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History of science and technology

For hi storical accounts of the development of science and technology, see history of science and history of technology .

The history of Science and Technology (HST) is a field of history which examines how

humanity's understanding of the natural world (science) and ability to manipulate it

(technology) have changed over the centuries. This academic discipline also studies the

cultural, economic, and political impacts of scientific innovation.

Histories of science were originally written by practicing and retired scientists, starting

primarily with William Whewell, as a way to communicate the virtues of science to the

public. In the early 1930s, after a famous paper given by the Soviet historian Boris

Hessen, was focused into looking at the ways in which scientific practices were allied

with the needs and motivations of their context. After World War II, extensive resources

were put into teaching and researching the discipline, with the hopes that it would help

the public better understand both Science and Technology as they came to play an

exceedingly prominent role in the world. In the 1960s, especially in the wake of the work

done by Thomas Kuhn, the discipline began to serve a very different function, and began

to be used as a way to critically examine the scientific enterprise. At the present time it is

often closely aligned with the field of science studies.[citation needed ]

Modern engineering as it is understood today took form during the scientific revolution,

though much of the mathematics and science was built on the work of the Greeks,

Egyptians, Mesopotamians, Chinese, Indians.[citation needed ] See the main articles History of

science and History of technology for these respective topics.

Contents

1 Universities with HST programs

1.1 Argentina

1.2 Australia

1.3 Belgium

1.4 Canada

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1.5 France

1.6 Germany

1.7 Greece

1.8 India

1.9 Israel

1.10 Japan

1.11 Netherlands

1.12 Spain

1.13 Sweden

1.14 Switzerland

1.15 United Kingdom

1.16 United States

2 Prominent historians of the field

3 Journals and periodicals

4 See also5 Professional societies

6 References

7 Bibliography

8 External links

Argentina

Buenos Aires Institute of Technology, Argentina, has been offering courses on History

of the Technology and the Science.

National Technological University, Argentina, has a complete history program on its

offered careers.

Australia

Universities with HST programs

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The University of Sydney offers both undergraduate and postgraduate programmes in

the History and Philosophy of Science, run by the Unit for the History and Philosophy of

Science, within the Science Faculty. Undergraduate coursework can be completed as part

of either a Bachelor of Science or a Bachelor of Arts Degree. Undergraduate study can be

furthered by completing an additional Honours year. For postgraduate study, the Unit

offers both coursework and research based degrees. The two course-work basedpostgraduate degrees are the Graduate Certificate in Science (HPS) and the Graduate

Diploma in Science (HPS). The two research based postgraduate degrees are a Master of

Science (MSc) and Doctor of Philosophy (PhD).[1]

Belgium

University of Liège, has a Department called Centre d'histoire des Sciences et

Techniques.[2]

Canada

Carleton University Ottawa offer courses in Ancient Science and Technology in its

Technology, Society and Environment program

University of Toronto has a program in History and Philosophy of Science and

Technology.[3]

University of King's College in Halifax, Nova Scotia has a History of Science andTechnology Program.[4]

France

Nantes University has a dedicated Department called Centre François Viète .

Paris Diderot University (Paris 7) has a Department of History and Philosophy of

Science.

A CNRS research center in History and Philosophy of Science SPHERE , affiliated with

Paris Diderot University, has a dedicated history of technology section.

Pantheon-Sorbonne University (Paris 1) has a dedicated Institute of History and

Philosophy of Science and Technics .

The École Normale Supérieure de Paris has a history of science Department.

Germany

Technische Universität Berlin, has a program in the History of Science and

Technology.[5]

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Greece

The University of Athens has a Department of Philosophy and History of Science [1]

India

HST is a well developed field in India. At least three generations of scholars can be

identified. The first generation includes D.D.Kosambi, Dharmpal, Debiprasad

Chattopadhyay and Rahman. The second generation mainly consists of Ashis Nandy,

Deepak Kumar, Dhruv Raina, S. Irfan Habib, Shiv Visvanathan, Gyan Prakash, Stan

Lourdswamy, V.V. Krishna, Itty Abraham, Richard Grove, Kavita Philip, Mira Nanda and

Rob Anderson. There is an emergent third generation that includes scholars like Abha Sur

and Jahnavi Phalkey.[citation needed ]

Departments and Programmes

The National Institute of Science, Technolology and Development Studies had a research

group active in 1990s which consolidated social history of science as a field of research

in India. Currently there are several institutes and university departments offering HST

programmes.

