history and legislation of agricultural produce market...

Chapter –II

HISTORY AND LEGISLATION OF

AGRICULTURAL PRODUCE MARKET

COMMITTEE

2.1 INTRODUCTION

2.2 HISTORY OF AGRICULTURAL MARKETING

ABROAD

2.3 HISTORY OF REGULATED MARKETS IN INDIA

2.4 HISTORY OF REGULATED MARKETS IN THE

MAHARASHTRA STATE

2.5 HISTORY OF TEN APMCS

2.6 THE MAHARASHTRA AGRICULTURAL PRODUCE

MARKETING (DEVELOPMENT AND REGULATION)

ACT-1963

2.7 LEGISLATION OF AGRICULTURAL PRODUCE

MARKET COMMITTEE

30

Chapter –II

History and Legislation of Agricultural

Produce Market Committee

2.1 INTRODUCTION:-

Agriculture is the most important sector of Indian economy. About

65 percent of the population depends upon the agriculture and 70 percent

live in the villages.

Establishment of Regulated Market:

In the earlier markets, there were some defects and malpractices

use to be practiced to the disadvantage of producer-seller. This could be

removed by the exercise of proper control over markets. This was done

by the establishment of regulated markets in the country. Earlier markets

used to be regulated either by local bodies or State legislation.

The market committees are responsible for the implementation of

fair grading practices, licensing of market functionaries, deduction of

unauthorized market charges, introduction of open auction sale and

implementation of standard weights and to secure impartial settlement in

cases of disputes between the seller and buyer. They also maintain market

yards; provide facilities for parking carts and vehicles, rest houses,

farmer’s canteens, godowns and sheds for auctioning sale. The producer

is given a sale slip showing details of the sale proceeds and the

deductions and payment is made on the same day.

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The marketing legislation occupies a famous place in the measures

enacted by several countries to raise the level of their agricultural

efficiency. These measures have gone a long way in achieving the end.

The number of regulated markets has gradually increased in the

country. In India, such legislations have been relatively inadequate.

Agricultural efficiency has remained at low go out and to achieve a well

organized system of purchasing and selling of agricultural commodities,

most of the State Governments and Union Territories enacted legislations

(Agricultural Produce Marketing (Regulation) Act (APMR Act) to

provide regulation for agricultural produce markets. Agricultural Produce

Market Committees constituted as per APMR Acts manage the markets.

The establishment of regulated markets has helped in creating orderly and

transparent marketing conditions in primary assembling markets. Further,

the increase in the number of regulated market yards in India, from a

meager 286 at the time of independence to 7557 in the year 2005, has

helped in increasing the access of farmers to such orderly market places.

These regulated markets (7557) consist of 2428 principal markets

and 5129 sub yards. During 1992-93, agricultural commodities worth Rs

62,000 crore were traded in these regulated wholesale markets, which

account for about 43 percentage of the value of marketed surplus.

However, this does not mean that everything is fine in all the regulated

markets of the country. The facilities created in market yards continue to

be inadequate.

In the tenth five year plan, regulated markets have been increased

in India and Government of India has provided assistance for the creation

of infrastructure facilities in the regulated markets. The overall position

of types and number of agricultural markets are established for wholesale

assembling Markets and Regulated Markets as on 31-3-2007.

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Table No. 2.1 Shows that wholesale Market and Regulated market in

India and Maharashtra

Type of Markets In India In Maharashtra

Agricultural Markets:-

Wholesale Markets:

Primary Markets:

Total:

06261

20870

0880

3500

27131 4380

Regulated Markets:-

Principal Market:

Sub Yards :

Total :

2459

5006

295

576

7465 871

Maharashtra is the first state with Agricultural Markets in India

with Wholesale as 880 and Rural Primary as 3500 with a total of 4380 as

on 31.03.2007. Regulated markets and its served population and Area as

follows-

Table No. 2.2 Shows that Regulated Markets, its served Population

and Area

Particulars In India In Maharashtra

Regulated Markets 7465 871

Population served by each 135903 114810

Area served by each Market (km2) 43500 353.3

Source: Economy survey of India (Only 286 Regulated market in 1950)

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2.2 HISTORY OF AGRICULTURAL MARKETING ABROAD:

2.2.1 UNITED STATES OF AMERICA:

1) 1789: The U.S. Constitution came into effect and the centralized

government’s detailed powers did not include the creation of farm

and food subsidy programs.

2) 1820: The House of Representatives created an agriculture committee

and the Senate followed enforcement in 1825.

3) 1840: The first Census of Agriculture was finished.

4) 1862: The U.S. Department of Agriculture was established. Its

President Abraham Lincoln called it the "people's department."

5) 1862: The Morrill Act provided grants of federal land to the states

and to use the proceeds of land sales to generate colleges focused on

agricultural studies.

6) 1867: A new Washington office building for the USDA was finished.

7) 1881: Congress established a Division of Forestry in the USDA.

8) 1887: The Hatch Act provided subsidies to the states for agriculture

research.

9) 1890: A second Morrill Act began regular appropriations for the land-

grant colleges.

10) 1891: The Forest Reserve Act allowed presidents to set aside forest

reserves out of public lands. These reserves were managed by the

Department of the Interior.

11) 1900: There were 11 million Americans employed on farms and

2,900 employed by the USDA. A century later there were 3 million

employed on farms and 105,000 employed by the USDA.

34

12) 1905: The Federal Forest Transfer Act moved control of the forest

reserves from the Department of the Interior to the USDA’s new

Forest Service.

13) 1905: Major scandal hits the USDA when employees seek personal

gain leaks advance cotton market information to a speculator.

14) 1911: The Weeks Act authorized federal subsidies to the states for

forest fire prevention and it allowed the Forest Service to purchase

private lands for national forests.

15) 1914: The USDA opened state and regional offices across the

country.

16) 1914: The Smith-Lever Act began subsidies to the land-grant colleges

for agricultural research.

17) 1916: The Federal Farm Loan Act created co-operative “land banks”

to provide loans to the farmers. Legislation during the 1930 expanded

this Farm Credit System, and today the FCS is a 50-state network of

financial co-operatives with assets of $90 billion.

18) 1929: The Agricultural Marketing Act created the Federal Farm

Board to subsidize agricultural co-operatives. The co-operatives

supplied commodities to raise prices and disrupt markets in various

other ways. After spending $500 million, President Hoover’s Farm

Board boondoggle was abolished in 1933.

19) 1929: The Federal Reserve System precipitated the Great Depression

by allowing the U.S. money supply to shrink by one-third between

1929 and 1933. Agricultural commodity prices failed even more than

general prices, which put farmers in a squeeze.

20) 1930: A rising protectionist sentiment is stimulated by President

Hoover’s call to increase agricultural tariffs to help farmers. Congress

35

responds with the Smoot-Hawley Act, which greatly increased tariffs

on both farm and industrial products. Other countries retaliated and

U.S. agricultural exports plunge 60 percent by 1933.

21) 1933: The Agricultural Adjustment Act, and subsequent New Deal

laws, creates the forerunners of today’s major farm subsidy programs.

The main thrust of the AAA is to limit production in order to raise

commodity prices. To the same end, the government plows under 10

million acres of crops, slaughters 6 million pigs, and allows fruit to

rot in the orchards, even while millions of Americans are going

hungry. Some elements of the AAA are struck down as

unconstitutional in 1936, but most of the law’s central planning

techniques survive in various forms in today’s farm programs.

22) 1934: The Jones-Connally Act extends the AAA to cover additional

farm products.

23) 1934: The Tobacco Control Act imposes quotas on tobacco

production.

24) 1935: The Federal Surplus Commodities Corporation begins large-

scale food welfare activities with the distribution of surplus farm

products to schools.

25) 1935: USDA employed more than triples between 1929 and 1935,

reaching 85,000. USDA employed reaches 100,000 by 1958 and

peaks at 138,000 in 1978. Today, the USDA employs 105,000

workers.

26) 1936: The Rural Electrification Act initiates extensive rural subsidies

that continue in various forms today.

27) 1937: The Agriculture Marketing Agreement Act establishes federal

“marketing orders” for dairy products, fruits, vegetables, and other

36

products. Marketing orders are producer cartels designed to limit

competition and raise prices. They are currently in effect for 30

commodities.

28) 1938: A new Agriculture Adjustment Act establishes most of the

policies of the 1933 Act on a permanent basis, including production

controls and price supports for wheat, corn, cotton, rice, tobacco, and

peanuts. The 1938 Act also creates the Federal Crop Insurance

Corporation to provide subsidized insurance for adverse weather,

insects, and other farming hazards.

29) 1946: The National School Lunch Act creates a permanent subsidy

program to provide food to schools, building on the surplus

commodities program of 1935.

30) 1946: The Farmers Home Administration is established to make loans

for farms, rural housing, and other activities.

31) 1949: A new Agriculture Adjustment Act extends crop price support

and subsidy policies, adds subsidies for the dairy industry, and puts

farm programs into permanent law. Since 1949, farm legislation has

included expiration dates, which prompts Congress to pass renewed

congressional authorizations every five or so years.

32) 1954: The Agricultural Trade Development and Assistance Act

created various export subsidy programs designed to unload into

foreign markets excess production caused by U.S. price supports.

Unfortunately, many other countries with government-caused

overproduction followed suit and they also dispose of their surpluses

on foreign markets.

33) 1964: The Food Stamp Act creates what has become one of the

largest welfare programs, a program that is known for major fraud

37

and abuse. The program currently costs federal taxpayers more than

$35 billion a year.

34) 1973: With soaring prices for agricultural commodities, the mid-

1970s would have been a good time to end farm programs, as some

people proposed. Instead, the farm bills of 1973 and 1977 take a

business-as-usual subsidy approach.

35) 1985: Despite the Reagan administration’s proposals to cut farm

subsidies, the poor shape of farm finances during the 1980s prompts

Congress to pass the expensive Food Security Act of 1985. This law

added new farm subsidy programs, including the Export

Enhancement Program and the Conservation Reserve Program, which

pays farmers not to farm.

36) 1996: Congress changes course in farm policy with the passage of the

Federal Agriculture Improvement and Reform Act—the “Freedom to

Farm” law. The law is designed to allow farmers greater planting

flexibility and better align producer decisions with market supply and

demand. But Congress reneges on reform, and passes large

supplemental farm subsidy bills four years in a row beginning in

1998. When the 1996 law was passed, subsidies were expected to

cost $47 billion over 1996 to 2002, but they ended up costing $121

billion.

37) 2002: The Farm Security and Rural Investment Act revert to old-style

subsidy increases and price supports as farm-state politicians reject

the modest reform proposals of the Bush administration. An

expensive “countercyclical” price support program is added, and

existing programs are expanded to cover additional crops. The 2002

law increases projected subsidy payments by 74 percent over 10

years.

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38) 2008: The Food, Conservation, and Energy Act expand farm

subsidies, and it is enacted over a presidential veto.

In the U.S.A. government controlled the markets in 1899

Minnesota passed legislation to regulate market functionaries. In 1929,

the number of states were became legislation with similar as 21. The wide

recognition of the utility of these measures led to the passing of the

perishable Agricultural Commodity Act by the Federal Government in

1930. This requires all market functionaries commission agent, merchants

and brokers dealing with perishable product in interstate commerce to

obtain a license from the secretary of Agriculture and to get it renewed

annually. Further, to ensure fair trading, the Federal Trade Commission

passes ‘Cease and Desist’ orders in hundreds every year.

