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HISTORY OF THE U.S. ACADEMIC OCEANOGRAPHIC RESEARCH FLEET

ANDTHESOURCESOFRESEARCHSHWS

A Report prepared by

T. K. Treadwell, Texas A & M University D. S. Gorsline, University of Southern California

R. West, National Science Foundation

on behalf of the UNOLS Fleet Improvement Committee

September 1988

FOREWORD

We are pleased to add this report to the record of the continuing UNOLS study of

the U.S. academic oceanographic research fleet. This report began as separate essays by

Donn Gorsline and T.K. Treadwell addressing sources of ships in the academic fleet and

the history of the fleet. After integration and expansion of the material, Richard West

agreed to contribute Figures 2-6 which graphically summarize the size, berthing capacity,

sources, and financial support of the federally supported academic fleet from 1970 until the

mid 1980s. The final result of this collaboration makes both interesting and educational

reading.

The authors recognize that the data on which they based discussions and framed

their conclusions are incomplete. They intend to issue a revised data base in the future and

are considering a longer volume based on that data base. Therefore, additional information

and corrections are sought and would be appreciated. They may be sent directly to T.K.

Treadwell or to the Chairman, UNOLS Fleet Improvement Committee.

UNOLS Fleet Improvement Committee September 1988

TABLE OF CONTENTS

Page

FOREWORD. . .... .. ..... ... .. . . ...... . ....... .... ..... . . ............. ... . ... . ... ......... .. .. . ... iii

TABLE OF CONTENTS ......................................................................... v

IN1RODUCfION ............................................................................... .

SOURCES OF SHIPS........................................................................... 1

A BRIEF HISTOR Y OF OCEAN RESEARCH VESSELS ................................ 3

1HEACADEMICFLEET ....................................................................... 7

General ......................................................................................... 7

The Pre-World War II Fleet ................................................................. 8

World War II to 1960 ........................................................................ 10

Academic Fleet, 1960 to 1980 ............................................................... 12

Academic Fleet, 1980 to Present ........................................................... 14

UNOLS Fleet, 1970 to Present ............................................................. 18

Summary ....................................................................................... 27

REFERENCES .................................................................................... 28

APPENDIX ........................................................................................ 29

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INTRODUCTION

Students at oceanographic institutions concentrate on the study of science; the emphasis is on the cutting edge, the breakthrough, the problems of the future. What is usually slighted in the curriculum, or even lacking entirely, is the history of the profession, and especially the non-science factors that shaped it. Young scientists expect that the "government" will provide them with a new ship built for research, and the laboratories and equipment they want. Completely missing is the perspective that this situation is of comparatively recent vintage, and that earlier oceanographers faced administrative problems which were just as challenging as the scientific ones. This igno­rance not only robs young marine scientists of an awareness of the rich heritage of their field, but can lead to repeating the mistakes of history.

In this paper we will sketch the evolution of the oceanographic fleet of the United States, and its sources of support, in the context of the general development of the field. We will concen­trate on the academic fleet - those vessels used by scientists at universities and private research institutions- and analyze its composition and progress over the last half-century. We have in­cluded a section that examines the University Ocean Laboratory System (UNOLS) fleet and also looks at funding during that time. The present active blue-water academic fleet is essentially the UNOLS Fleet. We briefly summarize the various scenarios for obtaining research ships and tabu­late the proportions of the fleet coming from the various possible sources. We have not discussed submersibles or aircraft or such special platforms as barges or FLIP but have restricted our paper to the surface ships.

As a comparative reference, we have appended some data on the federal research fleet, since its evolution roughly parallels the growth and development of the academic fleet. Basic fleet data are tabulated and compiled into six appendix tables. In the text we have interspersed short ta­bles drawn from that basic data to illustrate the status of the fleet at various somewhat arbitrary snapshot times that can be roughly related to other factors such as changes in federal funding, na­tional needs and so forth. The basic lists mostly involve ships longer than 60 feet but also included are a few smaller ships that have historical interest or are institutions in the marine community.

We have based our discussion on several useful references including Kielhorn (1953), Nelson (1971), NODC (1961,1963,1966), Shor (1978), and West (1987). Capt. Don Keach was a primary source as well as a host of willing correspondents from many academic marine institutions.

SOURCES OF SHIPS

Before beginning our discussion of the fleet and its history and development we will set the scene by briefly describing the available scenarios for acquisition of research vessels for academic or private institution use. Selection of a particular source is dependent on a variety of factors of which available funds is perhaps the most important. Over the past 50 years, the Academic Fleet has included ships obtained by virtually every possible scenario. We will note some of these here, and the main body of this report will cite examples of ship sources. The following outline includes most of the possible sources and will be useful as a basis for this section's brief discussion:

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Ship Acquisition Scenarios

I. New Construction A. Federal B. State or local government C. Private

II. Conversion of Existing Ships A. Federal ship by federal funds B. Federal ship by state funds C. Federal ship by private funds D. Commercial/private ship by federal funds E. Commercial/private ship by state funds F. Commercial/private ship by private funds

III. Charter of existing research-capable ship A. Federal agency ship

1. Specially equipped 2. General purpose

B. Commercial ship 1. Specially equipped 2. General purpose

C. Foreign ship 1. Specially equipped 2. General purpose

We will detail the growing role of federal new construction in the 1960s and 1970s. In the present fleet the PELICAN of the Louisiana Universities Marine Consortium is an example of a state-funded new ship. The Harbor Branch ship SEWARD JOHNSON is a good example of a privately-funded new ship.

Conversions have always been a primary element in the fleet and, in fact, after even a few years all ships are converted to some degree as new equipment and task requirements change ship arrangements. Conversions of surplus federal military ships with federal funds were common af­ter World War II. Scripps has converted surplus military vessels for research using University of California funds. At present, several T -boats in the fleet were modified by private funds at smaller ocean program schools. Yachts have been converted for federal use, by state funds and by private funds. Some of the first academic vessels fall into this category.

Chartering of ships has been done for special purpose cruises such as geophysical work, for example. The charter of POLAR DUKE by the Division of Polar Programs of NSF is another example. The Ocean Sciences Division of the National Science Foundation has developed a long­tern1 general plan that defines a number of major research objectives for the rest of this century (see The Fleet Improvement Committee Report by J. Murray, 1988). These global initiatives in re­search, if fully funded, will require research ship commitments that could exceed the U.S. Aca­demic Fleet capabilities. In that event, then, one pathway for additional ship capacity would be to use foreign research ships. This could be by charter or by some exchange arrangement.

Although not directly a part of the academic marine research program, the GLORIA long­range sidescan surveys of the Extended Economic Zone of the United States by the Marine Geol­ogy Branch of the U.S. Geological Survey is an example of use of a specially equipped foreign ship. The PARNELLA of the British National Institutes of Oceanography was specially modified for this work, and it was deemed to be more cost effective to use that ship rather than modify a U.S. Academic Fleet ship for the surveys.

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It is obvious that the particular scenario used by a given institution will reflect political and economic factors. The ideal method is to build a specially designed ship. However, for most deep water vessels of large or intermediate size, the construction cost is far beyond the fiscal resources of individual organizations. Most ships that are privately built for research are vessels of less than 150 feet. Thus federal funding is almost the sole "new ship" source. When federal budgets are tight, alternative sources of replacements for the fleet must be sought. In the active fleet, only one or two new federally constructed vessel seem likely before the rnid-1990s (AGOR 23 and 24). Other alternatives are being used. Examples are the conversions of a Pacific Tuna Clipper (OSPREY) by the University of Southern California and an oil industry supply vessel (POINT LOBOS) by Monterey Bay Aquarium Research Institute. The constraints briefly touched upon here will underlie much of the following discussion.

If we consider relative costs for a given ship type and size, new construction is the most expensive pathway, often by a factor of 2-3. Conversion expense is controlled by the initial cost of the "used" vesseL Typically this will be a function of the actual market value modified by such factors as tax incentives, as in the gift of a ship to a non-profit educational institution. If this cost can be amortized over a number of years from federal funds as part of the annual operating cost, then the net cost to an institution may be the conversion costs alone, or all costs may eventually be met. Thus, the conversion scenario has a broad range of possible direct costs. Charters also range over a wide spectrum depending on the source (commercial versus government agency, or foreign vessel). For special purpose use this may well be the most effective route. In any scenario the initial cost is small in comparison to the cumulative operating cost of the vessel over its active life.

A BRIEF HISTORY OF U.S. OCEAN RESEARCH VESSELS, 18th CENTURY TO PRESENT

One thing which will become immediately obvious in the following review is that until very recently, the building of a ship specifically for research was a very rare event. Indeed, until the 1960s, practically all scientific vessels were conversions, using hulls built for some other purpose, and more or less modified to carry out sampling and analysis at sea. In a broader sense, it will also be found that the federal government's role as a provider of funds for academic ships (and for the research to be done aboard them) is also a relatively new development, historically, and was most characteristic in the 1960s and early 1970s.

Conversions have a long tradition; all of the early work on "oceanography", including ex­ploration and hydrographic surveying, was done on conversions, and some of them very little changed from their original form. Probably the first in this country was the CONSTITUTION, "Old Ironsides", which did a survey of New London harbor in 1811 (Nelson, 1971). Still earlier, in the 1770s, Captain James Cook's global explorations and surveys of the world oceans were un­dertaken on Whitby "cats", stubby heavily timbered vessels designed for the coastal trade in the English Channel and North Sea (Beaglehole, 1974). The Royal Navy, not necessarily at Cook's suggestion although he learned his trade aboard such ships as an apprentice and young mate, wisely chose to use vessels that were built for the dangers of inshore sailing and navigation for an expedition primarily to accurately map the coasts of the Pacific and its islands. Work boats have often proved to be good research ships, and lessons learned in constructing and designing them have played a part in new research ship design.

The forerunner of the U.S. Coast Survey, using the coastal freighters JERSEY and EXPERIMENT, did surveys of the entrance to New York in 1834 and surveyed Georges Bank with the schooner MARIA in 1837 (Nelson, 1971).

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One of the largest field programs of this era was the U. S. Exploring Expedition under Lt. John Wilkes. Two ships, CO:\lSORT and PIONEER, built as "exploring vessels" for this voyage, seem to have been the first ships built for scientific purposes. Unfortunately, they were too slow, and the expedition sailed from 1838 to 1842 with the sloop-of-war VINCENNES as their flagship. VINCENNES, at 127' length, was about the same size as the University of Delaware's CAPE HENLOPEN, and spent almost five years in the South Seas. In addition to a host of miscella­neous oceanographic and natural history data, the expedition resulted in 106 nautical charts, about 30 of which. at the start of World War II, still were the only charts available for many of these ar­eas.

At roughly that same time, the British Navy brig BEAGLE was surveying the coasts of South America and various Pacific and Indian Ocean islands under the command of Captain Fitzroy, accompanied by a young natural historian named Charles Darwin (Moorehead, 1969).

The NAUTILUS, an 80' schooner built for coastal surveying in 1838, was the first of its kind, and was supplemented by a variety of Navy and commercial hulls assigned to hydrography. At the time, and for another century, hydrographic surveying included many things which we would now call oceanography, such as tides and currents, temperature, winds and waves, bottom sediments, and biological observations. In addition to ships which were used full-time for hydrography, information was accumulated from the logs of the "ships of opportunity" of the time, commercial and naval vessels. These formed the basis for Matthew F. Maury's PHYSICAL GEOGRAPHY OF THE SEA (1855), and subsequently in many editions, which was the first text solely on world oceanography (Nelson, 1971).

The establishment of the Navy Hydrographic Office as a separate entity just after the Civil War increased our national capability to do science at sea far beyond that of the infant Coast Sur­vey. And in 1871, the creation of the U.S. Fish Commission led to the exploration of the new field of fisheries research and marine biology in general. All these operations initially used Navy, cargo and fishing hulls. The Fish Commission achieved fame by identifying where all the fish had gone (gross ovelilshing) and by constructing the tlrst tme oceanographic research ship, ALBATROSS, in 1882 (Nelson, 1971; Peterson, 1988). This ship was, for many years, the most advanced research ship in the world and was the first introduction to marine research for many students and scientists from academia (Peterson, 1988). Peterson's paper on the ALBATROSS in "Log of Mystic Seaport" is recommended reading for modern oceanographers. Over the years, a succession of vessels of the same name followed, the most recent being ALBATROSS IV which was built specifically for research. Unfortunately, ALBATROSS II and III were conversions, breaking the family tradition.

The few specially built scientific ships were always in the minority; most, in both the U.S. and overseas, were conversions of varying capability. HMS CHALLENGER, the first true global ocean research ship, was a modified warship and apparently well fitted out for science. The best available laboratory equipment was installed, plus a "state of the art" overside handling system us­ing steam engines. There were many innovations; the use of rubber shock absorbers, for example, to minimize surge loads while dredging. It's surprising how many of the mechanical sampling de­vices such as nets, dredges and coring tubes are almost the same as those used today (Sears and Merriam, 1980). Somewhat surprisingly, CHALLENGER did no further expeditionary research, but was returned to regular Navy service.

By the end of the century hydrographic surveying and coastal oceanography by the Coast Survey was being done mostly from ships built for research such as BLAKE and HASSLER, and this continues to the present day with famous names such as SURVEYOR, EXPLORER and

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HYDROGRAPHER. Indeed, the Coast Survey has been quite successful in justifying new construction, though the ships' life spans tend to be very long and the vessels very run-down. PATH- FINDER for example, was built in 1899 and served until the second World War. Less fortunately, at the tum of the century Congress removed the Navy crews and officer-scientists from the Coast Survey duty, and it took almost a generation for them to be replaced with the present cadre of NOAA officers plus civilian crews and scientists. Also, about the same time the present division of responsibility for charting was established, with the Navy Hydrographic Office responsible for the entire world (including the U.S. if they desired) and the Coast Survey limited to the U.S. territorial waters. This led to bureaucratic hassles in the 1950-1970 period when NOAA built the OCEANOGRAPHER class of large, blue water research ships in an attempt to expand its oceanographic research program to a global scope.

The Navy, on the other hand, maintained a strong personnel capability in hydrography and oceanography but had almost no success in justifying new construction of survey and research ships. This was because there were always surplus military hulls available, and usually cheap military crews to man them. These were combined with a technical work-force which was in­creasingly civil service in composition. Not until after World War II was an attempt made to revive the concept of scientifically qualified officers and men. Early conversions used were ENTERPRISE (corvette, 1877-1892); HANNIBAL (collier, 1898-1944); NOKOMIS (yacht, 1917-1934); GANNETT (minesweeper, 1919-1942); RAMAPO (tanker, 1919-1946); and SUMNER (submarine tender, 1915-1946).

Even after World War II, as "modern" techniques in oceanography and electronic survey­ing developed, the Navy continued this pattern of using conversions. Their two major hydro­graphic ships were converted from troop transports (TANNER and MAURY), plus accompanying smaller surveying ships from both wooden-hulled minesweepers (HARKNESS class) and steel­hulled (SHELDRAKE class), as well as tugs (ALLEGHENY class). These remained in operation until the late 1960s. In general, these were quite satisfactory for hydrographic work, which re­quired only facilities for an echosounder, positioning, and plotting, plus the capability to field shore parties for surveys. Associated oceanography was limited to BTs, shallow bottom sam­pling, cunent and tide measurements, and occasional biological net tows and dredges. This was easily done using specially installed winches and A-frames. Little or no sample processing was done on board; most samples were preserved and returned to the Hydrographic Office for analysis, so laboratory requirements were minimal. Scientific parties (in addition to wam1-body assistance from the naval personnel) consisted of from one man on small ships to a dozen or more on the large tenders. While there were the inevitable frictions between the military crew and the scientific detachment, there was usually very good cooperation and productivity. Perhaps the major draw­back was that these ships were never high on the list of Navy priorities for personnel or equipment and consequently were often short-handed and poorly maintained.

In 1949 the Navy fielded its first true oceanographic research ships, the converted seaplane tenders SAN PABLO and REHOBOTH, which remained in service until 1970. They had oceano­graphic laboratories aimed primarily at physical and chemical oceanography and acoustics, in sup­pori of the Navy's ASW problems. Since the crew was not involved except as ship drivers and assistants for the overs ide work, a party of civil service oceanographers was assigned. These hulls are remembered by those who sailed on them as being rather comfortable and productive for the work they were designed to carry out. They had good seakeeping qualities, being beamy and of fairly deep draft.

The Navy also had during this period quasi-oceanographic ships which were used in sup­port of acoustics and related research. These included the MARYSVILLE (escort ship),

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HUNTING (LSM), GIBBS (seaplane tender), MISSION CAPISTRANO (tanker) and MIZAR (cargo ship). Most had special capabilities for lowering or towing large, heavy acoustic arrays and associated oceanographic equipment. Since they were primarily single-purpose ships, they were reported to be quite adequate for what they were required to do.