Jawaharlal Nehru University has an Mphil-PhD program that offer specialisation in

Social History of Science. It is at the History of Science and Education group of the ZakirHusain Centre for Educational Studies (ZHCES) in the School of Social Sciences.

Renowned Indian science historians Deepak Kumar and Dhruv Raina teach here.

Central University of Gujarat has an MPhil-PhD programme in Studies in Science,

Technology & Innovation Policy at the Centre for Studies in Science, Technology &

Innovation Policy (CSSTIP) , where Social History of Science and Technology in India is

a major emphasis for research and teaching.

Banaras Hindu University has programs: one in History of Science and Technology at

the Faculty of Science and one in Historical and Comparative Studies of the Sciences and

the Humanities at the Faculty of Humanities.

Andhra University has now set History of Science and Technology as a compulsory

subject for all the First year B-Tech students.

Israel

Tel Aviv University. The Cohn Institute for the History and Philosophy of Science and

Ideas is a research and graduate teaching institute within the framework of the School of

History of Tel Aviv University.[6]

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Bar Ilan University has a Department for Science and Technology Studies. [7]

Japan

Kyoto University has a program in the Philosophy and History of Science. [8]

Tokyo Institute of Technology has a program in the History, Philosophy, and Social

Studies of Science and Technology.[9]

The University of Tokyo has a program in the History and Philosophy of Science. [9]

Netherlands

Utrecht University, has two co-operating programs: one in History and Philosophy of

Science at the Faculty of Natural Sciences and one in Historical and Comparative Studies

of the Sciences and the Humanities at the Faculty of Humanities. [10][11]

Spain

University of the Basque Country, offers a master's degree and PhD programme in

History and Philosophy of Science and runs since 1952 THEORIA. International Journal for

Theory, History and Foundations of Science.[12][13] The university also sponsors the Basque

Museum of the History of Medicine and Science, the only open museum of History of

Science of Spain, that in the past offered also PhD courses.

Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, offers a master's degree and PhD programme inHST together with the Universitat de Barcelona.[14]

Universitat de València, offers a master's degree and PhD programme in HST together

with the Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas.[15]

Sweden

Linköpings universitet, has a Science, Technology, and Society program which includes

HST.[16]

Switzerland

University of Bern, has an undergraduate and a graduate program in the History and

Philosophy of Science.[17]

United Kingdom

University College London's Department of Science and Technology Studies offersundergraduate programme in History and Philosophy of Science, including two BSc single

honour degrees (UCAS V550 and UCAS L391), plus both major and minor streams in

history, philosophy and social studies of science in UCL's Natural Sciences programme.

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The department also offers MSc degrees in History and Philosophy of Science and in the

study of contemporary Science, Technology, and Society. An MPhil/PhD research degree

is offered, too.[18] UCL also contains a Centre for the History of Medicine. [19] This operates

a small teaching programme in History of Medicine.

University of Oxford has a one-year graduate course in 'History of Science: Instruments,

Museums, Science, Technology' associated with the Museum of the History of Science.[20]

University of Leeds has both undergraduate and graduate programmes in History and

Philosophy of Science in the Department of Philosophy.[21]

University of Manchester offers undergraduate modules and postgraduate study in

History of Science, Technology and Medicine and is sponsored by the Wellcome Trust. [22]

University of Bristol has a masters and PhD program in the Philosophy and History of Science.[23]

University of Cambridge has an undergraduate course and a large masters and PhD

program in the History and Philosophy of Science (including the History of Medicine). [24]

University of Durham has several undergraduate History of Science modules in the

Philosophy department, as well as Masters and PhD programs in the discipline.[25]

London Centre for the History of Science, Medicine, and Technology - this Centre closesin 2013. It was formed in 1987 and ran a taught MSc programme, jointly taught by

