History of Tamil –Grammar Tolkappiyam and Nikandu

Dr.S.SundarabaluAssistant Professor

Department of LinguisticsBharathiar University,Coimbatore-46

Visiting Professor ,ICCR’s Tamil Chair Institute of Oriental Studies, Dept. of Indology

Jagiellonian University, Krakow-Poland sunder_balu@yahoo.co.in

5 Kural’s That Wont Touch Lips These are the 5 Thirukkural’s that wont touch lips.

310 இறந்தா�ர்இறந்தா�ர்அனையர் சி�த்னைதாத் துறந்தா�ர்துறந்தா�ர்துனை�

Iṟantār iṟantār aṉaiyar ciṉattaitTuṟantār tuṟantār tuṇai

341 ய�தா�ன்ய�தா�ன் நீங்கி�ய�ன் நோ��தால் அதா�ன்அதா�ன்இலன்

Yātaṉiṉ yātaṉiṉ nīṅkiyāṉ nōtalAtaṉiṉ ataṉiṉ ilaṉ

489 எய்தாற்குஅரி�யதுஇனையந்தாக்கி�ல்அந்��னைலநோய செசிய்தாற்குஅரி�ய செசியல்

Eytaṟku ariyatu iyaintakkāl annilaiyēCeytaṟku ariya ceyal

1082 நோ��க்கி��ள் நோ��க்செகிதா�ர் நோ��க்குதால் தா�க்கி�ங்கு தா�னைக்செகி�ண்டன்துஉனைடத்து

Nōkkiṉāḷ nōkketir nōkkutal tākkaṇaṅkuTāṉaikkoṇ ṭaṉṉatu uṭaittu

1296 தா�நோயஇருந்து ��னைத்தாக்கி�ல் என்னைத் தா��யஇருந்தாதுஎன்செ�ஞ்சு

Taṉiyē iruntu niṉaittakkāl eṉṉaitTiṉiya iruntatu’eṉ neñcu

More than 20

• Tamilian civilisation formed the basis for Indian civilisation. Tamilian culture spread all over India according to S.A. Taylor and other researchers. Tamilians from the south migrated north when Kumari Kandam that is the southern tip of India was eroded by the sea.

• These people settled around the banks of the Sindu river and over the years were responsible for the creation of Indus Valley civilisation according to Heras, a christian priest, who did research about that era.

• Tamilar>Tamilia>Tamila>Ithramila>Ithradida>Dravida

• The word Tamilar underwent many changes to Dravidia as follows, Tamilar-Tamilia-Tamila-Ithramila-Ithradida-Dravida, according to linguistic researchers and hence, it can be seen that the Sindu-Dravida civilasations was Tamilian civilisation.

• Indus valley civilisation is more or less 7000 years old and there is documentary proof to show that it is very advanced, people were well versed in architecture, laying of roads, making clothes, furniture, jewellery and tools. The Tamilians were very knowledgeable in the arts, business, religion, language and administration.

• Tamilians in the Sindu area spoke in olden Tamil called Kodunth Tamil. When they migrated to other parts of India, the language changed based on the dialects of those areas. When people migrated to different countries, their language further changed as it was influenced by that country’s dialect.

• Linguistic researchers say that the north-dravidia Tamil merged with languages from Sumeria, North Africa and even Europe.

The Harappan language is not directly attested and its affiliation is uncertain since the Indus script is still undeciphered. A relationship with the Dravidian or Elamo-Dravidian language family is favored by a section of scholars.http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indus_Valley_Civilization

