Year 7

How significant was the English Reformation?

What should be included in a film trailer of the 15 th Century? Wars of the Roses Hundred Years War

Printing Rebellion

How powerful was the English monarchy by 1509?

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A painting of King Henry VIII from c.1520

A painting of King Henry VIII from c.1537

A painting from c.1545 which shows Henry with his son Edward and Edward’s mother Jane Seymour. Jane died within 2 weeks of Edward’s birth but is drawn after death.

Problems facing Henry VIIILoveHenry was married to Catherine of Aragon, she was six years older than Henry. Catherine had previously been married to Henry’s older brother, Arthur who died before he could become king. Henry had been married to Catherine for 20 years when he fell in love with a new woman at Court, Anne Boleyn, who was young and beautiful. She teased him about marriage. Maybe she would have the son Henry so desperately wanted.

Kings and DynastiesAll Kings wanted to make sure that their dynasty stayed in power. To do this they needed an heir to take over when they died. They needed a son. Catherine of Aragon, Henry’s wife, had not given him a son. Henry hoped the Church could annul his

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marriage and allow him to marry again so he could have one. Catherine of Aragon had been Henry’s brother’s wife. Henry was a good Catholic. The Bible said marrying your brother’s wife was wrong. Henry believed if his marriage was not annulled he may go to Hell for sinning and would never have a son to take over but the Pope did not agree.

Power PoliticsCatherine of Aragon was related to Emperor Charles V, King of Spain and Holy Roman Emperor the most powerful man in the world. Charles V did not want Catherine humiliated by being divorced from Henry. To make matters worse, Charles V had taken the Pope prisoner. It was unlikely that the Pope would allow Henry to annul his marriage

Power and Money.The Catholic Church took a lot of money in taxes from England. It also had a lot of power over villages and towns in England. If Henry were in charge of the Church in England he could annul his marriage and get all of the money and power that the church had!

WarHenry was in the middle of fighting an expensive war with France and he had run out of money. If Henry taxed the people more to fund this war, they may rebel against him. But if he didn’t continue the war, he would look weak and may lose all of England’s land in France.

ReformationMany people wanted a Bible they could read in English. The Pope had banned all Bibles that were not Latin. The Catholic Church was thought to be corrupt, Henry could not support corruption! And remember, Henry had friends in Germany who were Protestants.

Should the National Portrait Gallery sell Henry VIII cushions?The sound of cannon fire across the valley was the signal that everyone had been waiting for. A hush descended on the huge crowd of people. Not one person moved as King Francis, the King of France and one of the most powerful rulers in Europe, halted his men at the top of the hill. Slowly he and his men rode down the encampment. On the other side of the valley, King Henry VIII and his nobles rode down to meet them.

The crowds had been warned, on pain of death, to stay still and quiet. Suddenly, trumpets sounded and the two rulers closed in on each other. Everyone held his or her breath. Then Francis and Henry embraced before climbing from their horses to embrace once more.

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This was the start of two weeks of celebration. There were dances, feasts, singing and jousting. Francis was staying in a magnificent golden pavilion but Henry entertained his guests in a spectacular palace. The palace was made from canvas but painted to look like brick and stone. It had been made especially for this occasion and was designed to impress. Henry even brought a fountain that ran with wine instead of water!

Henry VIII’s reign, 1509-471. Henry spoke French, Spanish and Latin. He was also a talented musician, who

composed his own music and played several instruments.2. Henry was a strong athlete. He enjoyed archery, jousting, tennis, wrestling and

hunting. As a young man, the King was especially proud of his powerful legs!3. Henry paid a lot of money for building work and decoration to improve his various

royal palaces. He also spent a lot on feasts and other entertainments. 4. Henry tried and failed to invade France in 1513 and 1544. Both invasions left

England short of money and so taxes were increased. 5. Henry built a powerful navy to protect England. He increased the fleet to 50 ships

and ordered large cannons that could be fired at enemy ships. Henry also had forts built by the sea to defend the coast.

