history of the philippines (1521-1898)

8/13/2019 History of the Philippines (1521-1898)

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History of the Philippines (15211898) 1

History of the Philippines (15211898)

Part of a series on the

History of the

Philippines

Prehistory (pre-900)

Callao and Tabon Men

Arrival of the Negritos

Austronesian expansion

Angono Petroglyphs

Society of the Igorot

Classical Period (900-1521)

State of Ma-i

Tondo Dynasty

Confederation of Madja-as

Kingdom of Maynila

Kingdom of Namayan

Rajahnate of Butuan

Rajahnate of Cebu

Sultanate of Maguindanao

Sultanate of Sulu

Sultanate of Lanao

Spanish Period (15211898)

Viceroyalty of New Spain

Spanish East Indies

Christianization

Dutch Invasions

British Invasion

Revolts and uprisings

Katipunan

Philippine Revolution

American Period (18981946)

First Republic

Philippine

American War Tagalog Republic

Negros Republic
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Zamboanga Republic

Insular Government

Commonwealth

Japanese Occupation

Second Republic

Independence (1946present)

Third Republic

Marcos era

Fourth Republic

Fifth Republic

By topic

Demographic

Military

Political

Communications

Transportation

Timeline

Philippines portal

This article covers the history of the Philippines during the time of the Spanish Empire, from the arrival of arrival of

Ferdinand Magellan in 1521, until the Spanish-American War that ended Spanish rule in 1898.

Spanish expeditions and colonization

Ferdinand Magellan arrived in the Philippines on

March 17, 1521.

Although there had been at least two individual European visitors,

the first European expedition to explore the Philippine archipelago

was that led by Ferdinand Magellan, in the service of the king ofSpain. The expedition first sighted the mountains of Samar at

dawn on the 16th March 1521, making landfall the following day

at the small, uninhabited island of Homonhon at the mouth of the

Leyte Gulf. On Easter Sunday, 31 March 1521, at Masao, Butuan,

(now in Agusan del Norte), Magellan solemnly planted a cross on

the summit of a hill overlooking the sea and claimed possession of

the islands he had seen for the king of Spain, naming them

Archipelago of Saint Lazarus.

Magellan sought alliances among the natives beginning with Datu

Zula, the chieftain of Sugbu (now Cebu), and took special pride in

converting them to Catholicism. Magellan's expedition got

involved in the political rivalries between the Cebuano natives and

took part in a battle against Lapu-Lapu, chieftain of Mactan island

and a mortal enemy of Datu Zula. At dawn on 27 April 1521,

Magellan invaded Mactan Island with 60 armed men and 1,000

Cebuano warriors, but had great difficulty landing his men on the rocky shore. Lapu-Lapu had an army of 1,500 on

land. Magellan waded ashore with his soldiers and attacked the Mactan defenders, ordering Datu Zula and his

warriors to remain aboard the ships and watch. Magellan seriously underestimated the Lapu-Lapu and his men, and

grossly outnumbered, Magellan and 14 of his soldiers were killed. The rest managed to reboard the ships. (See Battle

of Mactan)
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The battle left the expedition with too few crewmen to man three ships, so they abandoned the "Concepcin". The

remaining ships - "Trinidad" and "Victoria" - sailed to the Spice Islands in present-day Indonesia. From there, the

expedition split into two groups. The Trinidad, commanded by Gonzalo Gmez de Espinoza tried to sail eastward

across the Pacific Ocean to the Isthmus of Panama. Disease and shipwreck disrupted Espinoza's voyage and most of

the crew died. Survivors of the Trinidad returned to the Spice Islands, where the Portuguese imprisoned them. The

Victoria continued sailing westward, commanded by Juan Sebastin de El Cano, and managed to return to Sanlcar

de Barrameda, Spain in 1522. In 1529, Charles I of Spain relinquished all claims to the Spice Islands to Portugal in

the treaty of Zaragoza. However, the treaty did not stop the colonization of the Philippine archipelago from New

Spain.

After Magellan's voyage, subsequent expeditions were dispatched to the islands. Four expeditions were sent: that of

Loaisa (1525), Cabot (1526), Saavedra (1527), Villalobos (1542), and Legazpi (1564). The Legazpi expedition was

the most successful as it resulted in the discovery of the tornaviaje or return trip to Mexico across the Pacific by

Andrs de Urdaneta. This discovery started the Manila galleon trade, which lasted two and a half centuries.

In 1543, Ruy Lpez de Villalobos named the islands of Leyte and Samar Las Islas Filipinas after Philip II of Spain.

Philip II became King of Spain on January 16, 1556, when his father, Charles I of Spain, abdicated the Spanish

throne. Philip was in Brussels at the time and his return to Spain was delayed until 1559 because of European politics

and wars in northern Europe. Shortly after his return to Spain, Philip ordered an expedition mounted to the Spice

Islands, stating that its purpose was "to discover the islands to the west". In reality its task was to conquer the

Philippines for Spain.

On November 19 or 20, 1564 a Spanish expedition of a mere 500 men led by Miguel Lpez de Legazpi departed

Barra de Navidad, New Spain, arriving off Cebu on February 13, 1565, not landing there due to Cebuano opposition.:

77[1]

In 1569, Legazpi transferred to Panay and founded a second settlement on the bank of the Panay River. In 1570,

Legazpi sent his grandson, Juan de Salcedo, who had arrived from Mexico in 1567, to Mindoro to punish Moro

pirates who had been plundering Panay villages. Salcedo also destroyed forts on the islands of Ilin and Lubang,

respectively South and Northwest of Mindoro.: 79

[2]

In 1570, Martn de Goiti, having been dispatched by Legazpi to Luzon, conquered the Kingdom of Maynila (now

Manila).: 79

[2]

Legazpi then made Maynila the capital of the Philippines and simplified its spelling to Manila. His

expedition also renamed Luzon Nueva Castilla. Legazpi became the country's first governor-general. With time,

Cebu's importance fell as power shifted north to Luzon. The archipelago was Spain's outpost in the orient and Manila

became the capital of the entire Spanish East Indies. The colony was administered through the Viceroyalty of New

Spain (now Mexico) until 1821 when Mexico achieved independence from Spain. After 1821, the colony was

governed directly from Spain.

