History of Dermatology, Dermatopathology,Dermatologic Surgery, Cosmetic Dermatology,and Pediatric Dermatology

Allen F. Shih, Radhika Shah, and Jonathan Kantor

Contents1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2

2 History of Dermatology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32.1 Early Depictions of Dermatology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32.2 Impressive Figures in Dermatology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3

3 History of Dermatopathology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 103.1 Early Depictions of Dermatopathology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 103.2 Impressive Figures in Dermatopathology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 103.3 Dermatopathology Training Programs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 123.4 First Dermatopathology Societies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 133.5 First Dermatopathology Journals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 133.6 Phenomenal Developments in Dermatopathology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13

4 History of Dermatologic Surgery . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 134.1 Early Depictions of Dermatologic Surgery . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 134.2 History of Mohs Micrographic Surgery . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 144.3 Impressive Figures in Dermatologic Surgery . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 154.4 Dermatologic Surgery Training Programs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 154.5 First Dermatologic Surgery Societies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17

5 History of Cosmetic Dermatology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 175.1 History of Botulinum Toxin . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 175.2 History of Fillers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 175.3 History of Dermabrasion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 185.4 History of Peels . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18

6 Pediatric Dermatology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 186.1 Early Depictions of Pediatric Dermatology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 186.2 Impressive Figures in Pediatric Dermatology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18

A. F. ShihYale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USAe-mail: allenshih@aya.yale.edu

R. ShahRutgers New Jersey Medical School, Newark, NJ, USAe-mail: rs1072@njms.rutgers.edu

J. Kantor (*)University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA

Florida Center for Dermatology, St Augustine, FL, USAe-mail: jonkantor@gmail.com

# Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2019B. Smoller, N. Bagherani (eds.), Atlas of Dermatology, Dermatopathology and Venereology,https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-45134-3_1-2

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6.3 Pediatric Dermatology Training Programs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 206.4 First Pediatric Dermatology Conferences . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 206.5 First Pediatric Dermatology Societies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22

References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34

AbstractDermatology has undergone a significant evolution, mov-ing over the past century from a specialty concernednarrowly with medical dermatology to a full-blown surgi-cal and pathological specialty whose members now per-form more surgical procedures on the skin and soft tissuesthan all other specialists combined. In the United States,dermatology no longer incorporates venereology as part ofthe specialty title, though in practice much of its focus hasbeen retained. In other parts of the world, however,venereology remains part of the specialty. As the fieldhas expanded to include surgery, pathology, and pediat-rics, there has also been a renaissance in medical derma-tology as dermatologists increasingly care for the sickestpatients with serious systemic diseases.

KeywordsDermatology · Transformation · Pharaoh Menthuhotp II ·Ebers Papyrus · Gundeshapur · Avicenna · Al-qanun fial-tibb · Canon of medicine · Hieronymus Mercurialis ·De morbis cutaneis · Daniel Turner · Father ofdermatology · Anne-Charles Lorry · Father of Frenchdermatology · Tractatus de morbis cutaneis · Josef vonPlenck · Doctrina de morbis cutaneis · Robert Willan · Oncutaneous diseases · Willan’s leprosy · Jean LouisAlibert · Description des maladies de la peau · LucaStulli · Mijet disease · Mal de Meleda · Thomas Bateman ·A practical synopsis on cutaneous diseases according tothe arrangement of Dr. Willan · Delineations of cutaneousdiseases · Pierre-Louis-Alphee Cazenave · Abregepratique des maladies de la peau · Annales des maladies dela peau et de la syphilis · Camille Gibert · Traité pratiquedes maladies spéciales de la peau · Vittorio Mibelli ·Angiokeratoma of Mibelli · Dermatopathology · HenrySeguin Jackson · Zacharias Janssen · Gustav Simon · Firsttextbook in dermatopathology · Demodex · Felix vonBarensprung · Barensprung’s disease · Paul GersonUnna · Father of German dermatopathology · Jean Darier ·Father of modern dermatopathology · France · JMHMacleod · Father of British dermatology · HermanBeerman · American dermatopathologist · Walter Lever ·

Frederick Weidman · Bernard Ackerman · Histologicdiagnosis of inflammatory skin diseases · Internationalsociety of dermatopathology · Training · OsborneFellowship · Dermatology of state medical societies ·American Medical Association · American Society ofDermatopathology · Journal of Cutaneous Pathology ·American Journal of Dermatopathology · AlexanderBreslow · Hebra · Broc · Homo sapiens · Egyptianempire · Code of Hammurabi · Babylonian Dynasty ·Smith Papyrus · Micrographic surgery · Frederic Mohs ·Tromovitch · Stegman · William Stewart Halsted ·Suture · Edward Krull · Surgery course · Frederic Mohs ·Mohs’ micrographic surgery · American College ofChemosurgery · Ervin Epstein · Skin surgery · EdwardKrull · Frederic Mohs · Northwestern University MedicalCenter · Skin surgery · Dermatologic surgery · AmericanCollege of Mohs Surgery · American Society forDermatologic Surgery · American Society for MohsSurgery · International Society of Dermatologic Surgery ·Botulism · Alan Scott · Jean Carruthers · J. AlastairCarruthers · Hylan b · Piacquadio · Goltz · Dermabrasion ·Ernst Kromeyer · Saul Blau · Tumescent anesthesia ·Peel · Stegman · George Mackee · Pediatric dermatology ·Rhazes · Otto Brunfels · Walter C. Dendy · Cutaneousdiseases incidental to childhood · Henry Harris Perlman ·Pediatric dermatology · Ramon Ruiz Maldonado ·Lourdes Tamayo · International Society of PediatricDermatology · Alvin Jacobs · Society of PediatricDermatology · Samuel Weinberg · Nancy Esterly · SidneyHurwitz · William Weston · Coleman Jacobson · JapaneseSociety of Pediatric Dermatology · International Societyof Pediatric Dermatology · European Society for PediatricDermatology · Pediatric Dermatology Society ofThailand · Indian Society for Pediatric Dermatology

1 Introduction

The field of dermatology has undergone momentous trans-formation over the past centuries. As medical specializationhas steadily increased, dermatology moved from a niche field

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of interest to the generalist to a highly specialized areaaddressing everything from autoimmune bullous disordersto surgical reconstruction. Training in dermatology has there-fore of necessity evolved considerably, as dermatologists arenow entrusted with everything from systemic immunosup-pression to large flap reconstructions.

