
lar
insc
rip
tio
n,
als
ok
no
wn
as
Pra
yag
aP
rash
asti
,is
wri
tten
inp
rais
eo
fS
am
ud
rag
up
ta.
Itd
escr
ibes
the
reig
no
fth
eG
up
tas
inan
cien
tIn
dia
.
Du
rin
gth
eG
up
taA
ge,
edu
cati
on
was
giv
enu
tmo
stim
po
rtan
ce.
Th
etw
op
op
ula
ru
niv
ersi
ties
wer
eTa
ksh
ash
ila
(Tax
ila)
and
Nal
and
a.N
alan
da
Un
iver
sity
:It
was
the
mo
stre
no
wn
eded
uca
tio
nal
inst
itu
tio
no
fan
cien
tIn
dia
.It
was
loca
ted
atN
alan
da
inR
aj(R
ajg
ir)
inB
ihar
.T
her
ew
ere
mo
reth
an10
,000
stu
den
tsan
dte
ach
ers.
Th
eyca
me
fro
mK
ore
a,M
on
go
lia,
Jap
an,C
hin
a,T
ibet
,Cey
lon
and
var
iou
sp
arts
of
Ind
ia.T
he
sub
ject
so
fst
ud
yat
Nal
and
aU
niv
ersi
tyw
ere
allt
he
fou
rV
edas
,lo
gic
,gra
mm
ar,m
edic
ine,
san
ky
a,y
og
a,n
yay
aan
dth
eB
ud
dh
ist
wo
rks
ofd
iffe
ren
tsch
oo
ls.
Du
rin
gth
eG
up
tap
erio
dg
reat
con
trib
uti
on
was
mad
ein
man
yb
ran
ches
of
scie
nce
lik
eas
tro
no
my,
med
icin
e,m
etal
lurg
y,et
c.A
rya
bh
att
a:
He
wa
sa
gre
at
ast
ron
om
er
an
dm
ath
emat
icia
n.
He
flo
uri
shed
du
rin
gth
ere
ign
of
Gu
pta
dy
nas
ty.
His
two
fam
ou
sb
oo
ks
incl
ud
eA
rya
bh
att
iya
ma
nd
Ary
aS
idd
ha
nta
.H
ism
ain
ach
iev
emen
tsw
ere
:(i
)He
said
that
the
eart
hm
ov
esro
un
dth
esu
n.
(ii)
He
dis
cov
ered
the
rule
for
fin
din
gth
ear
eao
fa
tria
ng
le.
(iii
)H
eca
lcu
late
dth
eex
act
val
ue
of
pi
wh
ich
was
equ
alto
3.14
16(i
v)H
eex
pla
ined
the
exac
tcau
ses
ofs
ola
ran
dlu
nar
ecli
pse
s.(v
)He
was
acq
uai
nte
dw
ith
the
dec
imal
syst
eman
du
seo
f‘ze
ro’.
Th
eV
ish
nu
tem
ple
,a
lso
ca
lle
dth
eD
ash
avat
ara
Tem
ple
,is
on
eo
fth
efi
nes
tex
amp
les
ofG
up
taar
chit
ectu
re.I
tis
abo
ut
125
km
fro
mJh
ansi
inU
ttar
Pra
des
h.I
twas
the
firs
tN
ort
hIn
dia
nte
mp
lew
ith
aS
hik
ha
rao
rto
we
r.D
ed
ica
ted
toL
ord
Vis
hn
u,t
he
go
do
fp
rese
rvat
ion
,Vis
hn
uis
sho
wn
asl
eep
on
the
coil
of
the
gia
nt
serp
entc
alle
dS
hes
hn
aga.
Kal
idas
ais
reg
ard
edas
the
gre
ates
tp
oet
and
pla
yw
rig
ht,
Ind
iah
ase
ve
rp
rod
uce
d.
Hi s
fou
rp
oe
tic
wo
rks
are
:R
itu
sam
ha
ra,
Ra
gh
uv
am
sa,
Me
gh
ad
uta
an
dK
um
ara
sam
bh
av
a.
Th
eth
ree
dra
ma
tic
wo
rks
of
Ka
lid
as
aa
re:
Vik
ram
or
va
sh
iya
m,
Mal
avik
agn
imit
ram
and
Ab
hij
anas
hak
un
tala
m.
All
the
wo
rks
of
Kal
idas
a,sp
ecia
lly,
dra
mat
icw
ork
s,h
ave
bee
ntr
ansl
ated
into
man
ym
ajo
rla
ng
uag
eso
fth
ew
orl
d.
Th
ep
erio
dfr
om
AD
320
to55
0is
kn
ow
nas
the
Imp
eria
lA
ge
of
the
Gu
pta
s.D
uri
ng
this
pe
rio
d,
Ind
iam
ad
esi
gn
ific
an
tp
rog
ress
inth
efi
eld
of
edu
cati
on
,sc
ien
cean
dcu
ltu
re.
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8 ] Oswaal ICSE Mind Maps, HISTORY & CIVICS, Class-IX
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Med
ieva
l I
nd
ia–
() T
he
Chol
as
A
Th
eC
ho
las
bu
ila
nu
mb
ero
fte
mp
les.
tT
he
bes
tex
amp
leo
fC
ho
late
mp
leis
the
Br
iha
de
sh
wa
ra
,a
lso
kn
ow
na
sR
aja
raje
shw
ara
tem
ple
,d
ed
ica
ted
toL
ord
Sh
iva.
Itis
loca
ted
atT
han
jav
ur
and
was
bu
ilt
by
the
Ch
ola
kin
g,R
ajar
aja
Iin
the
10ce
ntu
ryA
D.
Itis
on
eo
fth
eb
est
th
sp
ec
ime
ns
of
Dra
vid
ian
sty
leo
far
chit
ectu
re.
Th
em
ain
stru
ctu
reo
fth
ete
mp
leh
as
ag
rea
tv
ima
na
or
tow
er
wh
ich
rise
sto
ah
eig
hto
f190
feet
.