The advent of multi-beam echosounders and reliable marine gravity and magnetics instru­ments in the 1960s led to the last major series of Navy conversions. These were the three BOWDITCH-class converted Victory ships and the two SHOUP-class ex-troop transports. The former carried multi-beam echosounders and related gear, and the latter primarily gravity meters, both carrying out surveys in support of missile-launching submarines. The goal in both cases was very high stability, which at that time meant large size and deep draft. Since the scientific equip­ment was microscopic compared to the size of the hull, scientific and housekeeping space for the science party of about a dozen was the largest ever for a scientific vessel. The hulls worked well and had a long and highly productive life, adding immensely to our knowledge of bathymetry and marine magnetics and gravity.

In the late 1800s and early 1900s there were a few other ocean-going scientific ships, most of which had true scientific competence. There was such variety that it is hard to generalize about their suitability. These vessels included the Carnegie Institution's GALILEE, a modified sailing cargo hull which operated from 1905 to 1908 as a general purpose research ship. This was suc­ceeded in 1909 by the non-magnetic hull CARNEGIE, designed primarily for marine magnetic ob­servations. The Navy cruisers BIRMINGHAM and CHESTER were detailed to the International Ice Patrol in 1912, which at that time involved little more than tracking bergs and observing sea surface temperature and weather conditions. In the same time range, ALEXANDER AGASSIZ, a sailing vessel with twin gasoline engines, was built in 1907 for research use by the marine station that was the forerunner of Scripps Institution of Oceanography. Of the early ships specially built for what we would call oceanography (not hydrographic surveying), it would appear that ALBATROSS was the first, AGASSIZ was the second, and the highly-specialized CARNEGIE third. Unfortunately, a quarter-century would elapse before another ship would be built for research, the ATLANTIS at \Voods Hole Oceanographic Institution.

Something of a novelty in marine research occurred in 1932, when the Navy assigned the submarine S-48 to carry out marine gravity work for Harry Hess of Princeton and Vening-Meinesz of Holland. Even with S-48's relatively shallow depth limitation of about 250', observations could be made below the reach of even long-period waves, thus providing a stable platform for the pendulum gravity meters. (S-48 was my [TKT] first ship in the Navy; when I went on board in 1942 it was conducting acoustics research with the Columbia Underwater Sound Laboratory of New London, thus giving me my first taste of oceanography. The crew, several of whom had been on board for the earlier gravity cruises, were still proud of their part in this early research).

The apogee of oceanographic ship development was during the period of the 1960s and early 1970s when a series of new federally built research ships entered the scene in tandem with the major science development thrust of the nation following Sputnik. The AGORs (general ocean research ships) and AGSs (general survey ships) are still the main vessels in both the federal and academic fleets. These were ocean-going vessels, 2lO feet in length, and included such vessels in the federal fleet as the DAVIS (AGOR-5), LYNCH (AGOR-7), DE STEIGUER (AGOR-12), and BARTLEIT (AGOR-13) and vessels in the academic fleet such as WASHINGTON, CONRAD and THOMPSON (all AGOR-3 class). The AGOR-23, in planning, represents the latest in that useful series, although it is also the only one planned or built since the middle 1970s. These are still active, along with such very productive ships as WECOMA, ENDEAVOUR and OCEANUS, all 177' in length and built to research ship designs with National Science Foundation funds in the early and mid-1970s for the academic fleet. NEW HORIZON, GYRE and MOANA WAVE, three

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more vessels in the 160-170' group, were also built from keel up for research with mostly federal funds and have proven to be productive and popular hulls.

THE ACADEMIC FLEET

General

The history of the modem (post-1930) academic fleet can be divided into four phases (these differ slightly from Nelson's [1971] periods). These correspond roughly to times of change in national public attitudes and governmental policies toward science in general, and to the overall na­tional economy indirectly. All of these factors combined to drive periodic major changes in re­search interests and funding, including that for oceanography. Other primary driving forces are the constantly changing requirements of the marine sciences as we learn more about the oceans, invent new observational tools and better methods and facilities for analyzing the increasing flow of data.

We define these four periods or phases as Pre-World War II, World War II to 1960, 1960 to 1980, and 1980 to present.

We have also considered some aspects of the academic fleet during the history of the Uni­versity National Ocean Laboratory System (UNOLS). This organization of ocean academic insti­tutions was founded in 1971 and receives its administrative support from the National Science Foundation. The impact of this organization on the fleet has been immense. Committees and pan­els organized under its imprimatur have defined science requirements and safety regulations and authored a host of special studies of equipment, design requirements and regional scheduling. Its influence is restricted essentially to the larger blue-water vessels supported by annual NSF/ONR grants, although most institutions also apply UNOLS guidelines to their smaller "Day boats" as well. In recent years UNOLS has regularly inventoried the fleet and its utilization and has at­tempted to predict and anticipate future fleet trends and needs.

Table 1 shows the sources of research vessel additions to the academic fleet from about 1925 to 1988, in five-year increments. An annual tabulation becomes very patchy, and the smoothing of a five-year interval sharpens trends that are actually the product of multi-year plan­ning and funding that is the typical time-scale for major capital items like shi ps. For example, in the years 1962, 1964, and 1970, a total of 27 ships entered that fleet, evidence of the strong effect of the increased national funding for science and technology in general. Yet the planning and building or conversion of those vessels probably extended back to at least 1960.

The World War II to 1960 phase is dominated by conversions, many of which were the 65' "T-boats" which had been constructed for the services from 1944-1952. These have been some of the most long-lived ships, and several have been shifted from one institution to another, much as older children in a family pass along their toys to younger brothers and sisters. As institutions grow, they often outgrow their first ships long before those ships have reached the end of their useful lives. For example, T -441 started its research career at Scripps Institution of Oceanography and eventually moved to University of Connecticut as the UCONN. TURSIOPS started at Miami, moved to Florida State University and then to Florida Institute of Technology.

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TABLE 1: SOURCES OF R/Vs, 1925 TO PRESENT

Time Conversions New RjVs NewRNs Interval All Sources Federal $$ Other $$ Totals

Pre-World WarII: 1925-29 1 0 0 1 1930-34 3 0 0 3 1935-39 3 0 0 3

World War 11-1959: 1940-44 3 0 0 3 1945-49 14 0 2 16 1950-54 9 0 0 9 1955-59 13 0 0 13

1960-1979: 1960-64 17 7 0 24 1965-69 9 7.5 3.5 20 1970-74 4 4 2 10 1975-79 3 2 0 5

1980-Present: 1980-84 5 2 2 9 1985-89 2 1 0 3

TOTALS 86 23.5 9.5 119

% of Total 72.2 19.8 8.0 100

The appended tabulations of academic and federal research ships form the mother lode from which we have mined the data for the body of this report. In compiling these lists the general rule was to concentrate on vessels above 60' in length, although some exceptions have been included to give good institutional representation. We have attempted to list at least the main vessel for every member and associate member institution of UNOLS. The basic data have been retabulated in a variety of ways to give a good picture of the major factors in research ship design such as age, length, source, etc. We have added ALBATROSS to both basic lists because that ship was used by both government and academic scientists and students. In spite of our best efforts to date, some gaps in infomlation exist and we ask that interested readers send us data for updating the table.

The Pre-World War II Fleet

Beginning in 1930, there was a depressed economy, a period of political isolationism, and a lack of concern with other parts of the world. The environment not only kept the academic oceanography community small, with limited facilities, but also focused its interests primarily on coastal, rather than global problems. This period was characterized by research at sea which was limited in both scope and magnitude, and mainly dependent on ships of opportunity. Since this early phase was primarily nearshore in orientation, ships used were those suitable for those areas.

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Research, and the associated ships and shore facilities, remained limited until the National Academy of Sciences took an interest in the subject. The Academy's Committee on Oceanogra­phy, formed in 1927, recommended the formation of several centers of marine research. A series of grants from the Rockefeller Foundation established the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution (WHOI), expanded the oceanographic laboratory of the University of Washington (U/W ASH), and contributed to the Scripps Institution of Oceanography (SIO). Captain G. Alan Hancock had been providing assistance to marine research at the University of Southern California (USC) and continued to do so, giving scientists shiptime aboard his private yacht, VELERO III. As a result of all these actions, all supported solely by private funds, four major institutions emerged in the 1930s, each with a ship.

The 145' ATLANTIS was built for research at WHOI using Rockefeller Foundation funds. SIO had been using the 64' SCRIPPS, an ex-purse seiner, which they bought in 1925; it was fol­lowed in 1937 by the E. W. SCRIPPS, a 104' former yacht donated by the Scripps family. The University of Washington acquired the 75' CATALYST, built with Foundation money, in 1931. Captain Hancock formally donated the VELERO III, a 240' yacht, to USC in 1938. In addition work was done on board state and federal fisheries ships, U.S. Coast and Geodetic Survey ships, Navy surveying vessels (see previous chapter), and private yachts. A classic example of the en­trepreneurial effort of this phase was the famous expedition to the Gulf of California (the Sea of Cortez) by Ricketts and Steinbeck in the late 1930s, memorialized by Steinbeck in his novel The Sea of Cortez. Other expeditions were funded by wealthy sponsors and usually memorialized in privately published volumes of varying quality and interest. (One of the early introductions to oceanography for me [DSGJ was one of these volumes describing a cruise to the South Pacific is­lands of Melanasia by a young Vanderbilt with Ivy League classmates, some graduates of the school of hard knocks and a couple of Yale and Harvard biologists, all done in quarto form in a beautiful book published privately).

The academic research fleet in 1941, just prior to WWII, consisted of the ships shown in Table 2.

TABLE 2: PRE-WORLD WAR IT ACADEMIC FLEET

Ship Operator Length Built Acquired Source, Type

ASTERTAS WHOI 42' 1931 1931 Private, new R!V ATLANTIS WHOT 142' 1931 1931 Pri vate, new R/V CATALYST U/WASH 75' 1931 1931 Private, new R/V ANTON DOHRN WHOT 70' 1911 1940 Private, fishing E.W.SCRIPPS STO 104' 1924 1937 Private, yacht VELEROIII USC 240' ? 1938 Private, yacht

Although all these ships are still within living memory, and the authors had the experience of riding some, it is difficult at this point to separate nostalgia from reality concerning their capabilities. Certainly the reminiscent consensus is that they were pleasant, efficient, and produc­tive at their time. In reality, probably ATLANTIS and E.vV.SCRIPPS, being sailing hulls, were comfortable in a seaway, and being of low freeboard, handling overside gear was likely conve­nient. Space, both for deck work and laboratories, was limited but apparently adequate for the work then being done. CATALYST, to the contrary, is recalled as being "a wet-deck rough rider w~ich could pitch you out of your bunk", but was satisfactory for the inshore work that was its pnmary use.

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World War II to 1960

During World War II the U.S. was drawn into global affairs; the many important sea cam­paigns world-wide not only drew public attention to the world oceans, but made glaringly obvious our ignorance of global oceanography. The U.S. military had used science to good effect, and the Navy developed a strong interest in the marine sciences which carried forward into the post-war period with great momentum. The Navy saw potential help in solving their vexing problems in pro- and anti-submarine warfare, amphibious landings, mine warfare, and general fleet operations, and realized the value of academic research in establishing a sound base for the applied research being carried out at the in-house Navy laboratories. In fact, both WHOI and SIO had been active during the war in attacking Navy problems. As a single example, the bathythermograph, the most valuable scientific tool in submarine warfare (and the first mass-produced piece of scientific equipment in the field of oceanography) was developed at WHOI just prior to the war.

With the encouragement and financial support of the new Office of Naval Research (ONR), several new institutional players emerged shortly after the war, some from expansion of earlier marine biology or fisheries research centers, some newly created. Examples were the Texas A&M University (TAMU), Chesapeake Bay Institute (CBI), University of Miami (U/MIAMI), Oregon State University (OSU), University of Rhode Island (URI), Lamont- Doherty Geological Obser­vatory (LDGO) at Columbia University, and the University of Hawaii (U/HAWAII). In each in­SUmce they were founded, or raised to a higher level of activity, by strong entrepreneurial leaders who were generally graduates of WHOI or SIO or had worked at these institutions before the war. These two, though, remained the big kids on the block for decades, drawing support from ONR, and later from National Science Foundation (NSF), private sources, industry, and in the case of SIO, the State of California. ONR, during this period, continued to be the major funder of aca­demic marine research and the provider of ships and operational support for them. It is interesting to note that USC, one of the early starters, remained small and characterized by fine individual sci­entists, but because of the lack of a strong leader did not move ahead at this time. Stanford and other major universities maintained small biological stations but did not move into deep ocean work, probably for similar reasons.

The use of conversions for institutional research predominated during this period; in fact, only ATLANTIS and VELERO IV were built for oceanography, and both were based on tradi­tional yacht or fishing designs. Near the end of this period, federally supported construction was initiated with planning and construction of the ACON A, the first of a wave of such federally funded new vessels in the third phase discussed later. Large numbers of Navy and other govern­ment ships which had been built during or just after the war were now surplus, along with other hulls (such as yachts and fishing boats) which had been requisitioned for war use and were no longer needed by the services or their original owners. As a result, many conversions during this period were from these hulls available at no cost.

Notable examples of what became fleet workhorses were the sea-going tugs BAIRD and HORIZON at SIO; minesweepers CREST (SIO) and HIDALGO (TAMU); salvage ships ARGO (SI0) and CHAIN (WI-IOI); freighters BROWN BEAR (U/W ASH), INLAND SEAS (U/MICH), T-19 (U/MIAMI); and yachts JAKKULA (TAMU), GERDA (U/MIAMI), and STRANGER (SIO).

The salvage ships, and to a lesser extent the tugs, are fondly remembered as fine, easy­riding, productive vessels, with plenty of deck space aft and large laboratory areas inside. The yachts and sailing vessels, with their deep draft and low freeboard, were usually comfortable, al­though space was limited. The ex-fishing vessels were, as a generality, least well liked; they seem to have been not very sea-kindly, and with space layouts not well suited for research. About all

10

that can be said for the fleet as a whole is that it did come into existence quickly and cheaply at a critical time of expansion. The scientists made do with what they had, and the ships were often surprisingly good for the work demanded of them.

Two classes of conversions used extensively during this period deserve special mention: the Army T-boat and FS -- freight and supply ships. In the 1960s and early 1970s these two hull types were pervasive, variously modified to serve local needs. T- boats, 65' in length, were usu­ally operated nearshore, since they had relatively short range. However, they were comfortable hulls with adequate laboratory spaces for short cruises, although housekeeping amenities were somewhat limited. Their low freeboard and adequate deck space made for easy gear handling, and they could operate with a crew of two, which kept costs low.

The larger 180' FS hulls were used by many oceanographers who are still active, and these also were regarded as good basic ships. Unfortunately, many of them were allowed to deteriorate toward the end of their lives, since replacements were on the horizon via the government ship building program. They required a sizeable crew due to their engine, housekeeping, and communications layouts, but could typically carry a scientific party of 12-15. Their large hold and below-deck areas permitted good laboratory and storage spaces, and even large equipment such as the trawl winch could be put below decks out of the weather. Wet-labs were usually placed on the main deck in close proximity to the overs ide handling locations, but the other labs were one or two decks below, which made for inconvenience. Another drawback was that their main working area was forward; work could only be done over the stern with difficulty. The general recollection seems to be that this class was a reasonably successful conversion in most of the configurations developed.

Tables 2-4 provide "snapshots" of the academic fleet at points in time. Because of these arbitrary points, some oceanographic vessels which were in service for short periods may miss a list; others which moved from one institution to another may not show up at either by the accident of time selection. These few omissions are regrettable but unavoidable by this method. Again, all are listed in the appendix tables.

The academic roster of ships in 1953 (Table 3) at about mid-era gives a snapshot of the academic fleet for the period. Note that except for VEMA at 202' length, the "large" ships were only in the 140' range, and that the majority of the ships in the fleet were under 100'. Furthermore, with three exceptions (ATLANTIS, MAURY, VELERO IV), all were conversions, and the majority had been acquired with non-federal funds.

