history of ancient india

7/25/2019 History of Ancient India

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1.History of Ancient India

2. The Harappan Fort in the shape of a parallel square is 460 yards in length

(north-south) 215 yards in breadth (east-west) and 15-17 yards in height.

3.

The script of Indus civilization was pictorial in which there were more than 600

picture-letters and 60 original letters.

4.

The excavations of Chanhudaro were carried out in 1925 under the leadership

of Earnest Mckay. This town had no fort.

5.

Naal, Daburkot, Rakhi Garhi, Banawali, Rangpur, Lothal, Des Morasi, Kulli,

Rana Ghundai, Anjira, Gumla, Amri, Ghundai, Mundigak, Diplabaga, Sahar-i-

Sokhta, Bampur and Queta etc. are famous historical sites where the remains of

Indus civilization and pre Indus civilization have been excavated.

6.

Daburkot, Periano, Ghundai, Kulli, Mehi, Chanhudaro, Amri, Lohumjodaro,

Alimurad, Ropar, Rangpur, Sutkegender are the prominent (spots) places of

Indus Valley civilization.

7.

The excavations of Kalibangan, a historical place in Rajasthan began in 1961

under the direction of B. K. Thapar and B. B. Lal. From the lower layer of the

excavation, the remains of pre Indus civilization and from the upper layer of the

Indus civilization are discernible. The fortress and the city both were surrounded

with walls.

8.

The excavations at Rangpuran Indus site in Gujarat were carried out in 1953-

54 under the leadership of Rangnath Rao. Forts of raw bricks, drainage, terrecota

utensils, weights and slabs of stone have been found but the idol of mother

Goddess (Matridevi) and coins have not been found.

9.

Lothal was situated at that time near the ocean. In excavations the remains of a

dockyard have been found which testify to the trade relations of Indus people with

western Asia.


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10.

In the district of Kutchh in Gujarat state, 12 kms north-east of Adesar is situated

Surkotda which was explored and excavated in 1964 under the guidance of

Jagatpati Joshi.

11.

In the excavation of Indus civilization, a very big building has been explored. It

is 242 ft long and 112 ft broad. The walls are 5 ft thick.

12.

Some figurines on tables have been found in Indus civilization in the centre of

which is a round shaped Sun and around it are the pictures of 6 gods arranged in

a way that they appear as if they are the Sun beams. This testifies to the worship

of Sun in the period.

13.

The proof of the existence of a Man-like being are 1 crore to 20 lacs years old.

14.

In the Indian population, there are four basic racial sub-difference. These are

Negrito, Astro Australians, Kakeshisi and Mongoloids.

15.

In India, skeletons (human body in bones-kankal) have been found in Sarai

Nahar Rai near Allahabad, Bataikhor and Lekhania. High in length, flat nose and

broad mouth are their characteristics. These belong to Mesolithic age.

16.

The pre stone civiliation came to be knwon in the region of river Sohan a

subsidiary of Sindhu. Hence it is called Sohan civilization. The Vatikapoom in the

form of (Gandasa) axe and Khandak were its main implements.

17.

In Harappan culture, the worship of Earth as goddess was in vogue. This is

indicated by the idol of a woman with a plant growing out of her womb.

18.

Along with the Elephants, Rhinoceros, Buffalos, Lions and Deers, the picture of

Yogi engraved on a seal (Muhar) suggests the worship of Shiva in Harappan

civilization. This god had three heads and he sat with crossed legs.

19.

The Talismans obtained in large numbers indicate that the people of Harappan


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culture believed in witchcraft or the dead souls. These talismans were made of

bronze and copper in the form of plate.

20.

In Harappan culture the weight (for measuring) were 16 or of its multiplied

numbers.

21.

The dogs and cats were the domesticated animals and their foot prints confirm

this fact.

22.

The remains of the horses have been found at Surkotda. The existence of the

horse is not known from the upper layer of Mohanjodaro excavation. The

terrecota small figurines provide knowledge about it.

23.

The people of Lothal used rice in 1800 B.C.

24.

As Sindh was one of the oldest region for cultivating cotton, the Greeks named

it as Sedon.

25.

In Harappan culture, silver was obtained from Afghanistan, Iran, South India,

Arabia and Baluchistan. Gold was imported from Afghanistan and Persia.

26.

The stone Lajward was brought from Badakshan, Feroza was brought from

Iran. Jayumani was brought from Maharashtra, Moonga and redstone were

brought from Saurashtra and Western India and the precious greenstone (Panna)

was brought from Central Asia.

27.

The Ahar culture (Rajasthan) belonged to the Copper age. The houses were

built of stone and a mixture of lime and soil. Paddy was cultivated and Metal

Work in Bronze were in vogue. All these were the characteristics of this culture

which existed about 2000 B.C.

28.

The remains of Malwa stone and Bronze culture have been found in Navdatoli

where the houses were built of mud, bamboo and dry grass in a square and


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round shape. The terrecota utensils and agricultural products of wheat, oil seeds,

pulses (Masur) and green and black gram are the characteristics of this culture.

29.

The Rishis (Sages) like Gritsamad, Vishwamitra, Bhardwaj, Atri and Vashishta

composed the Suktas or the Vedic Mantras.

30.

The prominent female sages were Lopamudra, Ghosa, Shachi and Poulomi.

31.

Sam Ved is divided into three branches(1) Kouthum, (2) Ranayaniya, (3)

Jaminiya.

32.

Prominent among the Ayurvedacharyas were Acharya Ashwini Kumar,

Dhanvantari, Banabhatt, Sushrut, Madhav, Jeevan and Lolimbaraja etc.

33.

Ayur Ved is an Upaved of Rig Ved, Dhanur Ved is Upaved of Yajur Ved,

Gandharva Ved is the Upaved of Sam Ved and Shilpa Ved is the Upaved of

Atharva Ved.

34. Rig Ved has two Brahmans(1) Aitereya, (2) Kaushitaki.

35. Krishna Yajur Ved has the BrahmanTaitteriya and Shukla Yajur Ved has the

Shatpath Brahman.

36. The Brahmans of Sam Ved are Tandav, Panchvish, Sadvish and Chhandogya.37. The Aranyakas deal with life, death and other serious themes. These are

written and studied in loneliness of the forests.

38. Aitereya and Kaushitaki are the Aranyakas of Rig Ved. The author of Aitereya

was Mahidas Aitereya.

39. Taitteriya Aranyaka belongs to Krishna Yajur Veda.

40. Sam Ved and Atharav Ved have no Aranyakas.

41. Prominent among the Upanishads are Ish, Ken, Kath, Prashn, Mundak,

Mandukya, Taitteriya, Aitereya, Chhandogya, Vrihadaranyak, Shwetashwara,

Kaushitaki and Mahanarayana.

42. During the Rigvedic period Nishk was an ornament for the neck; Karnashobhan

was an ornament for the ear and Kumbh was the ornament for the head.


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43.

In the Rigvedic age, the Aryans domesticated the cow, the buffalo, goat (ajaa),

horse, elephant and camel etc.

44. Bheeshaj was the person who treated the sick people.

45. The Rigvedic Aryans worshipped the Sun as Savita, Mitra, Pooshan and

Vishnu. Sun was called the Eye of Gods; and Agni the Mouth of Gods. Agni

was considered to be the Purohit of the Aryans. They thought that the offering of

the Yajna reaches to the gods through Agni. Varun was worshipped as a spatial

god.

46.

In Rig Veda, Usha, Sita, Prithvi, Aranyani, Ratri, Vak are worshipped as

goddesses.

47.

Besides Rig Ved, the reference of Sita as the goddess of agriculture is made in

Gomil Grihya Sutra and Paraskar Grihya Sutra.

48.

The ancient idols of Ganesh show his main weapons as Paash and Ankush.

49.

In the Rigvedic age the traders were called Pani. They stole away the cattle of

the Aryans.

50.

Das or Dasyas were more hated than the Pani. They have been referred as

black complexioned inauspicious and opposed to Yajnas. They were the

worshippers of Phallus (Shishnadev).

51.

In the Rigvedic age, the cow was the backbone of economy. It was called

Aghanyanot to be killed, war has been referred as Gavisthi, the guest as

Mohan and the daughter as Duhiti. One Rik refers to the domestication of sheep.

52.

Vashishtha who replaced Vishwamitra as Purohit of King Sudas, has been

mentioned as adopted son of Urvashi, and born of the Virya of Mitra and Varun

on an earthen pot.


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53.

Ballabh and Tarukshadas were chieftains who lavishly donated to the Purohits

and through their grace obtained respect and high place in the Aryan society.

54.

Savitri is referred in the famous Gayatri Mantra. In Rig Ved the maximum

reference is made of Indra. After him Varun is referred to. In the earlier Richas

Varun and Marut have been mentioned as Gan. Twasta also was a Vedic God.

55.

Prajapati has been referred as the Adi Purushthe first human (male). The

gods were his children.

56.

In Rig Ved, the king has been mentioned as the Protector of the clan or the

Gopta Janasya. The reference to Sabha, Samiti, Gan, Vidath is made as the

Tribal Councils.

57.

No bureaucracy developed in Rigvedic age. Yet the officer of Gochar land were

called Vrajpati, the officer of the village was called Gramani. He was the

commander. The chief of the family is referred as Kulap.

58.

The words like Vrat, Gan, Gram and Shardh have also been used for indicating

the group of Soldiers.

59.

In Rig Ved Jan is used 275 times, Vish is used 170 times. Sangram is the word

which indicates war between the villages.

60.

The God of Vegetation. It was also an intoxicating drink and the method of its

preparation is referred in the Rig Ved.

61.

The later Vedic literature was written during 1100 to 600 B.C. The painted grey

warebowls and plates were used and the tools which they used were made of

iron.

62. The main crop of the later Vedic age was wheat and paddy instead of barley.

63. In the later Vedic age, the Vidath were extinct but the Sabha and the Samiti

existed.