6. Henry enjoyed the latest fashions and always wore fine clothes and jewellery.7. In 1534, Henry made himself Head of the Church of England so that he could get a

divorce after the Pope had said no. This made England unpopular in Europe.8. In 1536, Henry had his second wife beheaded when she could not give him a son.

He quickly married Jane Seymour, who soon gave birth to a son. Henry finally had a son to rule after him.

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9. Between 1536 and 1540, Henry closed down all of the monasteries. Ten thousand monks and nuns were forced out. Many ended up begging and homelessness increased.

10. By closing the monasteries, Henry was able to take their land. For a time this made Henry the richest ruler in Europe.

11. In 1536, there was an uprising of 30,000 people. They were angry about the monasteries being closed. Henry promised to hear their complaints but had the leaders and 200 others executed instead!

12. Henry united England and Wales in 1536, and made himself ruler of Ireland in 1541. The kingdom was greatly increased.

13. Henry beat the Scots in two battles. However, Scotland remained a separate country from England.

14. As he grew older, Henry grew fat and more bad tempered. His waistline increased to 54 inches! After a jousting accident, he developed an ulcer on his leg that caused him agony. This made him short tempered and more likely to make bad decisions.

15. In 1542, Henry discovered his fifth wife, Catherine Howard, was having affairs. He ordered her execution and wept for days.

16. Under Henry, there was a drop in crime. The courts system was improved and worked better.

17. Between 56,000 and 75,000 people were executed for vagrancy (homelessness) during the reign of Henry VIII.

Why did break away from the Pope’s authority?The English ReformationBy 1527, Henry VIII had been married to Catherine of Aragon for almost 20 years. Catherine had previously been married to Henry’s older brother, Arthur who died after just 4 months of marriage to Catherine. She had several children but only one survived infancy, Henry’s daughter, Mary. Henry claimed God was punishing him for marrying his brother’s widow. Henry therefore asked the Pope (head of the Catholic Church, based in Rome) to annul his marriage to Catherine. By annulling the marriage, the Pope would be agreeing that Henry was never truly married to Catherine and this would allow Henry to marry another woman. Henry worked with his advisers to find a solution. They concluded that it would be possible for Henry to break away from the Pope’s authority and establish his own church, the Church of England and that this church could allow divorce meaning he could end his marriage to Catherine. This was a risky move though as the Pope could excommunicate the whole of England meaning all English people would go to hell. This could cause a rebellion as people had been taught to fear hell. Furthermore, as Catherine was related to the powerful King of Spain, Charles V, it could start a religious war between England and Spain. Despite the risks, Henry decided to break away from the Pope’s authority and established his own church. Why did Henry make this bold and risky decision?Category 1: Category 2: Category 3:

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Why did Martin Luther criticise the Catholic Church?

The Spread of Lutherism In 1516, Pope Leo X needed money to finish a new building in Rome, St. Peter’s Basilica. He sent a preacher called Tetzel to sell pieces of paper that guaranteed a place in Heaven to anyone who bought one, these were known as indulgences. A German monk, Martin Luther, had become increasingly worried about the leadership of the church exploiting people. He became so angered by the selling of these

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indulgences that he wrote 95 arguments against them. He then nailed his 95 theses to do door of a church, All Saints’ Church in Wittenburg. Over the next few weeks, Luther’s 95 theses were translated and printed in different languages across Europe. The Pope was furious and excommunicated Luther in 1521. Luther was undeterred and began translating the Bible into German so that ordinary people could read it for themselves, he also wrote books attacking the church.

Luther’s ideas became very influential, more people (including clergy) supported him. They became known as Protestants as they protested against the Catholic church’s customs.

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Why was Richard Whiting executed so brutally?

In November 1539 a man in his

eighties was executed. His name was Richard Whiting.