11

TABLE 3: ACADEMIC FLEET IN 1953

Ship Operator Length Built Acquired Source, Type

ALBA TROSS III WHOI 179' 1926 1948 Converted fisher ALLEGHENY LDGO 143' 1944 1952 Navy, tug ASTERIAS WHOI 42' 1931 1931 Private, new ATCHAFALAYA TAMU 40' 1932 1951 Private ATLANTIC TAMU 120' 1923 1953 Private ATLANTIS WHOI 143' 1931 1931 Private, new S.F.BAIRD SIO 143' 1944 1951 Navy/Anny, tug JOAN BAR II CBI 85' 1927 1950 Private BROWN BEAR U/WASH 114' 1934 1950 USFWS CARYN WHOI 96' 1927 1948 Private, yacht CREST SIO 136' 1944 1947 Navy, sweeper HORIZON SIO 143' 1944 1948 Navy, tug JAKKULA TAMU 120' ? 1953 Private, yacht LYDIA LOUISE I CBI 28' 1949 1957 Private MAURY CBI 65' 1950 1950 Private, new MYTILUS WHOI 41 ' 1940 1943 Private ONCORHYNCUS U/WASH 50' 1937 1948 Private, launch PANULIRUS BBRS 61 ' 1942 1950 Private PAOLINA T SIO 80' 1944 1948 State, seiner E.W.SCRIPPS SIO 104' 1924 1937 Private, yacht T-19 U/MIAMI 65' 1942 1950 Anny, freighter VELEROIV USC 110' 1948 1948 Private, new VEMA LDGO 202' 1923 1953 Private, yacht

Academic Fleet, 1960 to 1980

The period 1960 to 1980 is the time of major advances in federal support of all sciences, and the marine science community benefited in this booming period. According to our tabulations, about 60 vessels were added during this time span, of which over 20 were built for research with federal funds. A half-dozen more were added new from private funding and constmction. Yet conversions still were the larger source, numbering almost 35 vessels. Rather than tabulate this group, readers should consult Figure 1 and the appendix tables. A single-year snapshot does not provide a representative picture of this rapidly growing fleet.

This relatively quick expansion was primarily a response to the interest and support of the Navy after the war. The enhanced or new institutions not only carried out research as well as they could on board their converted ships, but more importantly from a long-range viewpoint produced a growing body of available scientists through their teaching programs. The education of many of these was facilitated by the increased post-war support of education via the GI Bill and the NDEA and other supporting programs. The NSF, which had been established in 1950, gradually began to supplement and supplant ONR's support of ocean studies and sea-going operations. Coupled with its project support, NSF began to institutionally fund the academic fleet as ONR earlier had done to assure that platfom1s for research at each institution were in a high state of efficiency and comparably equipped.

In a broader sense, 1960 marked the beginning of the post-Sputnik period; there was an intense new public interest in science and a national desire to achieve world leadership not only in

12

outer space but in "inner space"as well. A variety of major national and international programs were initiated including the International Geophysical Year, the International Decade of Ocean Ex­ploration, the International Indian Ocean Expedition, the Global Atmospheric Research Program, the Deep Sea Drilling Program and a variety of major interdisciplinary studies of ocean dynamics on a large scale. Unfortunately, by the end of the decade interest in science had declined somewhat overall and dramatically within the Navy. Other national concerns drew funds and attention away from all science, although its importance was still generally appreciated, perhaps as a second priority.

The slackening of Navy interest, the effects of which persist even now, may seem surpris­ing since the ocean is its home. But from the point of view of fleet operations, which ultimately drive research interests, it is at least partially understandable. Both amphibious and mine warfare were seen to be declining in importance, although the recent Persian Gulf episode has shown that that view may have been faulty. Submarine warfare was the major underwater customer. The ba­sic principles of acoustics, which had been the primary scientific tool in both pro- and anti-subma­rine warfare for fifty years, were reasonably well understood. The near-surface temperature structure, which controlled acoustics, was tolerably well known, especially in areas of prime mili­tary interest, and indeed could be predicted or measured fairly well. Since the acoustic structure of the ocean couldn't be changed, the problem was basically intractable, except for gimmicks such as variable-depth and bottom-bounce sonars, and the use of low frequencies in the sound channels. Further, it was expected that the next war would be fought in blue water, rather than nearshore, and this led to increased emphasis on both research and ships on the high seas. Finally, ONR's block funding of ship operations was replaced by the practice of only paying for ship time when a Navy-sponsored researcher was on board.

This combination of factors led to nearly level funding in terms of constant dollars and to a precipitous decline in the percentage of ONR funds put into ship operations as compared to re­search. NSF increasingly shouldered the load both for science and ship support and almost com­pletely took over the responsibility for small and intermediate ships and for coastal oceanography.

By the end of this twenty-year period, then, NSF had become by far the dominant sponsor of academic oceanography; the Navy, which had been almost solely responsible for the growth of oceanography following WWII, had greatly retrenched and specialized. A few other government agencies such as the Department of Interior, Department of Energy, and the Environmental Protec­tion Agency have grown to be minor contributors to academic science in their specialized fields, but the academic fleet, by and large, had become an NSF show.

One major result of this leveling-off in public interest, federal funds, and potential jobs was the stabilization of the academic community: Only a couple of new major oceanographic institutions were established during this period in contrast to the large number in the decade following WWII. The tightness of ship funds was reflected in the reception accorded them; in two cases, institutional funds had to be used to acquire a ship, rather than getting a free ride from the federal government. In spite of the changing roles of NSF and ONR during this period, both agencies continued to support ship construction. However, that support declined markedly after the great pulse of the 1960s and early 1970s. New research and equipment needs continued to increase, and the much larger scientific community following the high PhD productivity of the 1960s and 1970s also placed an increasing strain on available funds. Oceanography, to a greater degree than most sciences, has relied on building its academic personnel on a soft-money base rather than the traditional tenure-track base. Thus federal funds support a very large fraction of researcher salaries which rise as the population increases in seniority. The end of this period also came just before the major economic impacts of the energy crisis and major changes in the federal budget and national debt. Those twenty years may well encompass what we will look back upon

13

as the Golden Age of ocean science in the U.S. and the high point of the post-WWII economic growth curve. Note that this has clearly not been the case in some other advanced science nations such as Japan, the Federal Republic of Germany, China and others.

Academic Fleet, 1980 to Present

This final period continues a time of change and limitations in the national economy, cou­pled with overall tightness in funding for research. While a good many jobs for oceanographers in government and industry developed during the period of strong growth, it is fair to say that the optimism of the 1960s was not fully realized. Due to the lack of expansion in universities and to research funding constraints, academic opportunities for the many graduates of the 1970s have been increasingly limited. In some years, the capacity of the academic fleet has exceeded needs, and ships have had to be temporarily laid up.

Overall, it has been a time of accelerated application of ocean science to other fields, as well as a time when technology derived from space research, electronics and computer science have found uses in oceanography. A major change stemming from these technologies has been in the accuracy and, above all, the sheer volume of data collected at sea. A physical/chemical cruise today will typically generate amounts of data two or three orders of magnitude larger than a comparable cruise of the 1950s. This has in turn demanded shore facilities which can handle the load. Another recent major change has been the planning, under NSF and ONR support, of major decadal global initiatives that would focus the work of many institutions and international consortia on major ocean problems. The World Ocean Circulation Experiment (WOCE) is one of the first of these. If funding is implemented, all will require deep ocean vessels of long range, large capacity for personnel and equipment, large laboratory space and a range that is world-wide. The vessels will remain far afield, and crew/scientist transfers will be made rather than return the ship to U.S. ports at the end of each leg. Within the UNOLS fleet only the planned AGOR 23 and 24, and the stretched KNORR and MELVILLE will have these required characteristics. In sum, while the fleet is numerically smaller now than it was ten years ago, there is no doubt that it is more productive, better equipped and better manned. Tables 4A and 4B show the list of active vessels. Of this list, 23 are supported by institutional federal grants for operational costs. Almost all of these are vessels above 100' in length, and the majority are above 150', indicating the increasing need for bigger platfomls with longer range, more science space, big load capability and better sea-keeping. And these vessels are much more expensive to operate than the ships of the earlier fleets. Also note the great majority are ships built prior to 1975. Fewer than a dozen are less than 10 years old. Thus the picture is of an aging fleet.

14

TABLE 4A: THE ACADEMIC FLEET IN 1988: UNOLS SHIPS> 100' IN LENGTH RECEIVING OFFICE OF FACILITIES AND SHIPS COFS) FUNDS

Ship Operator Length Built Start Source,Type

CONRAD LDGO 209' 1962 1962 Federal, AGOR ATLANTIS II \VHOI 210' 1963 1963 Federal, new RN WASHINGTON SIO 209' 1965 1965 Federal, AGOR THOMPSON U/WASH 209' 1965 1965 Federal, AGOR ALPHA HELIX ALASKA 133' 1966 1966 Federal, new R/V WARFIELD CBI 106' 1967 1967 Federal, new RN MELVILLE SIO 245' 1969 1969 Federal, new RN KNORR WHOI 245' 1969 1969 Federal, new RN MOORE TEXAS 165' 1967 1970 Industry, seismic ISELIN MIAMI 170' 1972 1972 Federal, new RN GYRE TAMU 174' 1973 1973 Federal, new RN MOANAWAVE HAWAil 209' 1973 1974 Federal, new RN CAPE HENLOPEN DELAWARE 120' 1975 1975 Private, new OCEANUS WlfOI 177' 1975 1975 Federal, new RN WECOMA OSU 177' 1975 1975 Federal, new RN ENDEAVOUR URI 177' 1976 1976 Federal, new R/V NEW HORIZON SIO 170' 1978 1978 Fed/State, new CAPE HATrERAS DUKE 135' 1981 1981 Federal, new RN SPROUL SIO 125' 1981 1984 Industry PT SUR MLML 135' 1981 1986 Federal, new R/V OSPREY USC 219' 1978 1986 Industry AGOR-23 U/WASH 245' 1991 1991 Federal, AGOR

15

TABLE 4B: THE ACADEMIC FLEET IN 1988: UNOLS INSTITUTION VESSELS NOT OFS FUNDED OR LESS THAN 100' LENGTH

Ship Operator Length Built Start Source, Type

BARNES U/WASH 65' 1966 1984 Private BLUE FIN SKIDAWAY 72' 1972 1975 Private CALANUS MIAMI 63' 1970 1970 Fed/private, new CAYUSE MAINE 80' 1968 1968 Federal, new RN C.M. DAMBACH SUNY/Buff 65' 1953 1968 Am1y,T-boat ALLEGHENY U/MICH 143' 1944 1969 Federal, freight LAURENTIAN U/MICH 80' 1970 1970 State, new RN UCONN CONN 65' 1953 1970 Federal,T-boat VANTUNA OCCI 85' 1961 1970 Private,yacht BELLOWS flO 71' 1968 1970 Private, new j\,TEESKAY lJW/MILWAU 65' 1952 1971 Federal, T -boat ONRUST SUNY/StyBk 55' 1974 1974 Private, new SEA WATCH USC 65' 1965 1976 Private, fisher H/WS EXPLORER HOBART/WS 65' 1955 1976 Federal,T-boat S. JOHNSON HBRBRNCH 170' 1982 1982 Private, new SUNCOASTER flO 110' 1962 1982 Private WEA THERBIRD BBS 65' 1970 1983 Private ENDLESS SEAS NOVA 67' ') 1984 Private DELPHINUS FIT 63' 1978 1983 Private PELICAN LUMCON lOS' 1985 1985 State, new RN OSPREY FIT 95' 1967 1986 Private PTLOBOS MBARI 110' 1982 1988 Industry NAUTILUS SCOSC 65' ? ? Private

While statistics can sometimes be misleading, it is useful to summarize the state of the academic fleet over the last fifty years in terms of a few factors.

TABLE 5: FLEET ANALYSIS, FIFTY-YEAR HISTORY

Factor 1941 1953 1961 1974 1985

No. of ships in fleet >65' 4 15 19 32 29 Ave. yrs since construction 16 17 20 17 16 Ave. yrs in research service 7 6 7 9 14 % of ships, converted 75 80 84 33 12 % of ships, built as RNs 25 20 16 67 88

16

TABLE 6: SOURCE OF BUILDING/CONVERSION FUNDS, BY PERCENT

Source 1941 1953 1961 1974 1985

Navy 23 42 44 26 NSF 5 34 39 Private 75 54 21 10 12 StateN ni versity 25 7 11 12 23 Other (Army, USCG, FWLS, etc) 16 21

In the following section we will isolate the UNOLS "Blue-Water" fleet (generally above 100' in length) and examine the trends of the past couple of decades on those larger ships. How­ever, as Table 5 shows among the general academic fleet of ships above 60' in length, the last few years have seen a decrease in the size of the fleet after about three decades of growth. And al­though it does not show up in the statistics, even this reduced cadre has been under-utilized; for several years, ships have been laid up for months or years due to a shortage of operating funds. Fortunately, some of this decrease has certainly been offset by the increased productivity per ship, as measured by data generated and scientist-days at sea. There have been major increases in qual­ity of instrumentation, size of ship, range and space for science party per ship, although as the next section shows, the total number of science spaces has declined.

The percentage of ships built for research hit a low point in the early 1960s, due to the rapid fleet expansion achieved by using conversions. In the 1970s the percentage increased to where almost 9 of 10 were built for research. However, a surprising number of conversions have been carried out recently, at costs which are low compared to that of new hulls, and with good re­sults apparently. Also, non-federal funds, state and private, have built new research ships of high quality. Are we perhaps missing an opportunity to maintain our numbers, by an overemphasis on planning and requesting expensive federally built new hulls in a time of national economic limita­tions? The answer presently appears to be yes.

Somewhat surprising is that the average age of ships since construction has not changed significantly over the period, hovering at around 17 years. Even with the new construction boom of the last 20 years, the average age has dropped only two years, although the time actually in re­search service has indeed increased considerably. Since the lifetime of a research ship is reckoned to be from 20-30 years, and given the long lead-time needed for planning, budgeting, design and acquisition, it is troubling that at present (1988) only two ships are actually authorized for con­struction from federal funds. Note that these are being provided by ONR. With building costs running to tens of millions for even a modest ship, any shipbuilding program obviously presents severe budget lumps. However, if we are to avoid further regression, plans for regular acquisition must be made, from a mixture of scenarios, justified and fought for vigorously. Without this, the whole fleet will, in the next decade, begin to fall apart simultaneously like the one-hoss shay.

Where can we tum for funds? Surely the most striking statistic is the catastrophic drop in Navy support of ships (see Figure 6, next section); their early leadership in this area has dropped by a factor of two. While NSF has increased its support, contributions from state funds have also doubled in recent years, and those from private sources has held constant at a respectable 10%. This means that NSF has not been able, pragmatically, to pick up the entire load which the Navy has dropped, and were it not for the private and state input, we would be in far worse shape.

17

UNOLS Fleet, 1970 to Present

For this discussion, the Federally Supported Academic Fleet (FSAF) is defined as those ships that receive significant Federal support and which are 100' or more in overall length. These vessels are the primary platforms for the national oceanographic program. In 1988, this fleet numbered 22 ships as shown in Table 4A, and has included a total of 33 ships over the post-1970 period (excepting OSPREY and AGOR-23, which are in conversion or building, and the FRED MOORE). Figure 1 shows the life of these ships as well as others. Table 7 lists operator, size, year built and size class (Class II, Large; Class III, medium; Class IV, small). Table 8 tabulates snapshot views of this fleet at the beginning of the period (1970) and in 1987. In addition, graphical presentations in Figures 2 through 6 show the progressive changes in several fleet char­acteristics during this period. Financial data are for 1970-198S.

Figures 2-S show how the number of ships, the crew size, the number of scientist berths, the ratio of scientist to crew berths, and changes in source (built versus converted) over the 17 -year period.

This (FSAF) portion of the total academic fleet has remained remarkably stable in total size (Figure 2a), especially in the light of the relatively large change in its composition and number of ships in given classes (Figure 2b).

The age of the fleet decreased from an average of 16.4 years in 1970 to IS.1 years in 1987 as shown in Figure 3a and Table 8. More dramatic changes have occurred within the three sizes of ships. Small and Medium size ships are younger, but the large ships have steadily grown older. In 1987, the Large ship average age had reached 20.4 years (Table 8). A static fleet gets one year older each year as is the case of the Large ships.

The number of crew needed to take a scientist to sea has decreased significantly over the period spanned by the data. Twenty-five percent fewer crew were required to take about the same number of scientists to sea in 1987 as in 1970 (Figures 4a and 4b, and Table 8).

In 1970, only 43% of the ships in the FSAF fleet were built to be research vessels (Figure Sb). In 1987, all but one of the 19 active ships (the R. G. SPROUL is the exception) were built as RNs. This trend away from conversions remained steady throughout the period for this group.