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64. In this period, the King performed the rites of Rajsuya Yajna with a desire to

obtain divine power, Ashwamedha Yajna to expand the empire and the Vajpeya

Yajna for chariot racing with friends and relatives of his Gotra.

65. The Gotra system began in the later Vedic age. The custom of marrying

outside the Gotra also started.

66. In the literature of later Vedic age, the first three Ashrams are mentioned(1)

Brahmcharya, (2) Grihastha, (3) Banprastha. The Sanyas Ashram is not

mentioned.

67. In later Vedic period the plant Som could not be obtained easily. As such other

drinks were also used.

68. Gold and Silver were mainly used for making ornaments and utensils. Other

metals were used for making many other implements in the later Vedic era.

69. In later Vedic period, the commercial classes (Traders) organized themselves in

Sangh. The Aryans conducted sea trade. Nisk, Satman and Krishal were usded

as coins for trade purposes.

70. In comparison to the religion of Rigvedic period, the later Vedic religion had

become very complex. Purohits, Yajna and sacrifice were considered important.

Many types of Yajnas were performed.

71. The Shatpath Brahman refers to the various steps in progress of cultivation

Jutai (ploughing), Buwai

)planting), Lawani (weaning), Mandai (cutting) are the various processes

mentioned in it.

72. Sangam literature is compiled in 8 books. They are(1) Narune, (2)

Kuruntoge, (3) Aigunuru, (4) Padirupyuttu, (5) Paripadal, (6) Karlittorga, (7)

Nedultoge, (8) Purnanuru.

73. In the Sangam age, the Tamil Grammar was written in a detailed book,

Tolakappiyam.

74. With the songs of the musicians, the dancers known as Panar and Widelier

used to dance.75. Pedinekilkanku is a famous composition of Sangam literature.

76. Sangam is a Sanskrit word meaning a Congregation and a Council.

77. The main theme of the Sangam literature is Romance (Shringar) and heroism

(Veergatha). Shringar is called as Aham and Veergatha has been called as

Puram.


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78. The first Sangam was organized at Madurai under the chairmanship of Rishi

Agastya.

79. The second Sangam was organized at Kapatpuram again under the

chairmanship of Rishi Agastya.

80. The third Sangam was organized at Madurai and it was chaired by Nakkirar.

81. Avey was the family of Sangam age which meant Sabha (assembly).

82. Panchvaram was the assembly of the advisors of the King of Sangam age.

83. Ur was the institution which looked after the city administration.

84. The excavation of Arikmedu, provide enough evidence to prove that once opon

a time, the cantonements of the Roman traders resided there.

85. The teachers in the Sangam age were called as Kanakkaters.

86. The students in the Sangam age were called Bhanwan or Pillai.

87. Parshvanath arranged for fourfold vows (Chaturvrata) for the Bhikshus (monks)

(1) I shall not kill the living beings, (2) I shall always speak the truth, (3) I shall

not steal, (4) I shall not keep any property.

88.

Mahavir Swami has been called Nigashtha, Naatputra and Nirgranth Saatputra.

89.

Mahavir Swami left his mortal frame and attained Nirvana at Pawapuri near

Patna in Bihar.

90.

The Triratna in Jainism are described as Samyak Shraddha (veneration),

Samyak Gyan (knowledge) and Samyak Acharana (conduct).

91.

According to Jainism, Nirvana (redemption) to free the soul from the physical

bondage.

92.

Mahavir Swami has described five vows for the common people which are

called as Panchmaha-vrat. These areTruth, Non-violence, No stealing, No

collection of wealth or anything and celibacy (Satya, Ahimsa, Astey, Aparigrah

and Brahamacharya). To these was later added, Not to eat at Night.

93.

Kaivalya is total knowledge which the Nirgranthget.


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94.

Buddha was born in the Lumbini forest, 14 km beyond Kapilvastu in Nepal

Tarai.

95.

Kaundinya, a Brahmin astrologer, was contemporary of Buddha.

96.

Gautam obtained knowledge at Gaya. Hence the place is called Bodh Gaya.

97.

The first sermon of Buddha is known as Dharma Chakra Pravartan.

98.

Mahatma Buddha delivered his first sermon at Rishipattan (Sarnath).

99.

The followers of Buddha were divided into four sections(1) Bhikshu or the

monks, (2) Bhik-shuni or lady monks, (3) Upasaks or devotees, (4) Upasikas or

lady devotees.

100.

After delivering his teachings for constant 45 years, Mahatma Buddha attained

Mahaparinirvan at the age of 80 at Kushinara (Kushinagar).

101.

Tripitaks are(1) Vinay Pitak, (2) Suttpitak, (3) Abhidhamma Pitak.

102.Vinay Pitak is divided into 3 sections(1) Sutta Vibhag, (2) Khandhak, (3)

Pariwar.

103.

Suttpitak containsDiggh Nikay, Majjhim Nikay, Anguttar Nikay and Khuddak

Nikay.

104.

In Abhidhamma Pitak, philosophical and spiritual thoughts are contained.

105.There are seven treatises of Abhidhamma Pitak (1) Dhamma Sangeeti, (2)

Vibhang, (3) Dhatu Katha, (4) Puggal Panjati, (5) Katha Vastu, (6) Yamak, (7)

Patthan.

106.

The eightfold paths are(1) Right belief, (2) Right thought, (3) Right speech,


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(4) Right action, (5) Right means of livelihood, (6) Right execution, (7) Right

remembrance, (8) Right meditation.

107.

In Buddhism, the Astangikmarg (eight fold path) is classified as(1) Praja

Skandh, (2) Sheel Skandh, (3) Samadhi Skandh.

108.

Under Praja Skandh comeSamyak Drishti, Samyak Sankalp and Samyak

Vani (speech).

109.

Under Sheel Skandh comeSamyak Karmant, Samyak Aajeev.

110.

Under Samadhi Skandh comeSamyak Vyayam, Samyak Smriti and Samyak

Samadhi.

111.

Mahatma Buddha was silent on the existence of God or otherwise but he did

not believe in the existence of soul.

112.

The first Buddhist Council was convened after a few years of Buddhas death

under the chairmanship of Mahakassap in Saptparna caves near Rajgrih.

113.

The second Buddhist Council was organized at Vaisali.

114.

The third Buddhist Council was convened at Patliputra during the regime of

Asoka.

115.

The fourth Buddhist Council was convened at Kashmir during the regime of

Kanishka.

116.

Purans are said to be 18 in number of which Bhagwat Puran is very renowned.117.

Bhagwatism is mentioned for the first time in the Bhishm Parva of Mahabarat.

118.

The Dravida Vaishnav devotees are known as the Alwars.


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119.

A Brahman named Kautilya or Chanakya played a significant role in the

establishment of the Mauryan empire.

120.

In the Greek writings, Chandra Gupta Maurya is called Sandrocottus.

121.

Arien and Plutarch have called him Androcottus.

122.

In the Mudra Rakshas written by Vishakhdutt, Chandra Gupta Maurya is called

Chandragiri Chandrashree.

123.

In Buddhist literature, Mahavansh Tika is the book which throws ample light on

the life of Chandra Gupta Maurya.

124.

Indika was written by Megasthenese.

125.

In the book Mahavansh, Chandra Gupta Maurya is said to be Kshatriya by

caste.

126.

After being defeated in war with Chandra Gupta, Selukose offered him

Gadrosia (Baluchistan), Acrosia (Kandahar), Aria (Herat) and a part of

Hindukush.

127. Sudarshan Lake at Junagarh was built by Chandra Gupta Maurya.

128.

The Mahasthan inscription points out Chandra Guptas ascendancy over

Bengal.

129.

The Rudradaman inscription of Girnar testifies to the suzerainty of Chandra

Gupta over Saurashtra.130.

According to Jain Texts, Chandra Gupta in the last years of his life, accepted

Jainism and went to Mysore with the Jain monk Bhadrabahu.

131.

The empire of Chandra Gupta spread from Himalaya in the north to Mysore in


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the south; and from Bengal in the east to Baluchistan in the west. It covered

Punjab, Sindh, Kashmir, Doab of Ganga and Yamuna, Magadh, Bengal, Malwa,

Saurashtra and the region of Mysore.

132. The administrative system of Chandra Gupta Maurya was Monarchy. In

order to administer well, Chandra Gupta Maurya appointed a Council of

Ministers.

133. In the Mauryan age, the officer who collected the trade taxes was called

Shulkadhyaksha.

134. The Chairman of the Government services was known as

Sutradhyaksha in the Mauryan age.

135. The officer-in-charge of Weight and Measures was known as

Peetadhyaksha in the Mauryan age.

136. In Mauryan age, the officer who controlled the manufacture of wine, its

sale and purchase and its consumption was Suradhyaksha.

137. The chairman of the agricultural department was called Seetadhyaksha

in Mauryan age.

138. There were many officers such as Ganikadhyaksha, Mudradhyaksha,

Navadhyaksha, Ashwadhyaksha and Devtadhyaksha etc. in the Mauryan Age.

139. The officer who kept the details of total income and expenditure of the

State and decided the economic policy was called Sannidhata. Under him,

worked officers like Treasurer and Shulkadhyaksha.140. In Mauryan age, the minister of factories and mines was called

Karmantirak. His main task was to excavate different metals from the mines and

look after the factories.

141. In Mauryan age the Amatya of Fauzdari (Criminal) Court was called

Pradeshta.

142. The Amatya of the Civil Court was known as Vyavaharik.

143. The Greek scholars have described the Amatyas as the seventh caste.

144. The successor of Chandra Gupta Maurya is called name Bindusara in

majority of the Puranas. Ceylonese works, Buddhist textsand in Deepvansh and

Mahavansh. In Vayu Puran, his name is given as Bhadrasaar. In some of the

Purans he is called as Varisaar. In the Chinese textFa-Uen-Chu-Lin, he is

called as Bindupal. In another book Rajabalikatha, the successor and son of

Chandra Gupta is called as Sinhasen.