2.2.2. Great Britain:

Great Britain markets have a history of unbroken innovation and

development. But in recent years the rapidity of change has been

particularly taken place. In the markets, increasing competition between

infrastructure providers has resulted in greater breakup of trading and

clearing. There has also been an arrival of new technology, with trading

becoming even faster and more dependent on computers. This has been

combined with new market participants entering the market and the

growth of new trading strategies, such as purely algorithmic trading. This

has been the increasing internationalization of markets and, most

recently, the need to respond to lessons learned from the financial crisis.

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In ancient time, a court of tart prouder was held in every market or

fair in England and Wales to work for the maintenance of law and order

and to see that contracts were honored. Between 1796 and 1926, around

thirty two acts were passed in Great Britain in regard to markets and fairs.

The more important of these were the Markets and fairs Act of 1874,

consolidating many of the previous Act and Regulations and the Weights

and Measures Act 1878. Model by law for the regulation of publicity –

owned markets are kept upto date and issued regularly by the Ministry of

Health. The commodity Sales Act of 1921, the Horticultural Produce Act

and the markets and Fairs Act of 1926 may be regulated as the main Acts

of the present century. The first of these regulated to the standardization

of weights, second required salesman of fruits and vegetables consigned

for sale on commission to detail the charges made for services other than

selling of fruits and vegetables consigned to them. The Markets and Fairs

Act provided for the weighing of cattle before auction sales.

2.3. History of Regulated Markets In India

In India, the East India Company was interested in commerce rather

than agriculture. After the war of rebellion (1857), when the Crown

replaced the company, the main objective of the British Policy was

administrative consideration rather than economic regeneration.

The Famine Commission of 1880 opined that it was unfortunate

that agriculture formed the sole occupation of the mass of population and

pointed out, “No remedy for the present evils can be complete which does

not include the introduction of diversity of occupations.”

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2.3.1 Agricultural Produce marketing Acts in India

Table No. 2.3 the Agricultural Produce Marketing (Regulation)

Acts and Number of Regulated markets in India as on 31.3.1994.

Sr

No

Name of

State/ Union

Territories

The Act in force Regulated

Markets

as on

31.3.94

1 Andhra

Pradesh

The Andhra Pradesh Agricultural Produce

and Livestock Market Act,1960

821

2 Assam The Assam Agricultural Produce Market

Act,1972

34

3 Bihar The Bihar Agricultural Produce Market

Act,1960

828

4 Gujarat The Gujarat Agricultural Produce Market

Act,1963

377

5 Haryana The Punjab Agricultural Produce Market

Act,1961

273

6 Himachal

Pradesh

The Himachal Pradesh Agricultural Produce

Market Act,1969

29

7 Karnataka The Karnataka Agricultural Produce Market

Act,196

429

8 Madhya

Pradesh

The Madhya Pradesh Krishi Upaj Mandi

Adhiniyam,1972

583

9 Maharashtra The Maharashtra Agricultural Produce

Marketing (Regulation) Act,1963

822

10 Manipur The Manipur Agricultural Produce Market

Act,1980

-

11 Meghalaya The Meghalaya Agricultural Produce Market

Act,1980

-

12 Odisha The Orissa Agricultural Produce Market

Act,1980

133

41

Sr

No

Name of

State/ Union

Territories

The Act in force Regulated

Markets as

on 31.3.94

13 Punjab The Punjab Agricultural Produce Market

Act,1961

667

14 Rajasthan The Rajasthan Agricultural Produce Market

Act,1959

383

15 Tamil Nadu The Tamil Nadu Agricultural Produce Market

Act,1959

270

16 Uttar Pradesh The Uttar Pradesh krishi Utpadak Mandi

Adhiniyam, 1964

645

17 Tripura The Tripura Agricultural Produce Market

Act,1979

21

18 West Bengal The Bengal Agricultural Produce Marketing

(Regulation) Act,1972

456

19 Chandigarh The Punjab Agricultural Produce Market

Act,1961

3

20 Delhi The Delhi Agricultural Produce Marketing

(Regulation) Act,1976

15

21 Goa, Daman The Maharashtra Agricultural Produce


5

22 Pondicherry The Pondicherry Agricultural Produce

Market Act,1973

4

23 Kerala The Kerala Agricultural Produce Marketing

Act,1967

5

24 Nagaland The Nagaland Agricultural Produce


-

(Source: Directorate of Marketing & Inspection. Indian agriculture

in brief 26th edition and Agricultural Marketing April –June 1990)

The Researcher’s object the review of the amendments in the

Agricultural Produce Marketing (Regulation) Act, in India

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2.3.2 History of Market Regulation may be stated as below-

Table No. 2.4 Year wise order of History of Market Regulation

Sr. No. Year Advisory / Regulation for Market in India

1 1880 The Famine Commission committee

2 1885 Karanja Cotton –Hyderabad Residency Order

3 1897 Berar cotton and Grain Market Law

4 1903 Irrigation Commission Committee

5 1917 Appointment of Cotton Committee

6 1918 Recommendation of Cotton Committee

7 1927 Bombay Cotton Market Act: Passed Regulation of

Dhule Market under this Act

8 1928 Report of Royal Commission on Agricultural

9 1930 Hyderabad Agricultural Produce Market Act

Passed

10 1931 Central banking Inquiry Committee

recommended the implementation of Royal

Commission Report

11 1933 Madra Commercial market Act came in force

12 1933 Central provinces cotton market Regulation Act

passed

13 1934 Badoda Agricultural Produce Market Regulation

Act passed

14 1935 Central Province Agricultural Produce Market

Act came in force

15 1938 Central Agricultural marketing –order to prepare

ideal draft for states

43

Sr. No. Year Advisory / Regulation for Market in India

16 1938 Application of Bombay cotton Market Act, 1927

to all Agricultural produces

17 1939 Panjab Agricultural Produce Market act passed

and come in force from 1971

18 1939 Bombay Agricultural Produce Market Regulation

Act

19 1939 Cotton market Regulation Act of Central Region

and Warhad

20 1939 Agricultural Produce Market Regulation Act of

Central Region and Warhad

21 1947 Patiala Agricultural Produce Marketing

Regulation Act passed and came in force in 1948

22 1952 The M.P. Agricultural Produce Marketing Act

passed on the line of Bombay Act

23 1955 Sourashtra Agricultural Produce Market Act

passed on the lines of Bombay Act

24 1963 The Maharashtra Agricultural Produce Marketing

(Development and Regulation) Act

25 2003 Model Act

2.3.3 REGULATED MARKETS

Role of regulated markets

The regulated markets are considered accountable institutions in

discharging all the functions related with the sale of outputs, keeping in

view the overall interest of the farming community and the ultimate

consumers. These institutions are meant to regulate unethical trading

practices followed in the marketing of agricultural produce. This would

help in protecting the interest of both the producers and consumers, thus

44

it contributes towards the growth of orderly marketing and price stability

through effective competition.

Therefore, governments from time to time brought about the

required legislation and development of market infrastructure from

1960’s to 2011. However, in the recent years, the economy was

liberalized and allowed private sector to participate in the trade of

agriculture. In this direction, some of the states in India started bringing

amendments to the market legislation and development.

The regulated markets are established as per the provisions of the

‘Marketing of Agricultural Produce Acts’ of the State Government. The

Commodities, with which the market will deal, are also declared.

2.3.4 History of Regulated Markets

Indian economy is based on agriculture. Approximately 70% of

people are dependent on agriculture for their basic income. Indian

agriculture is dependent on rain and Indian economy is dependent on

agriculture. That is main reason, why marketing of agriculture products is

dependent on demand and supply conditions. Earlier the farmers were

worried about the sales of their produce and due to low quality they could

not fetch a good price.

The produce had many defects and the royal commission in 1928

studied this. There were not enough marketing activities carried on by

the farmers. So the royal commission suggested commencing with the

regulated markets and accordingly various market committees were

incorporated. The three basic functions of this committee were-

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1. To meet the demand of the increase in population and

industrial advancement.

2. To increase the quality of agriculture produce,

3. To fetch an appropriate price for the farmers.

The sale of produce in the market yard is carried on by open

auction method. During any deal or transaction an employee from the

association is present to note all the details of the deal like transaction

cost, quantity, details of buyers and details of sellers, etc.

for appropriate weighing of farmers produce, the committee has

established a different weighing department. A regular inspection is

carried on for this department. The committee also undertakes grading. In

case any default in payment by the buyer the market committee helps in

settling the dispute.

2.3.4.1Basic objectives of Regulated Market

i. To ensure reasonable gain to the farmers by creating environment

in markets for fair play of supply and demand forces.

ii. To regulate market practices and attain transparency in

transactions.

iii. Aimed at providing proper method of sale, correct weighing,

prompt payment and various marketing related services.

iv. Democratic set up to control and manage markets.

For controlling the activities of the marketing, there is a ‘Market

Committee’. The Committee consists of representatives of the farmers,

commission agents and traders, other functionaries and the Government

nominees.

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2.3.4.2 Functions of Market Committee

• The complete management of the market rests with the ‘Market

Committee’.

• The Committee issues licenses to the commission agents, weighmen,

and other functionaries.

• The rate of Commission to be charged is fixed by the Committee.

• Weighment is done properly by the weigh men appointed by the

Committee.

There is an arbitration Sub-Committee to look into the grievances

of the farmers. Advent of regulated markets has helped in mitigating the

market handicaps of producers/ sellers at the wholesale assembling level.

With the establishment of regulated markets, many fraudulent practices of

the brokers are observed and overcome in the unregulated markets and

the farmers get reasonable price for their produce. Not only this,

amenities like rest house, place for parking of vehicles, cold-storages, etc.

are also created in the market yards for the benefit of the farmers. In this

respect, Government Policy is to have rapid expansion of the regulated

markets in the country.

2.3.5 Agri-Markets in India as on 31.03.2007

Regulated markets have achieved only limited success and Rural

Periodic Markets in general, and the tribal markets in particular,

remained out of its developmental ambit.

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2.4. History of Regulated Markets in the Maharashtra State

The Royal Commission on Agriculture reported that, it was only

in Berar, regulated markets had been established under the provision of

the Cotton and Grain Markets Act, 1927. The object of the legislation was

to secure to the cultivator better prices, fairer weighment and freedom

from illegal deductions. The Royal Commission on Agriculture found the

Bombay Act to be decidedly an improvement over the Berar legislation in

many directions and emphasized the need for special legislation to secure

the three-fold benefits mentioned in the Bombay Act. They further

recommended that the law should be extended to include other

agricultural products as well, particularly cash or money crops. Such

regulated markets were, in the opinion of the commodities and the

general-public.

The Bombay Cotton Market Act was first applied to Dhulia Market

in the year 1930. The average annual arrivals of seed cotton and lint

amounted to 45000 carts and 1000 carts respectively in this market. The

market contained number of buildings expects the office rooms. The work

of the Market Committee was controlled by the district revenue officers.