18

TABLE 7: TIlE FEDERALLY SUPPORTED ACADEMIC FLEET, 1970-1987

Ship Operator Class Size Built New/Conv End

PILLSBURY MIAMI III Medium 1944 C 1971 PROTEUS STANFORD N Small 1946 C 1971 INLAND SEAS MICHIGAN N Small 1943 C 1973 OCONOSTOTA SCRIPPS N Small 1944 C 1973 ALAMlNOS TAMU III Medium 1945 C 1973 CHAIN WHOI II Large 1944 C 1975 TRIDENT URI III Medium 1944 C 1975 YAQUINA OSU III Medium 1944 C 1975 AGASSIZ SCRIPPS III Medium 1944 C 1976 GILLIS MIAMI II Large 1962 N 1979 VEMA LDGO III Medium 1923 C 1980 EASTWARD DUKE IV Small 1964 N 1980 KANAKEOKI HAWAII III Medium 1967 C 1984 VELEROIV USC N Small 1948 N 1985 CONRAD LDGO II Large 1962 N ATLANTIS II WHOI II Large 1963 N WASHINGTON SCRIPPS II Large 1965 N THOMPSON WASHINGTON II Large 1965 N ALPHA HELIX SIO/AK IV Small 1966 N WARFIELD JHU IV Small 1967 N MELVILLE SCRIPPS II Large 1969 N KNORR WHOI II Large 1969 N ISELIN MIAMI III Medium 1972 N GYRE TAMU III Medium 1973 N MOANAWAVE HAWAII IHIlI M/Large 1973 N OCEANUS WHOI III Medium 1975 N WECOMA OSU III Medium 1975 N CHENLOPEN DELAWARE IV Small 1975 N ENDEAVOUR URI III Medium 1976 N NHORIZON SCRIPPS III Medium 1978 N CHATTERAS DUKE N Small 1981 N CFLORIDA MIAMI N Small 1981 N RG SPROUL SCRIPPS IV Small 1981 C

19

TABLE 8: FLEET IN 1970,1987

1970 % 1987 % % Change # of Ships

II 7 33.3 7 36.8 0.0% III 7 33.3 6 31.6 -14.3 IV 1 33.3 Q 31.6 -14.3 Total 21 100.0 19 100.0 -9.5

Avg. Age II 7.6 20.4 168.8 III 25.6 12.2 -52.5 IV 16.0 11.8 -26.1 Total 16.4 15.1 -7.9

Crew II 176 48.0 163 58.4 -7.4 III ]25 34.1 70 25.1 -44.0 IV 66 18.0 46 16.5 -30.3 Total 367 100.0 279 100.0 -24.0

Scientists II 163 47.9 152 46.6 -6.7 III 101 29.7 101 31.0 0.0 IV 76 22.4 73 22.4 -3.9 Total 340 100.0 326 100.0 -4.1

Sci per Crew II 0.93 0.93 0.7 III 0.81 1.44 78.6 IV 1.15 1.59 37.8 Total 0.93 1.17 26.1

% R/V's II 85.7 100.0 16.7 III 0.0 100.0 IV 42.9 83.3 94.4 Total 42.9 94.7 121.1

Funds, $M 1970 % 1985 % % Change

NSF 7.4 54.0 25.1 70.9 239.2 ONR 4.7 34.3 4.0 11.3 -14.7 OTHER 1.6 11.7 6.3 17.8 293.7

Total 13.7 100.0 35.4 100.0 158.4 CPI-Inflation 116.3 322.2 177.0 Note: The following dimensional classes are used:

Class LOA Size II 200-274' Large III 150-199' Medium IV 100-149' Small

20

Figure l. U.S. Oceanographic Research Vessels, Operators, and Period of Service.

Operator

USFComm Carnegie SIO Carnegie SIO WHOI WHOI UW SIO USC WHOI WHOI WHOI WHOI WHOI WHOI SIO WHOI S10 WH01 USC UW S10 CBI UW CBI CBI BBS Miami Miami TAMU SIO LDGO/Col TAMU TAMU LIXJO Miami S10 SIO WHOI NYU S10 WHOI CBI TAMU WHOI WHOI LlXiO S10 S10 WHOI Miami LDGOICol OSU

Ship Name

ALBATROSS GALILEE A. AGASSIZ CARNEGIE SCRIPPS ATLANTIS ASTERIAS CATALYST E.W. SCRIPPS VELEROIII ANTONDOHRN MYTILUS RELIANCE PHYSALIA MENTOR BALANUS PAOLINA T ALBATROSS 3 HORIZON CARYN VELEROIV ONCORHYNCHUS CREST L.LOUISE I BROWN BEAR JOAN BAR II MAURY PANULIRIS T-19 MEGALOPA ATCHAFALAYA S.F. BAIRD ALLEGHENY JAKKULA ATLANTIC VR1A GERDA STRANGER T-441 CRAWFORD ACTION ORCA BEAR L.LOUISE II HIDALGO YAMACRAW CHAIN GIBBS HUGH SMITH ARGO ARIES PILLSBURY SIRH. LAMB ACONA

1940 1950 1960 1970

Pre-1930 Pre-1930 Prc-1930 Pre-1930

- ~

-----

-

- -

-

-

1=-1-21

1980 1988

Figure 1. [Continued]

Operator Ship Name

UW HOB SIO OCONOSTOTA Michigan INLAf'..'D SEAS NSF ELTANIN

1940 1950 1960 1970 1980 1988

I LDGO CONRAD WHOI GOSNOLD I WHOI ANTON BRUUN NYU KYMA S10 A. AGASSIZ WHOI ATLANTIS II UW ONAR URI TRIDENT OSU YAQU1NA Duke EASTWARD

I

I Alaska ACONA TAMU ALAM1NOS Hawaii TERlTU Stanford TE VEGA WHOI LULU

--I

Miami TURSIOPS -Skidaway KIT JONES SIO E.B. SCRIPPS S10 WASHINGTON UW THOMPSON , Nova GULFSTREA\1 -SIO/AK ALPHA HELIX LDGO/Col ERLINE CBI WARFIELD Nova BELLOWS NSF HERO FSU TURSIOPS

- I I

-..-- I Maine CAYUSE SUl'\"Y /Buff C.M. DAMBACH S10 MELVILLE Michigan MYSIS WI-IOI KNORR NWMich ALLEGHENY Stanford PROTEUS f--

Michigan LAURENTIAN Miami GILLISS --Miami CALANUS Texas MOORE Texas LONGHOR:'-I Conn UCONN Occidental VANTUNA FlO BELLOWS Hawaii KANA KEOKI I UW/Milwau NEESKY Miami ISELIN TAMU GYRE S10 DOLPHIN

I

I I

! I -Hawaii MOANA WAVE SUNY/SB ONRUST Skidaway BLUE FIN

I

22

Figure 1 .. rConcludcd]

Operator

Delaware WHOI OSU URI USC Hobart/WS S10 FIT ~\'lL\1L

Duke Hbr Bmch FlO BBS FIT S10 U\V LUMCON USC FIT Mu\1L UW

Ship Name

CP.HENLOPEN OCEANUS \VECOMA ENDEAVOUR SEAWATCH H-W EXPLORER NEW HORIZON TURSrOPS CAPE FLORIDA CPo HATTERAS S. JOHNSON SUNCOASTER WEATHERB1RD DELPHINUS SPROUL BARNES PELICAN OSPREY OSPREY POINT SUR AGOR-23

1940 1950

i

23

1960 1970 1980 1988

---------

I -I --

I -I -

tv +:>.

30 Number of Ships

25

20

15

10

5 Figure 2a. Total Fleet

01 I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I 70 75 80 85

10

MedIum 8 ---1'_..// '\.----",---,,/..--.. -

..... Largo '\. . /' _"=-_ .......... . . .' . . . . ...... ~ , . Small .... ~._ .. _ ... _ ....... _ .... _._._. __ 4

6

4

2

Figure 2b. Ships: Large, Medium, Small 0+1_4--~+_4_~_+~~+-~~_+~--~~~_+_4_;

70 75 80 85

30T

25

20

15

10

5 I

0

30

25

20

15

10

5

Average Age In Years

Figure 3a. Total Fleet

70 75 80 85

..... "",MedIum

' ..... "'\ \

\ Small ..... "\

.'~" ..... \ \ . -- \ ." ..... '

'. ~"\"" '. ...... - ...... ' .. -.. - "'\ .... ' • ~ • • • • '. 'x-:"- :-< - \ --..... ---

\ ---Large .....

Figure 3b. Age: Large, Medium, Small 0+1_4--~+-~_+_4--~+_4_~_+~~+-4_~_4--~

70 75 80 85

400T Num ber of Berths I I 201 Built and Converted R/Y's

.... & ................ .. "'. -......... 350t . I I 15 ~ .

Scientists \

~ ...... , . 300+

. ---- 10 .~, ,

···.Crew .' .. ' , ...........

51 ..... ....... .......... .. ...... , . .

250+ . " Converted ...........................

Figure 4a. Berths: Scientists, Crew I Figure Sa. ' ....................... ...........

2001 I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I 0 70 75 80 85 70 75 80 85

N 'J'I r--

1.21 /\ .r-- I 110°1 IIIIII

I Converted

1.1 t / I \

80

6°1 1IIIIIIIIIIliuilt

40

0.91 ~

20 Figure 4b. Scientists per Crew

01 ,1,L;:;ure 5b. Percent Built and Converted

0.81 I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I 70 75 80 85 70 75 80 85

40

35

30

25

20

15

10

5

0 70

tv 0\

';0

25

20

15

10

5

0 70

Financial Support

Inflation .. , .. '

Figure 6a. Financial Support in Millions

75 80

Financial Support

85

."' ................. -...... .. .. NSF

......... -........ -........ -

..... -_ .. -", ........ ..

.' .'

, . ......... Inflation

Figure 6b. NSF Support in Millions

75 80 85

16

14

12

10

8

6

4

2

Financial, Support

... -................ .. ..

Inflation .' .

.. .. ' ...................

..... - ................. ..

Figure 6c. ONR support in Millions 0~1~~~--~~+-~4-~-r-+-+~ __ ~~

70

8

6

4

2

75 80

Financial Support

.. ' .. ... -

.. .. -'" Inflation

Figure 6d. OTHER Support in Millions

85

0~1~~~--~~+-+-~4-~-r-+~~ __ ~ 70 75 80 85

Financial support for the FSAF fleet from 1970 to 1985 is plotted in Figure 6 and tabulated for the end years in Table 8. The data are taken from proposals submitted to NSF for Ship Opera­tions. Data for 1986 and 1987 are not presented because accurate figures are not yet available. They do not include the cost of technicians, shipboard equipment, oceanographic instrumentation, or major maintenance such as mid-life refits. The data are essentially the daily rate times the number of operating days supported by the NSF, ONR and OTHER sources. "OTHER" includes NOAA, USGS, DOE, EPA, MMS, state and local and any other non-federal funds.

The dotted curve in each figure is inflation represented by the Consumer Price Index, and normalized to equal the support in 1970. While inflation has risen by 177% from 1970 to 1985, financial support has only increased by 158%. This lag in support began in 1978 (Figure 6a). NSF support has remained ahead of inflation and its proportion to total support has increased from 54% in 1970 to 71 % in 1985. OTHER support has also stayed ahead of inflation and increased in proportion to the total. These increases have, however, not been sufficient to offset the decrease in ONR support. ONR's fraction of support for the fleet decreased from about one-third in 1970 to only 11 % in 1985. Its overall support decreased by about 15% while inflation almost tripled.

Thus, for the FSAF fleet, the data show that while fleet size has decreased slightly, the fleet has grown younger. Crew size has decreased more than science berths producing a more efficient scientist-to-crew ratio. Medium and Small ships built to be RNs have replaced older converted hulls until only one converted hull remains. The fewest changes have occurred among the Large ships which have steadily aged to an average of two-thirds of their expected life.

Financial support has not kept pace with inflation. Steady increases by NSF and more er­ratic but increasing OTHER support has not been sufficient to offset ONR decreases.

Summary

In the final analysis, any scientific field must stand on its results to justify public support. First and foremost, of course, is good research per se. Secondarily, but of almost equal impor­tance in maintaining public support, is doing things which are visibly useful to society as a whole, rather than seemingly arcane and useless research. Over the last half-century oceanographers have abundantly demonstrated that their work meets both criteria. Unfortunately, sea-going science is expensive both in capital investment and operating costs, and this makes our CUlTent task difficult. However, we are now at a point where even to maintain our current level of productivity, the case must be made even more strongly that these costs are justified.

27

REFERENCES

Anonymous, Academic research vessels, 1985-1990, Ocean Sciences Board of National Research Council, Washington, D. C., 131 pp., 1982.

Beaglehole, J. C., The Life of Captain James Cook, Stanford University Press, Stanford, 1976.

Kielhorn, W. V., Catalogue of ocean research vessels in the U.S., Unpubl. Report, Geophysics Branch, Office of Naval Research, Washington, D.C., 142 pp., 1953.

Maury, M. F., The Physical Geography of the Sea, Harper and Brothers, Publishers, New York, 1855.

Menard, H. W., The research ship Horizon, Scripps Institution of Oceanography Reference 74-3, Feb., 1974, 9 pp., 1974.

Moorehead, A., Darwin and the Beagle, Harper & Row, Inc., New York, 1969.

National Oceanographic Data Center, Oceanographic Vessels of the World, IGY Data Center A, U.S. Navy Hydrographic Office, Washington, D.C., 1961.

______________ , Oceanographic Vessels of the World, IGY Data Center A, U.S. Navy Hydrographic Office, Washington, D.C., 1963.

_______________ , Oceanographic Vessels of the World, IGY Data Center A, U.S. Navy Hydrographic Office, Washington, D.C., 1966.

Nelson, S. B., Oceanographic Ships Fore and Aft, U. S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C., 1971.

Peterson, S., America's first full-time deep-water research vessel, The Log of Mystic Seaport, vol. 39, 147-155, 1988.

Raitt, H. and Moulton, B., Scripps Institution of Oceanography: First Fifty Years, Ward Ritchie Press, Los Angeles, 1967.

Schlee, S., On Almost any Wind: the Saga of the Oceanographic Research Vessel "Atlantis", Cornell University Press, Ithaca, 1978.

Sears, M. and Merriam, D., eds., Oceanography and the Past, Springer-Verlag, Berlin, 1980.

Shor, E. N., Scripps Institution of Oceanography: Probing the Oceans, 1936-1976, Tofua Press, San Diego, 1978.

Trillo, R L., ed., Jane's Ocean Technology, 1974-1975, Jane's Yearbooks, St. Giles House, London, 1976.

West, R, The Federally Supported Academic Fleet, 1970-1987: Unpubl. Report, Office of Facilities and Ships, National Science Foundation, Washington, D.C., 1988.

28

APPENDIX

The following tables are the data base upon which our discussion has been built. We would appreciate receiving new data, corrections and missing data. Please send all such recommendations to D.S. Gorsline, Department of Geological Sciences, USC, Los Angeles, CA 90089-0740. Within the next year or so we plan to distribute an updated version of this Appendix.

29

TABLE I : ACADEMIC FLEET, ALPHABETICAL

Operator Ship Year Le:lgth Source Year Year Agel Built Feet Start Retired Life

USNPGS ACANIA 194- 115 C 1971 1986 15

ALASKA ACONA 1961 80 NF 1964 1980 16

OSU ACONA* 1961 80 NF 1961 1964 3

NYU ACTION 1931 55 C 1956 1962 6

UW AGOR-23 19917 268 NF 1991 build'g 0

TAMU ALAMINOS 1945 180 C 1964 1973 9

USF COMM ALBATROSS 1882 234 NF 1882 1921 39

WHOI ALBATROSS I II 1926 179 C 1948 1958 10

NW MICH ALLEGHENY 1944 143 C 1969 active 19

LDGOU ALLEGHENY 1944 143 C 1952 1969 17

SIolAK ALPHA HELIX 1966 133 NF 1966 active 22

WHOI ANTON BRUUN 1931 243 C 1962 1968 6

WHOI ANTON DOHRN 191 1 70 C 1940 1947 7

S.ME-TECH AQUALAB II 19-- 146 C ? active ?

UMD/CBL AQUARIUS 19-- 65 C ? active ?

SIO ARGO 1944 213 NF 1959 1970 1 1

WHOI ARIES 195- 93 C 1959 1961 2

WHOI ASTERIAS 1931 42 NO 1931 1980 49

TAMU ATCHAFALAYA 1932 40 C 1951 1973 22

TAMU ATLANTIC 1923 120 C 1953 1957 4

WHOI ATLANTIS 1931 142 NO 1931 1964 33

WHOI ATLANTIS II 1963 210 NF 1963 active 25

SIO A. AGASSIZ 1907 85 NO 1907 1917 10

SIO A. AGASSIZ 1944 180 C 1962 1976 14

\.IHOI BALANUS 1942 72 C 1946 1950 4

UW BARNES 1966 65 C 1984 active 4

WHOI BEAR 1943 100 C 1957 1965 8

FLO BELLOWS 1968 7 1 NO 1970 active 18

NOVA BELLOWS 1968 65 NO 1968 1970 2

BTHBY HBR BLUE DOLPHIN 1926 99 C ? ? ?

SKIDAWAY BLUE FIN 1972 72 C 1975 active 13

COLES PT LB BOWDOIN 1923 88 C ? ? ?

UW BROWN BEAR 1934 114 C 1950 1965 15

MIAMI CALANUS 1970 63 No/F 1970 active 18

MIAMI CAPE FLORIDA 1981 135 NF 1981 1986 5

CARNEGIE CARNEG IE 1909 145 NO 1909 1929 20

WHO I CARYN 1927 99 C 1948 1958 10

UW CATALYST 1932 75 NO 1932 1942 10

OSU/MLML/HE CAYUSE 1968 80 NF 1968 active 20

WHOI CHAIN 1958 213 NF 1958 1976 18

LOGO CONRAD 1962 209 NF 1962 active 26

S.MA U CORSAIR 1943 65 C ? active ?