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145. Ptolemy, the ruler of Egypt sent Dioniyas as his ambassador to the

Court of Bindusaar.

146. In Chandra Gupta Mauryas time, the chief of the city was called

Nagaradhyaksha who worked like the modern District Magistrate.

147. The smallest unit of the administration was the village. Its chief officer

was called Gramik or Gramani.

148. Gramani was elected by the people of the village.

149. In every village, there was an officer who was called Gram Bhojak.

150. In the administration of Chandra Gupta Maurya the department of

espionage was well organized. According to Kautilya, there were two sections of

the secret service(1) Sansthan, (2) Sancharan.

151. In the inscriptions, Asoka is called Devanampriya and Priyadarshi.

152. The Ceylonese sources and Deepvansh, call him, Priyadarshan and

Priyadarshi. Scholars think that these were his titles.

153. Asoka appointed an officer called Mahamatras in every city and district.

154. In the 13th year of his reign, he appointed Dharma Mahamatra and

Dharmayukta for the first time for the happiness and peace of his people.

155. Upagupta was a Bauddhist monk of Mathura under his influence, Asoka

changed his religion and accepted Buddhism.

156. Asoka sent his daughter Sanghmitra and son Mahendra to spread

Buddhism in Sri Lanka.

157. In the mini edicts Asoka calls himself a Buddha Shakya.

158. Asoka sent Majjhantik to propogate Buddhism in Kashmir.

159. In 1750, it was Teffenthaler who first explored the Asokan pillars.

160. Asokas last edict was found by Beadon in 1915 at Maski.

161. The small edicts of Asoka are of two types. According to Smith, they

were written in 259-232 B.C.

162. The first kind of Asokan small pillar edicts are available at Roopnath in

Jabalpur district, Sahasaram in Shahabad district of Bihar, Maski, in Raichoor

district, and Vairat in Rajasthan.163. The second type of Asokan edicts have been found at Siddhpur

(Chitralahug, Mysore) Jatig, Rameshwar and Brahmagiri.

164.

The Bhabru edict was found at Bairath near Jaipur in Rajasthan. In this edict

seven precepts of Buddhism have been given which Asoka liked most and he


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desired that the people should read them and make their conduct accordingly.

This edict is preserved in Kolkata Museum.

165.

Two edicts about Kalinga have been found at Dhauli and Jaugarh. In these, the

principles of behaviour with he people of Kalinga and with the frontier people

have been outlined.

166.

Asokan small edicts have been found at about 15 places.

167.

The Erangudi edict was found in Kurnool district of Andhra Pradesh at a place

known as Erangudi.

168.

The Maski small edict was found from Maski village of Raichoor district of

Andhra Pradesh. It contains the name of Asoka.

169.

The Rajul Mandgiri edict was found on a mound 20 miles beyond Erangudi in

Kurnool district of Andhra Pradesh.

170.

The Gurjara edict has been found from a village named Gurjara in Datia district

of Madhya Pradesh. It also mentions the name of Asoka.

171.

Ahraura edict was found from a hill of the village Ahraura in Mirzapur district of

U.P.

172.

Palgoraria edict was found in 1975.

173.

The Sannati inscription (edict) has been found in the village Sannati in the

district of Gulbarga of Karnatic State.

174. The cave inscription are three in number which have been found in the

Barabar hills of Gaya city in Bihar. These refer to the charity performed by the

King to the Ajivaks.

175. The language of the Kandahar edict is Greek and Aramaic.

176. The Topara pillar edict has been found from a village named Topara in

Haryana. In the course of time Firoz Tughlaq brought it to Delhi where it is kept at


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Feroz Shah Kotla ground.

Rumindei small pillar edict was found from the Tarai of Nepal.

177.

Most of Asokan edicts are written in Prakrit language.

178. In Gupta age ships and boats were manufactured in large numbers.

Gujarat, Bengal and Tamil Nadu were the main centres of cotton industry.

179. Trade between India and China was carried on before Gupta age, in 2nd

century.

180. India had trade relations with eastern, countries. They were called

Swarnabhumi (land of gold).

181. Peshawar, Bharaunch, Ujjaini, Varanasi, Prayag, Patliputra, Mathura,

Vaishali and Tamralipti were trade centres.

182. In west Bharaunch and in east, Tamralipti were prominent ports.183. Gold, silver, bronze, tin, campher, dates and horses were imported.

184. The collective unit of the people who worked in various industries, were

known as Kuliks.

185. Kulik Nigam and Shreshthi Nigam were the unions of wealthy traders.

The Kulik Nigam had its own seal which was used in commercial correspondence

and the trade-goods.

186. In the Gupta age, India maintained trade relations with Arabia. Horses

were imported from Arabia and Iran.

187. The Seals of Kulik have been excavated from the town Meeta near

Allahabad.

188. From Vaishali 274 Seals of Sarthwah Kulik Nigam have been excavated

prove that it was a great institution of the Gupta age.

189. Trade with China, Japan and Sumatra was carried from the port of

Tamralipti.

190. In Gupta age the land tax was known as Udrang.

191. Kadur and Charpal were the ports situated in Andhra Pradesh.

192. Kaveripattanam and Tondai were the ports of Chola State.

193. Kokai and Saliyur were the ports of Pandya State.

194. Kottayam and Mujris were the ports of Malwa State.

195. Sindhu, Orhoth, Kalyan and Mibor were other main ports for trade.

196. Hiranya was the tax realized in cash. Bhutavat Pratyaya was the tax

levied upon the imports from other countries.


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197. Haldand was the tax charged on the ploughed land.

198. A definite portion of the produce from agricultural land was charged as

the land tax by the State. It was called Bhag tax. Generally it was charged in kind.

199. In the Gupta age, the land was donated only to the Brahmans.

200. The land donated to Brahmans was called Brahmdeya.

201. The tax free villages of the Brahmans were called Agrahara.

202. In the Gupta age, the Gram Parishads (village councils) were

autonomous and free from the State control.

203. The uncultivated land was the property of the king.

204. The women who remained unmarried throughout their life and passed

their time in studies were called Brahmavadinis.

205. Taxila, Varanasi and Ujjaini were prominent centres of education.

206. In the Gupta society, intercaste marriages were performed.

207. The slave system was practised in the Gupta age.

208. The joint family system was in vogue in Gupta society.

209. In the women though not as much respected as in Vedic period, yet

enjoyed important position in the society of Gupta age.

210. Sheelbhattarika was an educated and worthy woman of the Gupta age.

211. Widow remarriages were performed in the Gupta age, But some works

of the age speak against it. Chandra Gupta II married the widow of Ramgupta,

his brother. Her name was Dhruva Swamini.

212. Prostitutes, expert in music and dance, and perfect in sexology were

called Ganikas.

213. The traders and commercial professionals had their Shrenis in Gupta

age. The Patkar, Tailik (oil traders), Pashan Kottak (stone cutters) were important

Shrenis.

214. The author of Swapnavasavaduttam was an eminent prose writer.

215. The author of Bhattikavya or Ravan Vadh, was Bhatti, an eminent poet

of Gupta age.

216. Bhartahari worte Niti Shatak, Shringar Shatak and Vairagya Shatak

which became very famous. Some scholars believe that Bhartahari is another

name for Bhatti.

217. Kuntleshwar Daityam is a drama that testifies to the fact that Kalidas

belonged to the Gupta age.


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218. Abhigyanshakuntalam Meghdoot Ritusanhar are some of the major

works of Kalidas.

219. Kamsutra is a famous book on Sexology written by Vatsyayan.

220. Vaibhashik and Sanghbhadra were the two Acharyas (teachers) of the

Gupta age who wrote the literature of the Vaibhashik sect.

221. [ Read More... ]

222. 0 comments

223. Labels:General Knowledge,Indian History,Know India

224. Important Battles and Wars In India

225. Battles and Wars in India

226.

Battle of HydaspesIn 326 B.C. when Alexander, the great had to turn back

from Hydaspes (Beas) when his troops refused to march into India against the

Nanda Empire.

227.

Battle of KalingaIt was fought in 361 B.C. between Ashoka, the great and the

king of Kalinga. The war resulted in considerable loss of life and brought misery

and suffering to the people. Its impression on Ashoka was so great that he not

only turned a Buddhist, but renounced war and violence.

228.

1st Battle of Tarain (1191 A.D.)Prithvi Raj defeated Mohd. Gauri.

229.

2nd Battle of Tarain (1192 A.D.)Mohd. Gauri defeated Prithvi Raj and paved

the way for Muslim rule in India.

230.

First Battle of Panipat (1526)Babur defeated Ibrahim Lodi. This laid the

foundation of Mughal rule in India.

231.

Second Battle of Panipat (1556)Akbar defeated Hemu. It ended the Afgan

Rule and the way was cleared for Mughal rule.

232.

Battle of Talikota (1565)The united alliance of Bijapur, Bidar, Ahmednagar and

Golkunda under Hussain Nizam Shah defeated Ram Raja of Vijaynagar. It sealed

the fate of the Hindu Kingdom of Vijaynagar.
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233.

Battle of Haldighati (1576)Akbar defeated Rana Pratap. The latter had to take

refuge in remote fortresses.

234.

Battle of Plassey (1757)The British under Lord Clive defeated Sirajuddaulah.

It laid foundation of the British Rule in India.

235.

Third Battle of Panipat (1761)Ahmed Shah Abdali defeated the Marahattas.

The Marahatta power suffered an irreparable loss.

236.

Battle of Buxer (1764)The British under Sir Hector Munro defeated the Muslim

army under three Mohammadan leaders : Mir Qasim, Shuja-ud-daulha and Shah

Alam II. The battle made the British Supreme in India.

237.