University College London's Department of Science and Technology Studies and Imperial

College London. The Masters programme transferred to UCL.[26]

United States

Academic study of the History of Science as an independent discipline was launched by

George Sarton at Harvard with his book Introduction to the History of Science (1927) andthe Isis journal (founded in 1912). Sarton exemplified the early 20th century view of the

history of science as the history of great men and great ideas. He shared with many of his

contemporaries a Whiggish belief in history as a record of the advances and delays in the

march of progress. The History of Science was not a recognized subfield of American

history in this period, and most of the work was carried out by interested Scientists and

Physicians rather than professional Historians.[27] With the work of I. Bernard Cohen at

Harvard, the history of Science became an established subdiscipline of history after1945.[28]

Arizona State University's Center for Biology and Society offers several paths for MS or

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PhD students who are interested in issues surrounding the history and philosophy of the

science, particularly biological sciences. The strength of the Center has much to do with

the success of its director Jane Maienschein. With a concentration in Biology and Society

one can focus on History and Philosophy of Science, Bioscience Ethics, Policy and Law,

or Ecology, Economics, and Ethics of the Environment.[29]

Brown University has a program in Science and Technology Studies[30] and the Historyof Mathematics.[31] (This program is in the process of being phased out. There are no

longer any full-time faculty, and no new students are being admitted to the program.)

California Institute of Technology offers courses in the History and Philosophy of

Science to fulfill its core humanities requirements.

Case Western Reserve University has an undergraduate interdisciplinary program in the

History and Philosophy of Science[32]

and a graduate program in the History of Science,Technology, Environment, and Medicine (STEM).[33]

Cornell University offers a variety of courses within the Science and Technology

course. One notable course is called Science and Technology History, taught currently by

Professor Peter Dear, which centers upon the development of Science and Technology

History from the Newtonian era up to the Einsteinian revolution. This class is one of the

longest running classes at Cornell University and is offered by the College of Arts and

Sciences and caters to students who want to learn more about the development of modern science.[34]

Georgia Institute of Technology has an undergraduate and graduate program in the

History of Technology and Society.[35]

Harvard has a large undergraduate and graduate program in History of Science, and is

one of the largest departments currently in the world.[36]

Indiana University offers undergraduate courses and a masters and PhD program in theHistory and Philosophy of Science.[9]

Johns Hopkins University has an undergraduate and graduate program in the History of

Science, Medicine, and Technology.[37]

University of Kings College has a degree program in History of Science and Technology

Lehigh University offers an undergraduate level STS concentration (founded in 1972)

and a graduate program with emphasis on the History of Industrial America.[38]

Massachusetts Institute of Technology has a Science, Technology, and Society

program which includes HST.[39]

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Michigan State University offers an undergraduate major and minor in History,

Philosophy, and Sociology of Science through its Lyman Briggs College.[40]

New Jersey Institute of Technology has a Science, Technology, and Society program

which includes the History of Science and Technology[41]

Oregon State University offers a Masters and Ph.D. in History of Science through its

Department of History.[42]

Princeton University has a program in the History of Science. [43]

Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute has a Science and Technology Studies department

Rutgers has a graduate Program in History of Science, Technology, Environment, and

Health.[44]

Stanford has a History and Philosophy of Science and Technology program.[45]

Stevens Institute of Technology has an undergraduate and graduate program in the

History of Science.

University of California, Berkeley offers a graduate degree in HST through its History

program, and maintains a separate sub-department for the field.[46]

University of California, Los Angeles has a relatively large group History of Science and

Medicine faculty and graduate students within its History department, and also offers anundergraduate minor in the History of Science.[47]

University of California Santa Barbara has an interdisciplinary graduate program

emphasis in Technology & Society through the Center for Information Technology &

Society. The history department is affiliated with the emphasis.[48]

University of Florida has a Graduate Program in 'History of Science, Technology, and

Medicine' at the University of Florida provides undergraduate and graduate degrees.[49]

University of Minnesota has a Ph.D. program in History of Science, Technology, and