Raj
araj
aI
was
ab
rill
ian
tg
ener
alan
dh
eca
mp
aig
ned
inm
an
yd
ire
ctio
ns.
He
att
ack
ed
the
kin
gd
om
so
fth
eP
and
yas
and
the
Ch
eras
asw
ell
asp
arts
of
My
sore
.R
ajar
aja
ann
exed
par
tso
fD
ecca
nan
do
ver
ran
Ven
gi.
He
did
this
ino
rder
top
rov
eth
est
ren
gth
of
the
Ch
ola
po
wer
.H
eto
ok
som
ete
rrit
ori
eso
fMy
sore
,Tra
van
core
and
Co
org
.
Raj
end
rasu
ccee
ded
his
fath
er,R
ajar
aja
I.H
eco
nti
nu
edh
isfa
ther
’sp
oli
cies
.T
he
Ch
ola
arm
yd
efea
ted
Mah
ipal
a,th
ek
ing
of
Ben
gal
.To
com
mem
ora
teth
isv
icto
ry,h
ead
op
ted
the
titl
eo
fG
ang
aik
on
da
and
bu
ilt
an
ewca
pit
alca
lled
Gan
gai
ko
nd
a-
Ch
ola
pu
ram
.H
ism
ost
dar
ing
cam
pai
gn
was
inS
ou
th-E
astA
sia.
Th
ek
ing
wa
sth
em
ost
imp
ort
an
tp
erso
nin
the
Ch
ola
adm
inis
trat
ion
asal
lau
tho
rity
was
ves
ted
inh
im.B
ut
he
had
Co
un
cil
of
Min
iste
rsto
adv
ie
him
.Th
es
Ce
ntr
al
go
ve
rnm
en
tlo
ok
ed
aft
er
exte
rnal
def
ence
,in
tern
alp
eace
and
ord
er,
pro
mo
tio
no
fg
ener
alp
rosp
erit
yan
dcu
ltu
ralp
rog
ress
oft
he
emp
ire.
Th
eC
ho
laE
mp
ire
wa
sd
ivid
edin
toM
and
alam
so
rp
rov
ince
s.T
hes
ew
ere
furt
he
rd
ivid
ed
into
Va
lan
ad
ua
nd
Nad
u.
Pri
nce
so
fth
ero
yal
fam
ily
wer
eap
po
inte
dth
eg
ov
ern
ors
ofp
rov
ince
s.
Ch
ola
sb
elie
ved
inlo
cals
elf-
go
ver
nm
ent.
Inm
any
vil
lag
es,
the
adm
inis
trat
ion
was
carr
ied
ou
tb
yth
ev
illa
ger
sth
emse
lves
.T
hes
ev
illa
ges
had
thre
ety
pes
of
vil
lag
eas
sem
bli
es,n
amel
y-t
he
r,th
eS
abh
aan
dU
the
Nag
aram
.
Th
ere
ven
ue
oft
he
Ch
ola
kin
gd
om
cam
efr
om
-tax
eso
nla
nd
and
the
pro
du
ceo
fth
ela
nd
,an
dta
xo
ntr
ade.
Par
toft
he
rev
enu
ew
ask
eptf
or
the
kin
g.T
he
rest
was
use
do
np
ub
lic
wo
rks.
Th
ear
to
fm
akin
gst
on
ean
dm
etal
imag
esh
adm
ade
rap
idp
rog
ress
un
der
the
Ch
ola
rule
rs.
Th
eim
age
ofN
atar
aja
has
bee
nd
escr
ibed
asth
e“c
ult
ura
lep
ito
me ”
ofC
ho
lap
erio
d.
Th
eso
uth
ern
par
to
fth
eIn
dia
np
enin
sula
situ
ated
sou
tho
fth
eK
rish
na
riv
erw
asin
hab
ited
by
the
Dra
vid
ian
s.T
his
reg
ion
was
ho
me
toth
ree
po
wer
ful
kin
gd
om
s-th
eC
her
as,
the
Pan
dy
asan
dth
eC
ho
las.
Th
em
ost
po
wer
ful
of
the
thre
ew
ere
the
Ch
ola
s. Raj
araj
aI
con
ceiv
edth
eid
eao
fp
refi
xin
gto
his
insc
rip
tio
ns
the
mai
nac
hie
vem
ents
of
his
reig
n.
Co
nse
qu
en
tly
,th
ere
ex
ists
afo
rmal
reco
rdo
fth
etr
ansa
ctio
ns
mad
eb
yea
chC
ho
laru
ler.
Th
ein
scri
pti
on
so
fth
eC
ho
las
are
inth
efo
rmo
fco
pp
er–p
late
gra
nts
,st
on
ein
scri
pti
on
san
din
scri
pti
on
sm
ade
on
the
wal
lsan
dp
illa
rso
fte
mp
les.
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Oswaal ICSE Mind Maps, HISTORY & CIVICS, Class-IX [ 9
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Med
ieva
l I
nd
ia–
(B
) T
he
Del
hi
Su
lta
na
te
Du
eto
the
sho
rta
ge
of
silv
er,
Mu
ha
mm
ad
bin
Tug
hla
qin
tro
du
ced
bro
nze
tan
ka
inp
lace
of
silv
erta
nk
as.
Bu
tth
isex
pe
rim
en
tfa
ile
dd
ue
toth
eci
rcu
lati
on
off
ake
coin
sw
hic
hca
use
dch
aos
intr
ade
and
com
mer
ce.
Mu
ha
mm
ad
bin
Tu
gh
laq
wa
nte
dto
con
qu
erte
rrit
ori
esn
ot
on
lyin
Ind
ia,
bu
tal
soin
cen
tral
Asi
a.S
o,
ino
rder
tog
etm
ore
rev
enu
eto
mai
nta
ina
larg
ear
my,
he
incr
ease
dth
ela
nd
tax
inth
efe
rtil
ere
gio
no
fGan
ga-
Yam
un
ad
oab
.