The First Sikh War (1845)The Sikh Army crossed Sutlej in 1845 at which the

East India Company declared war. British occupied Lahore and forced the Sikhs

to accept humiliating terms of peace.

238.

The Second Sikh War (1849)A drawn battle was fought between the English

and the Sikhs at Chelianwala in which the English appeared to have suffered

heavy losses.

239.

Indo-Pak War (1965)An indecisive war between India and Pakistan. It led to

Taskent Pact between the two countries.

240.

Indo-Pak War (1971)Indian forces in joint command with Bangladesh Army

accepted the surrender of the Pak Army in Bangladesh. War in the western

sector came to an end as a result of cease-fire on Dec. 17. Bangladesh was

liberated.

241.

Kargil War (1999)Indian forces scored grand victory over Pakistani army and

Pak supported mercenaries in a conflict in the Kargil sector of Jammu & Kashmir.


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The operation was named Operation Vijaya. The Indian forces cleared Kargil of

all Pakistani elements.

242. [ Read More... ]

243. 0 comments

244. Labels:Indian History

245. Uttar Pradesh PCS (Pre) Indian History Solved Qestions Paper

246. Uttar Pradesh P.C.S. (Pre.) Exam., 2009

(Held on 13-12-2009)Indian History :Solved Paper

247.

1. Who wrote the Book entitled Ghulamgiri ?

(A) B. R. Ambedkar (B) Narayan Guru

(C) Jyotiba Phule (D) M. P. Pillai

Ans : (C)

2. Which one of the following had supported Mahatma Gandhi on the Non-

cooperation resolution at the Special Calcutta Session, 1920 ?

(A) C. R. Das (B) B. C. Pal

(C) Annie Besant (D) Motilal Nehru

Ans : (D)

3. Which one of the following books is the official History of Revolt of 1857 ?

(A) Eighteen Fifty Seven (B) Theories of Indian Mutiny

(C) The Sepoy Mutiny and the Revolt of 1857 (D) None of the above

Ans : (A)

4. Which one of the following had for the first time accepted that British victory at

Plassey was the victory of breach of faith ?

(A) Lord Clive (B) Vansittort

(C) Hector Munro (D) None of the above

Ans : (D)

5. Which one of the following Bengali drama was directed against Polygamy ?

(A) Bhanumati Chittavikas (B) Kulin Kulasarvasva
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(C) Vidhva Vivaha (D) Nava Natak

Ans : (B)

248. [ Read More... ]

249. 2 comments

250. Labels:Indian History,Solved Papers,Uttar Pradesh P.C.S. Exams

25!. Important "a#ts o$ Indian History % &edieval India

252. Important Facts

of Indian HistoryHistory of Modern India

253.

Muazzam occupied the Mughal throne as Bahadur Shah after his success in

the war of succession.

Muazzam, the son of Aurangzeb was called as the Shah Bekhabar.

The Mughal King Farrukh Siyar gratned concession to the English men to trade

in Bengal, Gujarat and Hyderabad.

In 1759 Ali Mohar, the son of Alamgir sat upon the Mughal throne as Shah

Alam II.

After the death of Maratha ruler Shahu, the real power of the State came in the

hands of Peshwas.

Nawab Murshid Quli Khan of Bengal transferred his capital to Murshidabad

from Dacca.

Nawab Mir Qasim of Bengal transferred his capital to Moongher from

Murshidabad.
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In the middle of the 18th century, the nominal ruler of Mysore was Chika

Krishnaraj. The real power of the State lied with the two brothersNand Raj and

Dev Raj.

In 1761 Hyder Ali captured Nandraj and became the master of Mysore.

In the first Anglo-Mysore war, Hyder Ali badly defeated the English army.

In 1781 Hyder Ali conqurered Arcot but in 1781 at Porn Novo Sir Eyerkoot

defeated him.

Ali Muhammad Khan established the State of Rohilkhand.

The early capital of Rohilkhand was Awala which later shifted to Rampur.

Guru Har Gobind Singh constructed the Akaal Takht at Amritsar.

Guru Gobind Singh converted the Sikhs into a warring and military group.

In 1721, the two sects of Sikhism Bandai and Tatkhalsa merged in one sect

Khalsa. This sect became a headache for the Mughals.

The Sikhs were organized in 12 unions or misls which grew in political

significance. Later Ranjeet Singh conquered these misls and organized them into

Punjab State.

The ruler of the Afghanistan conferred the title of Raja upon Ranjeet Singh and

appointed him the Subedar of Lahore.

The treaty of Amritsar was signed between the English and Ranjeet Singh in

1809. As a result the English checked the expansion of Ranjeet Singh towardsthe region of Sutluj.

According to the treaty of Amritsar, the English accepted Ranjeet Singh as an

independent ruler.

During first Anglo-Sikh war, the Governor-General of India was Lord Hardinge.

Punjab was ruled by Maharaja Dalip Singh when the Lahore Treaty was signed

in 1846 between the Sikhs and the English after the defeat of Sikhs in the first

Anglo Sikh war.

During Sirajudaullas time, the English settlement at Calcutta became a resort

for the enemies of Nawab and the traitors.

On 4th June, 1756 Sirajudaulla invaded and captured the Qasim Bazar factory

of English near Murshidabad.

The Black hole tragedy as it is known in history, came to light through the letter


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of Holvell. Some of the historians consider it imaginery.

In the contemporary historical works like Sher-a-Mutkherin and Royas-us-

Salatin, there is no reference to the Black hole tragedy.

On 9th February, 1757, the Ali Nagar Treaty was signed between the English

and the Nawab.

After the war of Plassey, when Sirajudaulla was running away from

Murshidabad towards Patna he was captured and killed.

On 28 June, 1757, the English declared Mir Jafar as the Nawab of Bengal.

After victory in Plassey war, the English Company obtained concessions to

trade in Bengal, Bihar and Orissa.

On 25 November, 1759, the Bedara war was fought between the English and

the Dutch and the Dutch were defeated. The victory helped the English inconsolidating their hold on Bengal.

Mir Qasim planned friendship with Vansittart to become the Nawab of Bengal.

Mir Qasim gave to East India Company, the districts of Vardhman, Midnapur

and Chittgaon for the expenditure of the English army.

In 1764 the joint army of Mir Qasim, Shujauddaulla and Shah Alam fought with

the Englishthe war of Buxar, the English were victorious in this war.

After the Buxar War, the Allahabad treaty was signed between English and the

Mughal King Shah Alam in 1765 AD.According to Allahabad Treaty, the districts of Kara and Allahabad were taken

away from the Nawab of Oudh and given to Mughal King. The East India

Company agreed to pay to the king a pension of Rs. 26 lacs. In lieu the English

got Diwani rights in Bengal.

After the death of Mir Jafar, his son Nizamuddaula was enthroned as Nawab of

Bengal.

K. M. Panikkar holds that from 1765 to 1772, the rule of East India Company in

Bengal was the rule of dacoits.

During Warren Hastings period, the Treasury was transferred by the East India

Company to Calcutta from Murshidabad and Calcutta was made the capital.

During the Governorship of Warren Hastings, in every district of subjugated

India one Civil and one Criminal Court was opened.


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The cases upto to Rs. 500 were referred to the Civil Court and alone it, the

appeal could be made to the Sadar Diwani Adalat.

The District Criminal Court was put in charge of an Indian Officer.

The Regulating Act of 1773 established a Supreme Court at Calcutta.

The Permanent settlement introduced by Cornwallis brought changes in the

land system. Most of the land came in the hands of commercial and rich classes

of Calcutta.

The Permanent settlement ensured the income of the Government. Besides the

cooperation of the new Zamindars was obtained.

In the Mahalwari system, land revenues was fixed either through the local

Zamindars or their hereditary tax collectors or the Zamindars of the Mahal. Mahal

was the collection of villages. The Mahalwari system was known in Punjab as thevillage system.

The Raiyyatwari system was introduced during early 19th century in some

regions of Madras and Bombay. The Govt. directly obtained a fixed amount from

the peasants.

In the Raiyyatwari system, the revenue rate was fixed 45% to 50% of the total

produce separately.

The Raiyyatwari system had many defects which the Govt. official accepted at

the time of a parliamentary inspection for the renewal of the Companys Charter.In the Fifth and Sixth decades of 19 century, the English invested in large

amount to control Indian economy.

The English invested their capital on roads and communications, Railway, Post

and Telegraph, Banks and tea gardens.

In 1830 the Ahoms again rebelled against the English. This time, the English

Company adopted a peaceful policy and granted north Assam and some other

region to King Purandar Singh.

Raja Teerath Singh of Nanakkalo rebelled against the English with the help of

Garo, Khampati and Sinhopo tribes. Soon it took the shape of a mass-movement.

In 1833, the English could crust it with superior military force.

In 1825, the Assam Rifles rebelled against the English.

In 1838, the Indian troops stationed at Sholapur rebelled due to non-payment


24/57

of the full allowances.

In 1850 the Gobind Garh regiment rebelled.

On 1 January, 1857, the use of British made Enfield Rifles was started in India.

In the cartridges of this Rifle, the fat of cows and pigs were used.

In March 1857, the soldiers of Bairakpur Cantt refused to use the fat cartridges.

On 2 May, 1857, the Oudh Regiment of Lucknow too refused to use these

cartridges. As a result, the Oudh regiment was disbanded.

To the soldiers of Meerut who had refused to use the fat cartridges, an English

military officerCarr Michael Smith issued the jail punishment of 5 years.

On 10 May, 1857, a section of the infantry and cavalry of Merrut rebelled at

about 5 P.M.

The rebels marched to Delhi, captured the city and declared Bahadurshah the

emperor of India. Bahadurshah assumed the leadership of revolt in Delhi.

During this rebellion, Nana Saheb established his suzeranity over Kanpur and

declared himself the Peshwa.

In Bundelkhand Rani Lakshmi Bai of Jhansi assumed the leadership of the

revolt.