DUKE CPo HATTERAS 1981 135 NF 1981 active 7

DELAWARE CPo HENLOPEN 1975 120 NO 1975 active 13

WHO I CRAWFORD 1927 125 C 1956 1968 12

UPRTO RICO CRAWFORD 1927 125 C 1968 active 20

SIO CREST 1944 143 C 1948 1956 8

SUNY,BUFF C.A.DAMBACH 1953 65 C 1968 active 20

!'ISC INC/vA DELAWARE BAY 19-- 50 C ? active ?

30

Operator Ship Year Le~gth Source Year Year Age/ Built Feet Start Retired Life

510 OCONOSTOTA 1944 102 C 1962 1974 12

UW ONAR 1954 65 C 1963 1984 2 1

UW ONCORHYNCHUS 1937 50 C 1948 1951 3

SUNY/SB ONRUST 1974 55 NO 1974 active 14

SIO ORCA 1926 100 C 1956 1961 5

UMD CBL ORION 19 -- 62 C ? active ?

USC OSPREY 1978 219 C 1986 active 2

FIT OSPREY 1967 95 C 1986 active 2

BBS PANULIRIS 1942 61 C 1950 1982 32

510 PAOLINA T 1944 80 C 1948 1964 16

LUMCON PELICAN 1985 105 NO 1985 active 3

WHOI PHYSALIA 194- 64 C 1944 1946 2

MIAMI PILLSBURY 1944 176 C 1960 1971 1 1

MLML* POINT SUR 1981 135 NF 1986 active 2

STANFORD PROTEUS 1946 100 C 1969 1972 3

MBARI PT LOBOS 1982 110 C 1988 active 1

WHOI RELIANCE 1914 76 C 1943 1950 7

VIMS RETRIEVER 19-- 115 C ? active ?

liESC/ALA ROUNSEFELL 19-- 65 C ? active ?

SIO SCRIPPS 1920 64 C 1925 1937 12

LINK SEA DIVER II . 1959 91 NO 1959 ? ?

NURP/UNC WM SEA HAWK 1982 80 C ? active ?

USC SEAWATCH 1965 65 C 1976 active 12

LOGOI SIR H.LAMB 1942 136 C 1960 ? ?

510 SPROUL 1981 125 C 1984 active 4

SIO STRANGER 1938 134 C 1955 1962 7

FlO SUNCOASTER 1962 110 C 1982 active 6

HBR BRANCH S. JOHNSON 1982 170 NO 1982 active 6

SIO S.F. BAIRD 1944 143 C 1952 1965 13

STAN TE VEGA 1930 125 C 1964 1968 4

HAWAII TERITU 1953 90 C 1964 1974 10

UW THOMPSON 1965 209 NF 1965 active 23

URI TRIDENT 1944 180 C 1963 1974 11

FIT TURSIOPS 1954 65 C 1979 1985 6

:-fIAMI TURSIOPS* 1954 65 C 1964 1968 4

FSU TURSIOPS* 1954 65 C 1968 1979 9

MIAMI T-19 1942 65 C 1950 1972 22

SIO T-441* 1953 66 C 1955 1969 14

CONN UCONN 1953 65 C 1970 active 18

OCCIDENTAL VANTUNA 1961 85 C 1970 active 18

USC VELERO III 1935 240 C 1938 1942 4

USC VELERO IV 1948 105 NO 1948 1986 38

LOGO VEMA 1923 202 C 1953 1975 22

CBI WARFIELD 1967 106 NF 1967 active 21

510 WASHINGTON 1965 209 NF 1965 active 23

BBS WEATHERBIRD 1970 65 C 1983 active 5

OSU WECOMA 1975 177 NF 1975 active 13

WHOI YAMACRAW 1942 216 C 1957 1958 1

OSU YAQUINA 1944 180 C 1964 1975 1 1

C - Co~versio~

NO- New, State

T-441, SIO-CONN (UCONN) TURSIOPS, MIAMI-FSU-FIT BELLOWS, NOVA-flO

31

Operator Ship Year Le:lgth Source Year Year Age/ Built Feet Start Retired Life

FIT DELPHINUS 1978 63 e 1983 active 5

S10 DOLPHIN 1968 96 C 1973 1977 ~

SDY HOOK LB DOLPHIN 19 5 3 107 e ? ? ?

eBI D.W. PRITCHARD 197- ? e 1974 1984 10

DUKE EASTWARD 1964 1 18 NF 1964 1981 1 7

MIT EDGERTO.N 1944 65 e ? active ?

HBR BRANCH EDWIN LINK 1973 168 e 1988 active 1

NSF ELTANIN 1957 266 e 1962 1974 12

URI ENDEAVOUR 1976 177 NF 1976 active 12

NOVA ENDLESS SEAS 19-- 67 C ? active ?

LDGO# ERLINE 1965 100 e 1967 ? ?

SIO E.B.SCRIPPS 1965 95 e 1965 1984 19

SIO E.W.SCRIPPS 1924 104 C 1937 1955 18

CARNEGIE GALILEE 1891 132 C 1905 1908 3

MIAMI GERDA 1947 76 e 1954 1970 16

LDGO GIBBS 1944 310 C 1958 1968 10

MIAMI GILL ISS 1962 208 C 1970 1975 5

WHOI GOSNOLD 1944 99 e 1962 1974 12

LOGO/Col GRACE 194- ? C 1962 1964 2

GULF CST LB GULF RESEARCHR 19-- 65 C ? active ?

NOVA GULFSTREAM 1963 55 C 1966 1970 4

TAMU GYRE 1973 174 NF 1973 active 15

NSF HERO 1968 125 NF 1968 1985 17

TAMU HIDALGO 1944 136 C 1957 1963 6

UW HOH 1943 65 C 1962 1984 22

SIO HORIZON 1944 143 C 1948 1969 21

SIO HUGH SMITH 1945 128 C 1959 1963 4

HOBART H-W EXPLORER 1955 65 C 1976 active 12

MICH INLAND SEAS 1943 114 C 1962 1972 10

MIAMI ISELIN 1972 170 NF 1972 active 16

TAMU JAKKULA 194- 120 C 1953 1963 10

CBI JOAN BAR II 1927 85 C 1950 1954 4

. LOGOI CO 1 J.GOLDBERGER 19-- ? C 1958 1963 5

HAWAII KANA KEOKI 1967 156 C 1970 1985 15

SKIDAWAY KIT JONES 1938 65 C 1965 1975 10

WHOI KNORR 1969 245 NF 1969 active 19

NYU KYMA 1952 65 C 1962 ? ?

MICH LAURENTIAN 1970 80 NO 1970 active 18

TEXAS LONGHORN 1971 102 C 1970 active 18

WHOI LULU 1964 96 NF 1964 1985 21

CBI LYDIA LOUISE I 1949 28 C 1949 1957 8

CBI LYDIA LOUISEII 194- ? C 1957 1974 17

CBI MAURY 1950 65 NO 1950 1980 30

UPRTO RICO MEDUSA 19-- 56 C ? active ?

MIAHI MEGALOPA 1925 37 C 1950 1960 10

SIO HELVILLE 1969 245 NF 1969 active 19

WHOI MENTOR 1941 127 C 1946 1950 4

HAWAII MOANA WAVE 1973 209 C 1974 active 14

TEXAS MOORE 1967 165 C 1970 active 18

MICH HYSIS 1969 52 NF 1969 1982 13

WHOI MYTILUS 194- 41 C 1943 1953 10

scose NAUTILUS 197- 65 C ? active ?

UWMILWAUK NEESKY 1952 65 C 1971 active 17

510 NEW HORIZON 1978 170 NF/NO 1978 active 10

CAPE FEAR NORTH STAR 19-- 73 C ? active ?

WHOI OCEANUS 1975 177 NF 1975 active 13

32

TABLE I I : ACADEMIC FLEET. By year start

operator Ship Year Le:1gth Source Year Year Agel

Built Feet Start Retired Life

USF COMM ALBATROSS 1882 234 NF 1882 1921 39

CARNEGIE GALILEE 1891 132 C 1905 1908 3

510 A. AGASSIZ 1907 85 NO 1907 1917 10

CARNEGIE CARNEGIE 1909 145 NO 1909 1929 20

510 SCRIPPS 1920 64 C 1925 1937 12

WHOI ASTER lAS 1931 42 NO 1931 1980 49

WHOI ATLANTIS 1931 142 NO 1931 1964 33

UW CATALYST 1932 75 NO 1932 1942 10

SIO E.W.SCRIPPS 1924 104 C 1937 1955 18

USC VELERO III 1935 240 C 1938 1942 4

WHOI ANTON DOHRN 1911 70 C 1940 1947 7

WHOI RELIANCE 1914 76 C 1943 1950 7

WHOI MYTILUS 194- 41 C 1943 1953 10

WHOI PHYSALIA 194- 64 C 1944 1946 2

WHOI MENTOR 1941 127 C 1946 1950 4

WHOI BALANUS 1942 72 C 1946 1950 4

SIO PAOLINA T 1944 80 C 1948 1964 16

WHOI ALBATROSS III 1926 179 C 1948 1958 10

SIO HORIZON 1944 143 C 1948 1969 - 21

UW ONCORHYNCHUS 1937 50 C 1948 1951 3

USC VELERO IV 1948 105 NO 1948 1986 38

WHOI CARYN 1927 99 C 1948 1958 10

SIO CREST 1944 143 C 1948 1956 8

CBI LYDIA LOUISE I 1949 28 C 1949 1957 8

CBI MAURY 1950 65 NO 1950 1980 30

BBS PANULIRIS 1942 61 C 1950 1982 32

MIAMI T-19 1942 65 C 1950 1972 22

MIAMI MEGALOPA 1925 37 C 1950 1960 10

UW BROWN BEAR 1934 114 C 1950 1965 15

CBI JOAN BAR II 1927 85 C 1950 1954 4

TAMU ATCHAFALAYA 1932 40 C 1951 1973 22

LOGO; ALI.EGHENY 1944 143 C 1952 1969 17

SIO S.F. BAIRD 1944 143 C 1952 1965 13

LOGO VEMA 1923 202 C 1953 1975 22

TAMU JAKKULA 194- 120 C 1953 1963 10

TAMU ATLANTIC 1923 120 C i953 1957 4

MIAMI GERDA 1947 76 C 1954 1970 16

SIO STRANGER 1938 134 C i 955 1962 7

S10 T-441* 1953 66 C 1955 1969 14

510 ORCA 1926 100 C 1956 1961 5

NYU ACTION 1931 55 C 1956 1962 6

WHOI CRA\JFORD 1927 125 C 1956 1968 12

CBI LYDIA LOUrSEII 194- ? C 1957 1974 17

WHOI YAMACRAW 1942 216 C !957 1958 1

TAMU HIDALGO 1944 136 C 1957 1963 6

\JHOI BEAR 1943 100 C 1957 1965 8

LOGO/Col J.GOLDBERGER 19-- ? C 1958 1963 5

\JHOI CHAIN 1958 213 NF 1958 1976 18

LOGO GIBBS 1944 310 C 1958 1968 10

33

Operator Ship Year Le~gth Source Year Year Agel Built Feet Start Retired Life

S10 HUGH SM ITH 1945 128 C 1959 1963 4

510 ARGO 1944 213 NF 1959 1970 1 1

LINK SEA DIVER II 1959 91 NO 1959 ? ?

Io1HOI ARIES 195- 93 C 1959 1961 2

LOGOU SIR H.LAMB 1942 136 C 1960 ? ?

MIAMI PILLSBURY 1944 176 C 1960 1971 1 1

OSU ACONA* 1961 80 NF 1961 1964 3

MICH INLAND SEAS 1943 1 14 C 1962 1972 10

LOGO/Col GRACE 194- ? C 1962 1964 2

\.IHOI GOSNOLD 1944 99 C 1962 1974 12

SIO OCONOSTOTA 1944 102 C 1962 1974 12

LOGO CONRAD 1962 209 NF 1962 active 26

SIO A. AGASSIZ 1944 180 C 1962 1976 14

NSF ELTANIN 1957 266 C 1962 1974 12

NYU KYMA 1952 65 C 1962 ? ?

WHOI ANTON BRUUN 1931 243 C 1962 1968 6

U\.I HOH 1943 65 C 1962 1984 22

URI TRIDENT 1944 180 C 1963 1974 1 1

WHOI ATLANTIS II 1963 210 NF 1963 active 25

UW ONAR 1954 65 C 1963 1984 21

TAMU ALAMINOS 1945 180 C 1964 1973 9

OSU YAQUINA 1944 180 C 1964 1975 1 1

MIAMI TURSIOPS* ~954 65 C 1964 1968 4

ALASKA ACONA 1961 80 NF 1964 1980 16

HAWAII TERITU 1953 90 C 1964 1974 10

WHOI LULU 1964 96 NF 1964 1985 21

STAN TE VEGA 1930 125 C 1964 1968 4

DUKE EASTWARD 1964 118 NF 1964 1981 17

SKIDAWAY KIT JONES 1938 65 C 1965 1975 10

SIO E.B.SCRIPPS 1965 95 C 1965 1984 19

SIO WASHINGTON 1965 209 NF 1965 active 23

UW THOMPSON 1965 209 NF 1965 active 23

SIO/AK ALPHA HELIX 1966 133 NF 1966 active 22

NOVA GULFSTREAM 1963 55 C 1966 1970 4

CBI WARFIELD 1967 106 NF 1967 active 21

LDGO/l ERLINE 1965 100 C 1967 ? ?

SUNY, BUFF C.A.DAMBACH 1953 65 C 1968 active 20

OSU/HLML/HE CAYUSE 1968 80 NF 1968 active 20

NSF HERO 1968 125 NF 1968 1985 17

SOVA BELLOWS 1968 65 NO 1968 1970 2

UPRTO RICO CRAWFORD 1927 125 C 1968 active 20

FSU TURSIOPS* 1954 65 C 1968 1979 9

STANFORD PROTEUS 1946 100 C 1969 1972 3

HICH HYSIS 1969 52 NF 1969 1982 13

NW HICH ALLEGHENY 1944 143 C 1969 active 19

SIO MELVILLE 1969 245 NF 1969 active 19

WHOI K~ORR 1969 245 NF 1969 active 19

MICH LAURENTIAN 1970 80 NO 1970 active 18

flO BELLOWS 1968 71 NO 1970 active 18

HAWAII KANA KEOKI 1967 156 C 1970 1985 15

MIAMI GILLISS 1962 208 C 1970 1975 5

CONN UCONN 1953 65 C 1970 active 18

OCCIDENTAL VANTUNA 1961 85 C 1970 active 18

TEXAS LONGHORN 197 1 102 C 1970 active 18

TEXAS MOORE 1967 165 C 1970 active 18

~IAHI CALANUS 1970 63 No/F 1970 active 18

34

Operator Ship Year Le!1gth Source Year Year Age/ Built Feet Start Retired Life

UWHILWAUK NEESKY 1952 65 C 1971 active 1 7

USNPGS ACANIA 194- 1 15 C 197 1 1986 15

MIAHI ISELIN 1972 170 NF 1972 active 16

SIO DOLPHIN 1968 96 C 1973 1977 4

TAMU GYRE 1973 174 NF 1973 active 15

HAWAII HOANA WAVE 1973 209 C 1974 active 14

CBI D.W •. PRITCHARD 197- ? C 1974 1984 10

SUNY/SB ONRUST 1974 55 NO 1974 active 14

WHOI OCEANUS 1975 177 NF 1975 active 13

DELAWARE CPo HENLOPEN 1975 120 NO 1975 active 13

SKIDAWAY BLUE FIN 1972 72 C 1975 active 13

OSU WE COMA 1975 177 NF 1975 active 13

USC SEAWATCH 1965 65 C 1976 active 12

HOBART H-W EXPLORER 1955 65 C 1976 active 12

URI ENDEAVOUR 1976 177 NF 1976 active 12

SIO NEW HORIZON 1978 170 NF/NO 1978 active 10

FIT TURSIOPS 1954 65 C 1979 1985 6

DUKE CPo HATTERAS 1981 135 NF 1981 active 7

MIAHI CAPE FLORIDA 1981 135 NF 1981 1986 5

HBR BRANCH S. JOHNSON 1982 170 NO 1982 active 6

FlO SUNCOASTER 1962 110 C 1982 active 6

FIT DELPHINUS 1978 63 C 1983 active 5

BBS WEATHERBIRD 1970 65 C 1983 active 5

SIO SPROUL 1981 125 C 1984 active 4

UW BARNES 1966 6S C 1984 active 4

LUMCON PELICAN 1985 105 NO 1985 active 3

USC OSPREY 1978 219 C 1986 active 2

MLML* POINT SUR 1981 135 NF 1986 active 2

FIT OSPREY 1967 95 C 1986 active 2

HBARI PT LOBOS 1982 110 C 1988 active 1

HBR BRANCH EDWIN L1NK 1973 168 C 1988 active 1

UW AGOR-23 1991? 268 NF 1991 build'g 0

S.HE-TECH AQUALAB II 19-- 146 C ? active ?