Th
ep
erio
db
etw
een
1206
and
1526
,wh
enfi
ve
dy
na
stie
ssu
cce
ssiv
ely
rule
dfr
om
Del
hi,
isk
no
wn
asth
ep
erio
do
fD
elh
iS
ult
anat
e.
Th
ein
scri
pti
on
sa
refo
un
do
nco
ins,
mo
nu
men
ts,
mil
esto
nes
and
tom
bst
on
es.
So
me
of
the
insc
rip
tio
ns
are
inS
ansk
rit,
oth
erin
Ara
bic
and
som
ein
bo
thth
ela
ng
uag
es.
Itw
asst
arte
db
yQ
utu
bu
dd
inA
ibak
and
wa
sd
ed
ica
ted
toth
es
ufi
sa
int,
Qu
tub
ud
din
Bak
hti
yar
Kak
i,w
ho
was
gre
atly
ven
erat
edb
yth
ep
eop
leo
fD
elh
i.T
he
stru
ctu
rew
asco
mp
lete
db
yIl
tutm
ish
.
Qu
tub
ud
din
Aib
ak:H
eis
reg
ard
edas
the
fou
nd
ero
fth
eS
lav
ed
yn
asty
.
Ala
ud
din
Kh
ilji
:H
eco
nq
uer
edal
lth
ete
rrit
ori
eso
fM
alw
a,in
clu
din
gU
jjai
n,
Dh
ar,
Ch
and
eri
and
Ma
nd
u.
By
10
5,
he
con
qu
ere
dm
ost
of
the
3n
ort
her
nIn
dia
.He
had
ast
ron
gar
my
and
star
ted
pay
ing
his
sold
iers
inca
sh.
Ala
ud
din
isb
est
kn
ow
nin
his
tory
for
his
mar
ket
reg
ula
tio
ns.
He
fixe
dth
eco
sto
fal
lco
mm
od
itie
ssu
chas
foo
dg
rain
s,su
gar
and
coo
kin
go
il.
Ala
ud
din
Kh
ilji
was
the
firs
tSu
ltan
wh
ose
nt
anex
ped
itio
nto
Dec
can
un
der
Mal
ikK
afu
r.T
he
kin
gd
om
so
fD
ev
ag
iri,
Wa
ran
ga
l,D
wa
ra–
sam
ud
raa
nd
Ma
du
rai
we
reco
nq
uer
edb
utn
ota
nn
exed
.
Wh
en
Ala
ud
din
Kh
ilji
asce
nd
edth
eth
ron
e,h
eh
adto
face
ase
ries
of
reb
elli
on
sfr
om
the
no
ble
s.S
o,h
eto
ok
an
um
ber
of
mea
sure
sto
cru
shth
eir
po
wer
.
Ala
ud
din
Kh
ilji
was
the
firs
tru
ler
of
Del
hi
wh
ola
idth
efo
un
dat
ion
of
ap
erm
anen
tst
and
ing
arm
y.H
eim
po
rte
dq
ua
lity
ho
rse
sa
nd
sta
rte
dth
esy
ste
mo
fb
ran
din
gh
ors
es.
He
als
oin
tro
du
ced
the
syst
emo
fCh
ehra
,i.e
,giv
ing
ak
ind
ofi
den
tity
card
for
ever
yso
ldie
r.
Ala
ud
din
Kh
ilji
intr
od
uce
da
nu
mb
ero
fim
po
rtan
tm
easu
res
tog
etm
axim
um
rev
enu
e.H
ein
crea
sed
the
lan
dre
ven
ue
fro
mo
ne
-th
ird
too
ne
-ha
lfa
nd
dem
and
edit
inca
shan
dn
ot
ink
ind
.He
app
oin
ted
spec
ial
off
icer
sto
coll
ect
lan
dre
ven
ue.
Gh
iyas
-ud
-Din
’sso
nJa
un
aK
han
asce
nd
edth
eth
ron
ean
dto
ok
the
titl
eo
fM
uh
amm
adb
inTu
gh
laq
.D
uri
ng
Mu
ham
mad
bin
Tug
hla
q’s
reig
n,t
he
emp
ire
had
also
spre
adto
the
sou
th.H
esh
ifte
dh
isca
pit
alto
Dev
agir
inea
rm
od
ern
Au
ran
gab
adan
dre
nam
edit
Dau
lata
bad
.
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10 ] Oswaal ICSE Mind Maps, HISTORY & CIVICS, Class-IX
To know about more useful books click here
On
the
eve
of
Bab
ur’
sin
vas
ion
of
Ind
iain
15
26
,In
dia
wa
sru
led
by
bre
ak
aw
ay
kin
gd
om
so
fth
eD
elh
iS
ult
an
ate
an
dth
ere
was
no
po
wer
ful
entr
alau
tho
rity
.c
Ho
wev
er,t
he
reg
ion
alk
ing
do
ms,
on
eb
yo
ne
,ca
me
un
de
rth
eco
ntr
ol
of
the
Mu
gh
als.
Itw
asw
ritt
enb
yA
bu
lFaz
al,t
he
min
iste
ran
do
ne
of
the
nin
eje
wel
sat
Ak
bar
’sco
urt
.It
was
par
to
fa
larg
ep
roje
cto
fh
isto
ryw
riti
ng
com
mis
sio
ned
by
Ak
bar
.T
he
Ain
-i-A
kb
ari
isd
ivid
ed
into
fiv
eb
oo
ks. It
was
bu
ilt
by
Sh
ahJa
han
inm
emo
ryo
fh
isb
elo
ved
wif
eM
um
taz
Ma
ha
l.It
isth
em
auso
leu
mo
fb
oth
Mu
mta
zM
ahal
and
Sh
ahJa
han
.It
isb
uil
tat
Ag
rao
nth
eb
ank
of
the
riv
erY
amu
na.