Dravidian languages: distribution of D

ravidian languages

https://ta-in.facebook.com/notes/தாமி�ழ்-tamil/

இலக்கணம்1. செதா�ல்கி�ப்பி,யம்

2. புறப்செபி�ருள்செ/ண்பி�மி�னைல

3. ய�ப்பிருங்கிலம்

4. ய�ப்பிருங்கிலக்கி�ரி�னைகி

5. தாண்டியலங்கி�ரிம்

6. �ன்னூல்

7. �ம்பி, அகிப்செபி�ருள்/,ளக்கிம்

8. இனைறய�ர்அகிப்செபி�ருள்

9. செதா�ன்னூல்/,ளக்கிம்

10. இலக்கி�/,ளக்கிம்

11. தாமி�ழ்செ�ற� /,ளக்கிம்

12. சி�தாம்பிரிப் பி�ட்டியல்

13. �/நீதாப் பி�ட்டியல்

14. பின்�ரு பி�ட்டியல்

15. வீரிநோசி�ழி�யம்

16. இலக்கி�க்செகி�த்து

17. தாமி�ழ்நூல்

18. முத்துவீரி�யம்

19. சு/�மி� ��தாம்

20. நோ�மி���தாம்

21. அறு/னைகிஇலக்கி�ம்

22. மி�றன்அலங்கி�ரிம்

1. Tolkaapiyam2. Puraporul venpaamaalai3. Yaaperun kalam4. Yaaperunkalakaarikai5. Tantialankaaram6. Nannul7. Nampiakapporul vilakkam8. Iraiyanaar akappurul vilakkam9. Thonnul vilakkam10. Ilakkana vilakkam11. Thamizneri vilakkam12. Citamparappaatiyal13. Navaniitam paattiyal14. Pannirup paatiyal15. Viirasoziyam16. Ilakkanakkottu17. Tamilnuul18. Muttuviiriyam19. Cuvaami naatam20. Neeminaatam21. Aruvakai ilakkanam22. Maran alangaram

• Tamil has diglossia, which means that two forms of the language coexist in the speech community. The standard written and spoken variety of Tamil, called centamiẓ ‘beautiful Tamil,’ is based on the classical language of an earlier era and not on any of the contemporary regional dialects.

• The many spoken varieties of Tamil are called koṭuntamiẓ ‘crooked Tamil’ or ‘vulgar Tamil’ and are not used in formal speech and writing. The newspaper language and the language of political speeches is centamiẓ. http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/171083/Dravidian-languages/279620/Literary-

languages?anchor=ref1012108

• The presence of Dravidian loanwords in the Rigveda implies that Dravidian and Aryan speakers were, by the time of its composition, fused into one speech community in the great Indo-Gangetic Plain, while independent communities of Dravidian speakers had moved to the periphery of the Indo-Aryan area (Brahui in the northwest, Kurukh-Malto in the east, and Gondi-Kui in the east and central India).

• Notably, the most ancient forms of the Dravidian

languages are found in southern India, which was

not exposed to Sanskrit until the 5th century bce.

This suggests that the south was populated by the

speakers of the Dravidian languages even before the

entry of Aryans into India.

• History :Tolkappiyam is written by Tolkaapiyan

(also Tolkaapiyar). Panampaaranaar, a

schoolmate of him wrote a prologue on the

work of Tolkaappiyar while it was published

before the learned and his professor

Athangoottaasaan in a court of a king

Pandiyan (Nilam tharu thiruvin Pandian -

means - Pandia, the king extended his region)

• Tamil-speaking land was extended between

Veengadam (modern Tiruppathi) on the north and

ocean Kumari on the south.

• The spoken and written Tamil languages are the sources

of his work.

• He extends his study on phonetic letters, word-syntax

and the matter exposed there-on.

• He studied properly the culture of the language-people

and his ancestor‘s conventions and wrote his work of

'linguistic knowledge'.

• This work does not contain any objectionable point.

It has been published in the learned-court of the

'Nilantharu thiruvin Ne’diyoo’n. Atankoo’ttaasaan is

the name of his professor. This professor is a man of

balanced virtuous character. • He is well-versed in four 'Vedas'. During his

presentation some raised-doubts of his professor were cleared. The work is unambiguous. The author of this work is well-versed in 'ainthiram'. He posses sound knowledge on sea-grit word. Tholkaappiyan is a renowned sage.

• Tolkappiyam is the earliest available work in Tamil. It

deals with the Tamil language. Having three

sections, the first two deal with language

(linguistics) and the third about the subject matters

referred to in Tamil literature, the behaviour of the

Tamils. Each section has been divided into nine

chapters. it has 1610 verses (nuuRpaas)

Tolkaapiyam

1. எழுத்தத�க�ரம்-phonology & Morphophonimics

2. சொ��ல்லத�க�ரம்-morphology, syntax & Semantics

3. சொ��ருளத�க�ரம்-Matters

I-எழுத்தத�க�ரம் -phonology & Morphophonemic

1. நூன்மிரிபு- Grammatical convention of Phonemes2. செமி�ழி�மிரிபு-Word convention 3. பி,றப்பி,யல்- Production of speech sounds 4. பு�ரி�யல்-Coalescence - morphophonemics 5. செதா�னைகிமிரிபு-Compounding convention 6. உருபி,யல்-Euphonic particles 7. உய,ர் மியங்கி�யல்- vowel – coalescence 8. புள்ள� மியங்கி�யல்-Consonant coalescence 9. குற்ற�யலுகிரிப் பு�ரி�யல்-Shortened U coalescence