2 History of Dermatology

2.1 Early Depictions of Dermatology

Dermatologic illnesses have occurred since the dawn of time,and the earliest depictions of dermatologic diseases date tothousands of years BCE. The statue of Pharaoh MenthuhotpII (2000 BCE) showed swelling of feet and legs below theknees which reflected likely elephantiasis, a chronic sign offilariasis (Fig. 1) (El-Domyati and Attia 2015). The EbersPapyrus (1550 BCE) documented many treatments for skinconditions, such as sebaceous cysts. There were many areasof medical learning for dermatology. The Academy ofGundeshapur, in southwestern Iran, was important in teach-ing medicine through the sixth and seventh centuries(Bagherani and Smoller 2015).

2.2 Impressive Figures in Dermatology

2.2.1 AvicennaAvicenna (980–1037), a Persian physician of the IslamicGolden age (Fig. 2), wrote the “Al-Qanun fi al-Tibb” (TheCanon of Medicine) (Figs. 3 and 4), which represented one ofthe standard medical texts at medieval universities until theseventeenth century. He described various diseases such aselephantiasis, leprosy, vitiligo, and pemphigus (Bagheraniand Smoller 2015).

2.2.2 Hieronymus MercurialisHieronymus Mercurialis (1530–1606) (Figs. 5 and 6), anItalian philologist and physician, wrote one of the first trea-tises to classify cutaneous condition systematically,“De Morbis Cutaneis” in 1572 (Fig. 7). In his work,Mercuralis categorized diseases topographically into disor-ders of the scalp or entire skin and covered diseases includingalopecia, pediculosis, ringworm, and sycosis (Sutton 1966).

Fig. 1 The statue of Pharaoh Menthuhotp II (~2000 BC) showingswelling of feet and legs below the knees, a likely depiction of elephan-tiasis which is the chronic sign of filariasis

Fig. 2 Persian philosopher Ibn Sina (Avicenna) wrote “Canon,” one ofthe foundational medical texts between twelfth and seventeenthcenturies (Bagherani and Smoller 2015)

History of Dermatology, Dermatopathology, Dermatologic Surgery, Cosmetic Dermatology, and Pediatric. . . 3

2.2.3 Daniel TurnerDaniel Turner (1667–1740), a British dermatologist, iswidely renowned as the “Father of Dermatology.” He workedas an apprentice under Charles Bateman and ThomasLitchfield for 7 years and was admitted as a Master of theBarber Surgeons. Discontented with being a surgeon, Turnerpursued licensure from the Royal College of Physicians.However, licensure without a medical degree was not possi-ble, and so he obtained an MD from Yale University in 1723in exchange for a donation of publications to the Yale library.Turner thus received the first Medical Doctor degree in NorthAmerica. His work, “De Morbis Cutaneis,” (Fig. 8) becamethe first dermatology textbook published in English and waslater translated into German and French. In addition toreviewing dermatological literature, the book included a for-mula and description of Turner’s Cerate, which is now

included in the U.S. pharmacopoeia (Crissey et al. 2002;Lyell 1982).

2.2.4 Anne-Charles LorryAnne-Charles Lorry (1726–1783) (Fig. 9), the “Father ofFrench Dermatology,” practiced medicine in Paris as theRegent of the Paris Faculty of Medicine and served as thephysician to King Louis VX. His treatise on dermatology,“Tractatus de Morbis Cutaneis,” (Fig. 10) was the first Frenchmonograph (though written in Latin) devoted to cutaneousillnesses. This text represented the first modern work ofliterature to classify skin conditions with their etiological,pathological, and physiological similarities. This text referred

Fig. 3 Drawing of the skeleton system found in Canon by Persianphilosopher Ibn Sina (Avicenna), a medical encyclopedia that waswritten and used as standard medical texts between twelfth and seven-teenth centuries. This textbook was seen in the Hebrew version in 1491and in Arabic version in Rome in 1593. It described elephantiasis,leprosy, vitiligo, and pemphigus (Bagherani and Smoller 2016) Fig. 4 Title page of the Latin translation of the Canon by Persian

philosopher Ibn Sina (Avicenna), a medical encyclopedia that waswritten and used as standard medical texts between twelfth and seven-teenth centuries (Bagherani and Smoller 2016)

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to skin as an organ system rather than as an enclosure for theorgans of the body. This book also grouped diseases into twocategories: cutaneous manifestations of systemic illnessesand diseases which originated and remained confined to theskin (Crissey et al. 2002; Everett 1979).

2.2.5 Josef von PlenckJosef von Plenck (1732–1807) (Fig. 11), an Austrian physi-cian, trained in surgery with Johann Christian Retter, and alsoattended classes at the Faculty of Medicine of the Universityof Vienna, eventually earning the degree of MagisterChirurgiae et Obstetriciae. He practiced at the University ofTyrnau. In his work “Doctrina de Morbis Cutaneis” (Fig. 12),he was one of the first to propose the modern classification ofcutaneous medicine wherein 115 dermatoses were dividedinto 14 classifications. Plenck proposed a system of classifi-cation based on clinical morphology, breaking from previousclassifications based on the affected anatomical location(Grzybowski et al. 2015; Grzybowski and Parish 2011;

Crissey et al. 2002). These included: maculae, pustulae,vesiculae, bullae, papulae, crustae, squamae, excrescentiaecutaneae, cutaneous ulcer, cutaneous insect, cutaneousvulnera, morbi unguium, and morbi filorum.

