History and Trends of health care

Unit B Evaluate historical contributions in

the development of health care.

History and Trends of health care

Unit B Evaluate historical contributions in

the development of health care.

PRIMITIVE TIMESPRIMITIVE TIMESThought illness and disease a punishment from the Gods

Witch doctors used herbs and plants as medicines (Drive out evil spirits)

Trepanation is a form of surgery in which a hole is drilled or scraped into the skull – treatment for mental illness.

Thought illness and disease a punishment from the Gods

Witch doctors used herbs and plants as medicines (Drive out evil spirits)

Trepanation is a form of surgery in which a hole is drilled or scraped into the skull – treatment for mental illness.

ANCIENT EGYPTIANSANCIENT EGYPTIANS

Physicians were priests

Treated illness with bloodletting and leeches

Physicians were priests

Treated illness with bloodletting and leeches

ANCIENT CHINESEANCIENT CHINESE

Used acupuncture

Believed to cure the body you must nourish the spirit

Used acupuncture

Believed to cure the body you must nourish the spirit

ANCIENT GREEKSANCIENT GREEKS

First to observe the human body and the effects of diseaseMassage & Art therapiesBelieved disease the result of natural causes

First to observe the human body and the effects of diseaseMassage & Art therapiesBelieved disease the result of natural causes

ANCIENT ROMANSANCIENT ROMANS

Established the first hospitals by caring for soldiers in their homes.

Built sewers and aqueducts to create the first public health and sanitation systems.

Established the first hospitals by caring for soldiers in their homes.

Built sewers and aqueducts to create the first public health and sanitation systems.

DARK AGESDARK AGESThe fall of Roman Empire marked beginning of the Dark Ages Emphasis on saving the soul – the study of medicine was prohibited

Monks and priests treated patients with prayer

The fall of Roman Empire marked beginning of the Dark Ages Emphasis on saving the soul – the study of medicine was prohibited

Monks and priests treated patients with prayer

MIDDLE AGESMIDDLE AGES

Renewed interest in the medical practices of the Greeks and Romans

Bubonic plague killed 75% of the people in Europe

Renewed interest in the medical practices of the Greeks and Romans

Bubonic plague killed 75% of the people in Europe

RENAISSANCERENAISSANCEDissection of the body led to understanding of anatomy and physiologyRenewed interest in science

Invention of printing press allowed medical knowledge to be shared more easily.

Dissection of the body led to understanding of anatomy and physiologyRenewed interest in science

Invention of printing press allowed medical knowledge to be shared more easily.

HT02.02: Describe medical

advances made in

16th – 20th century health care.

HT02.02: Describe medical

advances made in

16th – 20th century health care.

16th, 17th, and 18th Centuries 16th, 17th, and 18th Centuries

• Leading cause of death was infection.

• Cause of disease still not known – many people died from infections

• Invention of the microscope allowed physicians to see disease-causing organisms.

• Apothecaries led to development of pharmacies.

• First vaccination developed - smallpox

• Leading cause of death was infection.

• Cause of disease still not known – many people died from infections

• Invention of the microscope allowed physicians to see disease-causing organisms.

• Apothecaries led to development of pharmacies.

• First vaccination developed - smallpox

APOTHECARYAPOTHECARY

• Another name used in the 17th century meaning medicine, pharmacist or pharmacy.

• Another name used in the 17th century meaning medicine, pharmacist or pharmacy.

19th Century19th Century

• Formal training for nurses began.• Infection control developed once

microorganisms were associated with disease

• Viruses discovered in 1892.• Women become active participates in health

care

• Formal training for nurses began.• Infection control developed once

microorganisms were associated with disease

• Viruses discovered in 1892.• Women become active participates in health

care

Infection ControlInfection Control

• Infection control was a major 19th century development when physicians understood micro–organisms caused disease.

• Infection control was a major 19th century development when physicians understood micro–organisms caused disease.

20th Century20th Century• Increased knowledge about the role of

blood in the body.– ABO blood groups discovered.– Found out how white blood cells protect

against disease.• New medications were developed.

– Insulin discovered and used to treat diabetes

– Antibiotics developed to fight infections– Vaccines were developed.

• Increased knowledge about the role of blood in the body.

– ABO blood groups discovered.– Found out how white blood cells protect

against disease.• New medications were developed.

– Insulin discovered and used to treat diabetes

– Antibiotics developed to fight infections– Vaccines were developed.

20th Century20th Century

New machines developed.– Kidney Dialysis Machine– Heart Lung Machine

Surgical and diagnostic techniques developed to cure once fatal conditions.

– Organ Transplants– Test tube babies – Implanted first artificial heart

New machines developed.– Kidney Dialysis Machine– Heart Lung Machine

Surgical and diagnostic techniques developed to cure once fatal conditions.