1.நூன்மிரிபு- Grammatical convention of Phonemes5. மூஅளபுஇனைசித்தால்ஓர் எழுத்துஇன்நோற

No letter (phoneme) will gave three measures.7.கிண், இனைமி , செ��டி என்அவ்நோ/மி�த்தா�னைரி

நுண்��தா�ன்உ�ர்ந்நோதா�ர் கி�டஆநோற

Time duration of phoneme :According to the view of those who have understood accurately , one maattirai is the time taken by the natural wink of the eyes (or) a snap of the fingers

• 83. உந்தா� முதால�முந்து/ள� நோதா�ன்ற�, தானைலய,னும்மி�டற்ற�னும்செ�ஞ்சி�னும் ��னைலஇ,

பில்லும், இதாழும், ��வும், மூக்கும்,அண்�மும், உளப்பிட எண்முனைற��னைலய�ன்

உறுப்புஉற்றுஅனைமியசெ�ற�ப்பிட ��டி, எல்ல� எழுத்தும்செசி�ல்லும்கி�னைல,

பி,றப்பி,ன்ஆக்கிம் நோ/றுநோ/றுஇயல- தா�றப்பிடத் செதாரி�யும் கி�ட்சி�ய�

3.��றப்��யல்- Production of speech sounds

28

vGj;JfsJ bghJg;gpwg;g[ce;jp Kjyh Ke;Jtsp njhd;wpj;1.jiyapDk; 2.kplw;wpDk; 3.be";rpDk; epiy,g;1.gy;Yk; 2.,jGk; 3.eht[k; 4.\f;Fk;5.mz;zKk; csg;gl vz;Kiw(8) epiyahd;cWg;g[w; wika bewpg;l ehovy;yh btGj;J"; brhy;Y'; fhiyg;gpwg;gpd; Mf;fk; ntWnt wpayjpwg;glj; bjhpa['; fhl;rp ahd.

29

Short Long

Front Central Back Front Central Back

Close

i u iː uː

இ உ ஈ ஊ

Mid

e o eː oː

எ ஒ ஏ ஓ

Open

a (ai) aː (aw)

அ ஐ ஆ ஒள

30

Labial Dental Alveolar Retroflex Palatal Velar

Plosivesp (b) t̪� (d̪� ) ʈ (ɖ) t̪ʃ (d̪ʒ) k (ɡ)

� த ட � க

Nasalm n̪� n̪ ɳ ɲ ŋ

ம ந ன ண ஞ ங

Tapɾ̪�

ர

Trillr

ற

Central approximan

ts

ʋ ɻ j

வ ழ ய

Lateral approximan

ts

l̪ � ɭ

ல ள

102. எல்ல� எழுத்தும்செ/ள�ப்பிடக் கி�ளந்து, செசி�ல்லியபிள்ள� எழுதாரு/ள�ய,ன்

பி,றப்செபி�டு/,டு/ழி� உறழ்ச்சி� /�ரித்து, அகித்துஎழு/ள�இனைசிஅரி�ல் தாபி ��டி,

அளபி,ன் நோகி�டல்அந்தா�ர்மினைறத்நோதா.     உனைரி அஃதுஇ/ண்நு/ல�துஎழுந்துபுறத்துஇனைசிக்கும்

செமிய்செதாரி� /ள� இனைசிஅளபுநு/ன்ற�சி�நோ.

All the phonemes as the origin of air which starts from the navel and the modifications when they undergo before they come out as articulated speech and of their quantity therein is clearly investigated and given in the scriptures of the antanar.

I have not discussed that here; I have discussed the quantity measure of the phonemes that expresses meaning.