2.2.6 Robert WillanRobert Willan (1757–1812) (Fig. 13) graduated from theUniversity of Edinburgh in 1780. Willan’s interest in derma-tology was piqued during his time working in general med-icine at the Public Dispensary in London. He developed asystem of classification for cutaneous lesions that was ini-tially based upon seven orders, which were then subdividedinto genera, species, and varieties. After receiving somecriticism from his peers, Willan separated papules and bullaeinto separate orders for a total of eight. This classificationsystem was based on the system developed by Plenck. Willanpublished these orders in three different volumes, which werethen condensed into his treatise. He was known for “On

Fig. 5 Portrait of Gerolamo Mercuriale (1530–1606) Fig. 6 Girolamo Fracastoro (1478–1553) was an Italian physician bornin Verona, Republic of Venice, who coined the word syphilis in an epicpoem titled “Syphilis, sive morbus gallicus”

History of Dermatology, Dermatopathology, Dermatologic Surgery, Cosmetic Dermatology, and Pediatric. . . 5

Cutaneous Diseases,” a collection of illustrations anddescriptions of the papule, exanthemata, bullae, and squa-mae. Willan authored the first-ever atlas of dermatologicdiseases. Willan died before he could publish the secondvolume which would have included pustulae, vesiculae,tuberculae, and maculae. Willan coined the illness lepragraecorum and as a result, psoriasis was referred to as“Willan’s Leprosy” for many subsequent years (Fig. 14)(Holubar 2004).

2.2.7 Jean Louis AlibertJean Louis Alibert (1766–1837) (Figs. 15 and 16), a Frenchdermatologist, received his medical degree from the Univer-sity of Paris and was appointed to oversee l’Hopital Saint-Louis in Paris. Alibert’s philosophy of treating cutaneousconditions involved assessing for accompanying systemicsymptoms in addition to the physical manifestations, whichrepresented a novel concept at the time. This frameworkreinforced dermatology as a part of internal medicine. He is

Fig. 7 “De Morbis Cutaneis etOmnibus Corporis HumaniExcrementis Tractaus” byGerolamo Mercuriale in 1572

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credited with coining the terms keloid, syphilid, dermatosis,and dermatolysis. He also was the first to describe the condi-tions of keloids, mycosis fungoides, and Aleppo sores.Although mycosis fungoides was initially described by hispredecessor Lorry, Alibert realized that these were actuallycutaneous tumors which were not caused by fungi. Alibertpostulated that this illness was contagious and transmittedfrom the African population who were predisposed to it. Heproposed the use of mercury, sudorific plants, antiscorbuticdrugs, and purgatives as treatment options (Fig. 17)(Karamanou et al. 2014).

Aside from being known for his teachings and discoveries,Alibert was also known for “Description des Maladies de laPeau” (Figs. 18, 19, 20, and 21), the first French dermatologictext with illustrations. Alibert developed a novel methodol-ogy based on the botanical concepts of Antoine and Bernardde Jussieu in which dermatologic conditions were classifiedby physiognomy and then subdivided into families, genera,and species. Analogizing to a description of a tree, he likenedthe skin to the tree trunk and the 12 groups of dermatologicdiseases to 12 branches. These branches then had twigswhich represented the subgroups, classes, or genera (Jackson1977).

2.2.8 Luca StulliLuca Stulli (1772–1828) (Fig. 22), from the Republic ofRagusa, which geographically is in current-day southernCroatia, studied medicine in Italy. He was interested in con-genital skin disorders and wrote an article about the Mijetdisease in 1826 in the medical journal “Antologia” thatdetailed the skin lesions on the Dalmation island of Meleda(Mijet) (Fatović-Ferencić and Holubar 2001). Mijet disease isnow known as Mal de Meleda or keratosis palmoplantaris.

2.2.9 Thomas BatemanThomas Bateman (1778–1821) earned his MD from Edin-burgh Medical School. Bateman became a student of RobertWillan and was elected to be a physician at the Dispensaryand the Fever Institution; he was later admitted to the RoyalCollege of Physicians. During his time at the Dispensary,Bateman worked closely with Willan. Bateman’s work, “APractical Synopsis on Cutaneous Diseases According to theArrangement of Dr. Willan” (Fig. 23), supplemented thework of Robert Willan which had been left incompleteupon his untimely death in 1812. Willan and Bateman pro-vided illustrations for each disease. Their goal was to dem-onstrate that although lesions evolve at different stages, theyremain in the same species and genera. This work was

Fig. 8 De Morbis Cutaneis(Treatise on Diseases Incident tothe Skin) by Daniel Turner(1667–1741) written in 1714. Hewas also the first MD granted byan American University by YaleCollege in 1723. (Source: http://doc1.med.yale.edu/historical/bicentennial/1810/)

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translated into Italian, German, and French. In 1817,Bateman authored “Delineations of Cutaneous Diseases”(Fig. 24) (Levell 2000). Bateman has been credited with thedescriptions of several illnesses including alopecia areata,ecthyma, molluscum contagiosum, and eczema (Fig. 25)(Leach and Beckwith 1999; Pusey 1933; Champion 1992).

2.2.10 Pierre-Louis-Alphee CazenavePierre-Louis-Alphee Cazenave (1795–1877) (Fig. 26), aFrench dermatologist, initially started as a student of

Laurent-Théodore Biett at l’Hopital Saint-Louis, as well asJean Louis Alibert. Biett was also a student of ThomasBateman and used previous methods of disease classification.Cazenave published “Abrege Pratique des Maladies de laPeau” based on Biett’s work in collaboration with HenriEdouard Schedel. This treatise became one of the most influ-ential works in the United States, England, and France.Cazenave is credited with the creation of the term “LupusErythematosus” (Wallace and Lyon 1999). Cazenavefounded and was the editor of “Annales des Maladies de laPeau et de la Syphilis” (Fig. 27), the first scientific journaldevoted solely to dermatology. In this journal, he publishedthe first significant explanations of lupus as well as pemphi-gus foliaceus. He was also the co-publisher of “JournalHedomadaire de Medicine” (Wallace and Lyon 1999; Wal-lach and Charansonnet 1994).