In Bihar, the zamindar of Jagdishpur, named Kunwar Singh led the revolt.

On 28 May, 1857, the soldiers of Nasirabad Cantt in Rajasthan, rebelled.

Kota and Adva were the main centres of revolt in Rajasthan.

The Central India, Tantya Tope led the revolt.

In U.P. the importnat centres of revolution were Jhansi, Kanpur, Bareilly,

Meerut, Lucknow, Aligarh, Mathura and Agra.

The Bareilly rebellion was led by Batakhs Khan.

The Commissioner of Oudh, Henry Laurrence died of a blast on 4th July, 1857.

While suppressing the revolt, the English officer Neil buried the dead Brahmans

and burnt the dead Muslims.

In March 1858, under the leadership of Kunwar Singh, the rebels captured

Azamgarh.

While marching towards Benaras from Azamgarh, there was an encounter

between Kunwar Singh and the English officer Lord Mark in which Lord Mark had

to run away to save his life.


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Kunwar Singh of Jagdishpur was the only leader to have died under the banner

of freedom.

On 14 December, 1857, the English army blasted Kashmiri Gate of Delhi.

In November 1857 the rebels defeated the English General Windaham near

Kanpur.

Vinayak Damodar Saverker was the first to name the rebellion of 1857 as the

first war of Indian independence.

According to Sir Seeley, the rebellion of 1857 was fully a national revolt

conducted by selfish soldiers.

Sir John Lawrence, P. E. Roberts and V. A. Smith have called it a Sepoy

Mutiny.

According to V. A. Smith, the rebellion of 1857 was purely a sepoy mutiny

which fully reflected the indiscipline of Indian soldiers and the foolishness of

English military officers.

According to Sir James Outtram, the revolt of 1857 was the result of a

conspiracy of the Muslims who desired to fulfill their self-interest on the strength

of the Hindus.

Ashok Mehta in his book, The Great Revolt, has attempted to prove that it was

a national revolt.

Pattabhi Sita Ramaiyya takes it to be the first war of Indian independence.

After crushing the revolt of 1857, they constituted an India Council and

abolished the Board of Directors. There were 15 members in the India Council

and a Secretary of State for India.

After the revolt, Lord Canning announced the Declaration of the Queen at a

Durbar held at Allahabad. He called it, the Magna Carta of Indian people.

In the Declaration of the Queen, the policy of expansion of the political limits

came to an end.

The rebels responsible for the murder of Englishmen were punished. All others

were pardoned.

The objective of Brahmo Samaj, Arya Samaj, Ramkirshna Mission and the

Theosophical society etc. was to herald a renaissance in India.

Brahmo Samaj was founded in Calcutta by Raja Ram Mohan Roy on 20


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August, 1828.

Raja Ram Mohan Roy always advocated the appointment of Indians on high

govt. posts. He played a major role in the abolition of Sati system.

After the death of Raja Ram Mohan Roy on 20 August, 1833, Devendara Nath

Tagore assumed the leadership of the Brahmo Samaj.

Aadi Brahmo Samaj was established by Devendra Nath Thakur.

Bhartiya Brahmo Samaj was founded by Keshav Chandra Sen.

The principles of Brahmo Samaj helped immensely in the birth and Spread

Indian nationalism.

Raja Ram Mohan Roy established Vedant College, English School and Hindu

College at Calcutta.

Raja Ram Mohan Roy was the advocate of English Education and he thought

English to be the vehicle of progress.

It was due to the effort of Raja Ram Mohan Roy, that the restriction upon the

newspapers were lifted.

In 1819, at Maharashtra, Prarthna Sabha was founded. It came to an end due

to its limited scope.

In 1867 Atma Ram Pandurang established Prarthna Samaj. M. G. Ranade, R.

G. Bhandarkar and Narayan Chandrawarkar were the prominent members of this

Samaj.Dayanand Saraswati left his house at the age of 21. As a Brahmachari Sadhu,

he travelled to different places in India.

Dayanand Saraswati started the propagation of his religion from Agra.

In 1874, he wrote his famous book Satyarth Prakash.

On 10 April, 1875 he founded Arya Samaj at Bombay.

Totapuri, a Vedantic sadhu taught Vedant Sadhna to Dayananda.

Ramkrishna Paramhans was born in 1836 in a poor Brahman family of Hoogly

district of Bengal.

Swami Vivekanand was the most devoted disciple of Swami Ramkrishna

Paramhans.

Ramkrishna Pramhans did not establish any Ashram or sect.

In 1893 in the All Religion Conference at Chicago Vivekanand impressed


27/57

everyone, and started a Vedant Samaj there.

In 1896 Vivekanand established Ramkrishna Mission.

In the last years of the third decade of the 19th century, the young Bengal

movement was led by an Englishman named Henry William Derozio.

On 7 September, 1875 in New York, U.S.A. Madame H.P. Blatavesky (Russian)

and Col. H. S. Alcott (American) founded the Theosophical Society.

Mrs. Annie Besant, an Irish lady was a very active member of Theosophical

Society in India.

Due to the efforts of Ishwar Chandra Vidyasagar, in 1856, the Widow

Remarriage Act was legislated.

The slogan of Inkalab Zindabad was given by Mohammad Iqbal.

Sir Saiyyad Ahmad Khan founded the Anglo Oriental College at Aligarh in 1877

which later became known as Aligarh Muslim University.

Haji Shariatullah was the initiator of Faryaz movement.

In Maharashtra the Bharat Sewak Samaj was started by Gopal Krishna

Gokhale.

In 1922 Amrit Lal Viththal Das established the Bheel Sewa Mandal.

Jyoti Ba Phule was the champion of widowremarriage in Maharashtra.

In 1911 Narayan Maltar Joshi organised the Social Service League, a society

to solve the social problems. He was assisted by some educated Indians.Avanindra Nath Thakur founded the society known asThe Indian Society of

Oriental Art.

In the 19th century, the famous Bengali author Bankim Chandra Chatterjee

composed the song Vande Matram.

In 1875, Sisir Kumar Ghose founded the India League.

The Indian Association founded by Surendra Nath Banerjee was replaced by

the Indian League in 1876.

The credit for founding the Indian National Congress in 1885 goes to an

English officer, Allen Octavian Hume.

The first Conference of the Indian National Congress was held at Gokuldas

Tejpal Sanskrit College, Bombay under the chairmanship of W. C. Banerjee.

Bal Gangadhar Tilak started Ganesh Mahotsav in 1893 and Shivaji Samaroh in


28/57

1895.

Pandit Jugal Kishore published the first newspaper of IndiaUdant Martand. It

was a paper which gave top priority to Indian interests.

During Lord Curzons time in 1905, Bengal was divided.

In 1911, in Lord Hardinges time, the partition of Bengal was cancelled.

Lala Lajpat Rai and Ajeet Singh were exiled to Burma in 1907.

In 1911 the capital of India was shifted to Delhi from Calcutta.

On Nov. 1913, the Ghadar Party was founded at Sanfransisco city of America

by the great revolutionary of Punjab named Lala Hardayal.

Kashi Ram and Hardayal were the active members of the Ghadar Party.

In 1906, Agha Khan founded the All India Muslim League.

In 1916, a pact was signed between Muslim League and Congress which is

known in history as the Lucknow Pact.

In 1916 Bal Gangadhar Tilak established the Home Rule League of India.

After Lucknow Pact, Congress and League presented the plan of political

reforms based on separate electoral regions. This pact led to an increase in

communalism.

In 1914 Annie Besant brought out a newspaper in English named New India.

Gandhiji established the Sabarmati Ashram in Ahmedabad.

On 30 March, 1919, Satyagraha Day was observed in whole of India. The

Satyagraha was peaceful at all places except Punjab and Delhi.

Dr. Satyapal and Dr. Saifuddin, the leaders of the Punjab Satyagraha were

imprisoned. In protest, a meeting was organized at Jallianwala Bagh in Amritsar .

The people who assembled here were gunned down. This is known as

Jalhianwalla bagh Massacre of April 1919.

After the world war I, the Indian Muslims were excited due to the treatment

meted out to Caliph by the British in Turkey. In 1919 they started the Khilafat

movement under the leadership of Maulana Shaukat Ali and Muhammad Ali.

The Congress joined the Muslims in Khilafat movement. On 31 August, 1919,

the Khilafat Day was observed.

Mahatma Gandhi launched the Non-cooperation Mass Movement in 1920-21.

But violence broke out at Chauri Chaura then in Gorakhpur district which


29/57

saddened Gandhiji. In February 1922 he announced the closure of the

movement.

In March 1922 Motilal Nehru and Deshbandhu Chitranjan Das established the

Swaraj Party.

In the elections of 1923 the Swaraj Party scored 40 seats out of 148.

In 1927 the Bardoli Satyagraha was conducted by Sardar Vallabh Bhai Patel.

In 1928 under the chairmanship of Sir John Simon a Commission came to India

to inspect the administrative work. The Indians boycotted it as no Indian was a

member of the Commission. In March 1928 the Commission went back.

In the 1929 Lahore Congress session held under the chairmanship of

Jawaharlal Nehru, the meaning of Swaraj was declared as total independence.

In 1930 Gandhiji broke the Salt laws by his Dandi March and he started the

Civil Disobedience movement.

In 1930, the Congress boycotted the first Round Table Conference.

In 1931, after Gandhi-Irwin pact Gandhiji went to attend the second Round

Table Conference along with the members of Muslim League.

In the third Round table conference in 1932, Congress did not send any

representative. Only 46 members went to participate under different categories.

The meeting of the Executive of Congress held on 1 January, 1932 decided to

again start the Civil Disobedience Movement due to the completely negativeattitude of the Government.

The British Prime Minister Ramsay Macdonald declared the communal award

on 16 August, 1932.

On 25 September, 1932, the Poona Pact was signed. Common agreement was

made on two conditions for preparing the electoral regions. The representative of

the Depressed classes was B.R. Ambedkar.