NURP/UNC WH SEA HAWK 1982 80 C ? active ?

UHD/CBL AQUARIUS 19-- 65 C ? active ?

UPRTO RICO HEDUSA 19-- 56 C ? active ?

CAPE FEAR NORTH STAR 19-- 73 C ? active ?

GULF CST LB GULF RESEARCHR 19-- 65 C ? active ?

SCOSC NAUTILUS 197- 65 C ? active ?

UHD CBL ORION 19-- 62 C ? active ?

HIT EDGERTON 1944 65 C ? active ?

HESC/ALA ROUNSEFELL 19-- 65 C ? active ?

S.MA U CORSAIR 1943 65 C ? active ?

HSC INC/VA DELAWARE BAY 19-- 50 C ? active ?

COLES PT LB BOWDOIN 1923 88 C ? ? ?

VIMS RETRIEVER 19-- 1 15 C ? active ?

NOVA ENDLESS SEAS 19-- 67 C ? active ?

BTHBY HBR BLUE DOLPHIN 1926 99 C ? ? ?

SOY HOOK LB DOLPHIN 1953 107 C ? ? ?

C - CO!lversio!1 NO- New, State

T- 4 41 , SIO-CONN (UCONN) TURSIOPS, HIAHI-FSU-FIT BELLOWS, NOVA-FLO

35

TABLE II [ -ACADEMIC FLEET BY SOURCE

Operator Ship Year Length Source Year Year Agel Buile Feet Start Retired Life

-------------------------------------------------------------------CONVERS[ON

CARNEGIE GALILEE 1891 132 C 1905 1908 3 WHO I ANTON DOHRN 19 1 1 70 C 1940 1947 7 WHOI RELIANCE 1914 76 C 1943 1950 7 SIO SCRIPPS 1920 64 C 1925 1937 12 TAMU ATLANTIC 1923 120 C 1953 1957 4 LOGO VEMA 1923 202 C 1953 1975 22 SIO E.W.SCRIPPS 1924 104 C 1937 1955 18 MIAMI MEGALOPA 1925 37 C 1950 1960 10 SIO ORCA 1926 100 C 1956 1961 5

WHOI ALBATROSS III 1926 179 C 1948 1958 10

CBI JOAN BAR II 1927 85 C 1950 1954 4

WHOI CRAWFORD 1927 125 C 1956 1968 12

WHOI CARYN 1927 99 C 1948 1958 10

STAN TE V EGA 1930 125 C 1964 1968 4

WHOI ANTON BRUUN 1931 243 C 1962 1968 6

NYU ACTION 1931 55 C 1956 1962 6

TAMU ATCHAFALAYA 1932 40 C 1951 1973 22

UW BROWN BEAR 1934 114 C 1950 1965 15

USC VELERO III 1935 240 C 1938 1942 4

UW ONCORHYNCHUS 1937 50 C 1948 1951 3

SIO STRANGER 1938 134 C 1955 1962 7

SKIDAWAY KIT JONES 1938 65 C 1965 1975 10

WHOI MENTOR 1941 127 C 1946 1950 4

MIAMI T-19 1942 65 C 1950 1972 22

BBS PANULIRIS 1942 61 C 1950 1982 32

WHOI YAMACRAW 1942 216 C 1957 1958 1

WHOI BALANUS 1942 72 C 1946 1950 4

LDGOt/ SIR H.LAMB 1942 136 C 1960 ?

MICH INLAND SEAS 1943 114 C 1962 1972 10

UW HOH 1943 65 C 1962 1984 22

WHOI BEAR 1943 100 C 1957 1965 8

510 S • F. BAIRD 1944 143 C 1952 1965 13

SIO HORIZON 1944 143 C 1948 1969 21

SIO PAOLINA T 1944 80 C 1948 1964 16

MIAMI PILLSBURY 1944 176 C 1960 197 1 1 1

SIO CREST 1944 143 C 1948 1956 8

LOGOn ALLEGHENY 1944 143 C 1952 1969 17

SIO A. AGASSIZ 1944 180 C 1962 1976 14

WHOI GOSNOLD 1944 99 C 1962 1974 1 2

OSU YAQUINA 1944 180 C 1964 1975 11

URI TRIDENT 1944 180 C 1963 1974 11

TAMU HIDALGO 1944 136 C 1957 1963 6

SIO OCONOSTOTA 1944 102 C 1962 1974 12

TAMU ALAMINOS 1945 180 C 1964 1973 9

SIO HUGH SMITH 1945 128 C 1959 1963 4

STANFORD PROTEUS 1946 100 C 1969 1972 3

MIAMI GERDA 1947 76 C 1954 1970 16

eBI LYDIA LOUISE I 1949 28 C 1949 1957 8

TAMU JAKKULA 194- 120 C 1953 1963 10

36

Operator Ship Year Le:tgth Source Year Year Age/ Built Fee t Start Retired Life

WHOI HYTILUS 194- 41 C 1943 1953 10

WHOI PHYSALIA 194- 64 C 1944 1946 2

NYU KYHA 1952 65 C 1962 ?

UWHILWAUK NEESKY 1952 65 C 1971 active 17

CONN UCONN 1953 65 C 1970 active 18

HAWAII TERITU 1953 90 C 1964 ?

SUNY,BUFF C.M.DAHBACH 1953 65 C ?

SIO T-441 1953 66 C 1955 1969 14

FIT TURSIOPS 1954 65 C 1979 1985 6

UW ONAR 1954 65 C 1963 1984 21

HIAHI TURSIOPS* 1954 65 C 1964 1968 4

FSU TURSIOPS 1954 65 C 1968 1979 9

HOBART H-W EXPLORER 1955 65 C 1976 active 8

NSF ELTANIN 1957 266 C 1962 1973 1 1

LOGO GIBBS 1958 310 C 1958 1965 7

CBI LYDIA LOUISEII 195- C 1957 1974 17

WHOI ARIES 195- 93 C 1959 1961 2

OCCIDENTAL VANTUNA 1961 85 C 1970 active 27

FlO SUNCOASTER 1962 110 C 1982 active 6

MIAMI GILL ISS 1962 208 C 1970 1975 5

LDGOH ERLINE 1965 100 C 1967 ?

USC SEAWATCH 1965 65 C 1976 active 23

SIO E.B.SCRIPPS 1965 95 C 1965 1984 19

UW BARNES 1966 65 C 1984 active 22

HAWAII KANA KEOKI 1967 156 C 1970 1985 15

FIT OSPREY 1967 95 C 1986 active 2

TEXAS HOORE 1967 165 C 1970 active 21

NOVA BELLOWS 1968 65 C 1968 1970 2

SIO DOLPHIN 1968 96 C 1973 1977 4

CBI D.W. PRITCHARD 196- ? 1974 1984 10

BBS WEATHERBIRD 1970 65 C 1983 active 5

TEXAS LONGHORN 1971 102 C 1970 active 18

SKIDAWAY BLUE FIN 1972 72 C 1975 active 13

HAWAII HOANA WAVE 1973 209 C 1974 active 15

FIT DELPHINUS 1978 63 C 1983 active 5

USC OSPREY 1978 219 C 1986 active 2

SIO SPROUL 1981 125 C 1984 active 7

USNPGS ACANIA ? 1 15 C ? 1986 ?

NEW RV, FEDERAL

USF COMH ALBATROSS 1882 234 NF 1882 1921 39

SIO ARGO 1944 213 NF 1959 1970 1 1

WHOl CHAIN 1958 213 NF 1958 1976 18

ALASKA ACONA 1961 80 NF 1964 1980 16

OSU ACONA* 1961 80 NF 1961 1964 3

LOGO CONRAD 1962 209 NF 1962 active 26

WHOI ATLANTIS II 1963 210 NF 1963 active 25

DUKE EASTWARD 1964 118 NF 1964 1981 1 7

SIO WASHINGTON 1965 209 NF 1965 active 23

UW THOHPSON 1965 209 NF 1965 active 23

SIO/AK ALPHA HELIX 1966 133 NF 1966 active 22

CEI WARFIELD 1967 106 NF 1967 active 21

OSU/HLML/HECAYUSE 1968 80 NF 1968 active 20

NSF HERO 1968 125 NF 1968 1985 1 7

HICH HYSIS 1969 52 NF 1969 1982 1 3

37

Operator Ship Year Le~gth Source Year Year Agel Built Fee t Start Retired Life

WHOr KNORR 1969 245 NF 1969 active 19 SIO MELVILLE 1969 245 NF 1969 active 19 :1IA:1I ISELIN 1972 170 NF 1972 active 16 rAHU GYRE 1973 174 NF 1973 active 15 OSU WECOHA 1975 177 NF 1975 active 13 WHO I OCEANUS 1975 177 NF 1975 active 13

URI ENDEAVOUR 1976 177 NF 1976 active 12 SIO NEW HORIZON 1978 170 NF 1978 active 10 MLML* POINT SUR 1981 135 NF 1986 active 7 DUKE CPo HATTERAS 1981 135 NF 1981 active 7 MI/HLHL* CAPE FLORIDA 1981 135 NF 1981 to MLML 7

UW -AGOR-23 1991 ? 275 NF 1991 build' g 0

NEW RV. OTHER. NON-FEDERAL

SIO A. AGASSIZ 1907 85 NO 1907 1917 10

CARNEGIE CARNEGIE 1909 145 NO 1909 1929 20

WHO I ASTERIAS 1931 42 NO 1931 1980 49

WHO 1 ATLANTIS 1931 142 NO 1931 1964 33

UW CATALYST 1932 75 NO 1932 1942 10

USC VELERO IV 1948 105 NO 1948 1986 38

CBI HAURY 1950 65 NO 1950 1980 30

FlO BELLOT,.iS 1968 7 1 NO 1970 active 18

HICH LAURENTIAN 1970 80 NO 1970 active 18

MIAMI CALANUS 1970 63 NoIF 1970 active 18

SUNY/SE ONRUST 1974 55 NO 1974 active 14

DELAWARE CPo HENLOPEN 1975 120 NO 1975 active 13

HER BRANCH S. JOHNSON 1982 170 NO 1982 active 6

LUHC'1N PELICAN 1985 105 NO 1985 active 3

38

TABLE IV:

Operator

LOGO UW NSF 510 WHOI WHOI USC USF COMM USC WHOI SIO WHOI WHOI UW SIO LOGO HAWAII MIAMI LOGO SIO TAMU URI OSU WHOI URI WHOI OSU MIAMI TAMU MIAMI SIO HBR BRANCH HBR BRANCH TEXAS HAWAII SO.ME TECH CARNEGIE SIO LOGOI SIO SIO WHOI LOGOI! TAMU MIAMI MLML DUKE SIO SIO ALASKA CARNEGIE

ACADEMIC FLEET BY LENGTH

Ship

G I-B BS AGOR-23 ELTANIN MELVILLE KNORR ANTON BRUUN VELERO III ALBATROSS OSPREY YAMACRAW ARGO CHAIN ATLANTIS II THOMPSON WASHINGTON CONRAD MOANA WAVE GILLISS VEMA A. AGASSIZ ALAMINOS TRIDENT YAQUINA ALBATROSS 3 ENDEAVOUR OCEANUS WE COMA PILLSBURY GYRE ISELIN NEW HORIZON S. JOHNSON EDWIN LINK MOORE KANA KEOKI AQUALAB II CARNEGIE S.F. BAIRD ALLEGHENY CREST HORIZON ATLANTIS SIR H.LAMB HIDALGO CAPE FLORIDA POINT SUR CPo HATTERAS STRANGER ALPHA HELIX ALPHA HELIX GALILEE

Year Le~gth Ship Year Year Agel Built Feet Source Start Retired Life

1958 1991? 1957 1969 1969 1931 1935 1882 1978 1942 1944 1958 1963 1965 1965 1962 1973 196 2 0

1923 1944 1945 1944 1944 1926 1976 1975 1975 1944 1973 1972 1978 1982 1973 1967 1967

? 1909 1944 1944 1944 1944 1931 1942 1944 1981 1981 1981 1938 1966 1966 1891 -

39

310 268 266 245 245 243 240 234 219 216 213 213 210 209 209 209 209 208 202 180 180 180 180 179 177 177 177 176 174 170 170 170 168 165 156 146 145 143 143 143 143 142 136 136 135 135 135 134 133 133 132

C NF

C NF NF

C C

NF C C

NF NF NF NF NF NF

C C C C C C C C

NF NF NF

C NF NF

NF/NO NO

C C C C

NO C C C C

NO C C

NF NF NF

C NF NF

C

1958 199 1 1962 1969 1969 1962 1938 1882 1986 1957 1959 1958 1963 1965 1965 1962 1974 1970 1953 1962 1964 1963 1964 1948 1976 1975 1975 1960 1973 1972 1978 1982 1988 1970 1970

? 1909 1952 1952 1948 1948 1931 1960 1957 1981 1986 1981 1955 1966 1979 1905

1965 build' g

1974 active active

1968 1942 1921

active 1958 1970 1976

active active active active active

1975 1975 1976 1973 1974 1975 1958

active active active

1971 active active active active active active

1985 active

1929 1965 1969 1956 1969 1964

? 1963 1986

active active

1962 1979

active 1908

7 o

12 19 19

6 4

39 2 1

11 18 25 23 23 26 15

5 22 14

9 11 1 1 10 12 13 13 1 1 15 16 10

6 1

21 15

? 20 13 17

8 21 33

Of

6 5 2 7 7

13 9 3

Operator Ship

SIO WHOI STAN WHOI NSF SIO U.PRTO.RICO TAMU DELAWARE TAMU DUKE VIMS USNPGS UW MICH MBARI FLO SOY HOOK LB CBI LUMCON USC SIO SIO TEXAS LDGOU WHOI SIO STANFORD WHOI WHOI B'THBAY HBR MLML SIO SIO FIT WHOI LINK HAWAU COLES PT LB OCCIDENTAL CBI SIO ALASKA SIO OSU HICH MAINE NURP/UNC WM WHOI MIAMI UW CAPE FEAR WHOI SKIDAWAY flO WHOI

HUGH SMITH MENTOR TE VEGA CRAWFORD HERO SPROUL CRAWfORD JAKKULA CPo HENLOPEN ATLANTIC EASTWARD RETRIEVER ACANIA BROWN BEAR INLAND SEAS POINT LOBOS SUNCOASTER DOLPHIN WARFIELD PELICAN VELERO IV E.W.SCRIPPS OCONOSTOTA LONGHORN ERLINE BEAR ORCA PROTEUS CARYN GOSNOLD BLUE DOLPHIN NEPTUNUS REX DOLPHIN E.B.SCRIPPS OS PREY ARIES SEA DIVER II TERITU BOWDOIN VANTUNA JOAN BAR II A. AGASSIZ ACONA PAOLINA T ACONA LAURENTIAN CAYUSE SEAHAWK RE LlANCE GERDA CATALYST NORTH STAR BALANUS BLUE FIN BELLOWS ANTON DOHRN

Year Built

1945 1941 1930 1927 1968 1981 1927 194-1975 1923 1964

? ?

1934 1943 1982 1962 1953 1967 1985 1948 1924 1944 1971 1965 1943 1926 1946 1927 1944 1926 1962 1968 1965 1967 195-1959 1953 1923 1961 1927 1907 1961 1944 1961 1970 1968

? 1914 1947 1932

'! 1942 1972 1968 191 1

Le:tgth Source Fee t

Year Start

Year Age/ Retired Life

128 127 125 125 125 125 125 120 120 120 118 115 115 114 114 110 110 107 106 105 105 104 102 102 100 100 100 100

40

99 99 99 97 96 95 95 93 91 90 88 85 85 85 80 80 80 80 80 80 76 76 75 73 72 72 71 70

C C C C

NF C C C

NO C

NF C C C C C C C

NF NO NO

C C C C C C C C C C

NO C C C C

NO C C C C

NO NF

C NF NO NF

C C C

NO C C C

NO C

1959 1946 1964 1956 1968 1984 1968 1953 1975 1953 1964

? ?

1950 1962 1988 1982

? 1967 1985 1948 1937 1962 1970 1967 1957 1956 1969 1948 1962

? 1962 1973 1965 1986 1959 1959 1964

? 1970 1950 1907 1964 1948 1961· 1970 1968

? 1943 1954 1932

? 1946 1975 1970 1940

1963 1950 1968 1968 1985

active active

1963 active

1957 1981

active 1986 1965 1972

active active

? active active

1986 1955 1974

active ?

1965 1961 1972 1958 1974

? 1966 1977 1984

active 1961

? 1974

? active

1954 1917 1980 1964 1964

active active active

1950 1970 1942

active 1950

active active

1947

4 4 4

1 2 1 7

7 20 10 13

4 17

? ?