The market committee performed its duties through three sub-

committees, viz., Executive, Audit and Dispute. In case of dispute, sellers

and buyers were first allowed to make up their differences amicably. On

their failure, the matter was referred to the Market Superintendent who

went to the spot and tried to settle the dispute. If the Superintendent also

failed the case was referred to the Dispute Sub-Committee. A complaint

fee of four archives was charged for referring every case to the Dispute

Sub-Committee. Only one member of the Dispute Sub-Committee formed

a quorum and his decision was final and binding. Normally the settlement

of a dispute did not take more than four hours. Thus settlement of

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disputes in a prompt and impartial manner was feature of the working of

this market. Buyers, Dalals and weighmen were licensed by the Comiittee

and the annual fees they had to pay were Rs.10, Rs.30 and Rs.5

respectively. After regulation of the market the producer-seller could save

50 percent of the market charges and all the charges payable by the seller

had been clearly defined. The income of the market constituted a market

fund and was derived from market cess as rate of as 2 percent, registration

and licensing fees, sale of manure and grass and rents of shops. The total

annual income of the market was in the neighborhood of Rs.7000 and the

total outgo was Rs. 5000. The main items of expenditure being, payment

of salaries of staff and contingencies etc, other features of the working of

this market were as follows: the ruling prices in Bombay and New York

Markets were received by telegrams and put at the gate for the

information of buyers and sellers. Weights and scales used in the market

were checked by the Government inspector of Weights and Measures and

stamped under the Bombay Weights and measures Act, 1932.

Weighment was done at the ginning factories by licensed

weighmen. The practice of settling prices under the cover of cloth is the

only undesirable feature of the working of this market which persisted for

along time even after the market came to be regulated under the

provisions of the Agricultural Produce markets Act, 1939. The

application of the Bombay Cotton Market was viz. Jalgaon, Amalner,

Bailhongal, Bijapur and Baramati. It was not until the year 1939: that

legislation on the lines recommended by the Royal Commission on

Agricultural, to include other agricultural products was enacted in this

State. With the passing of the Agricultural Produce Market Act, 1939, the

cotton Market Act, 1927, was repealed the markets regulated under that

Act were deemed to be markets established under the Agricultural

Produce Markets Act, 1939. The salient features of this Act are as under:

49

a) The market charges are clearly: defined and excessive charges are

reduced and unwarranted or unjustifiable charges prohibited.

b) Market practices are regulated and market functionaries are licensed.

c) Correct weighment of produce is ensured by individual inspection and

verification of scales and weights by the licensing of weighmen and

provision of arrangements for the supervision of weights.

d) Provision of suitable arrangements for the settlement of disputes

regarding quality, weighment, deductions, prevention of litigation and

protection of the interests of the agriculturist.

e) Insistence on prompt payment of the sale proceeds by the buyer to the

seller.

f) Provision of arrangements for dissemination of correct and up-to-date

market information to users of the market.

g) Fixation of suitable quality standards and provision of standard

contract terms for buying and selling.

h) Provision for sale by open auction or by open agreement.

i) Appointment of the market committee fully representative of

agricultural producers, traders, local authority, and Government.

Other features of the Bombay Agricultural Produce Markets Act 1939 are

given below:-

The object as stated in the preamble is to provide and establishment

of markets for that purpose. Agricultural Produce includes agricultural,

horticulture and animal husbandry specified in the schedule. The schedule

includes fibers, cereals, pulses, oil-seeds, narcotics, gur, sugar-cane,

50

fruits, vegetables, animal husbandry products, condiments and spices,

grass and fodder, and cattle. New commodities can, however, be added or

any of the existing ones removed by fresh notification, Agriculturist as

defined in the Act is one who is engaged in the raising of agricultural

produce either by himself or by tenants or through hired labour. It

excludes a trader or a broker even though he may be engaged in the

raising of agricultural produce.

The Government notifies its intention of exercising control over

purchase and sale of agricultural produce in a specified area and after

hearing objections against its proposal, it declares an area or a portion of

it to be a market area in respect of agricultural products notified. At

present the area of market in the Maharashtra State extends to one or two

talukas. The major assembling markets were the arrivals of produce.

Exceed 15 lakh of rupees are styled as principal market-yards, but in a

minor markets were the value of arrival of produce does not exceed Rs. 5

lakh, sub-market yards are established. Pending the establishment of a

market, the State may grant a license to any person to use any place in the

notified are for the purpose of sale of any agricultural produce. After the

establishment of the market, it is only the market committee that can give

license to any person for this purpose. No person can set up a place for

the purpose of purchase or sale of any agricultural produce in the notified

area except under a license. If, however, the seller is himself a producer

or his authentic agent for transporting the same and the buyer purchases

for his own private use, the place is not governed by the provisions of this

Act. Provision also exists for the cancellation of a license under certain

conditions. Out of four seats reserved for traders, one seat is assigned for

co-operative societies, but the voters are the traders in the agriculturist

constituency, the members of the agriculturist organization as defined in

51

the rules are the voters. The first committee is nominated by Government

and holds office for two years and subsequently, the tenure of the

committee is three years. Certain categories of persons are disqualified

from being chosen as members of the market committee. Rule 6 of the

Rules provides for additional disqualification for members of the

committee. The act provides that in the case of failure of any

organization, person or authority to elect a person within a specified

period of the occurrence of a vacancy, the State Government can call

upon such organization or person or authority to elect a member within

the specified period. On the failure of the person so addressed the State

Government may nominate a person to represent such organization,

person or authority. At present it is the Collectors in the Districts who

have powers for the nomination of the first committee and on their

recommendation; the Government nominates the first committee. They

are also responsible for holding election thereafter. They are also

empowered to hear appeals in respect of suspension and cancellation of

licenses. Every market committee is a body corporate by such name as is

specified in the notification establishing it.

The history of the application of the Bombay Agricultural Produce

markets Act, 1939 to vegetable trade at Ahmadabad, dates back to the

year 1944. The group of workers of the Ahmadabad Co-operative Fruit

and Vegetable Growers Association Ltd. and the Ahmadabad Potato

Growers Co-operative Association Ltd. together with the help of officers,

having been alarmed of several malpractices and precarious position of a

grower in the vegetable market began to make strenuous efforts for the

application of the Act for the regulation of vegetable trade.

52

The proposal was submitted in the year 1944 to the department and

it was great persuasion and healthy efforts of co-operative sale societies

mentioned above and officials that the Government at last agreed to apply

the Act and to this effect final notification dated 10th May, 1948 was

issued by the Government directing that with effect from 24th May, 1948,

the area within radius of 12 miles from Ahmadabad shall be a market

area for the purposes of the Bombay Agriculture Produce Markets Act,

1939 in respect of vegetables.

The researcher would like to present the overall growth of

Agricultural Produce Market Committees in the Maharashtra State which

is suitable to the matter under consideration to take the historical survey

in the Agricultural Produce Market Committees for the last near about 50

years in the state. Such figures would help to clear the growth and

position of Agricultural Produce Market Committees in Maharashtra.

Table No. 2.5 Growth of APMC’s in Maharashtra:

Sr. No. Year Number of APMC’s

1 1964-65 157

2 1974-75 203

3 1985-86 240

4 1993-94 251

5 2002-03 281

5 2010-11 295

(Source: Statistical Abstract of Maharashtra and MSAMB Pune)

53

Working of the Regulated Market, at Sangli:

The market at Sangli was established on 30th August, 1950 which

occupies a prominent place in Maharashtra as a big assembling market;

on account of regulation of turmeric large quantities come for sale from

places like Madras and Mysore. The other important commodities

regulated in this market are groundnut, tur and chilies. The market

committee actually started functioning from 10th July, 1955.

Principal market Yard and Sub Yard:

The old market yard used by the market committee for carrying on

its operations was known as wakhar bhag and had been declared as a

temporary principal market yard, which had been found to be inadequate

for the purposes of the committee on account of a considerable increase

in the volume of business. The committee had therefore, selected a more

suitable site on the Sangli- Miraj Road and the State Government has

acquired for it land measuring 99 acres and 30 gunthas for establishing

the new market yard. The acquisition procedures were completed

recently. The layout of the new market yard was prepared by the local

engineer and it has been approved by the Deputy Consulting Surveyor of

Government, Kolhapur. The total number of plots marketed out in the

market is 364, each plot measuring 100 x 50 feet, and the price of each

plot is fixed at Rs. 135per sq.ft. The plots also can be taken on hire at an

annual rent of Rs. 80. 303 plots have so far allotted to traders and general

commission agents of which 291 are given on rental basis and 12 plots

have been sold. Provision has also been made for spacious roads, water

arrangements, godowns, fencing, cart stands, offices of banks, telegraph

office, a canteen and Shetkari Niwas. The fencing of the yard has been

completed. The construction of a water tank having a capacity of 30000

gallons has also been completed by the committee as its own expense;

54

some space has been reserved for staff quarters. 500 trees of different

varieties on the different roads sides have also been planted. The Sangli

Municipality has extended its co-operation in providing facilities for

water and electric supply on the market yard by laying one water pipe and

electricity wires. There are two sub-yards, one at Miraj and another at

Jath.

The Control over the regulated markets has been transferred to the

Zilla Parishads under whom one Assistant Registrar, Co-operative

societies of the District is working. He is one of the Nominees of the

Government on regulated markets.

It appears that after the reorganization of the co-operative

Department in the State in the year 1961, the previous separate marketing

department under the control of the Registrar was abolished and more

attention is required to be paid to the actual working of the regulated

markets. The Registrar, Cooperative Societies has delegated the powers

to the Joint Registrar, Cooperative Societies, (Marketing) who is also

working as the Director of Agricultural Marketing and Rural finance. He

is assisted by one Deputy Registrar and one Assistant Registrar and one

Grading Assistant. Besides this there is a Marketing Research Officer,

Bombay, who conducts Marketing Surveys and also does the work of

Market intelligence. He is assisted by 3 Assistant Marketing Officers.

Practically all the markets have been regulated in the State. Efforts are

also being made to apply this Act to the Vegetables and Fruit Market at

Bombay and Poona.

According to the recent decisions of the Bombay High Court on

this Act the Marketing committees have no power to add additional

commodities for regulation.

55

APMC PROFILE

The MSAMB has seven Divisional offices at Pune, Nasik,

Aurangabad, Latur, Amravati, Nagpur and Ratnagiri for proper co-

ordination of the activities of all APMCs in the State. The map given

bellow shows districts covered under various divisions.

Map of Maharashtra with Divisional wise of MSAMB

56

Agriculture produce means all produce (whether processed or not)

of agriculture, horticulture, animal husbandry, pisciculture and forests as

specified in the schedule.

The APMCs were established by the State Govt. for regulating the

marketing of different kinds of agriculture and pisciculture produce for

the same market area or any part thereof.

The Maharashtra Agricultural Produce Marketing (Regulation) Act

was passed in the year 1963, with a view to regulate the marketing of

agricultural and pisciculture produce in market areas. After giving due

consideration to various committees recommendations and study groups,

some important changes have been made in this Act in the year 1987 and

thereafter.

Constitution:

Every market shall consist of:

1. Agriculturists residing in the market area and being 21 years of

age on the date specified from time to time by the Collector in

this behalf.

2. Traders and commission agents holding license to operate in the

market area.

3. Chairman of the co-operative society doing business of processing

and marketing of agriculture produce in the market area.

Chairman of the Panchayat Samiti’s with the jurisdiction in which

the market area are situated and President or Sarpanch of the local

authorities with the jurisdiction of which the principal market are

situated. The Deputy Registrar of Co-operative Society of the district, the

57

Assistant Cotton officer or where there is no such officer the district

Agriculture Officer of the Department of Agriculture.