In 1932 Gandhiji founded the Harijan Sewak Sangh for the uplift of the

Harijans.

On 8 May, 1933 Gandhiji declared the programme of 21 days fast for his self-

purification.

Gandhiji began Individual Satyagraha and Civil Disobedience on 1 August,

1933.


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The Government of India Act of 1935 had 312 articles and 19 enclosures.

In 1935, the British provinces were 11 e.g., Madras, Bombay, Bengal, Bihar,

Punjab, Orissa, Central Provinces, Assam, North West Frontier Provinces, United

Provinces and Sindh.

The Government of India Act of 1935, the subjects were divided into three

departmentsFederal, Provincial and Concurrent.

This Act divided the British provinces of India in two categories. 11 were the

provinces under the Governor and 5 provinces were under Lieutenant

Commissioners.

The Govt. of India Act, 1935, proposed Federal system and Provincial

autonomy. The plan of Federal system could not be implemented. The elections

for the Provincial legislative Councils were held in the January-February of 1937.The Congress won majority in 5 provincesMadras, United Provinces, Central

Provinces, Bihar and Orissa in the general election of 1937.

In Punjab, the Unionist Party and Muslim League jointly formed the

Government. This Government worked without any obstruction till 1947.

In Bengal the Krishak Praja Party and the Muslim League jointly formed the

Government. Its Cabinet worked till 14 August, 1947. Sikandar Hayaat Khan was

the head of this Government.

The Congress Cabinets worked from 1937 to 1939.

In 1934, the members of Congress Executive, Acharya Narendra Dev, Jai

Prakash and Achyut Patvardhan organized the Congress Socialist Party.

In the Haripura session of the Congress (1938), S. C. Bose was unanimously

elected the President.

Subhash Chandra Bose organized a National Planning Committee.

In 1939 Bose was relected Congress President defeating Gandhis candidate P.

Sitaramayya.

In April 1939, Subhash Chandra Bose resigned from the post of the President

and started a militant party known as Forward Block.

In 1939, Jawaharlal Nehru became the President of the Tribal Conference of

Indian States.

In 1933, a Muslim student named Choudhary Rahmat Ali studying in England


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proposed the formation of a separate Muslim State and called it Pakistan.

On 24th March, 1940, in the Lahore Conference of the Muslim League, the

Pakistan proposal was passed.

Lord Linlithgo presented the August proposal before the Congress on 8 August,

1940 for getting cooperation during the war.

The Individual Satyagraha was started from 17 October, 1940. Acharya Vinoba

Bhave was the first Satyagrahi. Gandhiji postponed it on 17 December, 1940.

It was restarted on 5 January, 1941. During this period more than 20 thousand

people were arrested.

Cripps Mission visited India in 1942. It was onemember Commission and only

Sir Strafford Cripps was the member.

The Congress and the League, both rejected the Cripps Proposals.

The Quit India movement resolution was passed on 14 July, 1942 in the

Executive of the Congress Session held at Wardha. It was reaffirmed on 8

August, 1942.

The interim government of free India was organized on 21 October, 1943 by

Subhash Chandra Bose in Singapore.

21 Indian political leaders were invited to attend a Conference at Simla in June

1945. It ended in failure.

In December 1945, the General Elections were held in India. The Congress

received the majority in 6 provinces.

On 18 February, 1946, the non Commissioned officers and Naval soldiers of

the Royal Indian Navy who were called Rattings, began a militant revolt at

Bombay.

In order to remove the Constitutional crisis the British Government sent the

Cabinet Mission to India.

It came on 29 March, 1946 to New Delhi and it declared its proposals.

Muslim League observed the Direct Action Day on 16 August 1946.

The Interim Government of India was organized under the leadership of

Jawaharlal Nehru. The Cabinet took oath on 2nd September, 1946.

The Constituent Assembly first met under the chairmanship of Dr. Rajendra

Prasad on 6th December, 1946.


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Atlee declared on 20 February, 1947 that the English would leave India after

transferring the power to responsible people before June 1948.

The Mountbatten Plan of 3 June, 1947 was mainly the Plan of partition. It was

agreed upon by the Executive of the Indian National Congress on 14-15 June in a

meeting at Delhi.

In July 1947, the Indian Independence Act was passed by the British

Parliament.

India became independent on 15 August, 1947.

On 26 January, 1950, the state of Hyderabad merged in the Indian Federation.

On 20 April 1954, the Panchsheel Pact was signed between India and China.

On 20 October, 1962 China invaded upon India. Soon it occupied Assam Valley

and Laddakh. On 21 November, 1962, China declared one sided ceasefire.254. [ Read More... ]

255. 4 comments

256. Labels:General Knowledge,Indian History,Know India

25'. UP PCS Comined State *am % Solved Paper

258. U.P. PCS Combined State/Lower Subordinate Services

Special (Pre.) Exam., 2004

(Held on 24-5-2009)

Indian History: Solved Paper259.

1. Which one of the following regions didnotconstitute a separate suba

(province) under Akbar ?

(A) Orissa

(B) Bengal

(C) Bihar

(D) Awadh

Ans : (D)

2. Which of the following statements about Bukka I of the Vijayanagar empire is

not correct ?

(A) He instilled new vigour into Hindu Society

(B) He renovated temples
http://allexamguru.blogspot.in/2009/04/important-facts-of-indian-history_402.htmlhttp://allexamguru.blogspot.in/2009/04/important-facts-of-indian-history_402.html#comment-formhttp://allexamguru.blogspot.in/search/label/General%20Knowledgehttp://allexamguru.blogspot.in/search/label/Indian%20Historyhttp://allexamguru.blogspot.in/search/label/Know%20Indiahttp://allexamguru.blogspot.in/2009/11/up-pcs-combined-state-exam-solved-paper.htmlhttp://allexamguru.blogspot.in/2009/04/important-facts-of-indian-history_402.htmlhttp://allexamguru.blogspot.in/2009/04/important-facts-of-indian-history_402.html#comment-formhttp://allexamguru.blogspot.in/search/label/General%20Knowledgehttp://allexamguru.blogspot.in/search/label/Indian%20Historyhttp://allexamguru.blogspot.in/search/label/Know%20Indiahttp://allexamguru.blogspot.in/2009/11/up-pcs-combined-state-exam-solved-paper.html


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(C) Under his fostering care Sayana wrote commentaries on Vedas

(D) He adopted measures to uplift the Shudras

Ans : (D)

3. Sayana is associated with

(A) The Chola Kingdom

(B) Vijayanagar Kingdom

(C) Hoyasala Kingdom

(D) Bahmani Kingdom

Ans : (B)

260. (Held on 24-5-2009)

Indian History: Solved Paper

261.

1. Which one of the following regions didnotconstitute a separate suba

(province) under Akbar ?

(A) Orissa

(B) Bengal

(C) Bihar

(D) Awadh

Ans : (D)

2. Which of the following statements about Bukka I of the Vijayanagar empire is

not correct ?

(A) He instilled new vigour into Hindu Society

(B) He renovated temples

(C) Under his fostering care Sayana wrote commentaries on Vedas

(D) He adopted measures to uplift the Shudras

Ans : (D)

3. Sayana is associated with

(A) The Chola Kingdom

(B) Vijayanagar Kingdom

(C) Hoyasala Kingdom

(D) Bahmani Kingdom

Ans : (B)


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4. Match List-I with List-II and select the correct answer from the codes given

below

List-I

(a) Accession of Aurangzeb(b) Promulgation of Mahzar

(c) Battle of Khanva

(d) Accession of Akbar

List-II

1. 1527 A.D.

2. 1556 A.D.

3. 1579 A.D.

4. 1659 A.D.

Codes :(a) (b) (c) (d)

(A) 1 2 3 4

(B) 4 3 1 2

(C) 3 1 4 2

(D) 2 1 3 4

Ans : (B)

5. Consider the following statements about Kabir and Nanak

1. Their ideas were drawn both from Bhakti and Sufi traditions.2. They expressed the sentiments of rural masses.

3. They made strong plea for Hindu-Muslim unity.

4. Their followers founded religious communities.

Select your answer from the codes given below

Codes :

(A) 1 and 2 are correct

(B) 1, 2 and 3 are correct

(C) 1, 2, 3 and 4 are correct

(D) 1, 3 and 4 are correct

Ans : (D)

6. Arrange the following Chisti Saints in correct chronological order

1. Sheikh Nizamuddin Aulia

2. Syed Muhammad Gesudaraz


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3. Baba Farid Ganjshakar

4. Sheikh Nasiruddin Chirage-Delhi

Select the correct answer from the code given below

Codes :

(A) 1, 2, 3, 4(B) 4, 3, 2, 1

(C) 1, 3, 4, 2

(D) 3, 1, 4, 2

Ans : (D)

7. Which of the following Sultans assumed the title of Caliph himself ?

(A) Balban

(B) Alauddin Khalji

(C) Qutbuddin Mubarak Shah Khalji(D) Mohammad bin Tughlaq

Ans : (C)

8. Which one of the following Sufi orders laid great stress on practicing mystic

music ?

(A) Chisti

(B) Suharawardi

(C) Qadiri

(D) NaqshbandiAns : (A)

9. Who among the following Hindu Painters was sent by Jehangir to make a

portrait of Shah Abbas I of Persia ?

(A) Basawan

(B) Bishan Das

(C) Dasrath

(D) Manohar

Ans : (B)

10. Which one of the following isnotcorrectly matched ?

(A) Akbar Xerome Xavier

(B) Aurangzeb Edward Terry

(C) Shahjahan Peter Mundi


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(D) Jehangir Sir Thomas Roe

Ans : (B)

11. In which year was the decree called Mahzar issued during Akbars reign ?

(A) 1560 A.D.(B) 1572 A.D.

(C) 1576 A.D.