15 10

1 6 ?

21 3

38 18 12 18

? 8 5 3

10 12

? 4 4

19 2 2 ?

10 ?

27 4

10 16 16

3 18 20

? 7

16 10

? 4

13 18

7

Operator Ship

NOVA SIO HOBART UW CBI HESC/ALA U.MD.CBL SUNY,BUFF UW MIAMI UWHILWAUK FSU CONN USC MIAMI NYU UW SKIDAWAY NOVA BBS GULF COAST MIT SO.MA.UNIV FIT SCOSC SIO WHOI MIAMI FIT U.MD.CBL BBS U.PRTO.RICO SUNY/SB NYU MICH UW CBI MSC INC/VA WHOI WHOI TAMU ~llA~I

CBI LOGO LOGO CBI UNC

ENDLESS SEAS T-441 H/WS EXPLORE HOH MAURY ROUNSEFELL AQUARIUS C.A.DAMBACH ONAR TURSIOPS* NEESKAY TURSIOPS UCONN SEAWATCH T-19 KYMA BARNES KIT JONES BELLOWS WEATHERBIRD GULF RESRCHR EDGERTON CORSAIR TURSIOPS NAUTILUS SCRIPPS PHYSALIA CALANUS DELPHINUS ORION PANULIRIS MEDUSA ONRUST ACTION MYSIS ONCORHYNCHUS L.LOUISE II DELAWARE BAY ASTERIAS MYTILUS ATCHAFALAYA HEGALOPA L.LOUISE I J.GOLDBERGER GRACE D.PRITCHARD SEA HAWK

*renamed or transferred

Year Length Source Year Year Age/ Built Feet Start Retired Life

? 1953 1955 1943 1950

? ?

1953 1954 1954 1952 1954 1953 1965 1942 1952 1966 1938 1968 1970

? 1944 1943. 1954

? 1920 194-1970 1978

? 1942

? 1974 1931 1969 1937

? ?

1931 194-1932 1925 1949

? ? ?

1982

41

67 66 65 65 65 65 65 65 65 65 65 65 65 65 65 65 65 65 65 65 65 65 65 65 65 64 64 63 63 62 61 56 55 55 52 50 50 50 42 41 40 37 28

? ? ?

80

C C

C C

NO C C C C C C C

C c. C C C C

NO C C C C C C C C

NO/F C C C C

NO C

NF C C C

NO C

C C C C C C C

? 1955 1976 1962 19 SO

? ?

1969 1963 1964 1971 1968 1970 1976 1950 1962 1984 1965 1968 1983

? ? ?

1979 ?

1925 1944 1970 1983

? 1950

? 1974 1956 1969 1948 1957

? 1931 1943 1951 1950 1949 1958 1962 1974

?

active 1969

active 1984 1980

active active active

1984 1968

active 1979

active active

1972 ?

active 1975 1970

active active active active

1985 active

1937 1946

active active active

1982 active active

1962 1982 1951 1974

active 1980 1953 1973 1960 1957 1963 1964 1984

active

C - Conversion NF- New. Fedeal NO- New, State

? 14

8 22 30

? ?

19 21

4 17

9 18 23 22

? 22 10

2 5 ? ? ? 6 ?

12 2

18 5 ?

32 ?

14 6

13 3

17 ?

49 10 22 10

8 5 2

10 ?

TABLE V : : SOURCES OF RESEARCH VESSELS, 1925-PRESENT

I~terval Conversio~ New R/V New R/V Fed $$ Other$$

1925-30 1 0 0 1931-35 3 0 0 1936-40 3 0 0 1941-45 3 0 0 1946-50 14 0 2 1951-55 9 0 0 1956-60 1 1 2 0 1961-65 17 7 0 1966-70 9 7 .5 3.5 1971-75 4 4 2 1976-80 3 2 0 1981-85 5 2 2 1986-90 2 1 0

Totals 84 25.5 9.5

% 70.6 21 .4 8.0

42

TABLE VI: FEDERAL RESEARCH FLEET, ALPHABETICAL

SHIP NAME

ABSECON ACANIA ALASKA ALASKA ALBANY ALBATROSS ALBATROSS II ALBATROSS III ALBATROSS IV ANDROSCOGGIN ATKA A. RUST BACHE BARTLETT BLACK DOUGLAS BLAKE BOWDITCH BOWDITCH BOWEN BOWIE BRATTLEBORO BURTON ISLAND CASCO CHAPMAN CHAUVENET CHAUVENET CORRY COWIE C. F. SHOUP C. H. GILBERT DAVIDSON DAVIS DE STEIGUER DELAWARE DELAWARE II DERICKSON DISCOVERER DISCOVERER DOLPHIN DUTTON DUTTON D. STARR JORDAN EAGLE EASTWIND EDISTO ENTl::RPRISE ERLINE EVERGREEN EXPERIMENT EXPLORER EXPLORER FAIRVIEW

Built

1942 194-1869 1947 1846 1882 19 1 1 1926 1963 1946 1944 1944 1872 1969 1930 1874 1929 1945 1943 1943 1944 1946 1942 1980 1943 1970 1921 1926 1945 1952 1967 1963 1969 1937 1968 1944 1919 1966 1836 1944 1944 1965 1890 1943 1947 1877

? 1943 1831 1904 1939 1944

Start Retired

? ?** 197 11986 1870 1883

? 1852 1882 1926 1942 1963 1946 1944 1945 1872 1969

? 1874 1940 1957

? ?

1950 1946 1966 1980 1945 1970 1923

? 1963 1952 1967 1963 1969 1937 1968 1944 1922 1966 1852 1945 1957 1965 1898 1943 1947 1877

? 1943 1835 1904 1939 1947

1854 1921 1934 1959

active· ? ?

1946 1901

active ?

1905 ? ? ? ?

1965 ? ?

active 1946

active 1930

? 1970

? active

? active

? active

? 1941

active 1854 1950

? active

1919 ? ?

1892 active

? 1838 1939 1968 19b8

43

Le~gth

Feet 3 1 1 1 15 251 100 164 234

Age~cy

USCG USNPGS

USN NOAA USN

USFWS 150 Bu. Fish. 179 NOAA 187 255 269 136 145 210 ISO

NOAA USCG USN USN

Coast Surv. USN NOAA

148 Coast Surv. 386 USN 454 11 1 130 185 269 31 1 127 136 393 314 103 338 122 175 210 210 148 ISS 136 187 303

88 136 455 171 156 269 269 185 105 180

USN NOAA NOAA USN USN USCG NOAA USN USN USN NOAA USN NOAA NOAA USN USN NOAA NOAA

USCGS USCGS

NOAA USN USN USN NOAA USN USCG USN USN USN USCG

90 Coast Surv. 135 USCGS 220 185

NOAA USN

Type

WAVP-374 ?

Gu~boat

Tu~a Boat Sloop FRV Tug Trawler FRS-42 WPG-68 AGB-3 AGS-9 Steamer AGOR-13 Schooner Steamer Passe!lger TAGS-21 Ex-Escort Ex-Escort PCER-8 5 2 AGB-l WAVP-374 RV AGS-11 TAGS-29 Destroyer Ex-yacht TAG-175 Trawler CSS-31 AGOR-5 AGOR-12 Trawler Trawler AGS-6 AMS OSS-Ol Brig AGS-8 TAGS-23 FRS-44 yacht WAGB-279 AGB-2 Corvette RV WAGO-295 scnoo!ler Steamer Survey Ship PCER-850

SHIP NAHE

fAIRWEATHER FERREL FISH HA\.IK GERONIHO GILBERT GILLISS GLACIER GUIDE G. D. KEATHLEY G. H. BO\.lERS HANNIBAL HARKNESS HARKNESS HASSLER HAYES HECK HODGSON HULL HUNTING HYDROGRAPHER HYDROGRAPHER HYDROGRAPHER ISIS JOHN N. COBB JOHN R. HANNING J. BLISH J. H. GILLISS KANE KELLAR LESTER JONES LITTLEHALES LITTLEHALES LYNCH MARYSVILLE HAURY McARTHUR MICHELSON MICHIGAN HILLER FREEMAN MISSION CAPISTRANO MIZAR HT HITCHELL MURRE II NIAGARA NOKOMIS NORTH\.IIND OCEANOGRAPHER OCEANOGRAPHER OREGON OREGON II PADUCAH PARKER PATHFINDER PATHFINDER PATTERSON PATTON

Built Start Retired Length Feet

Agency

196~

1968 1879 1945

? 1962 1954 1919 1945 1955 1898 1943 1971 1872 1971 1967 1943 1921 1945 1901 1930 1931 1902 1950 1950 1944 1943 1967 1969 1940 1943 1945 1965 1944 1945 1966 1945 1842 1967 1968 1957 1967 1943 1898 1917 1945 1897 1966 1946 1967 1905 1943 1899 1942 1882 1941

1968 1968 1879 1962

? 1962 1954 1923 1967 1955 1911 1945 1971 1872 197 1 1967

? 1922 1954 1901 1930 1931 1902 1950

? 1945 1945 1967 1969 1940 1945 1959 1965 1951 1946 1966 1958 1889 1967 1960 1964 1968

? 1924 1919 1945 1930 1966

? 1967 1905

? 1899 1942 1882 1941

active active

1926 ? ? ?

active 1941

? ?

1940 1951

? 1895

active active

? 1930 1962 1930 1931 1966 1939

active ?

1950 1950

? ?

1968 1949 1968

active 1970 1969

active ?

1905 active

1970 ?

active active

1930 1934

active 1944

active ?

active 1945

? 1940

? 1919 1968

44

231 133 157 143

77 210 310 187 338

74 274 136 393 160 248

90 136 314 203 101 166 164 199

93 87

136 136 285 210

88 136 132 209 185 426 175 454 163 215 523 266 231

86 250 243 269 304 303 100 170 200 111 168 229 163

88

NOAA NOAA

Fish Comm. NOAA NOAA USN

USN/USCG USCGS

USN NOAA USN USN USN

Coast Su!"v. USN NOAA NOAA USN USN

USCGS USCGS USCGS USCGS

NOAA NOAA

USN/USCGS USN USN USN

USCGS USN USN USN USN USN NOAA USN USN NOAA USN USN NOAA NOAA USN USN USCG

USCGS NOAA NOAA NOAA USN NOAA

USCGS NOAA

Coast Su!"v. USCGS

Type

MSS-20 ASV-92 Steamer ATA-47/tug Tender AGOR-4 AGB-4 Survey Ship TAGS-35 FRV-65 steamer AGS-12 TAGS-32 Steamer Catamaran ASV-91 Ex-Escort Destroyer EAG-398 Steamer Survey Ship AGS-2 Steamer FRV-52 Pur s e. s e i :l e r AGS-IO AGS-13 TAGS-27 TAGS-25 Wire Dragger AGSC-15 AGSC-15 AGOR-7 EPCE(R)-857 AGS-16 CSS-30 TAGS-23 Steamer FRS-21 TAG-162 TAGOR-l1 MSS-22 FRV-63 yacht yacht WAGB-282 Yacht OSS-OI FRV-51 FRS-32 Gunboat Ex-escort Steamer Survey Ship Steamer \.lire Dragger

SHIP NAME

PIERCE PIONEER PIONEER POLAR DUKE POLAR SEA POLAR STAR PORPOISE PREVAIL PURSIUT P. W. ANDERSON RAINIER RANGER REHOBOTH REQUISITE RESEARCHER REXBURG ROCKV I LLE RUDE R. B. TANEY SAN PABLO SANDS SERRANO SHELDRAKE SILAS BENT SOMERSWORTH STALLION STATEN ISLAND SUMNER SURVEYOR SURVEYOR S. NEWCOMB S. P. LEE TANEY TANNER THETIS TOWHEE TOWNSEND CROMWELL UNDAUNTED WASHINGTON WESTDAHL WESTWIND WHITING WILKES WYMAN

Built Start Retired Le~gth Feet

1963 19 18 1943

? ? ?

1836 1943 1943 1978 1968 1876 1944 1943 1970 1944 1944 1967 1833 1943 1964 1944 1942 1965 1944 1945 1944 1915 1917 1960 1943 1968 1936 1945 1884 1945 1963 1944 1837 1929 1943 1963-197 1 197 1

1963 1922 1947 1985

? ?

1838 1952 1950 1978 1968 1876 1949 19S2 1970 1951 1953 1967 1847 1949 1964 1960 1952 1965-1947 1948 1944 1937 1917 1960 1945 1968

? 1946 1887 1964 1963

? 1838 1929 1943 1963 1971 1971

active 1941

active active active

1~54

1964 1960

active active

1909 1970 1964

active 1970 1969

active 1858 1969

? 1970 1968

? 1965 1955

? 1946 1950

active 1950

active ?

1969 1899 1969

active ?

1852 1946

active active active active

163 187 31 1 219 399 399

88 220 221 165 231 200 310 220 278 185 185

90 85

310 210 205 220 285 185 143 269 350 186 292 136 210 327 426 160 220 163 143

94 77

269 163 285 285

Age~cy

NOAA USCGS

NOAA NSF USCG USCG USN USN USN EPA NOAA USN USN USN NOAA USN USN NOAA

USN/Coast USN USN USN USN USN USN USN USN USN

USCGS NOAA USN USGS USCG USN USN USN NOAA NOAA

Coast Sur-v. USCGS

USCG NOAA USN USN

* as of 1987 ship schedule ** ? mea~s ~ot active i~ 1987 schedule, e~d date ~ot k~ow~

45

Type

CSS-28 AHS Survey Ship Charter WAGB-XX WAGB-XX B r i'g AGS-20 AGS-17 Survey Ship HSS-21 Survey ship AGS-50 AGS-18 OSS-03 PCER-8S5 PCER-851 ASV-90 Schooner AGS-30 AGOR-6 AGS-24 AGS-19 TAGS-26 PCER-849 ATA-193 AGB-S Te~der

Survey Ship 055-32 AGS-14 TAGS-31 WPG-37 AGS-16 Whaler AGS-28 FRS-43 Tug Brig Lau~ch

'.JAGB-281 CSS-29 TAGS-33 TAGS-34

TABLE VII: fEDERAL RESEARCH FLEET BY YEAR BUILT

SHIP NAME

EXPERIMENT R. B. TAN EY DOLPHIN PORPOISE WASHINGTON MICHIGAN ALBANY ALASKA BACHE HASSLER BLAKE RANGER ENTERPRISE FISH HAWK PATTERSON ALBATROSS THETIS EAGLE OCEANOGRAPHER NIAGARA HANNIBAL PATHFINDER HYDROGRAPHER IS IS EXPLORER PADUCAH ALBATROSS II SUMNER NOKOMIS SURVEYOR PIONEER GUIDE DISCOVERER CORRY HULL ALBATROSS III COWIE WESTDAHL BOWDITCH HYDROGRAPHER BLACK DOUGLAS HYDROGRAPHER TANEY DELAWARE EXPLORER LESTER JONES PATTON CASCO ABSECON

Built Start Retired Le~gth

Fee t

1831 1833 1836 1836 1837 1842 1846 1869 1872 1872 1874 1876 1877 1879 1882 1882 1884 1890 1897 1898 1898 1899 1901 1902 1904 1905 1911 1915 1917 1917 1918 1919 1919 1921 1921 1926 1926 1929 1929 1930 1930 1931 1936 1937 1939 1940 1941 1942 1942

1835 1847 1852 1838 1838 1889 1852 1870 1872 1872 1874 1876 1877 1879 1882 1882 1887 1898 1930 1924 1911 1899 1901 1902 1904 1905 1926 1937 1919 19 17 1922 1923 1922 1923 1922 1942

? 1929 1940 1930

? 193 1

? 1937 1939 1940 1941 1966

?

1838 1858 1854 1854 1852 1905 1854 1883 1901 1895 1905 1909 1892 1926 1919 1921 1899 1919 1944 1930 1940 1940 1930 1939 1939 1945 1934 1946 1934 1950 1941 1941 1941 1930 1930 1959

?** 1946

? 1931

? 1966

? ?

1968 1968 1968

? ?

46

90 85 88 88 94

163 164 251 145 160 148 200 185 157 163 234 160 156 304 250 274 168 101 199 135 200 150 350 243 186 187 187 187 314 314 179 103

77 386 166 150 164 327 148 220

88 88

31 1 311

Age:lcy

Coast Surv. USN/Coast

US~

USN Coast Surv.

USN USN USN

Coast Surv. Coast Surv. Coast Surv.

USS USS

Fish Comm. Coast Surv.

USFwS US!' USS

USCGS USN USN

USCGS USCGS USCGS USCGS

USS Bu. Fish.