Main̪ bran̪ches of phon̪et̪ics1. Art̪icul̪at̪ory phon̪et̪ics 2. Acoust̪ics phon̪et̪ics3.Aud̪it̪ory Phon̪et̪ics

Speech mechan̪ism

II-சொ��ல்லத�க�ரம் -morphology, syntax & Semantics

10.கி�ள/,ய�க்கிம் –word formations11.நோ/ற்றுனைமிய,யல்-Case system 12. நோ/ற்றுனைமிமியங்கி�யல்-Case markers – interchanges 13. /,ள� மிரிபு-Vocative conventions 14.செபியரி�யல்-Nouns 15./,னைய,யல்-Verbs 16.இனைடய,யல்-Bound morphemes 17.உரி�ய,யல்-Root morphemes 18.எச்சி/,யல்-Residual components

14.செபியரி�யல்-Nouns 640. எல்ல�ச் செசி�ல்லும்செபி�ருள்குற�த்தாநோ/.

All words designate (convey) meaning 18.எச்சி/,யல்-Residual components

880.இயற்செசி�ல்,தா�ரி�செசி�ல்,தா�னைசிசெசி�ல், /டசெசி�ல் என்று அனைத்நோதா செசிய்யுள் ஈட்டச் செசி�ல்செல.

Four class of words : words used in poetry are of four kinds:

1.iyarcol –native words 2.tiri col –variable words –derivative –indigenous words 3. ticai col – dialectical words – provincial words 4. vatacol –Sanskrit words – northern words

III-சொ��ருளத�க�ரம்-Matters

19.அகித்தா�னை�ய,யல் -Conduct of love affairs20.புறத்தா�னை�ய,யல் -War and social life21.கிள/,யல் -Secret love22.கிற்பி,யல் -Chastity23.செபி�ருள�யல் -Residual matters24.செமிய்ப்பி�ட்டியல் -Physical manifestations25.உ/னைமிய,யல் -Simile26.செசிய்யுள�யல் -Literary compositions27.மிரிபி,யல் -traditional conventions

The word porul is having many meaning

1. Meaning of a word2. The sense 3. Signification 4. Property 5. Wealth6. Riches(an abundance of money)

7. Money 8. Things9. Substance10. Matter 11. Store12. Provision

13.Utensils(tools)14.Truth15.Reality16.quality 17.Things of moment of important 18.Superiority19.Gold20.A child21.Fruit of action22.The four division of subjects23.Inference from circumstances 24.Special quality25.Disposition

• Out of which the following meaning are available in Tolkapiyam

1. Word to word meaning 2. Things3. Muthal ,karu, uri4. Wealth5. Aim6. Happening 7. Marriage 8. Akaporul and purapporul9. Matter 10.Concluding wordHear porul means universal matter

19.அகித்தா�னை�ய,யல் -Conduct of love affairsConduct of love affairs. There are seven types of love affairs ; reciprocated love are five

20.புறத்தா�னை�ய,யல் -War and social life 7 Strategies of War in Tholkappiyam1. சொவட்�* [Veṭci] - the cattle war, the other side of union love (Kurinji

theme)2. வஞ்�* [Vañci] - the territory war, the other side of endurance love

(Mullai theme)3. உழ,ஞைஞ [Uḻiñai] - the seize of fortress, the other side of sulking

love (Marutham theme)4. தும்ஞை� [Tumpai] - the attack on invader’s territory, the other side

of lamentation love (Neithal theme)5. வ�ஞைக [Vākai] - the exaltation of person’s behaviour, the other side

of separation love (Paalai theme)6. க�ஞ்�* [Kāñci] - ephemeral nature of earthly existence, the other

side of deviant love (Perunthinai theme)7. ��ட�ண் [Pāṭāṇ] – words of praising other’s attitudes, the other

side of unrequited love (Kaikkilai theme)

• 21. களவு இயல் -Secret love: The meeting of the eyes of the hero and heroine is the evidence to determine that they mutually understand each other , and the secret love begins. The confidante is very helpful for their secret love.

1044. செபிருனைமிஉம்உரினும்ஆடுஉநோமி

1044.quality of male: nobility and valiance are the quality

of male (this is universal)

1045. quality of female : it is said that timidity(Lacking self-confidence) , shyness, and credulity(trust) are the qualities of female generally.

அச்சிமும் ��ணும்மிடனும்முந்துறுத்தா

��ச்சிமும்செபிண்பி�ற்குஉரி�ய என்பி.