Objectives:

It shall be the duty of the Market Committee to implement the

provisions of the Maharashtra Agricultural Produce Marketing

(Regulation) Act 1963, the rules and bye-laws made there under in the

market area to provide such facilities for marketing of agricultural

produce therein as the Director may from time to time, direct do such

other acts as may be required in relation to the superintendence, direction

and control of markets or for relating marketing of agricultural produce in

any place in the market area and for purpose connected with the matters

aforesaid, and for that purpose may exercise such powers and perform

such duties and discharge such functions as may be provided by or under

this Act.

The Act provides for establishment of Market Committees in the

State. These Market Committees are engaged in development of market

yards for the benefit of agriculturists and the buyers. Various agricultural

produce commodities are regulated under the Act. At present there are

295 APMCs with main markets and 609 sub markets.

58

Fig. No. 2.2 Growth of APMC in the Maharashtra

Fig. No. 2.3 Division wise break-up of APMCs

157

203

240 251

295

0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

1064-65 1974-75 1985-86 1993-94 2010-11

Year

20

5143

3348

5545

34

112122

72

91101

77

Main Market Sub Market

59

Fig. No. 2.4Classification of APMCs in Maharashtra State (2007-08):

In this figure APMC’s classified into four types as per turnover as

A Class above Rs.1 Crore, B Class Rs.50 Lakh to Rs 1 Crore, C Class Rs.

25 Lakh to Rs. 50 Lakh and D Class Rs. 25 Lakh and Less, and in bracket

shows the Number of APMC’s more than 40%. In the D Class APMC’s

and other all types of APMC’s is 58%.

‘A’ Class, Above Rs. 1 Crore (42)

14%

‘B’ Class, Above Rs. 50Lakh to Rs. 1 Crore

(58)20%

‘C’ Class, Above Rs. 25 Lakh to Rs.50 Lakh

(70)24%

‘D’ Class, Less than

Rs. 25 Lakh (125)42%

60

A.P.M.C. – AN INTRODUCTION:

The Maharashtra Agricultural Produce Marketing (Regulation)

Act was passed in the year 1963, with a view to regulate the marketing

of agricultural and pisciculture produces in market areas. After giving

due consideration to various committees recommendations and study

groups, some important changes have been made in this Act in the year

1987 and thereafter.

Mission:

1. MAPMC (Maharashtra Agricultural Produce Market Committee) is in

the business of facilitating the trade of Agricultural commodities in

the geographical region of Mumbai.

2. MAPMC aspires to become the most preferred trading partner of

sellers and buyers of agri-commodities all over India.

3. MAPMC promises to provide the most advanced and world-class

infrastructure to all its functionaries.

4. MAPMC wishes to be a fair employer, investing in the continuous up-

gradation and development of knowledge and skills of its human

resources.

5. MAPMC is aware of its important role in the society and therefore

will always conduct itself with a measure of responsibility towards

social causes and with significant accountability towards

environmental preservation.

6. As one of the foremost agri-trade organizations in India, MAPMC is

fully cognizant of maintaining and enhancing the image of India and

will always prioritize national interests in its every decision.

7. MAPMC is a customer-driven organization and will constantly strive

to achieve complete customer satisfaction and provide prompt

customer support.

61

PARTICIPANTS OF THE MARKET:

1. Producers / Sellers (farmers) – These are the ones who are not directly

involved in the working but are the part of the whole cycle of agricultural

marketing.

2. Commission Agents

3. Brokers -They are the ones who take minimum risk and as a part of

their income brokerage are paid to them. The commission paid is between

2% to 10%

4. Traders- they are the same as Brokers but level of risk is high

5. Adatya’s

6. Wholesaler.

7. Retailers

8. Consumers

Methods of Sale carried out by APMC Market:

1. Sale by Sample:

It is the most convenient method of sale where the produce is

systematically graded. It saves the cost of transportation and inspection.

However, utmost honesty in the dealing is to be followed. The producer

or the commission agent shows the sample to the trader and finalizes the

price. Example – During the auction of chilies, the buyer quotes the price

for the produce by looking at the samples. This sale by sample is also

practiced in food grain sector. Food grains such as wheat, rice, etc. are

bought by buyer and to verify that the quality matches the sample they

hit the gunny bag with sickle and check the food grains.

62

2. Open Auction:

The farmers undertake a bidding process in which the

commission agents bid over the prices of the produce being auctioned

and the produce is sold by the farmer to the highest bidder.

3. Hatta Sale (Under Cover)

This method of sale is legally not permitted to be practiced in the

regulated markets. But it is learnt that Hatta or undercover sale is

practiced in the fruit and vegetables market.

Codes

1 finger = Rs 10

1 tapping = Re 1

Fist = Rs100

e.g. holding 3 fingers and then tapping the finger 2 times would

communicate Price of Rs.32/kg.

If the prices are acceptable to both the parties, lapping hands signals the

deal as done.

The main reason why it is practiced is well justified by the wholesalers

in the market. According to them there has been a sharp increase in the

number of retail clients visiting the A.P.M.C market. If the prices offered

to the wholesale buyers are negotiated via talking or discussing loudly,

even the retail buyers would demand a similar price which would not be

acceptable to the wholesale buyers or sellers.

So, with a view of maintaining confidentiality of wholesale prices the

hatta system is often practiced in the market.

63

LOAN: - Supplement to the finance of APMC

As a supplement to the finance of APMC, the Maharashtra State

Agricultural Marketing Board gives some amount as loan to enable

APMC’s to undertake developmental programmes. However, MSAMB

insists on availing loans from Banks by the APMCs for their development

programmes. The development works include land, drinking water

facility, compound wall, gate, internal roads, electrification, auction sale

halls and platform, godowns, computers, weigh bridges, farmers hostel,

hamal bhavan, trader's and commission agent's shops, etc. The loans are

sanctioned as per the norms prescribed by MSAMB.

APMCs submit the loan applications with details, which are being

processed at the head office. As per the rules of the Marketing Board the

rate of interest for development works except construction of shopping

complex are as follows:

Table No. 2.6 Rate of interest as per utilization of funds by APMC’s

Sr.No. Utilization of funds by APMC Rate of

interest

1 All APMC- Shetkari Bazar 5%

2 All APMC- Agri Pledge Loan Scheme 6%

3 Term Loan- Kokan & Tribal Area 6%

4 All APMC- Land purchase, drinking water

facility, auction platform, compound, weigh

bridge, grading equipment, sanitary, road,

8%

5 Shopping Complex (APMCs of all category) 10%

64

The APMC has to submit a loan proposal along with the following

documents.

1. Loan application in the prescribed form.

2. Loan repayment agreement.

3. Loan hypothecation agreement.

4. Sanction from competent authority for building plan & layout.

5. Approval of Director of Marketing under section 12(1).

The necessary formats for this purpose can be downloaded from the

download option.

The repayment period of loan provided for the following development

works is as follows.

Table No. 2.7 Scheme of work and repayment Period

Sr No Scheme of work Repayment

Period

1

Purchase of Land, Drinking water system, Auction

halls, Compound, Sanitary, Computers and Weigh

bridges, Roads, Shetkari Niwas, Electrification, &

other facilities

10 Years

2 Work under Technology Mission on Cotton

(T.M.C.) 7 Years

3 Traders Shops 5 Years

4 Commercial Complex 1 Year

During last 21 years (i.e. from 1985 to March 2008), the Marketing

Board has disbursed the loan amount of Rs 98.75 Crore to 203 APMCs in

the State, out of which, the outstanding amount as on 31st March 2008, is

Rs. 51.04 Crore.

65

2.5. History of Ten APMC’s

Regulated Markets in Solapur District:

The ten regulated markets in the district are the wholesale

trade centers in the district which are mainly the export centers of surplus

commodities. Barshi market is the most important exporting centre in the

district.

The condition of agricultural marketing was far from satisfactory in

the past. The agriculturist handicapped by his lack of knowledge and

poverty and was disadvantaged of the fruits of his production, and had to

sell his goods at unprofitable prices. His incapability to hold the sales till

the market turned favourable was fully exploited by the traders who used

to contrive to bid low prices. Agricultural marketing was also burdened

with innumerable malpractices such as unauthorized deductions, false

weights, delayed payment and a number of practices which were

detrimental to the interests of the fanner. This state of affairs received the

attention of the Royal Commission on Agriculture (1927) which

recommended to the Government the necessity of regulating the trade in

agricultural commodities. Accordingly the Government of Bombay

enacted the Bombay Cotton Markets Act in 1927. Subsequently the

Bombay Provincial Banking Enquiry Committee (1931) also stressed the

need for protection to the agricultural community in the disposal of

marketable surplus by establishing a chain of regulated markets. Similarly

various Government commissions appointed from time to time also

stressed the need to protect the interest of the agriculturists and develop a

pattern of regulation of marketing.

66

Accordingly the Bombay Government replaced the old Bombay

Cotton Markets Act which regulated only cotton trade by passing the

broad-based Act, viz. the Bombay Agricultural Produce Markets Act in

1939. This Act brought the sale and purchase of a number of

commodities under the preview of the enactment. All the cotton markets

established under the Bombay Cotton Markets Act of 1927 were deemed

to be regulated under the new enactment of 1939.

The main objectives of this enactment were: (1) to bring about

equity in bargaining power among the agriculturists and traders, (2) to

promote mutual confidence, (3) to prevent malpractices and (4) to give a

fair deal to the peasants. This enactment led to the establishment of the

market committees at the following places, [Date of establishment of the

market committee is given in bracket.] viz., (1) Akluj (10th March, 1950),

(2) Karmala (1st January, 1943), (3) Barshi (11th June, 1948), (4)

Pandharpur (1st July, 1947), (5) Solapur (12th August, 1959), (6) Sangola

(1st December, 1962), (7) Mangalwedha (19th May, 1965), (8) Mohol

(14th December, 1954). (9) Kurduwadi (1st May, 1950) and (10) Akkalkot

(20th November, 1952).

The Bombay Agricultural Produce Markets Act of 1939 has now

been repealed with the enforcement of the unified Maharashtra

Agricultural Produce Marketing (Regulation) Act of 1963. All the

regulated markets established under the repealed Bombay Agricultural

Produce Markets Act, 1939 are deemed to be established under the new

Act. Though this Act was passed in 1963, it was actually implemented in

this district since 25th May, 1967. On application of new statute all the

agricultural produce market committees have adopted new rules.

67

All the eleven talukas in the district are served by regulated

markets, the Solapur market committee serving the South and North

Solapur talukas together. All the talukas are brought under the purview of

Maharashtra Agricultural Produce Marketing (Regulation) Act of 1963.

According to the new Act, viz., Maharashtra Agricultural Produce

Marketing (Regulation) Act, 1963, the prices of all the agricultural

commodities brought into the market are settled by open auction or by an

open agreement in the presence of officials of the market committee. This

rule is strictly adhered to. Before the auction starts the individual lots are

arranged in open heaps for inspection of the buyers. Previously cotton

was sold by fardi system, and the rate of cotton was declared in the

market committee office. This system was found to be defective as there

was no chance of getting higher prices for better quality of commodities.

To remove this defect a new system, viz., cart-wise auction of cotton was

introduced.