Fig. 9 Anne-Charles Lorry (1726–1783), the “Father of French derma-tology,” was well-known for the book entitled “Essai sur l’Usage desAlimens, pour servir de Commentaire aux livres diettiquesd’Hippocrate” in 1757

Fig. 10 Tractatus De Morbis Cutaneis written by Anne Charles Lorryin 1777, who is considered the “Father of French dermatology”

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2.2.11 Camille GibertCamille Gibert (1797–1866) (Fig. 28), a French dermatolo-gist, studied in Paris as an intern to Laurent Theodore Biett.He was a physician with the l’Hopital Saint-Louis in 1831and then at Hopital Lourcine in 1836. He returned as head ofthe Dermatology Department in 1840 after the retirement ofManry and Alibert (Gibert 1860). He published “Traité Pra-tique des Maladies Spéciales de la Peau” (Fig. 29) in 1840, inwhich he followed the morphologic classification system ofRobert Willan. He developed Gibert’s syrup, a combinationof potassium iodide and red mercuric iodide for treatingsexually transmitted infections (Beeson 1934). One ofGibert’s most notable contributions was his description ofpityriasis rosea (Crissey et al. 2002). Gibert was also remem-bered for controversial experiments which demonstrated thecontagious nature of secondary syphilis (Gibert 1860).

2.2.12 Vittorio MibelliVittorio Mibelli (1860–1910) (Fig. 30), from the island ofElba, was an Italian dermatologist whose name is associatedwith two skin diseases. He trained to be an academic physi-cian in Italy, studied with Paul Gerson Unna at his clinic inHamburg, and later settled into the role of Chair of Derma-tology and Dean of the Medical Faculty at Parma University.Two diseases are named after Mibelli – he first describedangiokeratoma of Mibelli in 1889 and porokeratosis of

Fig. 11 Joseph Plenck (1738–1807) (From Crissey and Parish 1981)

Fig. 12 “Doctrina de Morbis Cutaneis” by Josef von Plenck

Fig. 13 Robert Willan (1757–1812) was born in Yorkshire. He becamethe physician at the Public Dispensary in Cary Street in London whereWillan first classified cutaneous diseases based on morphology and thenpublished his book On Cutaneous Diseases in 1808. In this manner, hewas seen as first modern dermatologist (Shelley and Crissey 2003)

History of Dermatology, Dermatopathology, Dermatologic Surgery, Cosmetic Dermatology, and Pediatric. . . 9

Mibelli in 1893 in the “Giornale Italiano di Dermatologia eVenereologia” (Italian Journal of Dermatology and SexuallyTransmitted Diseases) (Allegra 1986; Bagherani et al. 2015).

3 History of Dermatopathology

3.1 Early Depictions of Dermatopathology

The term “Dermatopathology” was coined in 1792 by HenrySeguin Jackson (Fig. 31). Jackson attempted to classify skindiseases using the principles of pathology. Many develop-ments in dermatopathology occurred in Europe (Holubar1998). These significant European contributions todermatopathology required physicians to travel to Europe,even into the early part of the twentieth century. TheEuropean texts were translated and brought into the UnitedStates (Beerman 1979).

The ability to study specimens on a microscopic level wasattributed to Zacharias Janssen’s development of the micro-scope around 1595 (Bernhardt 2013). This Dutch spectacle-maker created the first compound microscope using threedraw tubes with lenses which could magnify up to ten times(Fig. 32).

Some early prominent dermatopathologists in the UnitedStates included Piffard, Pollitzer, White, Fordyce, Highman,Statenstein, Wilbert Sachs, Hartzell, Weidman, Montgomery,Becker, and Ash (Beerman 1979).

3.2 Impressive Figures in Dermatopathology

3.2.1 Gustav SimonGustav Simon (1810–1857), a German dermatologist, wrotethe first textbook in dermatopathology in 1848 (Holubar1998) (Fig. 33). He also discovered the demodex mite in1842.

Fig. 14 Psoriasis diffusa as a form of psoriasis with coalescence oflesions into patches. Psoriasis diffusa particular to Washer Women,caused likely by irritant contact dermatitis from soaps. (Illustrationtaken from Robert Willan’s book, On Cutaneous Diseases, in 1808contained medical illustrations)

Fig. 15 Jean-Louis-Marc Alibert (1768–1837), French dermatologist

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3.2.2 Felix von BarensprungFelix von Barensprung (1822–1864) was born in Berlin andlinked herpes zoster with the dorsal root ganglion. He alsowrote a textbook, studied tinea cruris, which is sometimesreferred to as “Barensprung’s disease,” and began working onan atlas that was completed by Hebra (Figs. 34, 35, 36, 37,and 38) (Beerman 1979).

3.2.3 Paul Gerson UnnaPaul Gerson Unna (1850–1929) (Fig. 39), the “Father ofGerman Dermatopathology,” wrote a foundational textbookin 1894 (Figs. 40, 41, and 42) (Holubar 1998). He was bornin Hamburg, began a clinic in 1881 focusing on dermatology,and published over 600 articles (Shelley and Crissey 2003).

3.2.4 Jean DarierJean Darier (1856–1938) (Fig. 43) directed the clinical ser-vice at the l’Hopital Saint-Louis until his death and preferredto analyze skin lesions under the microscope (Shelley andCrissey 2003). He is considered the “Father of ModernDermatopathology” in France (Holubar 1998).

3.2.5 JMH MacleodJMH Macleod, the “Father of British Dermatology,” wrote ahandbook on the pathology of the skin that was published in1903 (Fig. 44) (Holubar 1998). Early dermatopathology drewmuch from the general pathology works of Rokitansky andVirchow in the late 1800s (Beerman 1979).