Itw
asb
uil
tb
yS
hah
Jah
anan
dis
the
big
ges
tm
osq
ue
inIn
dia
.It
sco
urt
yar
dh
as
the
cap
aci
tyto
acc
om
mo
da
teth
ou
san
ds
of
peo
ple
ata
tim
e.It
was
bu
iltb
yS
hah
Jah
anaf
ter
he
dec
ided
tosh
ifth
isca
pit
alto
Del
hi.
Itis
loca
ted
on
the
ban
ko
fth
eY
amu
na.
Red
san
dst
on
ean
dm
arb
lew
ere
use
din
its
con
stru
ctio
n.
Ak
bar
was
the
gre
ates
tofM
ug
hal
rule
rso
fIn
dia
. He
was
on
lyth
irte
eny
ears
old
wh
enh
eas
cen
ded
the
thro
ne
and
was
gu
ided
by
his
tuto
r,B
aira
mK
han
.A
kb
arsu
ccee
ded
toa
dif
ficu
ltp
osi
tio
nan
dh
adto
vir
tual
lyre
con
qu
erh
isem
pir
e.In
the
Sec
on
dB
attl
eo
fP
anip
at,
the
Mu
gh
alfo
rces
led
by
Bai
ram
Kh
and
efea
ted
Hem
u.
Aft
erh
avin
ge
sta
bli
she
dh
imse
lfin
De
lhi
an
dA
gra
,A
kb
ar
cap
ture
dM
alw
aan
dG
on
dw
ana,
Ben
gal
,G
uja
rat,
Kas
hm
iran
dK
abu
l.H
ev
entu
red
bey
on
dth
eV
ind
hy
asin
Dec
can
and
def
eate
dm
any
loca
lru
lers
.F
inal
ly,
Ah
med
nag
ar,
Ber
aran
dK
han
des
hw
ere
ann
exed
toth
eM
ug
hal
emp
ire.
Th
eR
ajp
ut
po
licy
of
Ak
bar
pro
ved
tob
eo
ne
of
his
gre
ates
tac
hie
vem
ents
.H
een
tere
din
tom
arri
age
alli
ance
sw
ith
the
Raj
pu
ts.
Bh
arM
al,
the
rule
ro
fa
Am
ber
,m
arri
edh
isy
ou
ng
erd
aug
hte
r,H
ark
ha
Bai
toA
kb
ar.
Med
ieva
l I
nd
ia(C
) T
he
Mu
gha
lE
mp
ire
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Oswaal ICSE Mind Maps, HISTORY & CIVICS, Class-IX [ 11
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Wil
liam
Sh
akes
pea
rew
asan
En
gli
shp
oet
,pla
yw
rig
ht
and
acto
r,w
ho
isw
idel
yre
gar
ded
asth
eg
reat
estw
rite
rin
the
En
gli
shla
ng
uag
ean
dth
ew
orl
d's
pre
-em
inen
td
ram
atis
t.H
eis
oft
enca
lled
En
gla
nd
'sn
atio
nal
po
etan
dth
e'B
ard
of
Av
on
'.H
ew
rote
38p
lay
s,15
4so
nn
ets,
two
lon
gn
arra
tiv
ep
oem
san
da
few
oth
erv
erse
s.
Nic
olo
us
Co
per
nic
us
was
am
ath
emat
icia
nan
das
tro
no
mer
,w
ho
form
ula
ted
am
od
elo
fth
eu
niv
erse
that
pla
ced
the
sun
rath
erth
anth
eea
rth
atth
ece
ntr
eo
fth
eu
niv
erse
.T
he
pu
bli
cati
on
of
this
mo
del
inh
isb
oo
kD
eR
evo
luti
on
ibu
sO
rbiu
mC
eles
tiu
mju
stb
efo
reh
isd
eath
in15
43is
reg
ard
edas
am
ajo
rev
ent
inth
eh
isto
ryo
fsc
ien
ce,t
rig
ger
ing
the
cop
ern
ican
rev
olu
tio
n.
Itm
ark
edth
ere
viv
alo
fth
efr
eed
om
toth
ink
and
act
wit
ho
ut
bei
ng
con
tro
lled
by
any
exte
rnal
agen
cy.
Itw
asal
soa
rev
ival
of
the
stu
dy
oft
he
anci
entG
reek
and
rom
ancl
assi
cs.
Th
eE
uro
pea
ntr
ader
san
dn
avig
ato
rsfe
ltth
en
eed
for
dis
cov
erin
gn
ewse
aro
ute
s.D
ue
toth
ese
dis
cov
erie
s,co
nta
ctb
etw
een
the
Eas
tan
dth
eW
est
beg
anto
dev
elo
pan
dth
ere
was
fusi
on
of
idea
s.T
he
op
enin
go
fn
ewtr
ade
rou
tes
no
to
nly
enco
ura
ged
trad
e,b
ut
also
crea
ted
the
spir
ito
fad
ven
ture
and
bro
aden
edth
em
enta
lho
rizo
n.
Th
eP
rin
tin
gP
ress
en
ab
led
Eu
rop
eto
mu
ltip
lyb
oo
ks
and
pu
tth
emw
ith
inth
ere
ach
of
peo
ple
.Pri
nti
ng
and
dis
trib
uti
on
of
bo
ok
sin
flu
ence
dp
eop
le's
atti
tud
eto
life
and
bro
ug
hta
bo
uta
new
awak
enin
gin
Eu
rop
e.
Leo
nar
do
Da
Vin
ciw
asa
gre
atp
ain
ter,
scu
lpto
r,m
usi
cian
and
asc
ien
tist
.His
pai
nti
ng
so
fth
e'V
irg
ino
fth
eR
ock
s',
'Th
ela
stsu
pp
er'a
nd
'Mo
na
Lis
a'ar
eg
reat
mas
terp
iece
so
far
t.N
ewte
chn
iqu
esw
ere
ado
pte
din
his
pai
nti
ng
sto
giv
ea
fin
efe
elin
go
fre
alit
y.
