Concept, Historical Perspectives & ScopeOf Non-formal Education

Presented By: Sami Arif

)

Preston University Islamabad

Introduction Education Education is a process of learning positive

habits , knowledge , skill etc , under the guidance of teacher.

Formal

Non formal education

Informal Non formal education is a kind (medium of

instruction)of education, in which a student studies by correspondence ,sitting at home or out of school .

Definition Ahmed and Coombs (1974),

Any organised, systematic, educational activity carried on out side the frame work of the formal system to provide selected types of learning to particular sub-group in the population, adults as well as children.

Definition (cont...)

This term covers education & training in which tutor & learner are not in the same place. Correspondence courses are the most vivid example & it is possible to obtain a very wide range of skills & qualification in this way. ( ILMI education dictionary )

According to Dodd's (1978)

…..this method/system provides education/courses by correspondence, broadcasting and occasional face-to-face learning.

Concept

Education that happens outside of the context of a formally structured educational institution and that may address the teaching of knowledge or skills other than those typically concentrated in educational institution.this education helps a lot in achieving the goals of formal education

Concept (cont.…)

Non-formal education takes into account the out-of-school education for adult through oral written & audio-visual methods of imparting knowledge, skill/value and activity like literacy, vocational training, civic, economic and cultural education for overall development of the individual and community.

Terminology Non-formal Indigenous educationOpen learningCorrespondence educationDistance educationCommunity educationOut-of-school Adult educationLife long education Continuing education

Scope /Need

Rural population.Women ,both rural and urban.School drop out and out of school

youth.Unemployed, under-employed,

under privileged youth and adults to upgrade their existing qualifications,

The handicapped.

In the eye of historyEarly era Non-formal education has a long history over

a 100 years . How ever in its non-organized form non-formal education has been traced back to the beginning of written records .

During Biblical period epistles of Plato were used for the instruction of early Christian congregations. (Erdos1967,sewart 1981 ,holmberg1986)

18th CenturyAccording to Holmberg , mention of what

could be termed as non-formal education , was made in the Boston Gazette(U.S.A ) of 20th march 1728 when Caleb Philips, a teacher of New Method shorthand advertised that people who wanted to learn this art could have their lessons sent weekly to them and … be as perfectly instructed as those that live in Boston” (Battenberg, p.44, quoted by Holmberg 1986,p.6).

Early 19th Century

Open universities & institutes opened in Sweden ,West Germany ,U.S.A &U.K where correspondence courses were offered. The university of London was first to award degree in non formal education.

1833 non-formal education started in Sweden.

Mid 19th Century 1850 In England Isaac Pitman started shorthand

on post cards .1856 Germany, Frenchman Charles Toussaint &

German Gustay Langenscheidt started teaching language in Berlin.

1870 Hans Hermod opened a school in Malmo.1880 Isaac Pitman College.1894 Joseph.W.knipe published “The

schoolmaster.” 1873-1897 In U.S.A Anna Eliot Tichnor founded

& run Boston Society.

20th Century 1910 W.A.Grundy programmed course of health

training in Australia.1920 Soviet union used non-formal education

to expend there educated manpower.1929 non-formal education became a significant

component of soviet education system as a solution to shortage of teachers & institutions . Even today Russian students do part of their degree at a distance & part full-time.

Radio Era Child education1925 radio introduced in school education.1939 10,000 schools had radio in Britain. Adult education1930 several thousand listening groups were

formed in Britain.1937 radio came in for adult education in New

Zealand.

3rd Component 1960’S Linkage of 3rd component

,face-to-face tuition with Broadcasting and correspondence.

Off campuses studies started from first world war.

1940-1950 In Asia and Latin America.

1960 non-formal education as a solution for educational problems.

In Pakistan Non formal education started in sub –continent

in 1920`s.The first open university founded in 1974

named as People open university in Islamabad now known as Allama Iqbal Open University.

The second open university is Virtual University which founded in 2002.

Many Madaras are playing important role in providing nfe in Pakistan.

Conclusion To conclude we may state that non-

formal education has a history of one hundred years . Non-formal education is based on traditional education .Non-formal education is expending day by day, it is cost effective and now a need of under developing countries. It is a solution of third world countries low literacy rate.

ANY QUESTION

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