During most of the colonial period, the Philippine economy depended on the Galleon Trade which was inaugurated

in 1565 between Manila and Acapulco, Mexico. Trade between Spain and the Philippines was via the Pacific Ocean

to Mexico (Manila to Acapulco), and then across the Caribbean Sea and Atlantic Ocean to Spain (Veracruz to

Cdiz). Manila became the most important center of trade in Asia between the 17th and 18th centuries. All sorts of

products from China, Japan, Brunei, the Moluccas and even India were sent to Manila to be sold for silver 8-Real

coins which came aboard the galleons from Acapulco. These goods, including silk, porcelain, spices, lacquerware

and textile products were then sent to Acapulco and from there to other parts of New Spain, Peru and Europe.

The European population in the archipelago steadily grew although natives remained the majority. They depended

on the Galleon Trade for a living. In the later years of the 18th century, Governor-General Basco introduced

economic reforms that gave the colony its first significant internal source income from the production of tobacco and

other agricultural exports. In this later period, agriculture was finally opened to the European population, which

before was reserved only for the natives.
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During Spains 333 year rule in the Philippines, the colonists had to fight off the Chinese pirates (who lay siege to

Manila, the most famous of which was Limahong in 1574), Dutch forces, Portuguese forces, and indigenous revolts.

Moros from western Mindanao and the Sulu Archipelago also raided the coastal Christian areas of Luzon and the

Visayas and occasionally captured men and women to be sold as slaves.

Some Japanese ships visited the Philippines in the 1570s in order to export Japanese silver and import Philippine

gold. Later, increasing imports of silver from New World sources resulted in Japanese exports to the Philippinesshifting from silver to consumer goods. In the 1580s, the Spanish traders were troubled to some extent by Japanese

pirates, but peaceful trading relations were established between the Philippines and Japan by 1590. Japan's kampaku

(regent), Toyotomi Hideyoshi, demanded unsuccessfully on several occasions that the Philippines submit to Japan's

suzerainty.

On February 8, 1597, King Philip II, near the end of his 42-year reign, issued a Royal Cedula instructing Francisco

de Tello de Guzmn, then Governor-General of the Philippines to fulfill the laws of tributes and to provide for

restitution of ill-gotten taxes taken from the natives. The decree was published in Manila on August 5, 1598. King

Philip died on 13 September, just forty days after the publication of the decree, but his death was not known in the

Philippines until middle of 1599, by which time a referendum by which the natives would acknowledge Spanish rule

was underway. With the completion of the Philippine referendum of 1599, Spain could be said to have established

legitimate sovereignty over the Philippines.

Spanish rule

Part of a series on the

History of New Spain

Spanish conquest of the Aztec Empire

Spanish conquest of Guatemala

Spanish conquest of Yucatn

Columbian exchange

History of the Philippines (15211898)

Piracy in the Caribbean

Spanish missions in the Americas

Queen Anne's War

Bourbon Reforms

SpanishMoro conflict

Spanish American wars of independence

Casta

New Spain portal
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Political System

The Spanish quickly organized their new colony according to their model. The first task was the reduction, or

relocation of native inhabitants into settlements. The earliest political system used during the conquista period was

the encomienda system, which resembled the feudal system in medieval Europe. The conquistadores, friars and

native nobles were granted estates, in exchange for their services to the King, and was given the privilege to collect

tribute from its inhabitants. In return, the person granted the encomienda, known as an encomendero, was tasked toprovide military protection to the inhabitants, justice and governance. In times of war, the encomendero was duty

bound to provide soldiers for the King, in particular, for the complete defense of the colony from invaders such as

the Dutch, British and Chinese. The encomienda system was abused by encomenderos and by 1700 was largely

replaced by administrative provinces, each headed by an alcalde mayor (provincial governor)[3]

The most prominent

feature of Spanish cities was the plaza, a central area for town activities such as the fiesta, and where government

buildings, the church, a market area and other infrastructures were located. Residential areas lay around the plaza.

During the conquista, the first task of colonization was the reduction, or relocation of the indigenous population into

settlements surrounding the plaza.

As in Europe, the church always had control over the state affairs of the colony. The friars controlled the sentiments

of the native population and was more powerful than the governor-general himself. Among the issues that resulted to

the Philippine revolution of 1898 that ended Spanish rule was the abuse of power by the religious orders.[citation

needed]

National Government

On the national level, the King of Spain, through his Council of the Indies (Consejo de las Indias), governed through

his sole representative in the Philippines: the Governor-General (Gobernador y Capitn General). With the seat of

power in Intramuros, Manila, the Governor-General was given several duties: he headed the Supreme Court (Royal

Audiencia), was Commander-in-chief of the army and navy, and was the economic planner of the country. All

known executive power of the local government stemmed from him and as vice-regal patron, he had the right to

supervise mission work and oversee ecclesiastical appointments. His yearly salary was P40,000. For obvious

reasons, the Governor-General was usually a Peninsular (Spaniard born in Spain) to ensure loyalty of the colony to

the crown.