The M
od
ern
ge
Ain
Eu
rop
e–
() R
ena
issa
nce
A
Science(Nico
lousC
oper
nic
us)
Ren
aiss
ance
Causes of
Art
(Le o
nar
do
Da
Vin
ci)
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12 ] Oswaal ICSE Mind Maps, HISTORY & CIVICS, Class-IX
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Th
eR
efo
rmat
ion
Mo
vem
entw
asag
ain
stth
eR
om
anC
ath
oli
cC
hu
rch
and
itb
rou
gh
tab
ou
tth
eb
irth
oft
he
Pro
test
antC
hu
rch
.In
ord
erto
rest
ore
the
cred
ibil
ity
oft
he
Cat
ho
lic
Ch
urc
h,a
larg
en
um
ber
ofd
edic
ated
Ch
rist
ian
sin
clu
din
gso
me
Po
pes
intr
od
uce
dce
rtai
nre
form
sw
ith
inth
eC
hu
rch
.Th
ism
ov
emen
tis
kn
ow
nas
the
Co
un
ter
Ref
orm
atio
n.
The M
od
ern A
ge
in E
urop
e (
B)
–
Reform
ati
on
Po
pe’
sin
terf
eren
cein
the
po
liti
cala
ffai
rsw
asn
atu
rall
yo
pp
ose
db
yth
ek
ing
s.T
he
yst
ron
gly
sup
po
rte
dth
eR
efo
rma
tio
nM
ov
emen
tin
ord
erto
wea
ken
the
Ch
urc
h.A
sea
rly
asin
the
13th
Cen
tury
,th
eru
lers
of
Eu
rop
eh
adq
uar
rele
dw
ith
the
Po
pes
lo
ver
the
roy
alri
gh
tto
tax
the
Ch
urc
hp
rop
erty
.
Ref
orm
atio
nis
the
nam
eg
iven
toa
gro
up
of
reli
gio
us
mo
ve
me
nts
of
the
six
tee
nth
cen
tury
lau
nch
edb
yth
eC
hri
stia
ns
agai
nst
the
var
iou
sd
raw
bac
ks
oft
he
Ch
uch
and
the
ro
bje
ctio
nab
lep
ract
ices
oft
he
cler
gy
men
.
On
e-te
nth
of
the
inco
me
of
ap
erso
nw
asg
iven
toth
eC
hu
rch
.T
his
was
call
edth
eT
ith
e.T
he
cler
gy
also
coll
ecte
dan
oth
ersu
mca
lled
the
'Pet
er's
Pen
ce'
form
the
peo
ple
.P
op
eL
eoX
issu
edp
ard
on
cert
ific
ates
call
ed'In
du
lgen
ces'
toth
ose
wh
og
ave
mo
ney
tob
uil
dth
eC
hu
rch
.A
llth
ese
pra
ctic
es
vio
late
dth
eru
les
an
dan
no
yed
the
com
mo
np
eop
le.
So
me
oft
he
cler
gy
men
lack
edp
rop
ered
uca
tio
nan
dso
me
liv
edin
luxu
ryan
dn
egle
cted
thei
rre
lig
iou
sd
uti
es.T
he
Pri
ests
pro
mis
edsa
lvat
ion
inex
cha
ng
efo
rfe
es.
Th
ese
pra
ctic
es
we
rese
ver
ely
crit
icis
edan
do
pp
ose
db
yth
ep
eop
le.
An
ti-C
hu
rch
Mo
vem
ents
beg
anin
Eu
rop
ein
the
mid
dle
ages
.T
hes
em
ov
emen
tsd
isec
ted
sth
eir
att
ack
so
nth
ew
ron
gd
oin
gs
of
the
Ch
urc
h.
Joh
nW
ycl
iffe
,an
En
gli
shP
ries
tan
dO
xfo
rdP
rofe
sso
r,cr
itic
ised
the
wo
rld
lin
ess
of
the
Ch
urc
han
dso
me
ofi
tsp
ract
ices
.
AG
erm
anP
ries
t,M
arti
nL
uth
er,
rais
eda
stro
ng
vo
ice
of
pro
test
agai
nst
the
po
wer
of
the
Po
pe,
and
lau
nch
eda
Mo
vem
ent
agai
nst
the
abu
ses
inth
eC
hu
rch
and
the
auth
ori
tyo
fth
eP
op
e.T
his
pro
ved
tob
eth
eim
med
iate
cau
seo
fth
ere
form
atio
n.
Oswaal ICSE Mind Maps, HISTORY & CIVICS, Class-IX [ 13
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The
Mod
ern
ge
Ain
Eu
rop
e(C
) I
nd
ust
ria
lR
evol
uti
on
Cap
ital
ism
refe
rsto
the
eco
no
mic
syst
emin
wh
ich
the
mea
ns
of
pro
du
ctio
nli
ke
lab
ou
r,ra
w-m
ater
ials
,to
ols
and
mac
hin
esar
eo
wn
edb
yp
riv
ate
ind
ivid
ual
so
rg
rou
ps,
oft
enfo
rp
rofi
t.C
apit
alis
mb
elie
ves
infr
eem
ark
etan
dis
op
po
sed
tog
ov
ern
men
tin
terv
enti
on
inth
eec
on
om
yb
ecau
seit
bel
iev
esth
at,
go
ver
nm
ent
inte
rven
tio
ng
iven
rise
toin
effi
cien
cies
.In
Cap
ital
ism
,pro
du
ctio
nis
for
pro
fit
:use
ful
go
od
san
dse
rvic
esar
ea
by
-pro
du
cto
fpu
rsu
ing
pro
fit.
Key
pro
po
nen
tso
fSo
cial
ism
incl
ud
eR
ob
ert
Ow
en
,P
ierr
eL
ero
ux
,K
arl
Ma
rx,
Fre
dri
ckE
ng
els,
Joh
nS
tuar
tMil
l,A
lber
tEin
stei
n,G
eorg
eB
ern
ard
Sh
aw.
Exa
mp
les
of
cou
ntr
ies
wh
ere
cap
ital
ism
isp
rev
alen
tar
e–U
SA
,U
K,
Can
ada,
Au
stra
lia.
