history of computers
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TRANSCRIPT
and the use of technology in the classroom
HISTORY OF COMPUTERS
Introduction
Join us, the Time Warp Trio, as you discover the history of computers and what the future holds for you as a teacher using technology in your classroom!
Task
Your task is simple – work your way through the webquest to gather information on the history of computers and the use of technology in education.
Follow all links. They lead to definitions, more in depth information, videos, interactive activities, etc.
As you complete the webquest, you will find that many issues are raised and thought provoking questions are asked. You do not have to formally
submit answers to these questions at this time. However, variations of these questions will be incorporated into your live text reflections, so take the time to reflect while the information is fresh in your mind.
You may want to jot down some of your initial reactions to refer to later.
THE PASTfrom fingers and toes to what everyone knows
Hey there! I’m glad you could all join me. Cell phones, laptops, PDAs, iPods and digital cameras were not always considered everyday items. Let’s take a look at life B.G. (before Google)!
10: The basis of our number systemPrimitive humans
found counting necessary, and fingers provided a natural tool, creating a number system based on 10.
As time passed, rocks, notches on wood, etc. were used to calculate and record larger numbers.
Manipulation of DataThe abacus was the
first instrument known that allowed users to manipulate data rather than just record it.
It is believed that the abacus originated in Babylon around 3000 B.C.
Believe it or not, the abacus is still used today!
Learn more about how an abacus works and even try adding on an interactive abacus!
From Calculation Devices to ComputersCalculating devices
were soon able to subtract, multiply and divide as well as add.
The introduction of binary arithmetic and Boolean logic led to the development of the internal language of today’s digital computers.
Watch “The History of Computers” by accessing the video through Ohio Link.
1st Generation
Early 1950’s Vacuum tubes
Mid-1950’s Transistor
Generations of Computers
2nd Generation
3rd Generation
Early 1960’sIntegrated Circuits
1970 – Mid 1990’s Microprocessor
Generations of Computers
4th Generation
THE PRESENTwhere computing is now
Wow! That was cool. Computers sure have come a long way, but there is still more. Let’s take a look at 5th generation computers and see how the latest developments have changed today’s world - especially in the field of education.
“The fifth generation of computers offers the development of artificial intelligence, computers based on logical inference and parallel processing, and radical changes in the Internet” (Sharp 15).
5th Generation Computers
Modern FeaturesToday’s computers can
carry out thousands of operations simultaneously.
They feature: Voice recognitionNatural and foreign
language translationTouch screensHandwriting
recognition with stylus input devices In what ways do these
features enhance education?
Artificial Intelligence AI is a “computer
science field that tries to improve computers by endowing them with some of the characteristics associated with human intelligence, such as the capability to understand natural language and to reason under conditions of uncertainty” (Sharp 14).
Click above to view trailer. So what do you think – Is number five alive?
A.I. in Daily Life Artificial intelligence
sounds a little sci-fi-ish, but the fact is, you find A.I. everywhere you look! GPS systems in cars
that tell you what direction to travel
Playing against the “computer” in a game of chess.
Smart tutoring systems
GRE exam Click above to review “Smart Tutor”
InternetThe Internet is a
worldwide computer networking system.
It is used to: teach distance courses; communicate via voice,
data, and video conferencing;
research; work from home;house
virtual environments; etc.
The Web is Transforming…The Internet no
longer has the sole purpose of providing information.
It has become the read – write web where users want to be heard themselves as much as they want to see what others are saying.
Hypertext & HypermediaResearch has shown
that hypertext has awesome possibilities in education. Students have the
ability to personalize learning by exploring topics that interest them in more depth.
Students can use hypertext to scaffold their reading, and can potentially read e-texts at a higher level because they can use hypertext to define unknown words.
It has been proposed that there are three levels of hypermedia in education.
Internet ActivitiesThe internet is full
of interactive activities that can be used to introduce, reinforce, and assess learning.
Try out a few simple activities related to what you are learning: Flash CardsCrossword Puzzle
Now check out some cool ideas for e-learning with your students: Lewis & ClarkExploring the Envir
onmentInternational Space
Station ChallengeEduweb
THE FUTUREto explore new worlds, seek out new life, & go boldly forward
Technology is still evolving. Come with me to take a peek at what the future may bring. Where will you fit in? Will you embrace the latest technological advancements or do you prefer the status quo? How will you weave technology into your philosophy of education?