Provincial Government

On the provincial level, heading the pacified provinces (alcaldia), was the provincial governor (alcalde mayor). The

unpacified military zones (corregimiento), such as Mariveles and Mindoro, were headed by the corregidores. City

governments (ayuntamientos), were also headed by an alcalde mayor. Alcalde mayors and corregidores exercised

multiple prerogatives as judge, inspector of encomiendas, chief of police, tribute collector, capitan-general of the

province and even vice-regal patron. His annual salary ranged from P300 to P2000 before 1847 and P1500 to P1600

after it. But this can be augmented through the special privilege of "indulto de commercio" where all people were

forced to do business with him. The alcalde mayor was usually an Insulares (Spaniard born in the Philippines). In

the 19th century, the Peninsulares began to displace the Insulares which resulted in the political unrests of 1872,

notably the execution of GOMBURZA, Novales Revolt and mutiny of the Cavite fort under La Madrid.

Municipal Government

Thepueblo or town is headed by the Gobernadorcillo or little governor. Among his administrative duties were the

preparation of the tribute list (padron), recruitment and distribution of men for draft labor, communal public work

and military conscription (quinto), postal clerk and judge in minor civil suits. He intervened in all administrative

cases pertaining to his town: lands, justice, finance and the municipal police. His annual salary, however, was only

P24 but he was exempted from taxation. Any native or Chinese mestizo, 25 years old, literate in oral or written

Spanish and has been a Cabeza de Barangay of 4 years can be a Gobernadorcillo. Among those prominent is Emilio
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Aguinaldo, a Chinese Mestizo and who was the Gobernadorcillo of Cavite El Viejo (now Kawit). The officials of

the pueblo were taken from the Principala, the noble class of pre-colonial origin. Their names are survived by

prominent families in contemporary Philippine society such as Lindo, Tupas, Gatmaitan, Liwanag, Pangilinan,

Panganiban, Balderas, and Agbayani, Apalisok, Aguinaldo to name a few.

Barrio Government

Barrio government (village or district) rested on the barrio administrator (cabeza de barangay). He was responsible

for peace and order and recruited men for communal public works. Cabezas should be literate in Spanish and have

good moral character and property. Cabezas who served for 25 years were exempted from forced labor. In addition,

this is where the sentiment heard as, "Mi Barrio", first came from.

TheResidencia and The Visita

To check the abuse of power of royal officials, two ancient castilian institutions were brought to the Philippines. The

Residencia, dating back to the 5th century and the Visita differed from the residencia in that it was conducted

clandestinely by a visitador-general sent from Spain and might occur anytime within the officials term, without any

previous notice. Visitas may be specific or general.

Maura Law

The legal foundation for municipal governments in the country was laid with the promulgation of the Maura Law on

May 19, 1893. Named after its author, Don Antonio Maura, the Spanish Minister of Colonies at the time, the law

reorganized town governments in the Philippines with the aim of making them more effective and autonomous. This

law created the municipal organization that was later adopted, revised, and further strengthened by the American and

Filipino governments that succeeded Spanish.

Economy

Manila-Acapulco Galleon Trade

The Manila-Acapulco Galleon Trade was the main source of income for the colony during its early years. Service

was inaugurated in 1565 and continued into the early 19th century. The Galleon trade brought silver from New

Spain, which was used to purchase Asian goods such as silk from China, spices from the Moluccas, lacquerware

from Japan and Philippine cotton textiles.[4]

These goods were then exported to New Spain and ultimately Europe by

way of Manila. Thus, the Philippines earned its income through the trade of the Manila-Acapulco Galleon. The trade

was very prosperous and attracted many merchants to Manila, especially the Chinese. However, initially it neglected

the development of the colony's local industries which affected the Indios since agriculture was their main source of

income. In addition, the building and operation of galleons put too much burden on the colonists' annual polo y

servicio. However, it resulted in cultural and commercial exchanges between Asia and the Americas that led to theintroduction of new crops and animals to the Philippines such as corn, potato, tomato, cotton and tobacco among

others, that gave the colony its first real income. The trade lasted for over two hundred years, and ceased in 1815 just

before the secession of American colonies from Spain.

Royal Society of Friends of the Country

Jos de Basco y Vargas, following a royal order to form a society of intellectuals who can produce new, useful ideas,

formally established the Real Sociedad Economica de Amigos del Pais. Composed of leading men in business,

industry and profession, the society was tasked to explore and exploit the island's natural bounties. The society led to

the creation of Plan General Economico of Basco which implemented the monopolies on the areca nut, tobacco,

spirited liquors and explosives. It offered local and foreign scholarships and training grants in agriculture andestablished an academy of design. It was also credited to the carabao ban of 1782, the formation of the silversmiths
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and gold beaters guild and the construction of the first papermill in the Philippines in 1825. It was introduced on

1780, vanished temporarily on 1787-1819, 18201822 and 1875-1822 and ceased to exist in the middle of the 1890s.

Royal Company of the Philippines

On March 10, 1785, Charles III created the Royal Philippine Company with a 25 year charter.[5]

It was granted

exclusive monopoly of bringing to Manila, Philippines; Chinese and Indian goods and shipping them directly to

Spain via the Cape of Good Hope. It was stiffly objected by the Dutch and English who saw it as a direct attack on

their trade of Asian goods. It was also vehemently opposed by the traders of the Galleon trade who saw it as

competition. This gradually resulted into the death of both institutions: The Royal Philippine Company in 1814 and

the Galleon trade in 1815.

Taxation

To support the colony, several taxes and monopolies were established. The buwis (tribute), which could be paid in

cash or kind, with tobacco, chickens, produce, gold, blankets, cotton, rice, or other products depending on the region

of the country, was initially fixed at 8 reales, later increased to 15 reales, apportioned as follows: ten reales buwis,

one real diezmos prediales (tithe), one real to the town community chest, one real sanctorum tax, and three reales forchurch support.