3.2.6 Herman BeermanHerman Beerman (Fig. 45), the Americandermatopathologist recounted that, while training in 1928,he studied dermatology using Norman Walker’s English ver-sion of Unna’s “Histopathology of the Skin,” and McCleod’s“Handbook and Pathology of the Skin,” and a series ofarticles in the “Journal of Cutaneous Diseases” by WalterHighman (Beerman 1979).

Fig. 16 Jean-Louis Alibert (1768–1837), French dermatologist

Fig. 17 Title page of “Syphilis, sive morbus gallicus,” written byGirolamo Fracastoro (1478–1553), a Italian physician, who coined theterm syphilis in this work

History of Dermatology, Dermatopathology, Dermatologic Surgery, Cosmetic Dermatology, and Pediatric. . . 11

3.2.7 Walter LeverAmerican dermatopathology can be marked by WalterLever’s publication of a textbook in 1949 (Holubar 1998).

3.2.8 Oscar GansOscar Gans taught lectures at the Mayo Clinic in 1926 andspread the knowledge of German dermatology throughoutthe United States (Bhawan 2006).

3.2.9 Frederick WeidmanFrederick Weidman ran a prominent dermatopathology ser-vice at the University of Pennsylvania and promoted researchin dermatopathology (Beerman 1979).

3.2.10 Bernard AckermanBernard Ackerman wrote the “Histologic Diagnosis ofInflammatory Skin Diseases” in 1978 and then founded the

“International Society of Dermatopathology” in 1979(Bhawan 2006).

3.3 Dermatopathology Training Programs

Dermatopathology training in the United States began in1950 with the Osborne Fellowship at the Armed ForcesInstitute of Pathology. In 1973, the American Society ofDermatopathology created a certifying board examinationfor dermatopathology (Freeman 1984). The first test forboard certification was taken by 205 physicians – 116 derma-tologists and 89 pathologists; today, less than half ofdermatopathology trainees have a background in dermatol-ogy. Formal training programs for dermatopathology wereestablished in 1982 (Bhawan 2006).

Fig. 18 “Teigne Granulée” (Tinea granulate), from “Description desMaladies de la Peau,” by Jean Louis Alibert (1766–1837)

Fig. 19 Illustration from Description des maladies de la peau by Jean-Louis-Marc Alibert (1768–1837)

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3.4 First Dermatopathology Societies

In 1928, there were no regional or national meetings fordermatopathology, only local dermatologic societies and thedermatology sections of “State Medical Societies” and of the“American Medical Association” (Beerman 1979). The“American Society of Dermatopathology” (ASD) held itsfirst meeting with the American Academy of Dermatology’sannual meeting in 1963 (Fig. 46), and, by 1991, grew into atwo-and-a-half day independent meeting with multiple con-current sessions and poster exhibits. The program grew froma triple-spaced sheet to a 166-page color booklet, whilemembership grew from less than 100 in 1962 to over 1000in 2004 (Bhawan 2006).

3.5 First Dermatopathology Journals

• “Journal of Cutaneous Pathology” founded in 1974 andadopted as the official journal of the ASD in 1984.

• “American Journal of Dermatopathology” founded in1979 by the International Society of Dermatology.

3.6 Phenomenal Developmentsin Dermatopathology

• After the classification of malignant melanoma and histo-logic findings (McGovern et al. 1973), Alexander Breslowin 1970 published a paper that correlated the depth oftumor invasion to worsening prognosis for cutaneous mel-anoma (Breslow 1970).

• Bullous pemphigoid was described in depth by WalterLever in 1953 and had been mentioned by Hebra andBroc (Lever and Talbott 1942)

• Schiltz and Michel showed that IgG from patients withpemphigus vulgaris or pemphigus foliaceous producedepidermal acantholysis in vitro (Schiltz and Michel 1976).

4 History of Dermatologic Surgery

4.1 Early Depictions of Dermatologic Surgery

Wound management began at the dawn of humankind, asexposure to nature necessarily led to cuts and abrasionsresulting in superficial bleeding. This would likely havebeen controlled with pressure and dressings taken from plantsand trees. The advent of fire would have led to burn injuriesas well as the use of heat as a tool for cautery. In the Middleand Upper Paleolithic eras, knives, saws, axes, scrapers, andother tools were created from large stone; by the MiddlePaleolithic, the appearance of the Homo sapiens led to theuse of flint, sea shells, and thorns to incise and drain pustulesand abscesses. These new technological advancements allo-wed for procedures such as trephination, where circular disksof bone were removed from the skull (Marmelzat 1987).

Around 30,000 BCE, early modern humans’ era began tosew garments with needles fashioned from bone. Havingeyes for thread, it is likely that these needles could havebeen used to suture human skin (Marmelzat 1987). In3500 BCE, hieroglyphics of leg ulcers and leprosy weredepicted in the ancient Egyptian empire (El-Domyati andAttia 2015). The Code of Hammurabi of 1754 BCE(Fig. 47), named after the sixth king of the First BabylonianDynasty, contained 282 laws, some of which described

Fig. 20 Pian Fungoide, from the “Description des Maladies de laPeau,” by Jean Louis Alibert (1766–1837)

History of Dermatology, Dermatopathology, Dermatologic Surgery, Cosmetic Dermatology, and Pediatric. . . 13

regulations concerning surgery. The writing referenced theuse of bronze scalpels in surgery, set appropriate surgeonwages, and detailed the penalties for poor outcomes in surgi-cal operations (Marmelzat 1987). The Smith Papyrus from1700 BCE was a copy of an ancient manuscript and reported48 cases of clinical surgery (Fig. 48).

4.2 History of Mohs Micrographic Surgery

Micrographic surgery has a particularly rich history in der-matology, likely as a function of dermatologists’ training inboth surgical technique and pathology. In 1941, FredericMohs first described the technique, where the surgeon(Mohs was not a dermatologist) served both as pathologistand surgeon. Unlike the fresh frozen technique used today,Mohs used zinc chloride paste which was allowed to hardenfor 24 h (Mohs 1941).