What will the future hold?There are already
many predictions about where the web will go next. How do we prepare
students to work in an environment that doesn’t yet exist?
How will teacher training be effected?
Will life-long learning become a must instead of a lofty goal?
Future Computers?
What do you think future computers will look like? How will you interact with them? Future PCsMade of Glass?NanobotsBCI
Future TrendsIntel Education Init
iative Open Educational
ResourceseTextsPDA’s Rule the Sch
ool
Looking Forward
Educational Technology
Putting it in Perspective
EDUCATIONAL TECHNOLOGYHow changes in technology have revolutionized education
What does all of this mean? Bottom line – educational technology is constantly changing, and bringing about new and exciting ways to help students of all ages learn! Let’s take a quick look at how technology has been used in the classroom.
Educational TechnologyWhile definitions vary, the
Association for Educational Communications and Technology (AECT), states "Educational technology is the theory and practice of design, development, utilization, management, and evaluation of processes and resources for learning."
Advantages of Educational Technology Papers can be easily stored, revised,
and shared. The Internet can be a valuable library
and research resource. Differentiated instruction for various
learning styles can be provided. Multimedia presentations that
include art and music can be created. Software programs can be used to
assist students or create newsletters and other documents.
Web sites and software can assist with teacher and administrator planning.
Computers can help with institutional organization and inventory.
Brief History of Computers in EducationComputers were first used
in education in the fields of science, math and engineering.
The first techniques included: A behavioral approach to
tutoring – programmed instruction, where info was taught in small, sequential bits at the learners own pace with automatic feedback.
Computer based simulations
The first flight simulator was created in 1950 at MIT.
Teaching programming languages such as BASIC
Due to a lack of software
Project Whirlwind: 1st Flight Simulator designed for Navy training by MIT in 1950.
Microcomputer Brings Mega Changes In 1977 the
microcomputer shifted the focus from mainframes to desktop computers
An educational software market emerged to meet the needs of classroom teachers.
Soon, computers networks were formed through intranets and internets.
TodayThe internet is a
powerful educational tool.
Leading professional groups and state departments of education have developed educational technology standards for teachers, students, and schools.
Accreditation standards for teachers require technology training.
The National Educational Technology Standards project is ongoing. The goal is to facilitate
improvement in U.S. schools by implementing technology in instruction, activities, and assessment.
DebateOver the years, there
has been a debate on the best way to use technology to enhance learning. These debates often
stem from educational philosophies that are teacher-directed or constructivist based.
Research has not provided conclusive evidence to support one side or the other. Why do you think this
is?
Teacher-directed Approach
Based on worksheets & textbooks
Curriculum is fixed Teacher transmits
knowledge Instruction is didactic Results in one correct
answer Stresses individualized work Poses questions for students
to answer Is concerned with
information acquisition Assessment is by testing
Programmed instruction programs such as Math Blaster
Drill-and-practice and tutorial software applications
Generation of class performance information
Educational Philosophies & Technology
Technology Applications
Constructivist Model
Is based on manipulatives and primary sources
Curriculum is flexible Approach develops concepts Student explores and discovers
knowledge Results in acquisition of large
concepts Stresses cooperative group work Engages students in interactive
activities Is concerned with the process of
learning Assessment I by student
products and student observation
Annotated moviesHypertext Simulations such as
Lemonade Stand or SimsShould actively
address real-life problems through interactive situations
Virtual Reality
Educational Philosophies & Technology
Technology Applications
REVIEW & ASSESSWhat did you learn?
Time to pray – just kidding! You are about to take a quiz to assess what you have learned. But wait – you can relax and smile, because it is open webquest! The purpose is to see how the traditional quiz can be adapted to be taken using a computer. Did you like getting immediate feedback? What did you think are the positive and negatives of this type of assessment? How else might you use technology to assess your students? What educational philosophy would this type of quiz fall under?
ReviewMcGraw-Hill online
has summaries to review the information:History of Compute
rsEducational Milesto
nes & Standards
Quiz Time! What did you
learn? Take the quiz for
History of ComputersDo not panic! You may look back
at the PowerPoint for answers.
Submit your scores to [email protected]
Questions to Ponder What new ethical
considerations have developed as technology advances?
How do you see using technology in your classroom? What do students need to
know about technology? What do you want to learn
more about? Will your approach follow a
teacher-directed or constructivist philosophy?
How does elearning affect time on task?
With technology changing so quickly, how do you justify spending the money to keep current with the latest trends?
Does technology help close or widen the achievement gap?
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