Also there was the bandal (from the Tagalog word mandal, a round stack of rice stalks to be threshed), an annual

forced sale and requisitioning of goods such as rice. Custom duties and income tax were also collected. By 1884, the

tribute was replaced by the cedula personal, wherein everyone over 18 were required to pay for personal

identification. The local gobernadorcillos wereresponsible for collection of the tribute. Under the cedula system

taxpayers were individually responsible to Spanish authorities for payment of the tax, and were subject to summary

arrest for failure to show a cedula receipt.

Aside from paying a tribute, all male Filipinos from 16 to 60 years old were obliged to render forced labor called

polo. This labor lasted for 40 days a year, later it was reduced to 15 days. It took various forms such as the building

and repairing of roads and bridges, construction of Public buildings and churches, cutting timber in the forest,

working in shipyards and serving as soldiers in military expeditions. People who rendered the forced labor was

called polistas. He could be exempted by paying the falla which is a sum of money. The polista were according to

law, to be given a daily rice ration during their working days which they often did not receive.[citation needed]

British invasion

In August 1759, Charles III ascended the Spanish throne. At the time, Britain and France were at war, in what was

later called the Seven Years War. France, suffering a series of setbacks, successfully negotiated a treaty with Spain

known as the Family Compact which was signed on 15 August 1761. By an ancillary secret convention, Spain was

committed to making preparations for war against Britain.The early success at Manila did not enable the British to control the Philippines. Spanish-Filipino forces (made up

mostly of Filipinos) kept the British confined to Manila. Nevertheless, the British were confident of eventual success

after receiving the written surrender of captured Catholic Archbishop Rojo on 30 October 1762.

The surrender was rejected as illegal by Don Simn de Anda y Salazar, who claimed the title of Governor-General

under the statutes of the Council of Indies. He led Spanish-Filipino forces that kept the British confined to Manila

and sabotaged or crushed British fomented revolts. Anda intercepted and redirected the Manila galleon trade to

prevent further captures by the British. The failure of the British to consolidate their position led to troop desertions

and a breakdown of command unity which left the British forces paralysed and in an increasingly precarious

position.

The Seven Years War was ended by the Peace of Paris signed on 10 February 1763. At the time of signing the treaty,

the signatories were not aware that the Manila was under British occupation and was being administered as a British
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colony. Consequently no specific provision was made for the Philippines. Instead they fell under the general

provision that all other lands not otherwise provided for be returned to the Spanish Crown.

Resistance against Spanish rule

Spanish rule of the Philippines was constantly threatened by indigenous rebellions and invasions from the Dutch,

Chinese, Japanese and British.

The previously dominant groups resisted Spanish rule, refusing to pay Spanish taxes and rejecting Spanish excesses.

All were defeated by the Spanish and their Filipino allies. In many areas, the Spanish left indigenous groups to

administer their own affairs but under Spanish overlordship.

Early resistance

Resistance against Spain did not immediately cease upon the conquest of the Austronesian cities. After Rajah patis

of Cebu, random native nobles resisted Spanish rule. The longest recorded native rebellion was that of Francisco

Dagohoy which lasted a century.

During the British occupation of Manila (1762

1764), Diego Silang was appointed by them as governor of Ilocosand after his assassination by fellow natives, his wife Gabriela continued to lead the Ilocanos in the fight against

Spanish rule. Resistance against Spanish rule was regional in character, based on ethnolinguistic groups.

Hispanization did not spread to the mountainous center of northern Luzon, nor to the inland communities of

Mindanao. The highlanders were more able to resist the Spanish invaders than the lowlanders.

The Moros, most notably the sultanates, had a more advanced political system than their counterparts in the Visayas

and Luzon. Spanish cities in Mindanao were limited to the coastal areas of Zamboanga and Cagayan de Oro.

The opening of the Philippines to world trade

In Europe, the Industrial Revolution spread from Great Britain during the period known as the Victorian Age. The

industrialization of Europe created great demands for raw materials from the colonies, bringing with it investment

and wealth, although this was very unevenly distributed. Governor-General Basco had opened the Philippines to this

trade. Previously, the Philippines was seen asa trading post for international trade but in the nineteenth century it

was developed both as a source of raw materials and as a market for manufactured goods. The economy of the

Philippines rose rapidly and its local industries developed to satisfy the rising demands of an industrializing Europe.

A small flow of European immigrants came with the opening of the Suez Canal, which cut the travel time between

Europe and the Philippines by half. New ideas about government and society, which the friars and colonial

authorities found dangerous, quickly found their way into the Philippines, notably through the Freemasons, who

along with others, spread the ideals of the American, French and other revolutions, including Spanish liberalism.

Rise of Filipino nationalism

The development of the Philippines as a source of raw materials and as a market for European manufacturescreated

much local wealth. Many Filipinos prospered. Everyday Filipinos also benefited from the new economy with the

rapid increase in demand for labor and availability of business opportunities. Some Europeans immigrated to the

Philippines to join the wealth wagon, among them Jacobo Zobel, patriarch of today's Zobel de Ayala family and

prominent figure in the rise of Filipino nationalism. Their scions studied in the best universities of Europe where

they learned the ideals of liberty from the French and American Revolutions. The new economy gave rise to a new

middle class in the Philippines, usually not ethnic Filipinos.

In the early 19th century, the Suez Canal was opened which made the Philippines easier to reach from Spain. The

small increase ofPeninsulares from the Iberian Peninsula threatened the secularization of the Philippine churches. In

state affairs, the Criollos, known locally asInsulares (lit. "islanders"). were displaced from government positions by
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thePeninsulares, whom the nativeInsulares regarded as foreigners. TheInsulares had become increasingly Filipino

and called themselves Los hijos del pas (lit. "sons of the country"). Among the early proponents of Filipino

nationalism were the Insulares Padre Pedro Pelez, archbishop of Manila, who fought for the secularization of

Philippine churches and expulsion of the friars; Padre Jos Burgos whose execution influenced the national hero Jos

Rizal; and Joaqun Pardo de Tavera who fought for retention of government positions by natives, regardless of race.