Fig. 21 Teigne Faveuse (Tinea favosa) from “Description des Maladies de la Peau,” by Jean Louis Alibert (1766–1837)

Fig. 22 Luca Stulli (1772–1828)

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Tromovitch and Stegman adapted Mohs surgery to use thefresh tissue technique without the zinc chloride fixation whilemaintaining similar surgical outcomes (Tromovitch andStegeman 1974). Mohs micrographic surgery was found tobe highly effective (Leibovitch et al. 2005; Rowe et al. 1989).With improved clinical outcomes, minimized loss of healthytissue, ability to use outpatient procedure rooms, and a lowrate of complications (Bordeaux et al. 2011), the demand forMohs’ micrographic surgery grew exponentially (Hankeet al. 2013), which has fostered an increasing supply ofdermatologists who practice Mohs.

4.3 Impressive Figures in DermatologicSurgery

4.3.1 William Stewart HalstedWilliam Stewart Halsted (1852–1922), in the late nineteenthcentury, addressed issue handling and the use of sutures forcontrolling hemorrhage by ligating blood vessels (Figs. 49and 50) (Halsted 1913). Halsted discussed the role of sterilityand outcomes from various suture and needle types in closingwounds (Halsted 1913).

4.3.2 Edward KrullEdward Krull, for the first time, in 1967, added the surgerycourse for surgical procedures in dermatology (Hanke et al.2013).

4.3.3 Frederic MohsFrederic Mohs (1910–2002) (Fig. 51) developed the Mohs’micrographic surgery in 1941 (Mohs 1941). He founded the“American College of Chemosurgery” in 1967 (Hanke et al.2013).

4.3.4 Ervin EpsteinErvin Epstein published the first edition of “Skin Surgery” in1956. This book encompassed a wider breath of surgicaltechnique than was previously included in skin surgery(Hanke et al. 2013).

4.4 Dermatologic Surgery Training Programs

While procedures were conducted within dermatology prac-tices, the first surgery course for surgical procedures in der-matology did not occur until 1967 by Edward Krull at theAmerican Academy of Dermatology (AAD) annual meeting.That same year, Frederic Mohs, the developer of Mohs sur-gery, founded the “American College of Chemosurgery”(since renamed the American College of Mohs Surgery). Interms of training residents specifically for dermatologic sur-gery, the first postgraduate courses in dermabrasion andchemical peels began in New Orleans, LA, in the 1970sbefore being taught across the United States (Hanke et al.2013). Frederic Mohs held preceptorships in Madison, WI, inthe 1960s and 1970s; live surgery demonstrations occurred at“Northwestern University Medical Center” in 1983 (Hankeet al. 2013). Although many dermatologic surgery proceduresinitially belonged to the realm of general surgery and plastic

Fig. 23 Categorization of the diseases of the skin, from “A PracticalSynopsis of Cutaneous Diseases,” by Thomas Bateman, Robert Willan,and Anthony Todd Thomson, 1836

History of Dermatology, Dermatopathology, Dermatologic Surgery, Cosmetic Dermatology, and Pediatric. . . 15

surgery, dermatologic surgery began performing the majorityof cutaneous reconstruction procedures after dermatologistsincluding Stegman, Tromovitch, and Robins drove interest incutaneous reconstruction in the 1970s in the United States(Coleman et al. 2000).

Dermatologic surgeons have continued to refine tech-niques including dermabrasion, chemical peels, hair trans-plantation, Mohs micrographic surgery, and excisionalsurgery. Over time, the requirements for procedural experi-ence in dermatology residencies increased to include experi-ence in complex repairs, flaps, grafts, and Mohs surgery

(Hanke et al. 2013). Didactic training in areas of liposuction,scar revision, and dermabrasion became more widespreadas well.

Between 1990 and 1995, 28 new books were published indermatologic surgery. From 2007 to 2012, over 70 textbookswere published (Hanke et al. 2013), and modern comprehen-sive textbooks such as Robinson’s “Skin Surgery” andKantor’s “Dermatologic Surgery” now address the fullrange of dermatologic surgery procedures available.

Fig. 24 Title page ofDelineations of CutaneousDiseases by Thomas Bateman(1778–1821)

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4.5 First Dermatologic Surgery Societies

Various societies have formed to support and build a com-munity within dermatologic surgery, including the “Ameri-can College of Mohs Surgery,” the “American Society forDermatologic Surgery,” (Hanke et al. 2013) and the “Amer-ican Society for Mohs Surgery.” Perry Robins founded“International Society of Dermatologic Surgery” in 1976.

5 History of Cosmetic Dermatology

5.1 History of Botulinum Toxin

The first medical use of botulism in medicine occurred whenAlan Scott used botulism toxin to weaken extraocular mus-cles to correct strabismus (Scott 1980). The husband-and-wife team of Jean Carruthers and J. Alastair Carruthersdocumented the use of C. botulinum A exotoxin for18 patients with glabellar frown lines (Carruthers and

Carruthers 1992). Since then, botulinum toxin-A has beenshown to produce improvements a few days after treatmentwith a mean duration of more than 4 months for lateralperiorbital, nasal, jaw, and infraorbital lines (Lowe andLowe 2012; Coleman et al. 2000).

5.2 History of Fillers

Presented at the 51st annual meeting of the “American Acad-emy of Dermatology,” dermatologists D. Piacquadio andR. Goltz investigated the potential value of hylan b gel forsoft tissue augmentation on a guinea pig (Piacquadio et al.1997). The history of fillers included the use of autologous fatliquid paraffin and polytetrafluoroethylene (Kim and Sykes2011). The first FDA-approved injectable filler for cosmeticuse was bovine collagen in 1981. By 2013, Restylane wasapproved by the FDA as a synthetic selective bioactivematerial.