Under this system the produce is arranged in heaps or in bullock-

carts near the adat shop of the authorized general commission agents. The

general commission agents who are also called adatyas play the key-role

of intermediaries between the cultivators and traders. They dispose of the

agricultural produce on behalf of the cultivators and get commission in

this transaction at rates prescribed by the market committee. The traders

or their representatives inspect the agricultural produce and start bidding.

The bidding is done in the presence of the market supervisors appointed

by the market committees. As soon as the bargain is agreed between the

cultivator and the trader, the general commission agent prepares an

agreement called kabulayat regarding price and quantity of the produce.

The price of the sold produce is paid to the cultivator on the same day.

The officials of the market committee supervise all these transactions.

The bargaining is registered in the register of market committee.

68

The weighment of all agricultural commodities except cotton is

completed on the market yard by the licensed weighmen. Weighment of

cotton is however done at the ginning factories. The market committees

issue licenses to the weighmen. As soon as the weighment is completed

the commission agents arrange for the payment to the cultivator-seller on

the same day. The weighment and payment is supervised by the

supervisory staff of the market committee. Prices are quoted in terms of

rupees per quintal.

The market committees thus serve the agriculturists by giving them

a just reward for their produce. Moreover they encourage the producers to

bring pure and unadulterated produce which assure better prices.

The entire method of marketing is closely watched by the officials

of the market committees. The code of business conduct is prescribed and

arrangements are made to settle any dispute as and when it arises. The

functionaries in the market, viz., general commission agents, traders,

hamals, weighmen and processors are all licensed by the respective

market committees. On payment of a prescribed fee they are issued

licenses. The market committees are instrumental in protecting the

interests of the agriculturists.

Regarding the financial position of the market committees the

Maharashtra Agricultural Produce Marketing (Regulation) Act of 1963

has prescribed the sources by which the market committees should earn

income to meet their growing needs. Among others the major sources of

income are market fee, license fee, cattle fee, plot rent, etc. These rates

are prescribed by the market committees. The financial position of all

(Ten) the market committees was as under in the year 2009-10:—

69

Table No. 2.8 The financial position of ten market committees in the

year 2009-10

Market Committee Income Expenditure Surplus / Deficit

Akkalkot 3,044,545 3,894,379 -849,834

Akluj 12413531 10,371,065 2,042,466

Barshi 24733993 23042372 1691621

Karmala 7,227,278 6,259,303 967,975

Kurduwadi 14,081,946 10,541,180 3,540,766

Mangalwedha 2,768,703 1,578,785 1,189,918

Mohol 1,723,939 1,623,617 100,322

Pandharpur 12,007,700 8,246,426 3,761,274

Sangola 4,765,002 3,418,503 1,346,499

Solapur 81450411 51230193 30,220,218

The market committees undertake the work of distribution of

market news which is helpful to the agriculturists. The prices of

agricultural commodities at Barshi, Solapur, Pandharpur and Akluj are

published in daily newspapers such as Sakal, Samachar and Sanchar.

Besides, the Barshi Market Committee also publishes a fortnightly, viz.,

Bazarachi Watchal which furnishes the prices of important agricultural

commodities.

70

Every day the prices of jowar and other commodities are sent to the

Government of India, New Delhi, by telegram, while prices of other

important commodities are sent to the Marketing Research Officer,

Bombay, by telegram for broadcast. Daily prices are also intimated to

Pune Radio Station. The trends of prices of various commodities in

important regulated markets in the district as well as in Maharashtra State

are announced for information of the agriculturists before the auction

takes place. This serves as a guide to the sellers as well as to the buyers of

agricultural produce.

The supervision and control over regulated markets is done by the

District Deputy Registrar of Co-operative Societies since the

commencement of the market committees in the district. The works of

supervision and control over regulated markets have been entrusted to the

Co-operation and Industries Officer of the Zilha Parishad since 1967.

2.5.1 Agricultural Produce Market Committee Akkalkot

The Agricultural Produce Market Committee at Akkalkot was

established on 20th November, 1952. The area of operation of the market

committee extends over the entire Akkalkot taluka. The convenient

transport facilities have helped for the development of the market.

The market committee is managed by the executive committee of

twenty one representatives, of whom fifteen are agriculturists (eleven

Farmers and four Grampanchayat), two traders, and one each Hamal,

Weighmen, Processing Santha’s and local authorities and Government

nominees.

71

The commodities have been regulated by this market committee:-

groundnut (shelled and unshelled), tur, mug, udid, karadi, gur, chillis,

jowar, wheat, bajari, gram, linseed, cotton, rice, onions, tamarind, rata,

ambadi and cattle such as bullocks, cows, she-buffaloes, sheep, goats and

horses etc.

Table No.2.9 Arrivals of commodities and its value in the year 2009-

10

Sr. No Commodity Arrivals (in quintals) Value (Rs.)

1 Jowar 263 258020

2 Wheat 133 169357

3 Bajari 183 147573

4 Paddy 4 5204

5 Udid 3,129 14023400

6 Mug 159 741100

7 Tur 13,773 69882313

8 Maize 2 1602

9 Gram/Chana 11,290 24313900

10 Jod 93 132700

This table shows commodities have coming in the market, of Tur

(arrivals 13773qls) value of Rs. 69882313, gram/ Chana (arrivals

11290qls) value of Rs. 24313900, Udid (arrivals 3,129 qls) value of Rs.

14023400 and also arrivals some commodities.

The Akkalkot market, Total arrivals and value of various regulated

commodities in during 2007-08, 2008-09, 2009-10 and 2010-11 are give

as below-

72

Table No.2.10 Total arrivals of commodities and its Total value

Sr.No. Year Arrivals (in quintals) Value (in Rupees)

1 2007-08 11179 80920112

2 2008-09 43141 98586064

3 2009-10 29029 109675169

4 2010-11 95815 384524086

This table shows that, the market committee has up down of

arrivals of commodities but its value increasing, in the year as 2007-08

to 2010-11.

The market committee possesses its own market-yard which

provides all the necessary facilities. The market committee has recently

opened a sub-market yard at Dudhavi.

Table No.2.11 Market Functionary and Fees of licenses

Sr.No Market functionaries Number Rate of Licence fees

1 General commission agents 81 200

2 Traders 169 200

3 Weighmen 20 20 4 Processors 20 200 5 Warehouseman 1 30

6 Hamals 105 6

7 Assistants 31 10

Total 427

73

This table no. 2.11 shows that, there were in all 427 market

functionaries in 2009-10, of whom 81 were commission agent, 20

weighmen and processors each, 105 hamals, one warehouseman, 31

assistants and 169 traders.

There are adequate storage facilities at this market-yard. The

Maharashtra Warehousing Corporation has built warehouses where

agricultural produce is stored at nominal rates. Besides, the traders have

also built their own godowns. The grading system is also introduced in

respect of the trade in groundnut.

Table No. 2.12 Financial position of the Market committee

Year Income Expenditure Surplus

2007-08 3009887 3309296 -299409

2008-09 3506109 3974294 -468185

2009-10 3044545 3894379 -849834

2010-11 5676954 4335890 1341064

This table shows that, the financial position of the market

committee has deficit, means expenditure over income up to 2007-08 to

2009-10 but 2010-11 financial position has surplus.

The Akkalkot Wholesale Merchants' Association and the Akkalkot

Taluka Kharedi Vikri Sangh Limited, play an important role on this

market yard.

74

2.5.2 Agricultural Produce Market Committee Akaluj (Malshiras)

The Agricultural Produce Market Committee at Akluj was

established on 10th March, 1950 but the actual working of the committee

was started from 1st November, 1951. The market is one of the big

markets in the district. It is however handicapped by the lack of

convenient means of transport and communications and is not served by

any rail route.

The area of operation of the market committee extends over

Malshiras taluka. The market committee is managed by the executive

committee of twenty one representatives, of whom fifteen are

agriculturists (eleven Farmers and four Grampanchayat), two traders, and

one each of Hamal, Weighmen, Processing Santha’s and local authorities

and Government nominees.

The market committee has regulated the following agricultural

commodities, viz., gur, groundnut, sunflower, tur, gram, jowar, wheat,

bajri, maize, and paddy. The cattle trade (consisting of sheep, goats, he

and she buffaloes and horses) is also regulated since January, 1961.

The market committee has a principal market-yard at Akluj and a

sub-market yard at Natepute. The principal market-yard has enough land

and measuring 35 acres, and the sub-market yard has fourteen acres of

land. The sub-market yard was started from 7th October, 1964. The

market committee has spent Rs. 44,153 and Rs. 7,400 for purchasing land

for the market-yards at Akluj and Natepute respectively.

The total number of market functionaries, licence fee and the

amount collected by way of licence fee are given in the following

statement for the year 2009-10 :-

75

Table No. 2.13 Market Functionary and Fees of licenses

Sr.No Market functionaries Number Rate of Licence fees


2 Traders 435 100

3 Weighmen 16 10

4 Processors 10 100

5 Warehouseman 1 15

6 Hamals 177 3

7 Assistants 263 5

Total 992 This table shows that, there were in all 992 market functionaries in

2009-10, of whom 90 were commission agent, 16 weighmen, 10

processors, 177 hamals, one warehouseman, 263 assistants and 435

traders.

The total arrivals and value of various regulated commodities at the

markets are given below:—

Table No. 2.14 Total arrivals of commodities and its value

Sr.No. Year Arrivals (in Quintals) Value (in Rupees)

1 2007-08 412063 295513800

2 2008-09 490357 519005300

3 2009-10 519425 606451150

4 2010-11 538217 687015220 This table shows that, the total commodities have increasing

arrivals in the market committee in 2007-08 to 2010-11 and its values

also increasing.

Besides agricultural commodities, the market committee has

regulated cattle trade also by starting weekly cattle markets at Akluj and

Natepute.

76

The financial position of the market committee is given below:—



2007-08 5070242 4,920,893 149,349

2008-09 10374777 9,335,367 1,039,410

2009-10 12413531 10,371,065 2,042,466 This table shows that, the surplus of the market committee in the

year 2007-08 was Rs. 149349, in 2008-09 surplus Rs. 1039410 and 2009-

10 surplus Rs. 2042466 respectively.

Table No. 2.16 Arrivals of commodities and its value in the year

2009-10


1 Jowar 18,365 16662100 2 Wheat 39,574 40770750 3 Gul 63,519 176886900 4 Paddy 6747 14804500 5 Vegetable 118,117 109540600 6 Tur 396 1359600 7 Groundnut 9,920 20619200 8 Maize 335491 276019850 9 Gram/Chana 7,442 14237000

10 Bean 916 2484000 This table shows that, commodities have arrivals in the market

committee. The maize has arrivals in the market yard and

(Rs.276019850) value is high. The market has well-known as maize

market. All types of commodities are coming in the market and

received the good prices.

77

2.5.3 Agricultural Produce Market Committee Barshi

The Agricultural Produce Market Committee at Barshi was

established on 11th June, 1948. Barshi is the biggest and the most

important market in the district. This market is commonly called a

"Gateway of Marathwada" in the field of agricultural trade. A large

amount of agricultural produce is brought for sale at this market. It is

served by convenient means of transport and communications which

attract agriculturists and traders from Marathwada region, and especially

from Osmanabad, Beed and Nanded districts. The Latur-Miraj broad

gauge line of South-Central Railway as well as many State highways

serves the transport of merchandise.