In retaliation to the rise of Filipino nationalism, the friars called the Indios (possibly referring to Insulares and

mestizos as well) indolent and unfit for government and church positions. In response, the Insulares came out with

Indios agraviados, a manifesto defending the Filipino against discriminatory remarks. The tension between the

Insulares andPeninsulares erupted into the failed revolts of Novales and the Cavite Mutiny of 1872 which resulted

to the deportation of prominent Filipino nationalists to the Marianas and Europe who would continue the fight for

liberty through the Propaganda Movement. The Cavite Mutiny implicated the priests Mariano Gmez, Jos Burgos,

and Jacinto Zamora (see Gomburza) whose executions would influence the subversive activities of the next

generation of Filipino nationalists, Jos Rizal, who then dedicated his novel,El filibusterismo to the these priests.

Rise of Spanish liberalism

After the Liberals won the Spanish Revolution of 1868, Carlos Mara de la Torre was sent to the Philippines to serveas governor-general (18691871). He was one of the most loved governors-general in the Philippines because of the

reforms he implemented.[citation needed]

At one time, his supporters, including Padre Burgos and Joaqun Pardo de

Tavera, serenaded him in front of the Malacaan Palace.[citation needed]

Following the Bourbon Restoration in Spain

and the removal of the Liberals from power, de la Torre was recalled and replaced by Governor-General Izquierdo

who vowed to rule with an iron fist.[citation needed]

Freemasonry

Freemasonry had gained a generous following in Europe and the Americas during the 19th century and found its way

to the Philippines. The Western World was quickly changing and sought less political control from the Roman

Catholic Church.

The first Filipino Masonic lodge wasRevoluccion. It was established by Graciano Lopez Jaena in Barcelona and was

recognized in April 1889. It did not last long after he resigned from being its worshipful master on November 29,

1889.

In December 1889, Marcelo H. del Pilar established, with the help of Julio Llorente, the Solidaridad in Madrid. Its

first worshipful master was Llorente. A short time later, the Solidaridad grew. Some its members included Jos

Rizal, Pedro Serrano Laktaw, Baldomero Roxas, and Galicano Apacible.

In 1891, Del Pilar sent Laktaw to the Philippines to establish a Masonic lodge. Laktaw established on January 6,

1892, theNilad, the first Masonic lodge in the Philippines. It is estimated that there were 35 masonic lodges in the

Philippines in 1893 of which nine were in Manila. The first Filipina freemason was Rosario Villaruel. Trinidad andJosefa Rizal, Marina Dizon, Romualda Lanuza, Purificacion Leyva, and many others join the masonic lodge.

Freemasonry was important during the time of the Philippine Revolution. It pushed the reform movement and carried

out the propaganda work. In the Philippines, many of those who pushed for a revolution were member of

freemasonry like Andrs Bonifacio. In fact, the organization used by Bonifacio in establishing the Katipunan was

derived from the Masonic society. It may be said that joining masonry was one activity that both the reformists and

the Katipuneros shared.
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Illustrados, Rizal and Katipunan

FilipinoIlustrados in Spain.

The mass deportation of nationalists to the Marianas

and Europe in 1872 led to a Filipino expatriate

community of reformers in Europe. The community

grew with the next generation of Ilustrados studying in

European universities. They allied themselves with

Spanish liberals, notably Spanish senator Miguel

Morayta Sagrario, and founded the newspaper La

Solidaridad.

Among the reformers was Jos Rizal, who wrote two

novels while in Europe. His novels were

consideredWikipedia:Manual of Style/Words to

watch#Unsupported attributions the most influential of

the Illustrados' writings causing further unrest in the islands, particularly the founding of the Katipunan. A rivalry

developed between himself and Marcelo H. del Pilar for the leadership of La Solidaridad and the reform movement

in Europe. Majority of the expatriates supported the leadership of del Pilar.[citation needed]

Rizal then returned to the Philippines to organize La Liga Filipina and bring the reform movement to Philippine soil.

He was arrested just a few days after founding the league. In 1892, Radical members of the La Liga Filipina, which

included Bonifacio and Deodato Arellano, founded the Kataastaasang Kagalanggalang na Katipunan ng mga Anak

ng Bayan (KKK), called simply theKatipunan, which had the objective of the Philippines seceding from the Spanish

Empire.

The Philippine Revolution

By 1896 the Katipunan had a membership by the thousands. That same year, the existence of the Katipunan was

discovered by the colonial authorities. In late August Katipuneros gathered in Caloocan and declared the start of the

revolution. The event is now known as the Cry of Balintawak or Cry of Pugad Lawin, due to conflicting historical

traditions and official government positions.

Andrs Bonifacio called for a general offensive on Manila and was defeated in battle at the town of San Juan del

Monte. He regrouped his forces and was able to briefly capture the towns of Marikina, San Mateo and Montalban.

Spanish counterattacks drove him back and he retreated to the mountains of Balara and Morong and from there

engaged in guerrilla warfare. By August 30, the revolt had spread to eight provinces. On that date, Governor-General

Ramon Blanco declared a state of war in these provinces and placed them under martial law. These were Manila,

Bulacan, Cavite, Pampanga, Tarlac, Laguna, Batangas, and Nueva Ecija. They would later be represented in the

eight rays of the sun in the Filipino flag.Wikipedia:Verifiability Emilio Aguinaldo and the Katipuneros of Cavitewere the most successful of the rebels and they controlled most of their province by SeptemberOctober. They

defended their territories with trenches designed by Edilberto Evangelista.