� � � � �
Ind
ust
rial
Rev
olu
tio
nis
the
nam
eg
iven
toa
seri
eso
fch
ang
esth
atb
rou
gh
tab
ou
ta
tran
siti
on
fro
mp
rod
uct
ion
by
han
dto
pr
od
uc
tio
nb
ym
ac
hin
e,
fro
msm
all–
scal
ep
rod
uct
ion
tola
rge–
scal
ep
rod
uct
ion
,fr
om
han
d–m
ade
go
od
sto
mac
hin
e–m
ade
go
od
s.
�
So
cial
ism
refe
rsto
the
eco
no
mic
syst
emin
wh
ich
the
go
ver
nm
ent
ow
ns
and
con
tro
lsth
em
ean
so
fp
rod
uct
ion
such
(as
fact
ori
es)
and
dis
trib
uti
on
of
go
od
.It
bel
iev
esth
atal
lin
div
idu
als
sho
uld
hav
eac
cess
tob
asic
arti
cles
of
con
sum
pti
on
and
pu
bli
cg
oo
ds
toal
low
for
self
-act
ual
isat
ion
.In
So
cial
ism
,p
rod
uct
ion
isfo
ru
se:
use
ful
go
od
san
dse
rvic
esar
ep
rod
uce
dsp
ecif
ical
lyfo
rth
eir
uti
lity
.K
eyP
rop
on
ents
of
Cap
ital
ism
incl
ud
eR
ich
ard
Can
till
on
,A
dam
Sm
ith
,D
avid
Ric
har
do
,F
red
rich
A.H
ayek
,Ay
nR
and
,Mil
ton
Fri
edm
an.
Exa
mp
les
ofc
ou
ntr
ies
wh
ere
So
cial
ism
isp
rev
alen
tar
e–C
hin
a,D
enm
ark
,Fin
lan
d,S
wed
en,N
orw
ay.
� � � �
14 ] Oswaal ICSE Mind Maps, HISTORY & CIVICS, Class-IX
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Ou
r
Consti
tuti
on
•C
on
stit
uti
on
isa
com
pre
he
nsi
ve
do
cum
ent
con
tain
ing
the
set
of
rule
sac
cord
ing
tow
hic
hth
eg
ov
ern
men
to
fa
cou
ntr
yru
ns.
•It
reg
ula
tes
the
po
siti
on
and
po
wer
so
fth
eth
ree
org
ans
of
the
go
ver
nm
ent–
the
Leg
isla
tiv
e,th
eE
xecu
tiv
ean
dth
eJu
dic
iary
;an
dst
ates
ho
wth
eyar
ein
ter–
rela
ted
.
•T
he
Ind
ian
Ind
epen
den
ceA
ct,
1947
,b
yw
hic
htw
oin
dep
end
ent
stat
eso
fIn
dia
and
Pak
ista
nw
ere
crea
ted
,re
cog
nis
edth
eex
iste
nce
of
the
Co
nst
itu
ent
Ass
emb
lyo
fIn
dia
.
•To
con
du
cto
nit
sw
ork
,it
app
oin
ted
eig
ht
com
mit
tees
.T
he
Dra
ftin
gC
om
mit
tee,
un
der
the
chai
rman
ship
of
Dr.
B.R
.A
mb
edk
arw
asse
tu
po
nA
ug
ust
29,
1947
and
wa
se
ntr
ust
ed
wit
hth
eta
sko
fd
raft
ing
the
Co
nst
itu
tio
n.
Dr.
Bh
imra
oA
mb
edk
arin
corp
ora
ted
the
foll
ow
ing
Pri
nci
ple
sin
the
Co
nst
itu
tio
no
fIn
dia
:
•M
akin
gth
eIn
dia
nC
on
stit
uti
on
wo
rkab
le,
flex
ible
and
stro
ng
eno
ug
hto
ho
ldth
eco
un
try
tog
eth
er,b
oth
inp
eace
and
inw
ar.
•P
rov
idin
gsp
ecia
lsa
feg
uar
ds
toth
em
ino
riti
esan
dce
rtai
ncl
asse
sw
ho
are
soci
ally
and
edu
cati
on
ally
bac
kw
ard
.
•In
corp
ora
tin
gri
gh
tso
fth
eC
on
stit
uti
on
alR
emed
ies
toen
sure
that
the
Fu
nd
amen
tal
Rig
hts
of
the
ind
ivid
ual
sar
en
ot
infr
ing
edb
yth
eC
entr
eo
rth
eS
tate
Go
ver
nm
ents
.
•S
ing
leci
tize
nsh
ip,s
ing
leju
dic
iary
and
un
ifo
rmit
yin
fun
dam
enta
llaw
sto
inte
gra
teIn
dia
nso
ciet
y.
•In
corp
ora
tin
gD
irec
tiv
eP
rin
cip
les
toen
sure
soci
alan
dec
on
om
icd
emo
crac
yan
dw
elfa
reo
fth
ep
eop
leo
fIn
dia
.
•T
he
Co
nst
itu
tio
nw
asad
op
ted
and
pas
sed
by
the
Co
nst
itu
entA
ssem
bly
on
No
vem
ber
26,1
949.
•T
he
Co
nst
itu
tio
nas
aw
ho
leca
me
into
forc
ew
ith
effe
ctfr
om
Jan
uar
y26
,195
0.
•W
ith
the
com
ing
into
forc
eo
fth
eC
on
stit
uti
on
,C
.R
ajag
op
lach
arib
ecam
eth
eG
ov
ern
or-
Gen
eral
.
•D
r.R
ajen
dra
Pra
sad
wh
ow
asth
ep
resi
den
to
fth
eC
on
stit
uen
tA
ssem
bly
too
ko
ver
asth
eP
resi
den
to
fth
eIn
dia
nU
nio
n.