Medicine as well as undergraduate courses in these fields. The Minnesota model

"integrates" historians of science, technology, and medicine within the various science

departments they study, each holding a joint appointment.[50]

University of Oklahoma has an undergraduate minor and a graduate degree program in

History of Science.[51]

University of Pennsylvania has a program in History and Sociology of Science. [52]

University of Pittsburgh's Department of History and Philosophy of Science offers

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graduate and undergraduate courses.[53]

University of Puget Sound has a Science, Technology, and Society program, which

includes the history of Science and Technology.[54]

University of Wisconsin–Madison has one of the largest programs in History of

Science, Medicine and Technology, with particular strength in Medical History, History of

Biology, History of Science and Religion, and Environmental History. This program was

the first to exist as an independent academic department. It offers M.A. and Ph.D.

degrees as well as an undergraduate major.[55]

Wesleyan University has a Science in Society program.[56]

Yale University has a program in the History of Science and Medicine. [57]

See also the list of George Sarton medalists.

Wiebe Bijker

Peter J. Bowler

Janet Browne

James Burke

Edwin Arthur Burtt

Johann Beckmann

Jim Bennett

Herbert Butterfield (1900–1979)

Martin Campbell-Kelly

Georges Canguilhem (1904–1995)

Allan Chapman

I. Bernard Cohen (1914–2003)

A. C. Crombie (1915–1996)

E. J. Dijksterhuis

Pierre Duhem (1861–1916)

A. Hunter Dupree

Prominent historians of the field

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George Dyson

Jacques Ellul

Eugene S. Ferguson

Peter Galison

Sigfried Giedion

Charles Coulston Gillispie

Robert Gunther (1869–1940)

Paul Forman

Donna Haraway

Peter Harrison

Ahmad Y Hassan

John L. Heilbron

Boris Hessen

Reijer Hooykaas

David A. Hounshell

Thomas P. Hughes

Evelyn Fox Keller

Daniel Kevles

Alexandre Koyré (1892–1964)

Melvin Kranzberg

Thomas Kuhn

Deepak Kumar

Gilbert LaFreniere

Bruno Latour

David C. Lindberg

G. E. R. Lloyd

Jane Maienschein

https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jane_Maienscheinhttps://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/G._E._R._Lloydhttps://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_C._Lindberghttps://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bruno_Latourhttps://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gilbert_LaFrenierehttps://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepak_Kumarhttps://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Kuhnhttps://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melvin_Kranzberghttps://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexandre_Koyr%C3%A9https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daniel_Kevleshttps://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evelyn_Fox_Kellerhttps://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_P._Hugheshttps://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_A._Hounshellhttps://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reijer_Hooykaashttps://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boris_Hessenhttps://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_L._Heilbronhttps://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ahmad_Y_Hassanhttps://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Harrison_(historian)https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donna_Harawayhttps://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Formanhttps://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Guntherhttps://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Coulston_Gillispiehttps://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sigfried_Giedionhttps://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Galisonhttps://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eugene_S._Fergusonhttps://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacques_Ellulhttps://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Dyson_(science_historian)


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Anneliese Maier

Leo Marx

Lewis Mumford (1895–1990)

John E. Murdoch (1927-2010)

Otto Neugebauer (1899–1990)

William R. Newman

David Noble

Ronald Numbers

David Nye

Abraham Pais (1918–2000)

Trevor Pinch

Theodore Porter

Lawrence M. Principe

Raúl Rojas

Michael Ruse

A. I. Sabra

Jan Sapp

George Sarton (1884–1956)

Simon Schaffer

Steven Shapin

Wolfgang Schivelbusch

Charles Singer

Merritt Roe Smith

Stephen Snobelen

M. Norton Wise

Frances A. Yates (1899–1981)