Many of the educated ilustrado class such as Antonio Luna and Apolinario Mabini did not initially favor an armed

revolution. Rizal himself, whom the rebels took inspiration from and had consulted beforehand, disapproved of a

premature revolution. He was arrested, tried and executed for treason, sedition and conspiracy on December 30,

1896. Before his arrest he had issued a statement disavowing the revolution, but in his swan song poem Mi ltimo

adis he wrote that dying in battle for the sake of one's country was just as patriotic as his own impending

death.Wikipedia:Citing sources

While the revolution spread throughout the provinces, Aguinaldo's Katipuneros declared the existence of an

insurgent government in October regardless of Bonifacio's Katipunan, which he had already converted into an

insurgent government with him as president in August. Bonifacio was invited to Cavite to mediate between
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Citing_sourceshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Citing_sourceshttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mi_%C3%BAltimo_adi%C3%B3shttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mi_%C3%BAltimo_adi%C3%B3shttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Swan_songhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Apolinario_Mabinihttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Antonio_Lunahttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ilustradohttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Edilberto_Evangelistahttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Trench_warfarehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Verifiabilityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Flag_of_the_Philippineshttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nueva_Ecijahttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Batangashttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Laguna_%28province%29http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tarlachttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pampangahttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cavitehttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bulacanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Manilahttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Martial_lawhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Declaration_of_warhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Guerrilla_warfarehttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Katipunanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Deodato_Arellanohttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=La_Liga_Filipinahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Citation_neededhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Marcelo_H._del_Pilarhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Katipunanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manual_of_Style/Words_to_watch#Unsupported_attributionshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manual_of_Style/Words_to_watch#Unsupported_attributionshttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jos%C3%A9_Rizalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=La_Solidaridadhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=La_Solidaridadhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Miguel_Morayta_Sagrariohttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Miguel_Morayta_Sagrariohttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ilustradoshttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File%3ALa_Liga.jpg


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Aguinaldo's rebels, the Magdalo, and their rivals the Magdiwang, both chapters of the Katipunan. There he became

embroiled in discussions whether to replace the Katipunan with an insurgent government of the Cavite rebels' design.

To this end, the Tejeros Convention was convened, where Aguinaldo was elected president of the new insurgent

government. Bonifacio refused to recognize this and he was executed for treason in May 1897.

By December 1897, the revolution had resulted to a stalemate between the colonial government and rebels. Pedro

Paterno mediated between the two sides for the signing of the Pact of Biak-na-Bato. The conditions of the armisticeincluded the self-exile of Aguinaldo and his officers in exchange for $800,000 to be paid by the colonial

government. Aguinaldo then sailed to Hong Kong for self exile.

The Spanish-American War

The Battle of Manila Bay

On April 25, 1898, the Spanish-American War began

with declarations of war. On May 1, 1898, the Spanish

navy was decisively defeated in the Battle of Manila

Bay by the Asiatic Squadron of the U.S. Navy led by

Commodore George Dewey aboard the USS Olympia

Thereafter Spain lost the ability to defend Manila and

therefore the Philippines.

On May 19, Emilio Aguinaldo returned to the

Philippines aboard an American naval ship and on May

24 took command of Filipino forces. Filipino forces

had liberated much of the country from the

Spanish.[citation needed]

On June 12, 1898 Aguinaldo

issued the Philippine Declaration of Independence

declaring independence from Spain and later

established the First Philippine Republic. Filipino forces then laid siege to Manila, as had American forces.

Aguinaldo however failed to take the city.

The Americans entered into a pact with the Spanish governor-general in which they agreed to fight a mock battle

before surrendering Manila to the Americans. The Battle of Manila took place on August 13 and Americans took

control of the city. In the Treaty of Paris (1898) ending the Spanish-American War, the Spanish agreed to sell the

Philippines to the United States for $20 million which was subsequently narrowly ratified. With this action, Spanish

rule in the Philippines formally ended.

On February 4, 1899, the PhilippineAmerican War began with the Battle of Manila (1899) between Americans

forces and the nascent Philippine Republic.

References

[1] http://books. google.com.ph/books?id=gUt5v8ET4QYC&pg=PA77

[2] http://books. google.com.ph/books?id=gUt5v8ET4QYC&pg=PA79

[3][3] ..

[4] South East Asia Pottery - Philippines (http://www.seapots.com/home/index. php/production-centers-pottery-groups/philippines)

[5][5] , "The charter of the Royal Philippine Company was promulgated on March 10, 1785 to last for 25 years."

Citations

Agoncillo, Teodoro A. (1990),History of the Filipino People (Eighth ed.), University of the Philippines,

ISBN 971-8711-06-6
http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:BookSources/971-8711-06-6http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=International_Standard_Book_Numberhttp://www.seapots.com/home/index.php/production-centers-pottery-groups/philippineshttp://books.google.com.ph/books?id=gUt5v8ET4QYC&pg=PA79http://books.google.com.ph/books?id=gUt5v8ET4QYC&pg=PA77http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Manila_%281899%29http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Philippine%E2%80%93American_Warhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=United_States_Dollarhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Treaty_of_Paris_%281898%29http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Manila_%281898%29http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=First_Philippine_Republichttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Philippine_Declaration_of_Independencehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Citation_neededhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=United_Stateshttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=USS_Olympia_%28C-6%29http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=George_Deweyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=U.S._Navyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Asiatic_Squadronhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Manila_Bayhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Manila_Bayhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Declaration_of_warhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Spanish-American_Warhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File%3AUSS_Olympia_art_NH_91881-KN_cropped.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Manila_Bayhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hong_Konghttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tejeros_Conventionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Magdiwang_%28Katipunan_faction%29http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Magdalo_%28Katipunan_faction%29


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Abinales, P. N.; Amoroso, Donna J. (2005), State and society in the Philippines(http://books.google.com/

?id=xiOQdEzgP9kC), Rowman & Littlefield, ISBN 978-0-7425-1024-1

Constantino, Renato (1975), The Philippines: A Past Revisited(http://books.google.com/

?id=Q1ZxAAAAMAAJ), Quezon City: Tala Publishing Services, ISBN 971-8958-00-2.