(D) 1579 A.D.

Ans : (D)

12. The Razmanama which was compiled by several Persian scholars was a

translation of

(A) Panchatantra

(B) Ramayana(C) Mahabharata

(D) Rigveda

Ans : (C)

13. During the Mughal rule the Qazi-ul-Quzat was

(A) Head of the Finance department

(B) Censor of Public morals

(C) Chief judge of the empire

(D) Incharge of charitiesAns : (C)

14. Which one of the following pairs isnotcorrectly matched ?

(A) Akbar : Maan Bai

(B) Aurangzeb : Udaipuri Mahal

(C) Jehangir : Manmati

(D) Shahjahan : Jehan Ara

Ans : (A)

15. Which was the chief or main region of copper mines in Mughal period ?

(A) Bengal

(B) Rajasthan

(C) Agra

(D) Bihar


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Ans : (B)

16. Which of the following statements iscorrectabout Shivaji ?

(A) His movement was supported by all the Maratha Watandars

(B) The smaller Watandars formed the back bone of his movement(C) He abolished the Watandari system

(D) He did not fight with bigger Maratha Watandars

Ans : (B)

17. Which one of the following wasnotincluded in the Asta Pradhan of Shivaji ?

(A) Sumant

(B) Majmudar

(C) Vakiyanavis

(D) VakeelAns : (D)

18. What was the rate of land revenue in the administration of Shivaji ?

(A) 2/5 portion of the yield

(B) 1/2 portion of the yield

(C) 1/3 portion of the yield

(D) 1/4 portion of the yield

Ans : (A)

19. Why did Shivaji decide to collect Chauth and Sardeshmukhi ?

(A) To increase the source of income

(B) To expand his territories

(C) To consolidate his political influence

(D) Because of the opposition of Muslim rulers

Ans : (A)

20. Consider the following statements.

Assertion (A) :Shivaji signed the Treaty of Purandar.

Reason (R) :He had lost all hopes of resistance to the Mughals.

Select the correct answer from the code given below

Codes :

(A) Both (A) and (R) are true and (R) is the correct explanation of (A)

(B) Both (A) and (R) are true, but (R) isnotthe correct explanation of (A)


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(C) (A) is true but (R) is false

(D) (A) is false but (R) is true

Ans : (C)

21. When was Bombay transferred to the East India Company by Charles II ?(A) 1662 A.D.

(B) 1664 A.D.

(C) 1666 A.D.

(D) 1668 A.D.

Ans : (D)

22. Who of the following had said that Victory of Plassey was a victory of betrayal

?

(A) Orme(B) H. H. Dodwell

(C) Lord Clive

(D) P. E. Roberts

Ans : (B)

23. Name the English man who tried to obtain from Akbar a Firman for trade in

Gujarat ?

(A) Ralph Fitch

(B) John Mildenhall(C) Sir Thomas Roe

(D) Thomas Stephens

Ans : (B)

24. The Dutch established their first settlement in Bengal at

(A) Calcutta

(B) Chinsura

(C) Serampur

(D) Balasore

Ans : (D)

25. Who is credited with the following statement regarding the outbreak of the

Revolt of 1857

The Meerut outbreak was sudden and short-lived like a summer gale ?


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(A) S. N. Sen

(B) S. B. Chaudhari

(C) V. D. Savarkar

(D) R. C. Majumdar

Ans : (A)

26. When did the Marathas capture Salsette and Bassein from the Portuguese ?

(A) 1695 A.D.

(B) 1713 A.D.

(C) 1720 A.D.

(D) 1739 A.D.

Ans : (D)

27. The Diwani right of Bengal, Bihar and Orissa was obtained by the EnglishEast India Company under the treaty of

(A) Alinagar

(B) Faizabad

(C) Allahabad

(D) Benaras

Ans : (C)

28. Find out the correct chronological order of the following events from the code

given below1. Treaty of Amritsar

2. Fourth Anglo-Mysore War

3. Treaty of Lahore

4. East India Companys alliance with Mewar.

Codes :

(A) 4, 1, 3, 2

(B) 2, 1, 4, 3

(C) 1, 2, 3, 4

(D) 3, 4, 2, 1

Ans : (B)

29. By which of the following treaties did the Peshwa accept the Subsidiary

Alliance with the British ?

(A) Treaty of Purandhar


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(B) Treaty of Bassein

(C) Treaty of Salbai

(D) Treaty of Surji Arjungaon

Ans : (B)

30. Which of the following native states was first to conclude Subsidiary Alliance

with East India Company ?

(A) Avadh

(B) Mewar

(C) Mysore

(D) Hyderabad

Ans : (D)

31. Who among the following historians has remarked that the Government ofBengal between the period 17651772 was a robber state ?

(A) G. W. Forrest

(B) Lord Macaulay

(C) K. M. Panikkar

(D) Nand Lal Chatterji

Ans : (C)

32. On what ground was Avadh annexed into British Empire ?

(A) Doctrine of Lapse(B) Alleged misgovernment

(C) Failure to pay subsidy

(D) Maintenance of relations with foreign powers

Ans : (B)

33. Nearly one third of soldiers of the famous Bengal Army had their homes in

(A) Punjab

(B) Avadh

(C) Bengal

(D) Maharashtra

Ans : (D)

34. Which one of the following native states was annexed by the British on the

basis of the Doctrine of Lapse ?


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(A) Avadh

(B) Punjab

(C) Jhansi

(D) Mysore

Ans : (C)

35. Match List-I with List-II and find out the correct answer from the codes given

below

List-I

(a) Theosophical Society

(b) Prarthana Samaj

(c) Brahmo Samaj

(d) Ram Krishna Mission

List-II1. Swami Vivekanand

2. Mrs. Annie Besant

3. M. G. Ranade

4. Ram Mohan Roy

Codes :

(a) (b) (c) (d)

(A) 2 3 4 1

(B) 1 2 3 4

(C) 4 3 2 1(D) 3 2 4 1

Ans : (A)


Assertion (A) :Tipu Sultan planted the tree of liberty at Seringapattam.

Reason (R) :The principles of French Revolution had made a deep impression

on the mind of Tipu Sultan.

Select the answer from the code given below

Codes :


(B) Both (A) and (R) are true but (R) is not the correct explanation of (A)

(C) (A) is true, but (R) is false

(D) (A) is false, but (R) is true

Ans : (A)


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37. By the enactment of British Parliament when did the East India Company

cease to be a trading Company ?

(A) 1784 A.D.

(B) 1833 A.D.(C) 1813 A.D.

(D) 1773 A.D.

Ans : (B)

38. What is the correct chronological order of setting up of the following

Commissions ?

1. Macdonell Commission

2. First Industrial Commission

3. First Fiscal CommissionSelect the correct answer from the code given below

(A) 1, 2, 3

(B) 2, 3, 1

(C) 2, 1, 3

(D) 1, 3, 2

Ans : (A)

39. In which of the following regions Mahalwari System of Revenue Settlement

was introduced ?(A) Bengal

(B) Bombay

(C) Madras

(D) North Western Provinces

Ans : (D)


Assertion (A) :Despite initial victory the Sepoy Mutiny could not succeed in

overthrowing the Raj.

Reason (R) :The rising middle class sided with Raj.

Select your correct answer from the code given below

Codes :


(B) Both (A) and (R) are true, but (R) isnotthe correct explanation of (A)


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(C) (A) is true but (R) is false

(D) (A) is false but (R) is true

Ans : (C)

41. Which part of India was most affected by the Revolution of 1857 ?(A) Punjab

(B) Maharashtra

(C) Avadh

(D) Madras

Ans : (C)

42. Which of the following pairs connected with the Revolution of 1857 is

correctly matched ?

Place of Revolt : Leader of Revolt(A) Kanpur : Rani Lakshmibai

(B) Jhansi : Nana Saheb

(C) Lucknow : Begum Hazrat Mahal

(D) Delhi : Tantiya Tope

Ans : (C)

43. Who among the following is remembered for the annulment of the Partition of

Bengal ?

(A) Lord Curzon(B) Lord Minto

(C) Lord Hardinge

(D) Lord Chelmsford

Ans : (C)

44. When did Babu Kunwar Singh fight his last battle against the British ?

(A) September 1857

(B) November 1857

(C) February 1858

(D) April 1858

Ans : (D)

45. Kumaran Asan is associated with the social renaissance of

(A) Kerala


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(B) Tamil Nadu

(C) Andhra Pradesh

(D) None of the above

Ans : (A)

46. In which of the following Sessions of the Indian National Congress the drain

theory was formally accepted ?

(A) Benaras session, 1905

(B) Calcutta session, 1906

(C) Surat session, 1907


Ans : (D)

47. Who among the following was the President of All India Trade UnionCongress held at Nagpur ?

(A) Chaman Lal

(B) Jawaharlal Nehru

(C) Krishna Menon

(D) N. M. Joshi

Ans : (D)

48. During which of the following period the Congress had best of relationship

with the Muslim League ?(A) 1906 1916

(B) 1916 1922

(C) 1922 1928

(D) 1928 1934

Ans : (B)

49. Who was the first Indian woman to preside over the Indian National Congress

?

(A) Rajkumari Amrit Kaur

(B) Vijaya Lakshmi Pandit

(C) Aruna Asaf Ali

(D) Sarojini Naidu

Ans : (D)


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50. Which of the following American Journalists had criticized the state of women

in British India and advanced the logic that so long as cruelties on women

continue, the Indian males have no right to take and manage the governance of

India in their hands ?