– Organ Transplants– Test tube babies – Implanted first artificial heart

20th Century20th Century

• Health Care Plans developed to help pay the cost of care

– Medicare and Medicaid marked the entry of the federal government into the health care arena

– HMOs provided an alternative to private insurance

– Hospice organized

• Health Care Plans developed to help pay the cost of care

– Medicare and Medicaid marked the entry of the federal government into the health care arena

– HMOs provided an alternative to private insurance

– Hospice organized

Hippocrates (c. 460-377 BC)

Hippocrates (c. 460-377 BC)

• Greek physician known as the “Father of Medicine”

• Authored code of conduct for doctors known as the “Hippocratic Oath” that is the basis of medical practice today.

• Believed illness was not caused by evil spirits and stressed importance of good diet, fresh air, cleanliness, and exercise.

• Greek physician known as the “Father of Medicine”

• Authored code of conduct for doctors known as the “Hippocratic Oath” that is the basis of medical practice today.

• Believed illness was not caused by evil spirits and stressed importance of good diet, fresh air, cleanliness, and exercise.

Anton van Leeuwenhoek (1632-1723)

Anton van Leeuwenhoek (1632-1723)

• Invented the microscope lens that allowed visualization of organisms.

• Scraped his teeth and observed the bacteria that causes tooth decay.

• Invented the microscope lens that allowed visualization of organisms.

• Scraped his teeth and observed the bacteria that causes tooth decay.

Benjamin Franklin (1706-1790)

Benjamin Franklin (1706-1790)

• Invented Bifocals

• Found that colds could be passed from person to person

• Invented Bifocals

• Found that colds could be passed from person to person

Edward Jenner (1749-1823)

Developed a vaccination for smallpox in 1796

Edward Jenner (1749-1823)

Developed a vaccination for smallpox in 1796

Rene Laennec (1781-1826)

Rene Laennec (1781-1826)

• Invented the stethoscope in 1819.

• First stethoscope was made of wood.

• Invented the stethoscope in 1819.

• First stethoscope was made of wood.

Elizabeth Blackwell (1821-1910)

Elizabeth Blackwell (1821-1910)

First female physician in the United States in 1849

First female physician in the United States in 1849

Clara Barton (1821-1912)Clara Barton (1821-1912)

• Volunteer nurse for wounded soldiers during the civil War.

• After Civil War, established a bureau of records to search for missing men.

• Campaigned for the USA to sign the Treaty of Geneva, which provided relief for sick and wounded soldiers.

• Formed American Red Cross in 1881 and served as its first president.

• Volunteer nurse for wounded soldiers during the civil War.

• After Civil War, established a bureau of records to search for missing men.

• Campaigned for the USA to sign the Treaty of Geneva, which provided relief for sick and wounded soldiers.

• Formed American Red Cross in 1881 and served as its first president.

Sigmund Freud (1836-1939)

Sigmund Freud (1836-1939)

• Discovered the conscious and unconscious part of the mind.

• His studies were the basis for psychology and psychiatry.

• Discovered the conscious and unconscious part of the mind.

• His studies were the basis for psychology and psychiatry.

Robert Koch (1843-1910)Robert Koch (1843-1910)

• Developed the culture plate method to

• identify pathogens.

• Isolated the bacterium that causes tuberculosis

• Developed the culture plate method to

• identify pathogens.

• Isolated the bacterium that causes tuberculosis

Wilhelm Roentgen (1845-1923)

Wilhelm Roentgen (1845-1923)

Discovered roentgenograms (X-rays) in 1895. Doctors can now see inside the body.

X-rayed wife’s hand

Discovered roentgenograms (X-rays) in 1895. Doctors can now see inside the body.

X-rayed wife’s hand

Sir Alexander Fleming (1881-1955)

Sir Alexander Fleming (1881-1955)

• Discovered Penicillin in 1928 which is considered one of the most important discoveries of the twentieth century.

• Discovered Penicillin in 1928 which is considered one of the most important discoveries of the twentieth century.

Florence Nightingale (1820-1910)

Florence Nightingale (1820-1910)

• Known as the “Founder of Modern Nursing”.

• Established efficient and sanitary nursing units during the Crimean War in 1854.

• Invented the call bell system and use of dumbwaiters to deliver meals.

• Began the professional education of nurses.

• Known as the “Founder of Modern Nursing”.

• Established efficient and sanitary nursing units during the Crimean War in 1854.

• Invented the call bell system and use of dumbwaiters to deliver meals.

• Began the professional education of nurses.

Louis Pasteur (1822-1895)Louis Pasteur (1822-1895)

• Known as the “Father of Microbiology”.• His germ theory proved that microorganisms

cause disease.• Proved that heat can be used to destroy germs

through a process called pasteurization.• Created a vaccine for rabies in 1885• Founded the basic rules for sterilization

• Known as the “Father of Microbiology”.• His germ theory proved that microorganisms

cause disease.• Proved that heat can be used to destroy germs

through a process called pasteurization.• Created a vaccine for rabies in 1885• Founded the basic rules for sterilization

Joseph Lister (1827-1912)Joseph Lister (1827-1912)

• Used carbolic acid on wounds to kill germs.