Cummins, Joseph (2006), "11. A Legend of Freedom: Francisco Dagohoy and the Rebels of Bohol" (http://

books.google.com/books?id=tiBNJTrWRR4C&pg=PA132),History's great untold stories: obscure events oflasting importance(http://books.google.com/?id=tiBNJTrWRR4C), Murdoch Books, pp. 132138,

ISBN 978-1-74045-808-5.

De Borja, Marciano R.; Douglass, William A. (2005),Basques in the Philippines(http://books.google.com/

?id=xXpiujH2uOwC), University of Nevada Press, ISBN 978-0-87417-590-5.

Fish, Shirley (2003), When Britain ruled the Philippines, 1762-1764: the story of the 18th century British

invasion of the Philippines during the Seven Years War(http://books.google.com/?id=ROGYubVVtVIC),

1stBooks Library, ISBN 978-1-4107-1069-7, ISBN 1-4107-1069-6, ISBN 978-1-4107-1069-7.

Guerrero, Milagros; Schumacher, John (1998),Reform and Revolution(http://books.google.com/

books?as_isbn=9622582281), Kasaysayan: The History of the Filipino People 5, Asia Publishing CompanyLimited, ISBN 962-258-228-1.

McCoy, Alfred W.; de Jesus, Ed. C. (2001),Philippine social history: global trade and local transformations

(http://books.google.com/books?id=I5RZurud2oEC), Ateneo de Manila University Press,

ISBN 978-971-550-279-5.

Newson, Linda (2009), Conquest and Pestilence in the Early Spanish Philippines(http://books.google.com/

?id=LF_UgEGu0dEC), University of Hawaii Press, ISBN 978-0-8248-3272-8.

Quibuyen, Floro C. (2008) [1999],A nation aborted: Rizal, American hegemony, and Philippine nationalism

(Revised ed.), Quezon City: Ateneo de Manila University Press, ISBN [[Special:BookSources/971-550-574-1

971-550-574-1 [[Category:Articles with invalid ISBNs]] Check |isbn= value (help).

Sagmit; Et Al (2007), The Filipino Moving Onward 5'(http://books.google.com/?id=SIq_FvJUr40C), Rex

Bookstore, Inc., ISBN 978-971-23-4154-0.

Schottenhammer, Angela (2008), The East Asian Mediterranean: Maritime Crossroads of Culture, Commerce

and Human Migration(http://books.google.com/books?id=GSA_AaRdgioC), Otto Harrassowitz Verlag,

ISBN 978-3-447-05809-4.

Scott, William Henry (1985), Cracks in the parchment curtain and other essays in Philippine history(http://

books.google.com/books?id=OIM6PgAACAAJ), New Day Publishers, ISBN 978-971-10-0074-5.|

Spate, Oskar Hermann Khristian (2004), The Spanish Lake(http://books.google.com/?id=JH9SIogNd3sC),

Australian National University, ISBN 1-920942-16-5.

Tracy, Nicholas (1995),Manila Ransomed: The British Assault on Manila in the Seven Years War(http://books.

google.com/?id=AoNxAAAAMAAJ), University of Exeter Press, ISBN 978-0-85989-426-5.

Villarroel, Fidel (2009), "Philip II and the "Philippine Referendum" of 1599" (http://books.google.com/

books?id=8r8eIuAJpTAC&pg=PA93), in Ramrez, Dmaso de Lario,Re-shaping the World: Philip II of Spain

and His Time(http://books.google.com/?id=8r8eIuAJpTAC) (illustrated ed.), Ateneo de Manila University

Press, ISBN 978-971-550-556-7.

Williams, Patrick (2009), "Philip II, the Philippines, and the Hispanic World" (http://books.google.com/

books?id=8r8eIuAJpTAC&pg=PA13), in Ramrez, Dmaso de Lario,Re-shaping the World: Philip II of Spain

and His Time(http://books.google.com/?id=8r8eIuAJpTAC) (illustrated ed.), Ateneo de Manila University