The market yard is one of the best in the State of Maharashtra, and

covers an area of 42 acres and 18 gunthas. It is named after Pandit

Jawaharlal Nehru since 7th June, 1964. The market has started three sub-

market yards at Vairag, Yedashi and Tadavale. It has acquired 25 acres of

land by spending Rs. 24,649 at Vairag, and five acres of land at Yedashi

for sub-market yards. At Vairag the market committee has built an office

building and has provided other amenities. The Barshi market committee

has invested Rs. 9, 63,271 by way of development expenditure on its

principal and sub-market yards.

The area of operation of the market committee extends over the

entire Barshi taluka. The market committee is managed by the executive



one each Hamal, Weighmen, Processing Santha’s and local authorities


78

The important regulated commodities are ground-nut (shelled and

unshelled), cotton (ginned and unginned), tur (red, white and gajar), mug

(green, yellow, mongalai), udid, safflower, jowar (maldandi, dagadi,

jogali), bajri, wheat, gram (garda, chafa), sesamum, linseed, turmeric

(finger, gadde, kap), coriander, chillis (dry, red), gur, tamarind, ambadi,

paddy, castor seed, niger seed, maize, fodder, vari, sava, hulaga and

onions. Besides, the market committee has also regulated cattle trade

consisting of cows, bullocks, she and he buffaloes, sheep and goats since

1964. Ground-nut, tur, mug and udid are the main agricultural

commodities which arrive at Barshi from Marathwada. The Barshi market

authorities introduced the open auction sale system since 1962 and also

the system of commercial grading of ground-nut, tur, mug, udid, etc.


2009-10


1 Jowar 362,481 616217700

2 Wheat 240,300 384480000

3 Onion 120,200 36060000

4 Paddy 17000 17000000

5 Dhane 15,200 79037900

6 Udid 101590 264134000

7 Mug 10,109 35381500

8 Tur 118180 472720000

9 Grundnut 42,329 76192200

10 Gram/ Chana 27,800 55600000

This table shows that, Commodities have arrival in the market, of

Tur (arrivals 118180qls) value of Rs. 472720000, Jowar (arrivals

362481qls) value of Rs. 616217700, Udid (arrivals 101590qls) value of

Rs. 264134000 and also arrivals some commodities.

79

The total number of market functionaries licensed by the

committee and the income of the market committee by way of licence fee

during in the year 2009-10 is given below:

Table No. 2.18 Shows Market Functionary and Fees of licenses

Sr.No Market functionaries Number Licence fees rate


2 Traders 677 200

3 Weighmen 113 20 4 Processors 39 60 5 Warehouseman 1 20

6 Hamals 290 10

7 Assistants 37 4

Total 1601

This table shows that, there were in all 1601 market functionaries

in 2009-10, of whom 444 were commission agent, 113 weighmen, 39


traders.

At Barshi market sufficient storage facilities are available to store

agricultural produce. There are 74 godowns built on the market yard of

these, three godowns are owned by the Maharashtra State Warehousing

Corporation, and the rest of them by private traders, co-operative

marketing societies and banks. The storage capacities of these godowns

are 3,000 tons. The storage rates of the Warehousing Corporation vary

reasonable rates of the godowns owned by other institutions.

Market finance is facilitated at this market by the banking organizations

mentioned below:—

80

Table No. 2.19 Market finance is facilitated at this market by the

banking organizations

1) State Bank of India 8) Miraj State Bank,

2) Central Bank of India, 9) United Western Bank

3) Barshi Urban Co-operative Bank

Ltd.

(6)Barshi Merchants' Co-

operative Bank Ltd.,

4) Belgaum Bank Ltd., and (7)District Central Co-operative

Bank Ltd., 5) Bank of Maharashtra.

Barshi Market is an assembling as well as distributing centre of all

agricultural commodities. Besides local produce, agricultural produce

from parts of Marathwada region is brought to Barshi by motor trucks

and bullock-carts and the total assembled produce, 20 percent is retained

for local consumption and 80 percent is exported to distant market

centers.

The following commodities are exported to the destinations

mentioned against them:—

Table No.2.20 Commodities are sent to the destinations

Commodity Destination

(1) Groundnut Mumbai

(2) Mug Goa, Mumbai, Gujarat, Uttar Pradesh, Bihar, Madras,

Mysore, Kerala, Andhra Pradesh.

(3) Udid Goa, Madras, Kerala, Bihar, Andhra Pradesh.

(4) Turmeric Mumbai, Sangli.

(5)Tur and turdal Mumbai, Pune, Gujarat, Madras, Mysore, Kerala,

Goa.

(6) Tamarind Madras, Mysore, Mumbai and Andhra Pradesh.

The total turn-over of trade at this market between 2007-08 and 2008-09

and in 2009-10 is given below:—

81

Table No. 2.21 Arrivals of commodities and its value

Sr. No. Year Arrivals (in quintals) Value (in Rupees)

1 2007-08 314643 1124663150

2 2008-09 608304 1467398500

3 2009-10 1372958 1966223700

This table shows that, the market committee has trend growing up of

arrivals of commodities but also values, in the year as 2007-08 to 09-10.

The financial position of the market committee during the same

period is given below:—



2007-08 13802946 9,901,634 3,901,312

2008-09 18911511 17,852,579 1,058,932

2009-10 24733993 23,042,372 1,691,621

This table shows that, the financial position of the market

committee has beginning as well, in 2007-08 and 2008-09 surpluses were

decreased, but in the 2009-10 surpluses were increased.

There are many co-operative marketing societies functioning at

Barshi which are licence-holders of the market committee. The important

among them are:

82

(1) Barshi Taluka Co-operative Sale and Purchase Union,

(2) Barshi Vividh Karyakari Seva Society,

(3) Barshi Merchants' Association

The market committee has introduced the marketing intelligence

system for the benefit of the agriculturists as well as traders. According to

this system ten important villages in Barshi taluka are selected wherein

the market committee arranges to publicize prices and arrivals of various

agricultural commodities at Barshi and other important markets in

Maharashtra.

83

2.5.4 Agricultural Produce Market Committee Karmala

The Agricultural Produce Market Committee at Karmala was

established on 1st January, 1948. The market has jurisdiction over 96

villages which are recurrent by recurring famines and conditions of

scarcity. Some villages from Karjat and Jamkhed talukas of Ahmadnagar

district and some villages from Parenda and Ashti talukas of Osmanabad

and Beed districts get the benefit of this market. Hence though Karmala is

in the famine area, there is a considerable turn-over of trade at this

market.





nominees.

The market committee has brought under regulation the following

commodities:—jowar, bajri, wheat, maize, ground-nut (shelled and

unshelled), safflower, sesamum, linseed, chillis, cotton, mug, math,

hulaga, gram, udid, tur, gur and cattle such as sheep, goats, bullocks,

cows, and he and she buffaloes.

The market yard measures 33 acres of land where all the necessary

amenities including a spacious office building, a rest-house, platforms,

sheds, etc are available. The market committee has a sub-market at Jeur

which also provides some of the necessary amenities. The committee

proposes to start two additional sub-market yards at Kem and Pomalwadi.

84

Though the market is situated in the famine area, about 70 percent

of the assembled produce is exported outside the Karmala taluka after

meeting the local demand. The direction of export trade is as under:—

Table No. 2.23 Commodities are sent to the destinations

Commodities Place

(1) Jowar Solapur, Ratnagiri, Kolhapur, Sangli and Karad.

(2) Bajri Mumbai, Thane, Pune and Nasik.

(3) Maize Mumbai, Panvel, Pandharpur, Mohol and Akluj.

(4) Wheat Satara, Solapur, Bangalore, Pune and Andhra

Pradesh.

(5) Groundnut. Mumbai, Solapur and Pune.

(6)Sesamum and

linseed. Mumbai and Baroda.

(7) Tur Barshi, Kolhapur, Gadag, Pune and Ahmadnagar.

(8) Mug Andhra Pradesh, Gujarat, Mysore, Mumbai and

Madras.

(9) Chillis. Pune and Mumbai.

(10) Gur Pune, Mumbai, Thane, Gujarat and Ratnagiri.

(11) Cotton Ahmadnagar.




2 Traders 268 200

3 Weighmen 21 20

4 Processors 4 200

5 Warehouseman 1 30

6 Hamals 96 6

7 Assistants 40 10

Total 503

85

This table shows that, there were in all 503 market functionaries in


processors, 96 hamals, one warehouseman, 40 assistants and 268 traders.


2009-10


1 Jowar 80,504 94075700 2 Tur 15,165 73628300

3 Onion 6,752 3152500

4 Paddy 32369 16377200

5 Grundnut 31,796 74633600

6 Sunflower 30866 68524200

7 Bajari 5,296 5210300

8 Maize 56429 66227800

9 Gram/Chana 11,458 21655620

10 Bean 171 1433400 This table shows that, Commodities have coming in the Karmala

APMC, of jowar (arrivals 80,504qls) value of Rs. 94075700, grundnut

(arrivals 31,796qls) value of Rs. 74633600, tur (arrivals 15,165qls) value

of Rs. 73628300 and also arrivals and its value of commodities.

The trend of turn-over of trade in regard to regulated commodities

is given below:—

Table No.2.26 Arrivals of commodities and its value


1 2007-08 288645 311606400 2 2008-09 314492 359577900 3 2009-10 402244 474178800 4 2010-11 336874 451411600

86

This table shows that, last four years commodities increasing

arrivals in quintals and its value in rupees.

The income, expenditure and the amount of surplus during 2007-

08, 2008-09 and 2009-10 are given below:—


Year Income Expenditure Surplus/ Deficit

2007-08 4350915 2,951,095 1,399,820

2008-09 5284430 5,529,351 -244,921

2009-10 7227278 6,259,303 967,975

This table shows that, business activities and its result for 2007-08

to 2009-10. The above figures show APMC’s last three years financial

position.

The Karmala Taluka Co-operative Agricultural Sale and Purchase

Union is the sole licence-holding co-operative marketing society on the

market-yard.

The total arrivals and value of various regulated commodities at

Karmala market.

87

2.5.5 Agricultural Produce Market Committee Kurduwadi

(Madha)

The Agricultural Produce Market Committee at Kurduwadi was

established on 1st May, 1950. The market is served by convenient means

of transport and communications. The Mumbai-Pune-Channai railway

line and the Latur-Miraj broad-gauge line of the South-Central Railway

as well as the Mumbai-Solapur-Hyderabad national highway, the

important trade routes passing through Kurduwadi, these routes have

facilitated through communication with distant trade centres such as

Mumbai, Pune, Channai, Latur and Miraj.

The area of operation of the market extends over the entire Madha

taluka. The market committee has opened three sub-yards at Madha,

Modnimb and Tembhurni. The market committee is managed by the

executive committee of twenty one representatives, of whom fifteen are




The market committee has regulated the following commodities:—

cotton (ginned and unginned), groundnut (shelled and unshelled), wheat,

jowar, chillis, gram, tur, safflower, mug, gur, maize, math, hulaga,

linseed, sesamum, bajri, and cattle including bullocks, cows, buffaloes,

horses, sheep and goats. There are weekly cattle markets at Tembhurni,

Modnimb and Kurduwadi.

The market-yard is quite spacious and covers an area of 23 acres

and 12 gunthas.