(A) Louis Fischer(B) Webb Miller

(C) Catherine Mayo


Ans : (C)

51. Consider the following events of Indian National Movement

1. Gandhi Irwin Pact

2. Poona Pact

3. Karachi Session of Indian National Congress.4. Individual Satyagraha

Select the correct chronological order of the events from the codes given below

Codes :

(A) 1, 3, 2, 4

(B) 2, 3, 4, 1

(C) 3, 4, 2, 1

(D) 4, 3, 2, 1

Ans : (A)

52. The book entitled Springing tiger is a biography of

(A) Bhagat Singh

(B) Chandrashekhar Azad

(C) Subhas Chandra Bose

(D) Shyamji Krishna Verma

Ans : (B)

53. The venue of holding this Second Round Table Conference at London was

(A) St. James Palace

(B) Kingsley Palace

(C) Buckingham Palace

(D) 10, Downing Street

Ans : (A)


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54. Lord Mountbatten as a Viceroy had conversed with following Indian leaders

regarding the transfer of power

1. Jawahar Lal Nehru

2. Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel

3. Mohammad Ali Jinnah4. Mahatma Gandhi

Indicate the correct sequence of their conversation from the code given below

Codes :

(A) 1, 4, 2, 3

(B) 2, 3, 4, 1

(C) 3, 2, 1, 4

(D) 4, 3, 2, 1

Ans : (A)

55. All the hymns related to one of the following Gods are in one separate

mandala or book of the Rigveda. Who is the God ?

(A) Agni

(B) Varuna

(C) Indra

(D) Soma

Ans : (D)

56. Match List-I with List-II and indicate the correct answer from the code givenbelow

List-I

(a) Mohenjodaro

(b) Lothal

(c) Surkotda

(d) Harappa

List-II

1. Pillared Hall

2. Bones of Horse

3. Cemetery R-37

4. Double Burial

Codes :

(a) (b) (c) (d)

(A) 3 4 1 2


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(B) 4 3 2 1

(C) 1 4 2 3

(D) 2 1 3 4

Ans : (C)

57. The Harappan site, where the citadel and the lower town, both are fortified

separately is

(A) Harappa

(B) Mohenjodaro

(C) Kalibanga


Ans : (C)

58. From which country of the Asian Continent was Bogazkui inscriptiondiscovered ?

(A) India

(B) Iran

(C) Syria

(D) Turkey

Ans : (D)

59. The Rigvedic Bharatas are associated with

(A) The Indus Valley(B) The Saraswati Valley

(C) The Sutlej Valley

(D) The Parushni Valley

Ans : (D)

60. With which of the following vedic sacrifices was the drink of Sura associated ?

(A) Agnistoma

(B) Rajasuya

(C) Sautramani

(D) Vajapeya

Ans : (C)

61. The Abhidhamma treatiseKathavatthuwas written by

(A) Mah-a kassapa


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(B) Mahinda

(C) Milinda

(D) Moggaliputta Tissa

Ans : (D)

62. In the Pasupata religion Siva is said to be Lord of Pasu. Which one among

the following stands for Pasu ?

(A) Lion

(B) Bull

(C) Parvati

(D) Jiva

Ans : (D)

63. Match List-I with List-II and select the correct answer from the codes givenbelow

List-I (Dhyani Buddhas)

(a) Aksobhya

(b) Vairochana

(c) Ratnasambhava

(d) Amoghasiddhi

List-II (Vehicles)

1. Elephant

2. Snake3. Horse

4. Garuda

Codes :

(a) (b) (c) (d)

(A) 1 2 3 4

(B) 2 3 4 1

(C) 3 4 1 2

(D) 4 1 2 3

Ans : (A)

64. Which of the following isnota Buddhist Concept ?

(A) Astik-aya

(B) Dharmakaya

(C) Nirmanakaya


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(D) Sambhogakaya

Ans : (A)

65. Who of the following is known as a Jain scholar ?

(A) Asvaghose(B) Hemchandra

(C) Dharmakirti

(D) Diwakaramitra

Ans : (B)

66. How many modes of devotion (Bhakti) are mentioned in Bhagawatism ?

(A) Nine

(B) Ten

(C) Eleven(D) Eight

Ans : (B)

67. In which of the following periods did ring wells come into prevalence for the

first time ?

(A) Mauryan

(B) Sunga

(C) Kushan

(D) GuptaAns : (D)

68. Towards which of the following sects did Dasaratha had a leaning ?

(A) Buddhism

(B) Jainism

(C) Ajivakas

(D) Lokayata

Ans : (C)

69. Who among the following classical writers said that Chandragupta Maurya

overran the whole of India with an army of six lac soldiers ?

(A) Herodotus

(B) Pliny

(C) Plutarch


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(D) Ptolemy

Ans : (C)

70. Who among the following Mauryan rulers was killed by his Commander-in-

Chief ?(A) Dasaratha

(B) Kun-ala

(C) Samprati

(D) Brihadratha

Ans : (D)

71. Who of the following was responsible for the collection of taxes at the

intermediate level of administration between the district and the village ?

(A) Gopa(B) Pulisa

(C) Sthanika

(D) Prativedaka

Ans : (A)

72. The Kushans issued coins of

(A) Gold only

(B) Gold and Silver

(C) Gold and Copper(D) Gold, Silver and Copper

Ans : (D)

73. The gold coins of Gupta period were called

1. Dinara

2. Dramma

3. Rupaka

4. Suvarna

Indicate the correct answer from the codes given below

Codes :

(A) 4 only

(B) 2, 3

(C) 1, 4

(D) 1, 2, 3, 4


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Ans : (C)

74. Who had expressed the view that the cotton cloth worn by Indians had a

brighter white colour than any cotton found elsewhere ?

(A) Alexander(B) Megasthenese

(C) Nearchus

(D) Pliny

Ans : (B)

75. Which of the following ports were situated on the eastern coast of South India

?

1. Kaveripatnam

2. Korkai3. Musiri

4. Tondi

Indicate the correct answer from the code given below

Codes :

(A) 1, 2

(B) 1, 2, 3

(C) 2, 3, 4

(D) 3, 4

Ans : (B)

76. The Vallabhi era is identical with

(A) The Vikrama era

(B) The Gupta era

(C) The Harsha era


Ans : (B)

77. Who among the following Dharmasastra writers disapproved the custom of

Sati declaring it as an act of suicide ?

(A) Angiras

(B) Medhatithi

(C) Usana

(D) Visnu


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Ans : (B)

78. The rulers of which of the following dynasties were characterized by their

metronymics ?

(A) Maurya(B) Sunga

(C) Kanva

(D) Satavahana

Ans : (D)

79. According to Manu, a Brahamana was to be awarded higher punishment than

the persons of other varnas for the offence of

(A) The use of abusive language for the persons of other varnas

(B) Murder(C) Theft

(D) Treason

Ans : (C)

80. In which of the following ancient texts has it been said that the king was the

ruler of all except Br-a hamanas ?

(A) Manu-Smriti

(B) Yajnavalkya-Smriti

(C) Vishnu Smriti(D) Gautama-dharmasutra

Ans : (D)

81. Which one of the following statements isnotcorrect about the social and

cultural conditions in the post-Gupta period ?

(A) The number of land-grants increased

(B) The number of castes increased

(C) The Central control increased

(D) The tantric activities increased

Ans : (C)

82. The transformation of the ancient Indian Society into Medieval society was

brought about mainly by

(A) the system of land-grants


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(B) the decline in the position of upper caste

(C) the increase in the religious activities

(D) the decrease in surplus food production

Ans : (A)

83. Which of the following towns were seen by Hiuen Tsang as almost deserted ?

1. Kapilvastu

2. Kusinagar

3. Sravasti

4. Tamralipti


Codes :

(A) 1, 4

(B) 3, 4(C) 2, 3

(D) 1, 2, 3

Ans : (D)

84. Which one of the following statements isnotcorrect about the members of

the various bodies responsible for Chola local selfgovernment ?

(A) They were elected by voting

(B) They were chosen by lot

(C) They must fulfil certain conditions to become members(D) No person convicted for theft could become a member

Ans : (A)

85. Which one of the following assemblies protected the interests of traders

under the Chola administration ?

(A) Mahasabha

(B) Perunguri

(C) Kuri

(D) Nagaram

Ans : (D)

86. Who among the following authors is known for his satires exposing the evils

of contemporary society ?

(A) Ksemendra


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(B) Pravarsena

(C) Sriharsa

(D) Visakhadutta

Ans : (A)

87. Which Chola king is credited with the first conquest of Maldives ?

(A) Rajaraja

(B) Rajendra I

(C) Rajadhiraja

(D) Rajendra II

Ans : (A)

88. Which of the following Indian Kings defeated Mohammad Ghori first ?

(A) Prithviraja Chauhan(B) Jayachandra

(C) Vidyadhara Chandella

(D) Bhima II

Ans : (D)

89. The origin of which of the following ruling families has been described in the

bardic literature from Vasisthas sacrificial pit at mountain Abu ?

1. Chahamana

2. Chaulukya3. Paramara

4. Pratihara


Codes :

(A) 1, 2

(B) 2, 3, 4

(C) 3, 4

(D) 1, 2, 3, 4

Ans : (D)

90. The coins with the figure of Laksmi were issued by

(A) Mohammad Ghori

(B) Iltutmish

(C) Mohammad Tughlaq


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Ans : (A)

91. The Rajatarangini of Kalhana was composed in

(A) The eleventh century(B) The twelfth century

(C) The thirteenth century

(D) The tenth century

Ans : (B)

92. Which of the following texts lays down rules for reconversion into Hindu fold

of the Hindus forcibly converted into Islam ?

(A) Devala Smriti

(B) Narada Smriti(C) Visnu Smriti

(D) Yajnavalkya Smriti

Ans : (A)

93. Consider the following statements regarding the history of Kashmir in the

tenth century

1. There were two rival groups in the court.

2. Queen Sugandha was deposed in 914 A.D.

3. Queen Didda did not curb the powers of the feudal land owners.Indicate the correct statements from the code given below

Codes :

(A) 1, 2

(B) 2, 3

(C) 1, 3

(D) 1, 2, 3

Ans : (A)

94. Who among the followingdharmasastrawriters was a minister of the

history of ancient india

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