• 1046.happening of secret love: it is said that1. amorousness (love desire- especially sexual love) 2. Uninterrupted thing love 3. Emaciation of the body (become extremely thin)

4. Expressing what should happen5. Breaking the limit of modesty and propriety 6. Every object of sight reminding one of the feature of the other

7. Self-forgetfulness 8. Stupor (unconsciousness)9. Death-like worryThese are the things which may happen in secrete love.

1046.happening of secret love: it is said that

வேவட்ஞைக ஒருதஞைலஉள்ளுதல்சொமலிதல்

ஆக்கம்சொ�ப்�ல் ந�ணுவஞைரஇறத்தல்

வேந�க்குஞைவஎல்ல�ம்அஞைவவேயசொ��றல்

மறத்தல் மயக்கம் ��க்க�டுஎன்றுஅச்

�*றப்புஞைடமற��ன் அஞைவ களவுஎனசொம�ழ,�

Who says that in the first

22. கற்பு இயல் kaRpu iyal - on Chastity: Karpu

means marital faithfulness , chastity life of a house holder

after his union with a bride of his choice had been

approved by marriage ceremonies, Malabar jasmine, an

emblem of female Chastity , learning , study ,knowledge ,

meditation , workmanship , promise ,decision,

determination, etc. Here it denotes the chastity of the

heroine.

• Wedding Union• The wedding ceremony is that , the hero who

comes from a worthy lineage , having the marriage with the heroine by those who are legally entitled to do so with the necessary ceremonies. -1088

• செபி�ய்யும்/ழுவும்செதா�ன்ற�ய பி,ன்ர் அய்யர்ய�த்தார் கிரி�ம்என்பி -1091

It is said that the marriage is solemnized (make official) by the respected elders because of the falsity and violate of trust cropped up (in the society)

பூப்பி,ன் புறப்பி�டு ஈரி�று ��ளும் நீத்துஅகின்றுஉனைறய�ர் என்மி�ர் புல/ர்

பிரித்னைதாய,ன் பி,ரி�ந்தா கி�னைலய�.1133

Scholars say that the hero does not keep of from the heroine during the twelve days , since the day of her menstruation even when he was parted and living in the company of harlots (promiscuous women)

• 23.சொ��ருள,யல் -Residual matters: The

monologue utterances of the hero and the heroine

are given here. All living beings in the universe are

after pleasure and it is their desire. Suggestive

meaning (iraicci) will appear besides the flora and

fauna of the land எல்ல�உய,ர்க்கும்இன்பிம் என்பிது

தா�ன்அமிர்ந்து/ருஉம் நோமி/ற்ற�கும்-1169

All the living beings in the universe are after pleasure and it is their desire.

It said that from sports and play the thirty two (32)emotions appear in exterior ; they are sixteen (16)

24.சொமய்ப்��ட்டியல்- Physical manifestations: physical manifestations are universal. They are eight such as

1. Laughter 2. Crying 3. Disgust 4. Wonder 5. Fear 6. Pride7. Anger and 8. Joy

�னைகிநோயஅழுனைகிஇள�/ரில்மிருட்னைகி அச்சிம்செபிருமி�தாம் செ/குள� உ/னைகிஎன்று

அப்பி�ல் எட்நோட செமிப்பி�டு என்பி-1197

nskrishnan comedy.flv

manifest-emotions source-emotions source in Tamil verse

laughterridiculechildishnessstupiditycredulity

�னைகிஎள்ளல்இளனைமிநோபினைதானைமிமிடன்

3-248

griefcontemptdeprivationdecline in statureindigence

அழுனைகிஇள�வுஇழிவுஅனைசிவு/றுனைமி

3-249

disgustdecrepitudesicknessvexationincapability

இள�/ரில்மூப்புபி,��/ருத்தாம்செமின்னைமி

3-250

wondernoveltyhugenessminutenesstransmutation

மிருட்னைகிபுதுனைமிசெபிருனைமிசி�றுனைமிஆக்கிம்

3-251

feardemonic beingswild animalsthievescountry monarch

அச்சிம்அ�ங்கு/,லங்குகிள்/ர்

தாம்இனைற

3-252

pridelearningprowessunsullied famemunificence absolute

செபிருமி�தாம்கில்/,தாறுகிண்புகிழ்னைமிசெகி�னைட

3-253

angercutting one's limbsharming one's kininflicting pain and anguishkilling

செ/குள�உறுப்பினைறகுடிநோகி�ள்அனைல

செகி�னைல || 3-254

joyrichesmind's mightsexual unionplay

உ/னைகிசெசில்/ம்புலன்பு�ர்வு/,னைளய�ட்டு

3-255

• 1207.emotions proper to the heroine – first stage : புதுமுகிம் புரி�தால் , செபி�ற�நுதால்/,யர்தால் �கு�யம்மினைறத்தால் , சி�னைதாவு பி,றர்க்குஇன்னைமிநோய�டு