• First doctor to use an antiseptic during surgery.

• Used carbolic acid on wounds to kill germs.

• First doctor to use an antiseptic during surgery.

Jonas Salk (1914-1995) Albert Sabine (1906-1993)

Jonas Salk (1914-1995) Albert Sabine (1906-1993)

• Discovered polio vaccineDiscovered polio vaccine

• Saved many people from this virus that paralyzed thousands of adults and children each year.

• Discovered polio vaccineDiscovered polio vaccine

• Saved many people from this virus that paralyzed thousands of adults and children each year.

Jonas Salk

Albert Sabine

Francis Crick and James Watson

Francis Crick and James Watson

Described the structure of DNA and how it carries genetic information in 1953.

Built a three-dimensional model of the molecules of DNA.

Shared the Nobel Prize in 1962.

Described the structure of DNA and how it carries genetic information in 1953.

Built a three-dimensional model of the molecules of DNA.

Shared the Nobel Prize in 1962.

Medicare/MedicaidMedicare/Medicaid

• A plan passed by government in 20th century to assure that everyone has access to quality health care.

• Plan is 80/20 payment .

• A plan passed by government in 20th century to assure that everyone has access to quality health care.

• Plan is 80/20 payment .

Christian BarnardChristian Barnard

• Performed first successful heart transplant in 1968.

• Performed first successful heart transplant in 1968.

Ben CarsonBen Carson

• Famous for his surgeries to separate Siamese twins.

• Work = Director of Pediatric Neurosurgery at John Hopkins.

• He has refined hemispherectomy, a surgery on the brain to stop seizures

• Famous for his surgeries to separate Siamese twins.

• Work = Director of Pediatric Neurosurgery at John Hopkins.

• He has refined hemispherectomy, a surgery on the brain to stop seizures

• Technological advancesAging populationHealth-related lawsuits

• Technological advancesAging populationHealth-related lawsuits

Reasons for high health care costs

OBRA Omnibus Budget Reconciliation

OBRA Omnibus Budget Reconciliation

• Act of 1987. The Federal Nursing Home Reform Act or OBRA ‘87 creates a set of national minimum set of standards of care and Resident’s Bill of Rights.

• This provides people living in long term care facilities with the right to freedom from abuse and chemical or physical restraints.

• Makes sure employees are current with certification to practice nursing in that agency.

• Act of 1987. The Federal Nursing Home Reform Act or OBRA ‘87 creates a set of national minimum set of standards of care and Resident’s Bill of Rights.

• This provides people living in long term care facilities with the right to freedom from abuse and chemical or physical restraints.

• Makes sure employees are current with certification to practice nursing in that agency.

WellnessWellness

• Physical wellness• Emotional wellness • Social wellness• Mental and intellectual wellness• Spiritual Wellness• Holistic Health

• Physical wellness• Emotional wellness • Social wellness• Mental and intellectual wellness• Spiritual Wellness• Holistic Health

TelemedicinePerforming surgery or medical care

over a distance.

TelemedicinePerforming surgery or medical care

over a distance.

• Ayurvedic practitioners• Chinese medicine

practitioners • Chiropractors• Homeopaths• Hypnotists• Naturopaths

• Ayurvedic practitioners• Chinese medicine

practitioners • Chiropractors• Homeopaths• Hypnotists• Naturopaths

Alternative & Complementary Methods of Health Care

Ayurvedic PractitionersAyurvedic Practitioners

• It is an ancient philosophy developed in India to determine a person’s predominant (body type) and prescribe diet, herbal treatments, exercise, yoga, massage, minerals and living practices to restore and maintain harmony in the body.

• It is an ancient philosophy developed in India to determine a person’s predominant (body type) and prescribe diet, herbal treatments, exercise, yoga, massage, minerals and living practices to restore and maintain harmony in the body.

Alternative PractitionersAlternative Practitioners

• Chinese –based on the belief that all life energy flows (Chi) through every living person in an invisible system of pathways, to link the organs together & connect them to the external universe.

• Chinese –based on the belief that all life energy flows (Chi) through every living person in an invisible system of pathways, to link the organs together & connect them to the external universe.

Cost ContainmentCost Containment

• Used to keep healthcare cost down– Diagnostic related groups (DRG)

– Combination of services

– Outpatient services

– Mass or bulk purchasing

– Early intervention and preventive services

– Cap on malpractice

• Used to keep healthcare cost down– Diagnostic related groups (DRG)

– Combination of services

– Outpatient services

– Mass or bulk purchasing

– Early intervention and preventive services

– Cap on malpractice