Journals and periodicals

https://en.m.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=History_of_science_and_technology&action=edit&section=19https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frances_A._Yateshttps://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/M._Norton_Wisehttps://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stephen_Snobelenhttps://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Merritt_Roe_Smithhttps://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Singerhttps://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wolfgang_Schivelbuschhttps://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steven_Shapinhttps://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simon_Schafferhttps://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Sartonhttps://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jan_Sapphttps://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/A._I._Sabrahttps://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Rusehttps://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ra%C3%BAl_Rojashttps://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lawrence_M._Principehttps://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theodore_Porterhttps://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trevor_Pinchhttps://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abraham_Paishttps://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Nyehttps://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ronald_Numbershttps://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_F._Noblehttps://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_R._Newmanhttps://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Otto_Neugebauerhttps://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_E._Murdochhttps://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lewis_Mumfordhttps://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leo_Marxhttps://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anneliese_Maier


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Annals of Science

The British Journal for the History of Science

Centaurus

Dynamis

History and Technology (magazine)

History of Technology (book series)

Historical Studies in the Physical and Biological Sciences (HSPS)

Historical Studies in the Natural Sciences (HSNS)

ICON

IEEE Annals of the History of Computing

Isis

Journal of the History of Biology

Journal of the History of Medicine and Allied Sciences

Notes and Records of the Royal Society

Osiris

Science & Technology Studies

Science in Context

Science, Technology, & Human Values

Social History of Medicine'

Social Studies of Science

Technology and Culture

Transactions of the Newcomen Society

Historia Mathematica

Bulletin of the Scientific Instrument Society

Science and Technology in the United States

See also

https://en.m.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=History_of_science_and_technology&action=edit&section=20https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Science_and_technology_in_the_United_Stateshttps://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historia_Mathematicahttps://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transactions_of_the_Newcomen_Societyhttps://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Technology_and_Culturehttps://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Notes_and_Records_of_the_Royal_Societyhttps://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Journal_of_the_History_of_Medicine_and_Allied_Scienceshttps://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isis_(journal)https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/IEEE_Annals_of_the_History_of_Computinghttps://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historical_Studies_in_the_Natural_Scienceshttps://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historical_Studies_in_the_Physical_and_Biological_Scienceshttps://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Technology_(book_series)https://en.m.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=History_and_Technology_(magazine)&action=edit&redlink=1https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Centaurus_(journal)https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_British_Journal_for_the_History_of_Sciencehttps://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Annals_of_Science


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Technological and Industrial History of the United States

Science and Technology in Argentina

Science and Technology in Canada

Productivity Improving Technologies (Historical)

The British Society for the History of Science (BSHS)

History of Science Society (HSS)

Newcomen Society [2]

Society for the History of Technology (SHOT)

Society for the Social Studies of Science (4S)

Scientific Instrument Society [3]

1. ^ The University of Sydney. "History and Philosophy of Science" . Retrieved

December 3, 2009.2. ^ Université de Liège. "CHST" . Retrieved January 3, 2010.

3. ^ University of Toronto. "History and Philosophy of Science and Technology" .

Retrieved July 30, 2006.

4. ^ University of King's College. "History of Science & Technology" . Archived from the

original on April 30, 2006. Retrieved July 30, 2006.

5. ^ Berlin Technical University. "Philosophy, Theory of Science, and History of Scienceand Technology" . Archived from the original on July 19, 2006. Retrieved July 30, 2006.

6. ^ Tel Aviv University. "History and Philosophy of Science" . Retrieved December 4,

2009.

7. ^ Bar Ilan University. "History and Philosophy of Science" . Retrieved December 4,

2009.

8. ^ Kyoto University (November 20, 2010). "Philosophy and History of Science" .Retrieved September 16, 2013.

9. ^ a b c Tokyo Institute of Technology. "Department of History and Philosophy of

Professional societies

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Piñero" . Retrieved April 10, 2010.

16. ^ Linköping University. "Tema Teknik och social förändring" . Retrieved July 30, 2006.

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Medicine" . Retrieved July 30, 2006.

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21. ^ University of Leeds. "History & Philosophy of Science" . Retrieved July 30, 2006.

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27. ^ Nathan Reingold, "History of Science Today, 1. Uniformity as Hidden Diversity:

History of Science in the United States, 1920-1940," British Journal for the History of

Science 1986 19(3): 243-262

28. ^ Dauben, JW; Gleason, ML; Smith, GE (2009). "Seven decades of history of science: I.