88

About 80 percent of the total agricultural produce is brought for

sale in the market and 20 percent is consumed locally. Jowar is the main

crop in this area, the open sale of which is banned under the monopoly

procurement scheme. The other agricultural produce is exported to

Mumbai, Channai, Aurangabad, Pune and Gujarat State.

Storage facilities are available at this market-yard. The

Maharashtra State Warehousing Corporation has constructed separate

godowns at Kurduwadi and Modnimb where jowar collected under

monopoly procurement scheme and is stored besides the usual

agricultural produce. Besides private traders, co-operative societies have

also provided godowns wherein the goods of the agriculturists are stored.

The daily attendance of the agriculturists at Kurduwadi market ranges

from 300 to 400.


2009-10


1 Jowar 38,901 39645800

2 Wheat 9,980 12287500

3 Tur 5,478 21399000

4 Groundnut 3508 7231500

5 Bajari 847 713000

6 Onion 176388 147117800

7 Chilli 273 1188000

8 Maize 108634 92339600

9 Gram/Chana 9,453 17391300

10 Udid 1,182 2990500

89

This table shows that, Commodities have coming in the Kurduwadi

APMC, of onion (arrival 176388qls.) value of Rs. 147117800, jowar

(arrivals 38,901qls) value of Rs. 39645800, Maize (arrivals 108634qls)

value of Rs. 92339600, Gram / Chana (arrivals 9,453qls) value of Rs.

17391300 and also arrivals and its value of commodities.

The trend of the turn-over of trade in various regulated

commodities during 2007-08 to 2010-11 is given below:—



1 2007-08 392583 280827825 2 2008-09 408776 540144070 3 2009-10 475580 607738494 4 2010-11 355237 593887430

This table shows that, last four years commodities increasing –

decreasing arrivals in quintals and also value in rupees.



1 General commission agents 210 100 2 Traders 429 100 3 Weighmen 31 20 4 Processors 3 200 5 Warehouseman 1 30 6 Hamals 268 5 7 Assistants 307 10 Total 1249

90


in 2009-10, of whom 210 were commission agent, 31weighmen, 3


traders.



2007-08 8546321 6,640,369 1,905,952

2008-09 10693372 8,306,841 2,386,531

2009-10 14081946 10,541,180 3,540,766

This table shows that, business activities and its result for the years

from 2007-08 to 2009-10. The above figures show APMC’s last three

years financial position.

91

2.5.6 Agricultural Produce Market Committee Mangalwedha

The Mangalwedha Market Committee was established on 19th

May, 1965 at Mangalwedha. Besides Pandharpur, the market has trade

links with the markets in Sangli and Bijapur districts. Since its

establishment the committee has maintained steady development in

regard to the regulation of agricultural commodities.

The area of operations of the market committee extends over the

entire Mangalwedha taluka. The market committee is managed by the

executive committee of twenty one representatives, of whom fifteen are




The market committee has brought under its regulation the

following commodities, viz., groundnut (shelled and unshelled),

safflower, tur, gram, jowar, bajri, wheat, hulaga, mataki, castor seed,

sesamum, gur, cotton, chillis and maize. The number of market

functionaries in the market is given below:—




2 Traders 326 200

3 Weighmen 4 20

4 Processors 7 200

5 Warehouseman 1 30

6 Hamals 6 87

7 Assistants 10 41

Total 372

92


2009-10, of whom 18 were commission agent, 4 weighmen, 7 processors,

6 hamals, one warehouseman, 10 assistants and 326 traders.


2009-10


1 Jowar 30,410 29991000

2 Wheat 82,019 43940000

3 Vegitable 25,749 18816000

4 Paddy 36576 19810000

5 Tur 2,813 8391000

6 Gul 5262 2542000

7 Groundnut 638 2388000

8 Maize 11331 10103000

9 Gram/Chana 12,868 258730000

10 Bean 134 337000 This table shows that, Commodities have coming in the

Mangalwedha APMC, of wheat (arrival 82019qls.) value of Rs.

43940000, jowar (arrivals 30,410qls) value of Rs. 29991000, paddy

(arrivals 36576qls) value of Rs. 19810000, Gram / Chana (arrivals

12,868qls) value of Rs. 258730000 and also arrivals and its value of

commodities.

The trend of turn-over of trade in regard to arrivals and value of

various regulated agricultural commodities is given below:—



1 2007-08 8600 865110 2 2008-09 15000 1282410 3 2009-10 18500 1471190 4 2010-11 5900 1092680

93


decreasing arrivals in quintals and its value in rupees in 2007-08 to

2010-11.

The turn-over of various regulated agricultural commodities and cattle

trade.


Year Income Expenditure Surplus 2007-08 1358212 909,750 448,462 2008-09 2447217 1,471,220 975,997 2009-10 2768703 1,578,785 1,189,918




94

2.5.7 Agricultural Produce Market Committee Mohol:

The Mohol Agricultural Produce Market Committee was

established on 14th December, 1954, but its actual functioning started

from 1st January, 1956. The area of operation of the market committee

extends over 89 villages in the whole of Mohol taluka. However, this

market has not much scope for its development as a large quantity of

agricultural produce is diverted to other markets.





nominees.

The important commodities regulated by this market committee are

jowar, bajri, wheat, maize, gram, tur, mug, safflower, gur, onions, chillis,

groundnut and cotton. Besides, the committee has brought cattle trade

under its regulation since 1968.

The area of the market-yard measures ten acres and 20 gunthas.

The market committee does not provide storage facility to agriculturists.

A few traders possess godowns of their own.

The total arrivals and value of various regulated commodities is given

below:—

95


2009-10


1 Jowar 3,930 5698500 2 Wheat 7,782 9928883 3 Maize 14336 12834640 4 Gram/Chana 2,927 8595804 5 Tur 28,941 37462577

This table shows that, Commodities have coming in the Mohol

APMC, of wheat (arrival 7,782qls.) value of Rs. 9928883, jowar (arrivals

3,930qls) value of Rs. 5698500, maize (arrivals 14336qls) value of Rs.

12834640, tur (arrivals 28,941qls) value of Rs. 37462577 and also

arrivals and its value of commodities.

The commodity-wise turn-over of all regulated of commodities and turn-

over at Mohol market.



1 2007-08 21503 25878519

2 2008-09 31026 40277978

3 2009-10 28941 37462577

4 2010-11 26661 36926300


decreasing arrivals in quintals and also value in rupees in 2007-08 to

2010-11.

96

The functionaries working on the market-yard are as under:—


Sr.No Market functionaries Number Lience fees rate



2009-10, of whom 20 were commission agent, 2 weighmen, 7 processors,

none of hamals and warehouseman, 29 assistants and 130 traders.

The income and expenditure of the market committee during the

period from 2007-08 to 2009-10 is given below:—



2007-08 975673 96,033 879,640

2008-09 1580215 1,483,849 96,366

2009-10 1723939 1,623,617 100,322




97

2.5.8 Agricultural Produce Market Committee Pandharpur

Pandharpur market committee was established on 1st July, 1947 but

actual working of market regulation was started from 1st January 1949.

This is one of the four important market committees in the district.

Pandharpur is also important because of the fact that the marketing

operations at the surrounding markets are very much dependent upon the

day-to-day operations in this market. Since the establishment of the

market committee, Pandharpur has developed into a very big market of

agricultural produce. The market-yard of Pandharpur is suitably located

as regards easy means of transport and communications. It is served by

the Latur-Miraj broad gauge line of the South-Central Railway, and many

important State highways.


entire Pandharpur taluka with 105 villages. The market committee is

managed by the executive committee of twenty one representatives, of

whom fifteen are agriculturists (eleven Farmers and four

Grampanchayat), two traders, and one each Hamal, Weighmen,

Processing Santha’s and local authorities and Government nominees.

The market committee has brought under its regulation almost all

agricultural commodities such as (1) groundnut (peanut, bold, ghungari),

(2) safflower, (3) tur (red, white and mixed), (4) gram (chafa, jada), (5)

jowar (maldandi, 35-1, sowarna and hybrid), (6) bajri, (7) wheat, (8)

kulthi (hulaga), (9) math (mataki), (10) castor seed, (11) sesamum, (12)

chillis (red), (13) gur, (14) paddy, (15) maize, (16) onions (white and

red), (17) sann hemp and (18) cotton. Besides, the market committee has

98

also regulated the trade of the following animals, viz., cows, bullocks, he

and she buffaloes, horses, sheep and goats.

The market-yard has enough land measuring forty acres and 23

gunthas for its market-yard at Pandharpur which it purchased for Rs.

45,359. The market committee has opened two sub-market yards at

Karkamb and Bhalwani. It spent about Rs. 3, 45,602 for providing

amenities for the agriculturists and traders.

The total number of market functionaries licensed by the

committee is given below:—


Sr. No Market functionaries Number Licence fees Rate





traders.

99

At present there are 175 godowns owned by various agencies such

as traders, general commission agents, banks and co-operative societies.

The following banks at Pandharpur provide banking facilities to the

traders:—

(1) State Bank of India, (2) District Central Co-operative Bank,

(3) District Industrial Co-operative Bank, (4) Miraj State Bank, (5)

Bank of Baroda, (6) Merchants' Co-operative Bank, Pandharpur, and

(7) Urban Co-operative Bank Ltd., Pandharpur.

About 30 percent of the total produce is retained by the agriculturists,

and about 70 per cent is brought for sale. The import and export of

agricultural produce is done by motor transport as well as by railway.

Table No 2.41 Arrivals of commodities and its value in the year 2009-

10


1 Jowar 62,766 67514800 2 Wheat 62,850 79123600 3 Banana 66,693 37804500 4 Plum 4327 259963700 5 Vegetables 2,378 54310300 6 Lamon 15385 17675400 7 Groundnut 1,613 5882000 8 Maize 153761 115375300 9 Gram/Chana 5,463 14480500 10 Pomegranat 128,443 267545800 This table shows that, Commodities have arrivals in the

Pandharpur APMC, of maize (arrivals 153761qls) value of Rs.

115375300, Pomegranate (arrival 128,443qls.) value of Rs. 267545800,

jowar (arrivals 62,766qls) value of Rs. 67514800, wheat (arrivals

62,850qls) value of Rs. 79123600 and also arrivals and its value of

commodities.

100

The turn-over of trade at Pandharpur during 2007-08 to 2010-11 is shown

below:—

Table No. 2.42 Shows arrivals of commodities and its value


1 2007-08 435474 310220280

2 2008-09 709696 856177300

3 2009-10 745896 1038143900

4 2010-11 359502 1359096400 This table shows that, the arrivals and value of various regulated

commodities during the years 2007-08, 2008-09, 2009-10 and 2010-11.

This table shows that, last four years commodities increasing arrivals in

quintals and also value in rupees.

The financial position of the committee is given below:—

Table No. 2.43 Shows financial position of the Market committee


2007-08 4614623 3,400,354 1,214,269 2008-09 10613247 6,524,023 4,089,224 2009-10 12007700 8,246,426 3,761,274




The co-operative marketing societies have played an important role

in the regulation of trade at this market. There are four such co-operative

institutions at Pandharpur, the names of which are given below:—

(1) Pandharpur Taluka Sale and Purchase Union,

(2) Gadegaon Vividha Karyakari Seva Society,

(3) Patwardhan Kuroli Vividha Karyakari Seva Society, and

(4) Vyapari Committee, Pandharpur.