Th
ed
ate
Jan
uar
y26
,19
50fo
rco
mm
ence
men
to
fth
eC
on
stit
uti
on
was
spec
iall
yse
lect
edb
ecau
seo
fit
sh
isto
rica
lim
po
rtan
ce.
Itw
aso
nth
isd
ate,
Jan
uar
y26
,in
1929
that
the
Lah
ore
Ses
sio
no
fth
eIn
dia
nN
atio
nal
Co
ng
ress
had
,fo
rth
efi
rst
tim
e,g
iven
the
call
of
Pu
rna
Sw
araj
or
Co
mp
lete
Ind
epen
den
ce.S
ince
then
,th
ed
ayw
asce
leb
rate
das
Ind
epen
den
ceD
ayu
pto
19
47
.O
na
chie
vin
gIn
de
pe
nd
en
ce,
15
thA
ug
ust
19
47
be
cam
eth
eIn
dep
end
ence
Day
.Jan
uar
y26
was
des
ign
ated
asth
eR
epu
bli
cD
ay.
•
Oswaal ICSE Mind Maps, HISTORY & CIVICS, Class-IX [ 15
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Sa
lien
t F
eatu
res
of T
he
Con
stit
uti
on-I
�T
he
Ind
ian
Co
nst
itu
tio
np
rov
ides
for
aS
ing
leC
itiz
ensh
ip.
Th
ism
ean
sth
atal
lIn
dia
ns,
irre
spec
tiv
eo
fth
est
ate
of
the
ird
om
icil
e,
are
the
citi
zen
so
fIn
dia
.
�T
his
has
bee
nd
on
eto
war
do
ffse
pa
rati
stte
nd
en
cie
sa
nd
pro
mo
tefr
ate
rnit
ya
nd
un
ity
am
on
gth
ep
eop
le.
�T
his
mea
ns
that
allp
erso
no
f18
yea
rso
fag
ean
dab
ov
eh
ave
the
rig
ht
tov
ote
,ir
resp
ecti
ve
of
thei
rca
ste,
colo
ur,
reli
gio
net
c.
�A
cc
ord
ing
toth
issy
ste
m,
resi
de
nt
of
aco
nst
itu
ency
vo
tefo
ra
can
did
ate
irre
spec
tiv
eo
fh
isca
ste
or
cree
d.
�To
abid
eb
yth
eC
on
stit
uti
on
and
tore
spec
tN
atio
nal
Fla
gan
dN
atio
nal
An
them
.
�To
foll
ow
the
no
ble
idea
ls.
�To
up
ho
ldan
dp
rote
ctth
eso
ver
eig
nty
,u
nit
yan
din
teg
rity
of
Ind
ia.
�To
def
end
the
cou
ntr
yan
dto
ren
der
nat
ion
alse
rvic
e.
�To
pro
mo
teh
arm
on
yan
db
roth
erh
oo
d.
�To
pre
serv
eri
chcu
ltu
ralh
erit
age.
�To
pro
tect
the
nat
ura
len
vir
on
men
t.
�To
dev
elo
psc
ien
tifi
cte
mp
er,h
um
anis
man
dsp
irit
ofe
nq
uir
y.
�To
safe
gu
ard
pu
bli
cp
rop
erty
and
abju
rev
iole
nce
.
�To
stri
ve
for
exce
llen
ce.
�D
uty
of
the
par
ents
top
rov
ide
edu
cati
on
toth
eir
chil
do
fag
e6
to14
yea
rs.
�R
igh
tto
Eq
ual
ity
�R
igh
tto
Fre
edo
m
�R
igh
tag
ain
stE
xplo
itat
ion
s
�R
igh
tto
Fre
edo
mo
fRel
igio
n
�C
ult
ura
lan
dE
du
cati
on
alR
igh
t
�R
igh
tto
Co
nst
itu
tio
nal
Rem
edie
s
�R
igh
tto
Ed
uca
tio
n
16 ] Oswaal ICSE Mind Maps, HISTORY & CIVICS, Class-IX
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Sa
lien
t F
eatu
res
of T
he
Con
stit
uti
on-I
I
�T
he
Dir
ec
tiv
eP
rin
cip
les
are
the
gu
idel
ines
tob
efo
llo
wed
by
theg
ov
ern
men
tin
the
go
ver
nan
ceo
fth
eco
un
try.
Par
tIV
of
the
Co
nst
itu
tio
nco
nta
ins
the
Dir
ect
ive
Pri
nci
ple
so
fS
tate
Po
licy
un
der
Art
icle
s36
to51
.
�T
he
ya
reca
lle
d'D
ire
ctiv
eP
rin
cip
les'
bec
ause
the
Go
ver
nm
ent
has
tota
ke
them
into
con
sid
era
tio
nw
hil
em
ak
ing
law
s.T
hes
ep
rin
cip
les
con
tain
loft
yid
eas,
dee
ph
um
anth
ou
gh
t,b
elie
fan
dk
no
wle
dg
e.
�D
irec
tiv
eP
rin
cip
les
pro
vid
ea
fram
ewo
rk,p
oli
tica
l,so
cial
and
eco
no
mic
pro
gra
mm
efo
ra
mo
der
nd
emo
crat
icS
tate
.
�T
hey
pro
vid
ea
mea
sure
toju
dg
ea
go
ver
nm
ent's
per
form
ance
.
�T
he
Dir
ecti
ve
Pri
nci
ple
sd
irec
tth
eg
ov
ern
men
tto
mo
ve
tow
ard
sth
eg
oo
do
faW
elfa
reS
tate
.Th
eyre
flec
tth
eid
eas
of
just
ice,
lib
erty
,eq
ual
ity
and
frat
ern
ity
men
tio
ned
inth
eP
ream
ble
.
�T
hey
pro
vid
ea
dir
ecti
on
toco
urt
sin
resp
ecto
fsaf
egu
ard
ing
the
rig
hts
oft
he
citi
zen
s.