தாகுமுனைற��ன்நோகிஒன்செறசெசெமி�ழி�பி -1207

1. Desiring to be seen (by the lover)2. Sweating of the forehead3. Concealing (hide)her loving smile 4. Keeping her off from others to conceal(hide) her

weakness These are the first stage of four things which will

happen in the process of love making.

1208. Second stage: it is said that 1.Spreading out the hair loosely 2.removing the ear ornaments 3. Adjusting the ornaments 4.Loosening and rearranging her dress. These four will be

stage of the heroine’s action1209.Third stage: it is said that 1.Touching her waist ,and lower part of her stomach2.Adjusting her apparel 3.Exhibiting the power of resistance without having it 4.Raising both hands. Theses four will be third stage of her

actions.

25.உவஞைமய�யல்-Simile: Simile is common to all world literatures. It is an universal things. There are thirty –six particles of comparison. implied similes are five.

26. செசிய்யுள�யல் -Literary compositions: Literature is common to all languages in the world. In Tamil there are 26+8=34 elements and they have been explained clearly. They classify literature into seven kinds which is universal.

1. மிரிபி,யல் -traditional conventions: Tolkapiyar deals about the origin of the world and he clarifies the differences between living beings from one sense in a beautiful manner

• 6 Senses in Tolkappiyam• Senses are physiological capacities of organisms

that provide data for perception. It’s the describe instincts that guide the living being throughout its entire life.

• The senses and their operation, classification, and theory are overlapping topics studied by a variety of fields, most notably neuroscience, cognitive psychology (or cognitive science), and philosophy of perception.

• Many have attempted to classify the senses of various living beings especially humans.

• It is interesting to know that this classification of beings based on the numbers of senses, has been found 3 millennium years ago by ancient Tamil literature Tolkappiyam.

• Tolkappiyam classifies the living beings based on the senses they use predominantly, in the section called Marabiyal (Marabu – generally accepted practices since old days, culture, tradition. Iyal – Research work, Science). The poems in each called Suthirams (Formula) describe about various aspects of grammar, habitat, etc.

ஒன்று அற*வதுவேவஉற்றுஅற*வதுவேவ

இரண்டுஅற*வதுவேவஅதசொன�டுந�வேவ

மூன்றுஅற*வதுவேவஅவற்சொற�டுமூக்வேக

ந�ன்குஅற*வதுவேவஅவற்சொற�டுகண்வேண

ஐந்துஅற*வதுவேவஅவற்சொற�டுசொ�வ�வேய

ஆறுஅற*வதுவேவஅவற்சொற�டுமனவேன

வேநர,த�ன்உணர்ந்வேத�ர்சொநற*ப்�டுத்த�னவேர ( சொத�ல்க�ப்��யம் - சொ��ருளத�க�ரம்

571)

Ondru Arivathuve Uttru ArivathuveIrandu Arivathuve Athanodu NaaveMondru Arivathuve Avattrodu MookeNaangu Arivathuve Avattrodu KanneAinthu Arivathuve Avattrodu SeviyeAaru Arivathuve Avattrodu MananeNerithin Unarnthor Neripaduthinare (Tolkappiyam – Porulathigaram 571)

• Ondru, Irandu, Moondru, Naangu, Ainthu, Aaru : 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 respectively

• Arivathu : Know, feel, realise, sense• Uttru : Touch, come into contact• Athanodu : Along with some other thing (usually when the

number of objects is two)• Avattrodu : Along with some other things (usually when the

number of objects is more than two)• Naavu : Tongue, in this context, taste• Mookku : Nose (for sense Smell)• Kann : Eye (Sight)• Sevi : Ear (Hearing)• Manam : Mind• Ner Ithu : The truth• Unarnthor : Who realised the truth (Meignyanam-Divine Knowledge)

• Neripaduthinare : Classified and organised the life

• 1525.Destinctions of sense organs

• Full Meaning : beings with one sense are those that have

the sense of TOUCH. Beings with two senses are those

that have the sense of TASTE along with the above. Beings

with three senses, have sense of SMELL in addition.