Bernard Cohen (1914-2003), second editor of Isis". Isis; an international review devoted to

the history of science and its cultural influences 100 (1): 4–35. doi:10.1086/597575 .PMID 19554868 .

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October 11, 2011.

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on June 12, 2006. Retrieved July 30, 2006.

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July 30, 2006.

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Medicine" . Retrieved July 30, 2006.

34. ^ Cornell University. "Science and Technology Studies" . Retrieved May 16, 2006.

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36. ^ Harvard University. "Department of the History of Science" . Retrieved July 30,

2006.

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July 30, 2006.

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Society" . Retrieved July 30, 2006.

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Society" . Retrieved February 28, 2007.

42. ^ Oregon State University. "Graduate Programs" . Archived from the original on

http://-/?-http://-/?-http://-/?-http://-/?-http://-/?-http://-/?-http://-/?-http://-/?-http://-/?-http://-/?-http://-/?-http://-/?-http://-/?-http://-/?-http://-/?-http://-/?-http://oregonstate.edu/cla/history/grad/http://web.archive.org/web/20071022131754/http://oregonstate.edu/cla/history/grad/http://catalog.njit.edu/undergraduate/programs/sts.phphttp://www.lymanbriggs.msu.edu/current/hps.cfmhttp://web.mit.edu/sts/http://www.lehigh.edu/~insts/insts.htmlhttp://www.hopkinsmedicine.org/graduateprograms/history_of_science/http://www.fas.harvard.edu/~hsdept/http://www.hts.gatech.edu/http://www.cuinfo.cornell.edu/Academic/Courses/AS.phphttp://www.case.edu/artsci/hsty/graduate.html#stemhttp://www.case.edu/artsci/hpst/http://www.brown.edu/Departments/History_Mathematicshttp://web.archive.org/web/20060612213047/http://brown.edu/Departments/History_Mathematicshttp://www.brown.edu/Faculty/COSTS/http://cbs.asu.edu/education.phphttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19554868https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Identifierhttps://dx.doi.org/10.1086%2F597575https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifier


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October 22, 2007. Retrieved May 15, 2007.

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Retrieved May 19, 2013.

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July 30, 2006.

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July 30, 2006.

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April 21, 2009.

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2006.

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2006.

53. ^ University of Pittsburgh. "History & Philosophy of Science" . Retrieved June 8, 2010.

54. ^ University of Puget Sound. "Science, Technology, & Society" . Retrieved

February 14, 2011.

55. ^ University of Wisconsin–Madison. "History of Science" . Retrieved June 24, 2008.

56. ^ Wesleyan University. "Science in Society program" . Retrieved April 29, 2009.

57. ^ Yale University. "History of Science and Medicine" . Retrieved July 30, 2006.

Historiography of science

H. Floris Cohen, The Scientific Revolution: A Historiographical Inquiry , University of

Chicago Press 1994 - Discussion on the origins of modern science has been going on for

Bibliography

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more than two hundred years. Cohen provides an excellent overview.

Ernst Mayr, The Growth of Biological Thought , Belknap Press 1985

Michel Serres,(ed.), A History of Scientific Thought , Blackwell Publishers 1995

Companion to Science in the Twentieth Century , John Krige (Editor), Dominique Pestre

(Editor), Taylor & Francis 2003, 941pp

The Cambridge History of Science, Cambridge University Press

Volume 4, Eighteenth-Century Science, 2003

Volume 5, The Modern Physical and Mathematical Sciences, 2002

History of science as a discipline

J. A. Bennett, 'Museums and the Establishment of the History of Science at Oxford and

Cambridge', British Journal for the History of Science 30, 1997, 29–46

Dietrich von Engelhardt, Historisches Bewußtsein in der Naturwissenschaft : von der

Aufklärung bis zum Positivismus, Freiburg [u.a.] : Alber, 1979

A.-K. Mayer, 'Setting up a Discipline: Conflicting Agendas of the Cambridge History of

Science Committee, 1936–1950.' Studies in History and Philosophy of Science, 31, 2000

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