�T
he
42A
men
dm
entA
ct,1
976
pro
vid
esth
atif
ala
wis
mad
eto
giv
eef
fect
toan
yo
fth
eD
irec
tiv
eP
rin
cip
les,
itw
ill
nd
no
tbe
dec
lare
du
nco
nst
itu
tio
nal
even
ifit
tak
esaw
ayan
yo
fth
eri
gh
tsu
nd
erA
rtic
les
14,1
9an
d31
.
�A
Wel
fare
Sta
teis
aS
tate
wh
ich
seek
sto
ensu
reth
em
ax
imu
mh
ap
pin
es
so
fm
ax
imu
mn
um
ber
of
peo
ple
liv
ing
wit
hin
its
terr
ito
ry.
Th
eC
on
stit
uti
on
of
Ind
iase
eks
toes
tab
lish
Ind
iaas
aW
elfa
reS
tate
.
�B
oth
the
Un
ion
and
the
Sta
teG
ov
ern
men
ts,
hav
eo
ver
the
pas
tsi
xd
ecad
esta
ken
step
sto
imp
lem
ent
Dir
ecti
ve
Pri
nci
ple
s,w
hic
hai
mat
esta
bli
shin
gso
cial
and
eco
no
mic
dem
ocr
acy,
the
bas
icg
oal
ofa
Wel
fare
Sta
te.
Oswaal ICSE Mind Maps, HISTORY & CIVICS, Class-IX [ 17
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Ele
ctio
ns
•A
rtic
le32
4,C
lau
ses
1to
6d
ealw
ith
the
com
po
siti
on
of
the
Ele
ctio
nC
om
mis
sio
nan
do
ther
rela
ted
issu
es,
Th
eC
hie
fE
lect
ion
Co
mm
issi
on
er(C
EC
)st
and
sat
the
top
inth
eh
iera
rch
yo
fth
eE
lect
ion
Co
mm
issi
on
.T
he
Ele
ctio
nC
om
mis
sio
nco
nsi
sts
of
aC
hie
fE
lect
ion
Co
mm
issi
on
eran
do
ther
Ele
ctio
nC
om
mis
sio
ner
s.
•T
he
Ch
ief
Ele
ctio
nC
om
mis
sio
ner
(CE
C)
and
the
oth
erC
om
mis
sio
ner
sar
eap
po
inte
db
yth
eP
resi
den
to
fIn
dia
.T
his
isd
on
eat
the
adv
ice
of
the
Pri
me
Min
iste
ras
per
Art
icle
74.
•P
rep
arat
ion
of
Ele
cto
ral
Ro
lls
and
Ph
oto
Iden
tity
Car
ds.
•R
egis
trat
ion
and
Rec
og
nit
ion
of
Po
liti
calP
arti
es.
•A
llo
tmen
tofS
ym
bo
ls.
•F
ixin
gD
ate
sa
nd
con
du
ctin
gE
lect
ion
s.
•E
nsu
rin
gfr
eean
dfa
irE
lect
ion
s.
•A
pp
oin
tmen
tofP
oll
ing
Off
icer
s.
•S
cru
tin
yo
fNo
min
atio
nP
aper
s.
•S
cru
tin
yo
fEle
ctio
nE
xpen
ses.
•A
dv
iso
ryF
un
ctio
ns.
•E
lect
ion
isa
pro
ced
ure
,w
her
eby
per
son
sar
ech
ose
n,
by
vo
tin
g,
tore
pre
sen
tth
ev
ote
rsfo
rru
nn
ing
the
go
ver
nm
ent.
•In
mo
der
nso
ciet
ies,
elec
tio
ns
are
fou
gh
to
np
arty
lin
es.A
po
liti
cal
par
tyis
ag
rou
po
fp
eop
leh
old
ing
sim
ilar
vie
ws
or
bel
iefs
.A
ny
po
liti
cal
par
tyo
ra
com
bin
atio
no
fp
arti
esg
etti
ng
the
hig
hes
tn
um
ber
of
vo
tes,
form
the
go
ver
nm
ent.
•P
eop
le v
ote
dir
ectl
y f
or
thei
r re
pre
sen
tati
ves
.
•E
ver
y I
nd
ian
cit
izen
ab
ov
e th
e ag
e o
f 18
Yea
rsh
old
s th
e ri
gh
t to
vo
te.
•M
emb
ers
of
Leg
isla
tiv
e A
ssem
bli
es a
nd
Mem
ber
s o
f L
ok
Sab
ha
are
elec
ted
dir
ectl
y.
•P
eop
leel
ect
thei
rre
pre
sen
tati
ves
ind
irec
tly
thro
ug
hth
eir
elec
ted
rep
rese
nta
tiv
es.
Fo
rex
amp
le,
mem
ber
so
fRaj
ya
Sab
ha
are
elec
ted
by
the
elec
ted
mem
ber
so
fSta
teL
egis
lati
ve
Ass
emb
lies
.
•E
ver
yel
ecte
dre
pre
sen
tati
ve
ho
lds
the
rig
htt
ov
ote
.
•T
he
Mem
ber
so
fS
tate
Leg
isla
tiv
eC
ou
nci
ls,M
emb
ers
of
Raj
ya
Sab
ha,
the
Pre
sid
ent
of
Ind
iaan
dth
eV
ice-
Pre
sid
enta
reel
ecte
din
dir
ectl
y.
•W
hen
ase
ath
eld
by
any
mem
ber
of
the
Leg
isla
tiv
eA
ssem
bly
inth
eC
entr
eo
nS
tate
fall
sv
acan
to
rac
cou
nt
of
dea
th,
resi
gn
atio
no
fth
em
emb
erb
efo
reco
mp
leti
on
of
his
/her
term
,to
fill
up
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ish
eld
call
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.
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his
typ
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ssem
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eld
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ng
wit
hth
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arli
amen
tary
Ele
ctio
ns.
18 ] Oswaal ICSE Mind Maps, HISTORY & CIVICS, Class-IX
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Loc
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Sel
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Oswaal ICSE Mind Maps, HISTORY & CIVICS, Class-IX [ 19
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Loc
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Sel
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