Press, ISBN 978-971-550-556-7.
http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:BookSources/978-971-550-556-7http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=International_Standard_Book_Numberhttp://books.google.com/?id=8r8eIuAJpTAChttp://books.google.com/books?id=8r8eIuAJpTAC&pg=PA13http://books.google.com/books?id=8r8eIuAJpTAC&pg=PA13http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:BookSources/978-971-550-556-7http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=International_Standard_Book_Numberhttp://books.google.com/?id=8r8eIuAJpTAChttp://books.google.com/books?id=8r8eIuAJpTAC&pg=PA93http://books.google.com/books?id=8r8eIuAJpTAC&pg=PA93http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:BookSources/978-0-85989-426-5http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=International_Standard_Book_Numberhttp://books.google.com/?id=AoNxAAAAMAAJhttp://books.google.com/?id=AoNxAAAAMAAJhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:BookSources/1-920942-16-5http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=International_Standard_Book_Numberhttp://books.google.com/?id=JH9SIogNd3sChttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:BookSources/978-971-10-0074-5http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=International_Standard_Book_Numberhttp://books.google.com/books?id=OIM6PgAACAAJhttp://books.google.com/books?id=OIM6PgAACAAJhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:BookSources/978-3-447-05809-4http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=International_Standard_Book_Numberhttp://books.google.com/books?id=GSA_AaRdgioChttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:BookSources/978-971-23-4154-0http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=International_Standard_Book_Numberhttp://books.google.com/?id=SIq_FvJUr40Chttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Help:CS1_errors%23bad_isbnhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=971-550-574-1_%5B%5BCategory:Articles_with_invalid_ISBNs%5D%5Dhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=International_Standard_Book_Numberhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:BookSources/978-0-8248-3272-8http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=International_Standard_Book_Numberhttp://books.google.com/?id=LF_UgEGu0dEChttp://books.google.com/?id=LF_UgEGu0dEChttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:BookSources/978-971-550-279-5http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=International_Standard_Book_Numberhttp://books.google.com/books?id=I5RZurud2oEChttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:BookSources/962-258-228-1http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=International_Standard_Book_Numberhttp://books.google.com/books?as_isbn=9622582281http://books.google.com/books?as_isbn=9622582281http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:BookSources/978-1-4107-1069-7http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=International_Standard_Book_Numberhttp://books.google.com/?id=ROGYubVVtVIChttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:BookSources/978-0-87417-590-5http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=International_Standard_Book_Numberhttp://books.google.com/?id=xXpiujH2uOwChttp://books.google.com/?id=xXpiujH2uOwChttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:BookSources/978-1-74045-808-5http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=International_Standard_Book_Numberhttp://books.google.com/?id=tiBNJTrWRR4Chttp://books.google.com/books?id=tiBNJTrWRR4C&pg=PA132http://books.google.com/books?id=tiBNJTrWRR4C&pg=PA132http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:BookSources/971-8958-00-2http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=International_Standard_Book_Numberhttp://books.google.com/?id=Q1ZxAAAAMAAJhttp://books.google.com/?id=Q1ZxAAAAMAAJhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Renato_Constantinohttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:BookSources/978-0-7425-1024-1http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=International_Standard_Book_Numberhttp://books.google.com/?id=xiOQdEzgP9kChttp://books.google.com/?id=xiOQdEzgP9kC


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Yu-Jose, Lydia N. (1999),Japan views the Philippines, 1900-1944(http://books.google.com/

books?id=kbWv-pZy5H0C), Ateneo de Manila University Press, ISBN 978-971-550-281-8.

Zaide, Gregorio F. (1939),Philippine History and Civilization(http://books.google.com/

?id=0jgbAAAAIAAJ), Philippine Education Co.

Zaide, Sonia M (2006), The Philippines: A Unique Nation, All-Nations Publishing Co Inc, Quezon City,

ISBN 971-642-071-4.

External links

Shamanism, Catholicism and Gender Relations in Colonial Philippines 1521-1685 (http://books.google.com/

books?id=xCzLUqFQ3YsC) - Google Books

De las islas filipinas (http://www.filipiniana.net/ArtifactView.do?artifactID=SE0000000018) A historical

account written by a Spanish lawyer who lived in the Philippines during the 19th century

Timeline of Philippine History: Spanish colonization (http://www.philippines-timeline.com/spanish.htm)
http://www.philippines-timeline.com/spanish.htmhttp://www.filipiniana.net/ArtifactView.do?artifactID=SE0000000018http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Google_Bookshttp://books.google.com/books?id=xCzLUqFQ3YsChttp://books.google.com/books?id=xCzLUqFQ3YsChttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:BookSources/971-642-071-4http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=International_Standard_Book_Numberhttp://books.google.com/?id=0jgbAAAAIAAJhttp://books.google.com/?id=0jgbAAAAIAAJhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:BookSources/978-971-550-281-8http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=International_Standard_Book_Numberhttp://books.google.com/books?id=kbWv-pZy5H0Chttp://books.google.com/books?id=kbWv-pZy5H0C


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Article Sources and Contributors 14

Article Sources and ContributorsHistory of the Philippines (15211898) Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=583174967 Contributors: 10metreh, Adel Hosny, Againme, Akerans, Ale jrb, Alliando,

Angusmclellan, Arfdx, Avexdream2000, BD2412, Boing! said Zebedee, Brookie, Bruce Hall, C6541, Calmer Waters, Chris the speller, ClamDip, DARTH SIDIOUS 2, Download, Faizan,

Favonian, Gubernatoria, Hmains, Iloilo Wanderer, JWB, Jason Quinn, Jay-Sebastos, Johnmperry, Kdyzapra, Khazar2, Knownguy46, LeftAire, Marletbadeo, MartyWilliams, Materialscientist,

Mattvsmith, Mauler90, MelbourneStar, Ms.zero-seven, NSZeigler, Nasugbu batangas, Okloster, Pigman, Pinoypride31, Pratyya Ghosh, Provocateur, Sesamevoila, Suitoro, TLS MMM, Tabletop,

Tbhotch, Technopat, Thinkinggecko, Turgan, Uskill, Ute in DC, Widr, WikiEditor50, Winston365, Wtmitchell, YUL89YYZ, , 176 anonymous edits

Image Sources, Licenses and ContributorsImage:Philippine History Collage.jpg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Philippine_History_Collage.jpg License: Public domain Contributors: by Scorpion prinz

File:Flag of the Philippines.svg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Flag_of_the_Philippines.svg License: Public Domain Contributors: User:Achim1999

File:Ferdinand Magellan.jpg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Ferdinand_Magellan.jpg License: Public Domain Contributors: Dantadd, Kjetil r, Knutux, LZ6387,

Loco085, Martin H., 6 anonymous edits

Image:Flag of Cross of Burgundy.svg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Flag_of_Cross_of_Burgundy.svg License: GNU Free Documentation License Contributors:

Ningyou.

File:Flag of Cross of Burgundy.svg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Flag_of_Cross_of_Burgundy.svg License: GNU Free Documentation License Contributors:

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File:La Liga.jpg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:La_Liga.jpg License: Public Domain Contributors: Austin Coates

File:USS Olympia art NH 91881-KN cropped.jpg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:USS_Olympia_art_NH_91881-KN_cropped.jpg License: Public Domain

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