101

2.5.9 Agricultural Produce Market Committee Sangola

The Agricultural Produce Market Committee at Sangola was

established on 1st December, 1962. Sangola is situated within the constant

famine belt. This factor has reduced its importance as a centre of trade in

agricultural commodities. It is, however, one of the biggest cattle markets

in Maharashtra, and is very famous for the trading of bullocks of the

Khilar breed. The Latur-Miraj broad gauge line of the South-Central

Railway serves the transport needs of this market.


entire Sangola taluka. The market committee is managed by the executive




and Government nominees. The committee was initially formed in 1962.

The market committee has regulated the trade in agricultural

commodities as also cattle trade. The regulated commodities are

groundnut (shelled and unshelled), safflower, tur, jowar, bajri, hulaga,

matki, wheat, chillis, gur, castor seed, sesamum, cotton (ginned and

unginned), gram, paddy, maize, sannhemp, onion, and cattle such as

cows, goats, bullocks, buffaloes and sheep.

The market committee has purchased land admeasuring 42 acres

where the market-yard is located.

About 70 percent of the total produce is retained by the

agriculturists, while only 30 percent is handled at the market-yard. The

destination of exports and the transport charges from Sangola to various

places by motor-truck.

The number of licensed market functionaries at Sangola market is

given below:—

102


Sr. No Market functionaries Number Licence fees rate

1 General commission agents 44 200 2 Traders 201 200 3 Weighmen 4 30 4 Processors 4 200 5 Warehouseman 1 30 6 Hamals 66 6 7 Assistants 0 0

Total 320

This table shows that, there was in all 320 market functionaries in

2009-10, of who 44 commission agent, 4 weighmen, 4 processors, 66

hamals, one warehouseman, none of assistants and 201 traders.

Sufficient storage facilities are available at this market. The

Maharashtra Warehousing Corporation has also built a godown at

Sangola. Besides, the various banks, co-operative societies, individual

traders and general commission agents have also built godowns of their

own. There are in all 65 godowns at Sangola owned by various agencies.

The trend of turn-over of trade was more or less steady during the

period from 1964-65 to 1968-69 which can be seen from the following

figures:—



1 2007-08 19541 10688671 2 2008-09 23719 34713395 3 2009-10 17229 18298938 4 2010-11 24972 62088283

103

This table shows that, last four years commodities increasing


The commodity-wise total arrivals of various regulated

commodities and their value and the turn-over of cattle.

Table No.2.46 Arrivals of commodities and its value in the year 2009-

10


1 Jowar 1,799 1697511 2 Wheat 85 296630 3 Bajari 200 180803 4 Groundnut 60 142800 5 Live Stock/ Cattle 616,434 230925000 6 Maize 14548 12688519 7 Gram/Chana 15 32273 8 Vegitable 5698 3092000 This table shows that, Commodities have coming in the Sangola

APMC. It has famous for livestock/ cattle market in the western

Maharashtra. Livestock / cattle market has opened at every Sunday, its

(arrivals 616,434qls) value of Rs. 230925000, Maize (arrival 14548qls.)

value of Rs. 12688519, jowar (arrivals 1,799qls) value of Rs. 1697511,

and also arrivals and its value of commodities.



2007-08 2235473 1,346,685 888,788

2008-09 4649265 2,592,938 2,056,327

2009-10 4765002 3,418,503 1,346,499 This table shows that, business activities and its result for the years



104

2.5.10 Agricultural Produce Market Committee Solapur

The Agricultural Produce Market Committee at Solapur was

established on 12th August, 1959 but the actual functioning of the same

was started from 17th April, 1961. The Solapur market is one of the

biggest wholesale markets in Maharashtra State. It has various advantages

as a commercial, centre in South Maharashtra. It is served by good

railway and road transport facilities. The Mumbai-Chennai railway line of

the South-Central Railway as well as the National and State highways

have brought the city into close contact with distant trade centers in

Maharashtra and Andhra Pradesh States. A considerable produce from

Osmanabad district is also brought to Solapur for sale.

The area of operation of the market committee extends over two

talukas, viz., South and North Solapur. The market committee is managed

by the executive committee of twenty one representatives, of whom

fifteen are agriculturists (eleven Farmers and four Grampanchayat), two

traders, and one each Hamal, Weighmen, Processing Santha’s and local

authorities and Government nominees.

The committee has regulated the following commodities:—

groundnut (shelled and unshelled), linseed, tur, mug, udid, gram, jowar,

wheat, bajri, rice, jod, chillis, gur, cotton, onions, bananas, betel-leaves,

maize, mataki, turmeric, til, karale, dhane and cattle such as goats, sheep,

she and he buffaloes, cows, bullocks and horses.

The market committee has sufficient land for its market yard. In

1967 it purchased 105 acres of land for a new market yard and invested

Rs. 2 corers for development activities.

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The number of each category of market functionaries in the year

2009-10 is given below:—



1 General commission agents 424 Rs. 100

2 Traders 861 Rs. 100

3 Weighmen 205 Rs. 10

4 Processors 143 Rs. 100

5 Warehouseman 1 Rs. 15

6 Hamals 628 Rs. 2

7 Assistants 472 Rs. 5

Total 2734


in 2009-10, of whom 424 were commission agent, 205 weighmen, 143


traders.

The market committee has introduced the commercial grading

system since 1963 and has a unit of five graders.

The Maharashtra State Warehousing Corporation has built four

godowns on the market yard, the storage capacity of each of them being

72,000 bags. The number of godowns owned by private traders is 74.

There are a number of financial agencies such as branches of all the

leading nationalized banks and co-operative banks which cater to the

needs of market finance. The financial position of the market committee

is given below:—

106



2007-08 31382428 24,025,970 7,356,458

2008-09 65590159 46,641,465 18,948,694

2009-10 81450411 51,230,193 30,220,218




The co-operative marketing societies have contributed towards the

development of Solapur market. There are five marketing societies doing

trade activities and five associations of traders holding the licenses of the

market committee. The names of the marketing societies and associations

of traders at Solapur are given below:—

(1) Oilseeds Dealers' Association,

(2) Adat Sangh,

(3) Gul Adat Vyapari Association,

(4) Kasturba Market Traders' Association,

(5) Laxmi Market Traders' Association,

(6) North Solapur Sale and Purchase Union,

(7) South Solapur Sale and Purchase Union,

(8) Umarga Taluka Kharedi-Vikri Sangh,

(9) Tuljapur Taluka Kharedi-Vikri Sangh, and

(10) Boramani Vividha Karyakari Seva Sahakari Society

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The market committee has arranged for publicity of market rates of

important regulated commodities.

The trend of total arrivals and value of all commodities is given

below:—



1 2007-08 3451696 2102711691 2 2008-09 6525851 6087073144 3 2009-10 7936337 5416315581 This table shows that, last three years commodities have increasing


The statistical information regarding the total arrivals and value of

regulated of commodities and monthly turn-over of cattle trade.


2009-10


1 Jowar 134,616 131777700

2 Wheat 106,689 171221440

3 Onion 3,667,300 1966050780

4 Paddy 549381 1256356665

5 Potatto 310,012 254220748

6 Bengan 18624 12510066

7 Geen Chilli 21,411 18091679

8 Maize 13168 10841489

9 Gram/Chana 20,878 41219868

10 Bean 5,479 23148546 This table shows that, Commodities have coming in the Solapur

APMC onion (arrivals 3,667,300qls) value of Rs. 1966050780, potato

(arrival 310,012qls.) value of Rs. 254220748, paddy (arrivals 549381qls)

value of Rs. 1256356665, and also arrivals and its value of commodities.

108

2.6 The Maharashtra agricultural Produce Marketing

(Development and Regulation) Act-1963

The establishment of Maharashtra state is in 1960 and the object of

the legislation was to secure better prices to the cultivator, fairer

weighment and freedom from illegal deductions. The Royal commission

on Agriculture found the Mumbai Act to be decidedly an improvement

over the Berar legislation in many directions and emphasized the need

for special legislation to secure the tree-fold benefits mentioned in the

Mumbai Act. They further recommended that the law should be

extended to include other agricultural products as well, particularly cash

or money crops. Such regulated markets were, in the opinion of the

commission, useful also to the purchasers of various agricultural

commodities.

2.7 Legislation of other than the Agricultural Produce Market

Committee:

In India attention to the improvement of marketing was paid only

about 60 years ago with the publication of the Report of the Royal;

Commission on Agricultural. The Commission in the Report said: ‘The

marketing of produce is such an important matter from a cultivator’s

point of view that we consider that an expert marketing officer should be

appointed to the staff of the Agricultural Department in all major

provinces.” As a result of these recommendations a Central organization

which was called the office of the Agricultural Marketing Adviser to the

Government of India was set up in 1934.

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i. Grading and Standardization:

Grading and Standardization enable the produce of goods quality to

the exported and also for use internal consumption, grades and standards

of quality and appropriate trademarks have been developed under the

Agricultural Producer (Grading and Marketing) Act, 1937. The

agricultural products are graded under the trade mark ‘AGMARK’ to

ensure that grading is done properly. The inspecting staff is maintained

under the Agricultural Marketing Adviser and under this supervision is

maintained during processing, packing and labeling. The commodities for

export compulsorily graded (under sea customs Act, 1962) are

unmanufactured produce. (Tobacco, goat hair, vegetables, chilies, onions

etc)

ii. Regulation and Control of Market charges:

Regulation and Control of Market charges to regulate and control

market charges and to penalize the merchants who levy more than the

prescribed charges, legislation has been enacted in all the states, to

provide against unhealthy speculation, forward trading in agricultural

commodities being regulated under the Forward Contracts Regulations

Act, 1952. The Forward Market Commission was created in 1953 for

enforcing the provisions of the Act. Under this they established forwards

markets in raw cotton, jute, groundnut oil and coconut oil etc.

Standard Weights and Measures Act: This act is to avoid

manipulations in prices to the disadvantage of the seller, and for easy

understanding price quotations in various markets that enforced the

Standards Weight Act 1939 and the Metric Systems of Measures Act

1958. These Acts are made compulsory throughout the country.

110

iii. Storage and Warehousing:

The warehousing needed in the agricultural product is emphasized

by the Reserve Bank of India in the year 1944. But the establishment of

warehouses took place only after the enactment of the Agricultural

Produce (Development and Warehousing) co-operation Act, 1956. The

warehouse provides facilities to the traders as well as to the Producers.

The act provided for the establishment of central warehousing

corporation and state warehousing corporations in each State except the

State of Jammu and Kashmir. The Central warehousing corporation

started functioning in July 1957. A number of state warehousing

corporations were constituted in July 1957.

There were only 266 state warehouses in 1960-61 and storage

capacity of the State warehousing was only 2.78 lakh tonnes. It increased

to about 15.5 million tonnes in 1990-91.

Agricultural related act passed in 1931-33. The purpose of this act

was a happy combination of state control and producer’s initiative and

co-operation. These producer controlled boards have been given

regulated and trading powers. This power motivates an agricultural co-

operation research and education.

The Minister of Agricultural stated, in the house of Commons in

November, 1945, that the objective of government policy was to

promote a healthy and efficient agriculture, capable of producing that

part of the nation’s food which is required from home sources at the

lowest price consistent with the provision of adequate remuneration and

decent living conditions for farmers and workers, with a reasonable

return on capital invested.

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