Fig. 25 Table of contents of “Abrégé pratique des maladies de la peau” Maladies de la peau, by Bateman in 1820

History of Dermatology, Dermatopathology, Dermatologic Surgery, Cosmetic Dermatology, and Pediatric. . . 17

5.3 History of Dermabrasion

The first dermabrasion to smooth scars was documented in1500 BC by Egyptian physicians who used sandpaper(El-Domyati and Attia 2015). The German physician ErnstKromeyer performed machine-powered abrasion with rotat-ing metal burrs in 1905, which resulted in much bleeding,pain, and poor outcomes (Kromayer 1905). The term derm-abrasion did not arise until 1954 when Saul Blau describedusing dermabrasion to improve the appearance of an acne pit(Blau and Rein 1954). Since then, various techniques werepursued including wire brush (Yarborough 1987), diamondfraise (Alt 1987), and the combination of dermatologic sur-gery with chemical peeling (Harris and Noodleman 1994)and tumescent anesthesia (Coleman and Klein 1992).

Dermabrasion continued to be an effective way for skinresurfacing (Hanke et al. 2013).

5.4 History of Peels

Peels studied for its histological effects in the 1980s byStegman, initially focused on trichloroacetic acid and phenolpeels. George Mackee reported on the use of phenol peelssince 1903 (Mackee and Karp 1952). Since then, there hasbeen a focus on medium and deep peels (Hanke et al. 2013).

6 Pediatric Dermatology

6.1 Early Depictions of PediatricDermatology

Although pediatric dermatology was not recognized as asubspecialty of dermatology until many centuries later, inthe tenth century, Rhazes wrote a treatise on the diseases ofchildren which mentioned cutaneous lesions. He wrote thefirst graphic work on smallpox which distinguished betweenmeasles and small pox (Hashempur et al. 2017). OttoBrunfels described vesicular disease and newborn jaundicein his 1535 treatise on pediatric diseases (Radbill 1987).

Approximately 10–30% of pediatrician visits are made toaddress cutaneous lesions (Hurwitz 1988; Hayden 1985).Despite this, there was no field dedicated solely to pediatricdermatology until the later portion of the twentieth century.Since the establishment of this field, there have been signif-icant advancements in pediatric dermatologic disorders, par-ticularly regarding keratinizing and mechanobullousgenodermatoses (Weston 2000).

6.2 Impressive Figures in PediatricDermatology

6.2.1 Walter C. DendyWalter C. Dendy, Surgeon to the Royal Dispensary for Chil-dren, published the first publication devoted solely to pediat-ric dermatology in 1872 in London which was titled

Fig. 26 Pierre Louis Alphée Cazenave (1795–1877), Frenchdermatologist

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Fig. 27 “Annales des Maladiesde la Peau et de la Syphilis” byPierre-Louis-Alphee Cazenave(1795–1877). (Source: Googlebooks screenshot. https://books.google.com/books?id=zG5CHs8ZPPYC&pg=PA51&dq=Annales+des+Maladies+de+la+Peau+et+de+la+Syphilis&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwid3PPP25vUAhWM5SYKHZY2B_AQ6AEIJzAA#v=onepage&q&f=false)

History of Dermatology, Dermatopathology, Dermatologic Surgery, Cosmetic Dermatology, and Pediatric. . . 19

“Cutaneous Diseases Incidental to Childhood” (Harper2011).

6.2.2 Henry Harris PerlmanHenry Harris Perlman was a pioneer in early academic pedi-atric dermatology. He was trained in dermatology, pediatrics,and pharmacy. He established the first pediatric dermatologyseminar at the Skin and Cancer Hospital at the University ofPennsylvania in 1948 (Kahn 1985).

6.3 Pediatric Dermatology TrainingPrograms

The first pediatric dermatology seminar was organized byHenry Harris Perlman at the University of Pennsylvania in1948 (Kahn 1985). Ramon Ruiz Maldonado and LourdesTamayo established a novel program in Mexico whichtrained pediatricians and dermatologists. Pediatricians couldchoose to receive 3 years of training in dermatology, ordermatologists could complete 1 additional year of trainingin pediatrics to become specialists in pediatric dermatology.The first international congress of pediatric dermatology washeld in Mexico City, Mexico, at the Hospital del Nino IMANin October 1973. The “International Society of PediatricDermatology” was founded because of this meeting(Prindaville et al. 2015).

6.4 First Pediatric Dermatology Conferences

In 1975, Alvin Jacobs, one of the attendees at the interna-tional congress, invited 45 physicians to congregate with theintention of creating a society for pediatric dermatology inthe United States. In 1975, 27 dermatologists and pediatri-cians established the “Society of Pediatric Dermatology” inthe United States. The “Society of Pediatric Dermatology” inthe United States was founded by Alvin Jacobs, SamuelWeinberg, Nancy Esterly, Sidney Hurwitz, William Weston,and Coleman Jacobson. William Weston hosted the firstannual meeting of the Society in Aspen, Colorado, in January1976. During the annual meeting in 1982, “Pediatric Derma-tology” was established as the official publication of theSociety (Weston 2000).

Fig. 28 Camille Gibert (1797–1866). (Source: http://www.biusante.parisdescartes.fr/histoire/images/?mod=s&refbiogr=6775)

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Fig. 29 Title page of “MaladiesSpéciales de la Peau” by CamilleGibert (1797–1866). (Source:https://archive.org/details/b28749698)

History of Dermatology, Dermatopathology, Dermatologic Surgery, Cosmetic Dermatology, and Pediatric. . . 21

6.5 First Pediatric Dermatology Societies

• “Japanese Society of Pediatric Dermatology” foundedin 1977.

• “International Society of Pediatric Dermatology” and“Society of Pediatric Dermatology” founded in 1979.

• “European Society for Pediatric Dermatology,” founded4 June 1983, during the “XVIIe Congrès de l’Associationdes Dermatologistes et Syphiligraphes de LangueFrançaise” (Secretariat 2016).

• “Pediatric Dermatology Society of Thailand” foundedin 1994.

• “Indian Society for Pediatric Dermatology” founded in1996.