Outside Glastonbury Abbey Whiting was tied to a hurdle –

a fence used for penning sheep – and this was then tied to

the back of a horse’s saddle. The horse dragged the old

man along the ground. He passed the inhabitants of Glastonbury. Evidence tells us

that some of the women villagers cried when Whiting passed them. Soon the horse

arrived at the foot of the Tor, Whiting’s feet were untied. He was made to walk up the

hill where a wooden gallows had been erected. Richard Whiting was made to climb

onto this. His head was placed through a noose which was tied to the top of the

wooden frame. Whiting was then hanged by his neck. Before he had lost

consciousness he was cut down and fell on the ground. A butcher then sliced the old

man open from the top of his chest down to the

bottom of his stomach. The butcher pulled out

Whiting’s intestines. He also pulled out the

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Glastonbury Tor

heart and left the old man’s insides by his body. Next, Richard Whiting’s head was

removed and stuck on a pole. The rest of his body was cut into four. Each section was

sent to different local towns. The pole that held Whiting’s head was then placed at the

top of the Tor.

What does a tourist need to know about Kirkstall Abbey?Having fallen out with Rome, the Catholic monasteries were still strong supporters of the Pope and refused to recognise Henry as the head of the Church of England. Henry would not stand for this. Early monasteries had provided hospitals, charity, shelter, work and education to the local community. The monasteries had become enormously wealthy, leading to laziness and greed amongst many monks. Some monks and nuns were even said to be having children and getting married. This corruption resulted in the monasteries becoming unpopular.

The Church owned 30% of the land in England, and the monasteries took much of this up. The land would be rented out to farmers, who often complained that the monks were greedy and uncaring landlords, corrupted by the wealth that the Church was earning. Henry believed he could put their wealth to better use, and he gave Thomas Cromwell the job of solving this problem.

Henry sent officials to take control of the monasteries of England and Kirkstall Abbey was eventually surrendered on 22nd November 1539, abbot John Ripley and thirty one members of his community gathered in the chapter house and surrendered the abbey to Richard Leyton (one of Henry VIII's commissioners).

In the years after the dissolution the lead roofs, windows and furnishings were removed and to prevent the monks from returning, the main road into Leeds was diverted through the Nave and great East window.

What did they take?• Lead and copper from the roofs• Statues were smashed and pulled down • Paintings were scratched or painted over• Ornaments were melted for their gold or silver• Books were burned or sold• Stones were taken and used to build houses

What did the dissolution achieve?Henry now had an enormous amount of additional money, some was put forward to create schools and colleges, although much went towards funding his army and navy.The King also gained a significant amount of land. He needed the money (to fund his wars with France and Scotland), so he sold much of it to Nobles and merchants. Most of Henry’s wars were unsuccessful therefore the money raised was wasted.The closure of the monasteries resulted in fewer hospitals, schools, places of accommodation and caring for the poor. In some remote areas the Abbeys looked

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after the bridges and roads, but now they were left to ruin and fall into disrepair. Unemployment started to become a problem, as sheep farming became very popular for the new landowners.

Why is Kirkstall Abbey in ruins?Explain why Kirkstall Abbey was ruined in 1539.Plan:Identify the specific information you can use for each paragraph.

HintsParagraph 1: Religion Think about the

problems with the Catholic church that Henry could use to justify his actions:- corruption- it had become too rich- it was not thought to be caring about poorer people’s interestsBe specific and use the terminology e.g. indulgences

Paragraph 2: Money Think about the benefits for Henry of taking control of the church’s wealth. Give details about the wealth the church had.

Paragraph 3: Power How might Henry feel about the Pope having a lot of influence over England?

Some people think Charles V controlled the Pope, how might Henry feel about this?

Why would controlling the church give Henry more power?

How much did Henry VIII change religion in England?

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Label the images to show the differences between the Protestant and Catholic Churches.

Evidence of change Evidence of continuity

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Your overall judgement:

When did England become Protestant?

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Does Mary deserve her reputation

as ‘Bloody Mary’?

The front cover of a book by John Foxe’s book,

published in 1563

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What is inside John Foxe’s book?

Evidence that Mary does deserve her reputation as ‘Bloody Mary’

Evidence that Mary does not deserve her reputation

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Judgement: Does Mary deserve her reputation? Justify your decision. …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

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