Beings with four senses, have sense of SIGHT, along with

the above. Beings with five senses, have sense of

HEARING, in addition. The beings with six senses, have a

MIND, along with the above. The people who have

realised the truth of God through divine knowledge have

classified and organised the life appropriately.

• Extrasensory perception (ESP), clairvoyance(future),

premonition, intuition are synonymous with sixth sense perception ability. Tolkappiyam is said to be the First in the world to describe the sixth sense which related to external body parts.

• Tolkappiyam verses explanation above is truly an

amazing classification and proves that our Tamil

ancestors not only an expert in literature and

grammar, but obtained higher spiritual knowledge

that is progressively of more universal need and of

lasting importance in terms of a time span of

centuries.

• The way of life of ancient Tamils which was

associated with nature and worship practices shown

clearly in Tolkappiyam and other Sangam

Literatures. From the early origins, Tamils have

always gave priority to the belief in God. According

to another verse from Tolkappiyam under Karuporul

(culture of the people), God was prioritised first,

followed by food.

ந�கண்டு nikandu- Thesaurus

35 nikandus- Thesaurus

• The Tamil lexicography in the Tamil language took

its origin some three thousand years ago .

Tolkappiyam , the greatest books on Tamil grammar

which is considered as the first of the available old

Tamil books and as of three thousand years old

contain pages that tell the meaning of words

Etymology sollathikaram –

• What is a lexicon?• If the words in a language are arranged

alphabetically and meaning are given to them in a book, than it is called a dictionary

• The word akaraathi is a combination of the two words akaram+aathakaram means a=k is augment aathi means first . As we begin this with the letter a this is called as akaraathi

• Nikantu is a Sanskrit words some are of opinion

that it is a Tamil word. Those who advocate this say

that Nikantu means “truth” and that the Tamil

word for happened nikaznthatu became nikantu.

• We often hear some people pronounce the word niilam as nikaLam and the word niintathu as nikandathu

• World ‘s first lexicon

• Though the assirian had books that gave meaning to

words even 3000 years ago like Tolkapiyam uriyiyal

in tamil , lexicons in the alphabetic order were first

written only in the 17th century in the west. The first

possible lexicon in the alphabetic order of the west

was writing only in 1612 A.D in the Italian language

• Akaraathi nikantu -1594 ad• http://www.tamilvu.org/library/nationalized/pdf/Manaivarsundarashanmuganar/012.HISTORYOFTAMILLEXICOGRAPHY.pdf

World first lexicon1. Akarathinikandu is first lexicon in the worldPre songam periods2. Tolkapiyam –uriyiyal – homonyms , synonyms,

group-namesSangam periods3. Nikandu-kalaik koottuthandu - Nikandu-kalaik

koottuthandanar- sangam period 300 –bc 300 ad

Post -Songam period up to -15th century1. Aathi divaakaram - Aathi divaakaranar 2. Senthan dhivakaram – dhivakaranaar8th3. Pikalanikandu-pinkalar- 8th 4. Cuudamani nikandu – 16th5. Akarathinikandu 15946. Uricolnikandu 17th

7. Kayaathara nikandu 17th

8. Palporul suutamani nikandu17th9. Kailaasanikandu cuutamani 17th

10. Bharathi dhiipam 17th

11. Asiriyanikandu 17th to 1812. Arum porul vilakka nikandu 18th 13. Thokai nikandu 18th 14. Porolthokai nikandu 18th 15. Pothikai nikandu 18th 16. Naamathipa nikandu 19th

• Bingala nigandu (or) Pinkala nikandu (or) Pingala nikandu ( பி,ங்கில ��கிண்டு) is a Tamil thesaurus written by Bingala Munivar a follower of Dhivagara Munivar who wrote the first Nigandu in Tamil Language, the Dhivagara Nigandu and Senthan Dhivagaram of 8th Century AD.

The Bingala nigandu has 10 sections. Its has definitions for 14,700 words. Interesting information about various classification of mankind, gods, animals, birds, plants are found in this book.

• A thesaurus is a reference work that lists words

grouped together according to similarity of

meaning (containing synonyms and sometimes

antonyms), in contrast to a dictionary, which

contains definitions and pronunciations.