Fig. 30 Vittorio Mibelli (1860–1910), Italian dermatologist. (Source:http://www.odermatol.com/issue-in-html/2013-3-2s-eponymsit/)

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Fig. 31 Title page of“Dermatopathologia” by SeguinHenry Jackson, 1792

History of Dermatology, Dermatopathology, Dermatologic Surgery, Cosmetic Dermatology, and Pediatric. . . 23

Fig. 33 Gustav Simon (1810–1857) wrote one of the first textbooks in dermatopathology – Die Hautkrankheiten durch anatomische Untersuchungenerläutert – a 432-page collection, on 1 April 1848. The title page (left) and some drawings towards the end of the book (right)

Fig. 32 Early microscope, with three draw tubes and lenses, whichcould magnify a specimen by ten times

24 A. F. Shih et al.

Fig. 34 Lithograph of Ferdinand Hebra (1816–1880), an Austriandermatologist, who founded the New Vienna School of Dermatologyand wrote the Atlas der Hautkrankeiten (Atlas of Skin Diseases)

Fig. 35 Woman with advanced lupus vulgaris. (Illustration fromFerdinand von Hebra’s Atlas of skin diseases (1856))

History of Dermatology, Dermatopathology, Dermatologic Surgery, Cosmetic Dermatology, and Pediatric. . . 25

Fig. 37 Woman with a bronze tan, from Atlas der Hautkrankeiten(Atlas of Skin Diseases) by Ferdinand Hebra (1816–1880), caused bysilver-containing medications. (Source: https://www.flickr.com/photos/nlmhmd/8616768696/. Hebra’s Atlas, pt. 8, pl. 7)

Fig. 36 Man with psoriasis. (Illustration from Ferdinand von Hebra’sAtlas of skin diseases (1856))

Fig. 39 Paul Gerson Unna (1850–1929) wrote one of the foundationaltextbooks in dermatology and is widely seen as the “Father of Germandermatopathology”

Fig. 38 Bald man with herpes zoster (shingles) on the face and scalp,lithograph from Atlas der Hautkrankeiten (Atlas of Skin Diseases) byFerdinand Hebra (1816–1880), pt. 6, pl. 7. https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Man_with_herpes_zoster_(8616770408).jpg

26 A. F. Shih et al.

Fig. 41 Color plates from Histopathology of the Skin by Paul GersonUnna (1850–1929), the “Father of German dermatopathology,” writtenin 1894, with drawings of plasma cells and elacin, which Unna pre-sented as a type of collagen that could be either basophilic or acido-philic. (Source: https://play.google.com/books/reader?id=dEZsnT5vXbEC&printsec=frontcover&output=reader&hl=en&pg=GBS.PP10)

Fig. 40 In-text illustration of a lymphangioma under a microscope,from the translated English text of Histopathology of the Skin by PaulGerson Unna (1850–1929), written in 1894, translated by NormanWalker of Edinburgh. (Source: https://play.google.com/books/reader?id=dEZsnT5vXbEC&printsec=frontcover&output=reader&hl=en&pg=GBS.PP10, p. 931)

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Fig. 42 Color plates from Histopathology of the Skin by Paul GersonUnna (1850–1929), the “Father of German dermatopathology,” writtenin 1894, with drawings of plasma cells and elacin, which Unna pre-sented as a type of collagen that could be either basophilic or acido-philic. Top left, ballooning degeneration of the epithelia in varicella. Top

right, Ballooning degeneration of the epithelia in zoster. Bottom left,ballooning degeneration of the epithelia in varicella. Bottom right,reticulating degeneration of the epithelia in variola. (Source: https://play.google.com/books/reader?id=dEZsnT5vXbEC&printsec=frontcover&output=reader&hl=en&pg=GBS.PP10)

28 A. F. Shih et al.

Fig. 45 Dr. Herman Beerman (1901–1995) was a dermatopathologistwho worked in the treatment syphilis and anthralinin in psoriasis. Hespent his career at the University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine.(Source: reproduced from Beerman (1979))

Fig. 44 Title page of “Practical Handbook of the Pathology of theSkin” by John MacLeod and Hendrie MacLeod, 1903

Fig. 43 Ferdinand-Jean Darier (1856–1938), “Father of modern der-matology in France.” (By Unknown – http://www.odermatol.com/issue-in-html/2013-4-32-eponymssign/, Public Domain, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=37472412)

History of Dermatology, Dermatopathology, Dermatologic Surgery, Cosmetic Dermatology, and Pediatric. . . 29

Fig. 46 Meeting program of thefirst annual meeting of theAmerican Society ofDermatopathology in 1963.(Reproduced from Freeman(1984))

30 A. F. Shih et al.

Fig. 47 The Code of Hammurabi(~1700 BC) provides legalguidelines surgery. One Codespecified that: “If a surgeonperforms a major operation on anobleman with a lancet andcaused the death of this man, theyshall cut off his hands”

Fig. 48 The Edwin Smith Papyrus from Egypt circa 1700 BC documents 48 cases of clinical surgery in a scientific manner, as one of the fourmedical papyri that survives today

History of Dermatology, Dermatopathology, Dermatologic Surgery, Cosmetic Dermatology, and Pediatric. . . 31

Fig. 49 Publication titled“Ligature and suture material” byWilliam Halsted (1852–1922), anAmerican surgeon in 1913 whodetailed wound healing and tissueclosure

32 A. F. Shih et al.

Fig. 50 A depiction of the epithelial stitch by William Halsted(1852–1922), an American surgeon, in a 1913 publication titled “Liga-ture and suture material”

Fig. 51 Frederic Mohs (1910–2002) was the founder of Mohs surgeryand first described Mohs surgery in 1941. He is shown receiving the Lilaand Murray Gruber Memorial Cancer Research Award and Lectureshipat the American Academic of Dermatology in 1977. (Source: AmericanCollege of Mohs Surgery, http://www.mohscollege.org/about-mohs-surgery/history-of-mohs-surgery. See more at: https://www.aad.org/members/awards/lila-and-murray-gruber-memorial-cancer-research-award-and-lectureship#undefined)

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