USS USS

USCGS USCGS USCGS USCGS

US!' USS NOAA NOAA

USCGS USS

USCGS ~OAA

USCGS l:SCG NOAA SOAA

USCGS USCGS

USCG USCG

Type

Schooaer Schoo::l.er Brig Brig Brig Steamer Sloop Gunboat Steamer Steamer Steamer Survey ship Corvette Steamer Steamer FRV Whaler yacht Yacht yacht steamer Steamer Steamer Steamer Steamer Gunboat Tug Te::l.der yacht Survey Ship AMS Survey Ship AMS Destroyer Destroyer Trawler Ex-yacht Launch Passe::l.ger Survey Ship Schoo::l.er AGS-2 WPG-37 Trawler Survey Ship Wire Dragger Wire Dragger WAVP-374 WAVP-374

SHIP NAME

PATHFINDER SHELDRAKE EASTWIND J. H. GrLLISS HODGSON CHAUVENET HARKNESS S. NEWCOMB EVERGREEN BOWIE PURSIUT LITTLEHALES SAN PABLO BOWEN PIONEER MURRE II REQUISITE PREVAIL PARKER WESTWIND ACANIA J. BLISH DERICKSON UNDAUNTED REHOBOTH SOMERSWORTH A. RUST MARYSVILLE DUTTON ROCKVILLE DUTTON STATEN ISLAND FAIRVIEW BRATTLEBORO SERRANO REXBURG ATKA TOWHEE STALLION LITTLEHALES GERONIMO HAURY MICHELSON BOWDITCH HUNTING SORTHWIND C. F. SHOUP G. D. KEATHLEY TANNER ANDROSCOGGIN BURTON ISLAND OREGON ALASKA EDISTO JOHN N. COBB JO~N R. MANNING

Built Start Retired Le~gth Feet

1942 1942 1943 1943 1943 1943 1943 1943 1943 1943 1943 1943 1943 1943 1943 1943 1943 1943 1943 1943 194 -1944 1944 1944 1944 1944 1944 1944 1944 1944 1944 1944 1944 1944 1944 1944 1944 1945 1945 1945 1945 1945 1945 1945 1945 1945 1945 1945 1945 1946 1946 1946 1947 1947 1950 1950

1942 1952 1943 1945

? 1945 1945 1945 1943

? 1950 1945 1949

? 1947

? 1952 1952

? 1943 1971 1945 1~44

? 1949 1947 1945 1951 1945 1953 1957 1944 1947 1950 1960 1951 1944 1964 1948 1959 1962 1946 1958 1957 1954 1945 1963 1967 1946 1946 1946

? ?

1947 1950

?

? 1968

? 1950

? 1946 195 1 1950

? ?

1960 1949 1969

? ?

active* 1964 1964

? active

1986 1950

? ?

1970 1965 1946 1970 1950 1969

? ?

1968 1965 1970 1970

? 1969 1955 1968

? 1969

? ?

1962 active

1970 ?

1969 ? ? ? ? ?

active ?

47

229 220 269 136 136 136 136 136 180 130 221 136 310 III 31 1

86 220 220 11 1 269 115 136 136 143 310 185 136 185 136 185 455 269 185 185 205 185 269 220 143 132 143 426 454 454 203 269 338 338 426 255 269 100 100 269

93 87

Agency

NOAA US:-I USCG USN NOAA USN USN USN USCG NOAA USN USN USN NOAA NOAA NOAA USN USN NOAA USCG

USNPGS USN/USCGS

USCGS NOAA USN USN USN USN USN USN USN USN USN USN USN USN USN USN USN USN NOAA USN USN USN USN USCG USN USN USN USCG USN NOAA NOAA USN NOAA NOAA

Type

Survey Ship AGS-19 WAGB-279 AGS-13 Ex-Escort AGS-11 AGS-12 AGS-14 WAGO-295 Ex-Escort AGS-17 AGSC-15 AGS-30 Ex-Escort Survey Ship FRV-63 AGS-18 AGS-20 Ex-escort WAGB-281

? AGS-I0 AGS-6 Tug AGS-50 PCER-849 AGS-9 EPCE(R)-857 AGS-8 PCER-851 TAGS-23 AGB-5 PCER-850 PCER-852 AGS-24 PCER-855 AGB-3 AGS-28 ATA-193 AGSC-15 ATA-47/tIJL AGS-16 TAGS-23 TAGS-21 EAG-398 WAGB-282 TAG-175 TAGS-35 AGS-16 WPG-68 AGB-l FRV-51 Tuna Boat AGB-2 FRV-S2 Purse seiner

SHIP NAME

C. H. GILBERT GLACIER G. M. BOWERS MIZAR SURVEYOR GiUISS ALBATROSS IV PIERCE TOWNSEND CROMWELL WHITING DAVIS SANDS LYNCH D. STARR JORDAN SILAS BENT DISCOVERER McARTHUR OCEANOGRAPHER KANE RUDE DAVIDSON MILLER FREEMAN HT MITCHELL OREGON II HECK FERREL DELAWARE II RAINIE R FAIRWEATHER S. P. LEE MISSION CAPISTRANO KELLAR DE STEIGUER BARTLETT RESEARCHER CHAUVENET HARKNESS WYMAN WILKES P. W. ANDERSON CHAPMAN POLAR SEA POLAR STAR GILBERT POLAR DUKE ERLINE

Built Start Retired Le~gth Feet

1952 1952 ? 122 1954 1954 active 310 1955 1955 ? 74 1957 1964 ? 266 1960 1960 active 292 1962 1962 ? 210 1963 1963 active 187 1963 1963 active 163 1963 1963 active 163 1963 1963 active 163 1963 1963 ? 21C 1964 1964 ? 210 1965 1965 active 209 1965 1965 active 17 1 1965 1965 ? 285 1966 1966 active 303 1966 1966 active 175 1966 1966 active 303 1967 1967 ? 285 1967 1967 active 90 1967 1967 active 175 1967 1967 active 215 1967 1968 active 231 1967 1967 active 170 1967 1967 active 90 1968 1968 active 133 1968 1968 active 155 1968 1968 active 231 1968 1968 active 231 1968 1968 active 210 1968 1960 1970 523 1969 1969 ? 210 1969 1969 ac-t i ve 210 1969 1969 active 210 1970 1970 active 278 1970 1970 ? 393 1971 1971 ? 393 1971 1971 active 285 1971 1971 active 285 1978 1978 active 165 1980 1980 active 127

? ? active 399 ? ? active 399 ? ? ? 77 ? 1985 active 219 ? ? active 105

Agency

NOAA USN/USCG

NOAA USN NOAA USN NOAA NOAA NOAA NOAA USN USN USN NOAA USN NOAA NOAA NOAA USN NOAA NOAA NOAA NOAA NOAA NOAA NOAA NOAA NOAA NOAA USGS USN USN USS USS NOAA USN USN USN USN EPA !oIOAA USCG USCG NOAA NSF USN

* as of 1987 ship schedule ** ? means not listed as active in 1987, end date u~k!lown

48

Type

Trawler AGB-4 FRV-65 TAGOR-il OSS-32 A-GOR-4 FRS-42 CSS-28 FRS-43 CSS-29 AGOR-5 AGOR-6 AGOR-7 FRS-44 TAGS-26 OSS-Ol CSS-30 OSS-Ol-TAGS-27 ASV-90 CSS-31 FRS-21 MSS-22 FRS-32 ASV-91 ASV-92 Trawler MSS-21 MSS-20 TAGS-31 TAG-162 TAGS-25 AGOR-12 AGOR-13 OSS-03 TAGS-29 TAGS-32 TAGS-34 TAGS-33 Survey Ship RV WAGS-XX WAGS-XX Tender Charter RV

TASLE VIII: ACADEMIC FLEET, BY OPERATOR

Operator

ALASKA BaS Bas CARNEG IE CARNEGIE CSI CBI CSI CBI CBI CBI CONN DELAWARE DUKE DUKE FLO FLO FIT FIT FIT FSU HAWAII HAWAII HAWAII HSR BRANCH HBR BRANCH HOBART LOGO LDGO LDGO LDGOtt LDGOQ LDGOI LUMCON MIAMI MIAMI MIAMI MIAMI MIAMI MIAMI MIAMI MIAMI MIAMI MICH HICH MICH MLHL* NOVA NOVA NSF NSF

Ship

ACONA PANULIRIS WEATHERSIRD CARNEGIE GALILEE JOAN BAR II LYDIA LOUISEII LYDIA LOUISE I MAURY D.W. PRITCHARD WARFIELD UCONN CPo HENLOPEN CPo HATTERAS EASTWARD SUNCOASTER BELLOWS TURSIOPS OSPREY DELPHINUS TURSIOPS* KANA KEOKI MOANA WAVE TERITU S. JOHNSON EDWIN LINK H-W EXPLORER CONRAD VEMA GIBBS ERLINE ALLEGHENY SIR H.LAMB PELICAN T-19 TURSIOPS* ISELIN GILLISS CALANUS CAPE FLORIDA GERDA PILLSBURY MEGALOPA INLAND SEAS LAURENTIAN MYSIS POINT SUR GULFSTREAH BELLOWS ELTANIN HERO

Year Length Source Year Year Agel Suilt Feet Start Retired Life

1961 1942 1970 1909 1891 1927 194-1949 1950 197-1967 1953 1975 1981 1964 1962 1968 1954 1967 1978 1954 1967 1973 1953 1982 1973 1955 1962 1923 1944 1965 1944 1942 1985 1942 1954 1972 1962 1970 1981 1947 1944 1925 1943 1970 1969 1981 1963 1968 1957 1968

49

80 61 65

145 132

85 50 28 65 50

106 65

120 135 118 110

7 1 65 95 63 65

156 209

90 170 168

65 209 202 310 100 143 136 105

65 65

170 208

63 135

76 176

37 1 14

80 52

135 S5 65

266 12S

NF C C

NO C C C C

NO C

NF C

NO NF NF

C NO

C C C C C C C

NO C C

NF C C C C C

NO C C

NF C

No/F NF

C C C C

NO NF NF

C NO

C NF

1964 1950 1983 1909 1905 1950 1957 1949 1950 1974 1967 1970 1975 1981 1964 1982 1970 1979 1986 1983 1968 1970 1974 1964 1982 1988 1976 1962 1953 1958 1967 1952 1960 1985 1950 1964 1972 1970 1970 1981 1954 1960 1950 1962 1970 1969 1986 1966 1968 1962 1968

1980 1982

active 1929 1908 1954 1974 1957 1980 1984

active active active active

1981 active active

1985 active active

1979 1985

active 1974

active active active active

1975 1968

? 1969

? active

1972 1968

active 1975

active to MLML

1970 197 1 1960 1972

active 1982

active 1970 1970 1974 1985

16 32

5 20

3 4

17 8

30 10 21 18 13

7 17

6 18

6 2 5 9

15 14 10

6 1

12 26 22 10

? 17

? 3

22 4

16 5

18 7

16 1 1 10 10 18 13

2 4 2

12 1 7

Operator Ship Year Le:tgth Source Year Year Agel Built Feet Start Retired Life

NW MICH ALLEGHENY 1944 143 C 1969 active 19 NYU KYMA 1952 65 C 1962 ? ?

NYU ACTION 1931 55 C 1956 1962 6 OCCIDENTAL VANTUNA 1961 1:S5 C 1970 active 18 OSU YAQUINA 1944 180 C 1964 1975 1 1 OSU WE COMA 1975 177 NF 1975 active 13 OSU ACONA* 1961 80 NF 1"961 196"4 3 OSU/MLML/ME CAYUSE 1968 80 NF 1968 active 20 SCOSC NAUTILUS 197- 65 C ? active ?

SIO HUGH SM ITH 1945 128 C 1959 1963 4 SIO S. Fe BAIRD 1944 143 C 1952 1965 13 510 SPROUL 1981 125 C 1984 active 4 510 MELVILLE 1969 245 NF 1969 active 19 510 A. AGASSIZ 1944 180 C 1962 1976 14 510 NEW HORIZON 1978 170 NF/NO 1978 active 10 510 HORIZON 1944 143 C 1948 1969 21 510 SCRIPPS 1920 64 C 1925 1937 12 SIO CREST 1944 143 C 1948 1956 8 SIO STRANGER 1938 134 C 1955 1962 7 510 DOLPHIN 1968 96 C 1973 1977 4

510 E.B.SCRIPPS 1965 95 C 1965 1984 19

SIO ARGO 1944 213 NF 1959 1970 1 1

SIO WASHINGTON 1965 209 NF 1965 active 23

SIO PAOLINA T i944 80 C 1948 1964 16 SIO T-441* 1953 66 C 1955 1969 14

SIO OCONOSTOTA 1944 102 C 1962 1974 12

SIO ORCA 1926 100 C 1956 1961 5

SIO E.W.SCRIPPS 1924 104 C 1937 1955 18

SIO A. AGASSIZ 1907 85 NO 1907 1917 10

SIO/AK ALPHA HELIX 1966 133 NF 1966 active 22

SKIDAWAY KIT JONES 1938 65 C 1965 1975 10

SKIDAWAY BLUE FIN 1972 72 C 1975 active 13

STAN TE VEGA 1930 125 C 1964 1968 4

STANFORD PROTEUS 1946 100 C 1969 1972 3

SUNY.BUFF C. M. DAMBACH 1953 65 C 1968 active 20

SUNY/SB ONRUST 1974 55 NO 1974 active 14

TAMU ALAMINOS 1945 180 C 1964 1973 9

TAMU ATLANTIC 1923 120 C 1953 1957 4

TAMU ATCHAFALAYA 1932 40 C 1951 1973 22

TAMU HIDALGO 1944 136 C 1957 1963 6

TAMU JAKKULA 194- 120 C 1953 1963 10

TAMU GYRE 1973 174 NF 1973 active 15

TEXAS MOORE 1967 165 C 1970 active 18

TEXAS LONGHORN 1971 102 C 1970 active 18

URI ENDEAVOUR 1976 177 NF 1976 active 12

URI TRIDENT 1944 180 C 1963 1974 1 1

USC VELERO IV 1948 105 NO 19~8 1986 38

USC VELERO III 1935 240 C 1938 1942 4

USC SEAWATCH 1965 65 C 1976 active 12

USC OSPREY 1978 219 C 1986 active 2

USF COMM ALBATROSS 1882 234 NF 1882 1921 39

USNPGS ACANIA 194- 115 C 1971 1986 15

UW BROWN BEAR 1934 114 C 1950 1965 15

UW HOH 1943 65 C 1962 1984 22

UW BARNES 1966 65 C 1984 active 4

UW AGOR-23 199 1 ? 268 NF 1991 build'g 0

50

Operator Ship Year Le:lgth Source Year Year Agel Built Feet Start Retired Life

UW OHAR 1954 65 C 1963 1984 2 1

UW THOMPSON 1965 209 NF 1965 active 23

UW ONCORHYNCHUS 1937 50 C 1948 1951 3

UW CATALYST 1932 75 NO 1932 1942 10

UWHILWAUK NEESKY 1952 65 C 1971 active 17

WHOI YAMACRAW 1942 216 C 1957 1958 1

WHOI ATLANTIS II 1963 210 NF 1963 active 25

WHOI BEAR 1943 100 C 1957 1965 8

WHOI MENTOR 1941 .127 C 1946 1950 4

WHOI PHYSALIA 194- 64 C 1944 1946 2

WHOI ASTER lAS 1931 -42 NO 1931 1980 49

WHOI RELIANCE 1914 76 C 1943 1950 7

WHOI ANTON BRUUN 1931 243 C 1962 1968 6

WHOI CHAIN 1958 213 NF 1958 1976 18

WHOl KNORR 1969 245 NF 1969 active 19

WHOI ANTON DOHRN 1911 70 C 1940 1947 7

WHOI ATLANTIS 1931 142 NO 1931 1964 33

WHOI CRAWFORD 1927 125 C 1956 1968 12

WHOI GOSNOLD 1944 99 C 1962 1974 12

WHOI ALBATROSS III 1926 179 C 1948 1958 10

WHOI ARIES 195- 93 C 1959 1961 2

WHOl OCEANUS 1975 177 NF 1975 active 13

WHOI MYTILUS 194- 41 C 1943 1953 10

WHO I LULU 1964 96 NF 1964 1985 21

WHOl BALANUS 1942 72 C 1946 1950 4

WHOI CARYN 1927 99 C 1948 1958 10

C - Conversion NO- New, State

T-441, SIO-CONN (UCONN) TURSIOPS, HIAMI-FSU-FIT BELLOWS, NOVA-FlO CPo FLORIDA, , MIAMI-HLHL (PT.SUR)

LDGO#, Hudson Labs, Columbia

51

TABLE I X: ACADEMIC FLEET: By Termi:tal Year as R/V

Operator Ship Year Le:tgth Source Year Year Age/ Built Feet Start Retired Life

CARNEGIE GALILEE 189 1 132 C 1905 1908 3 SIO A. AGASSIZ 1907 85 NO 1907 19 1 7 10 USF COMM ALBATROSS 1882 234 NF 1882 192 1 39 CARNEGIE CARNeGIE 1909 145 NO 1909 1929 20 SIO SCRIPPS 1920 64 C 1925 1937 12 usc VELERO III 1935 240 C 1938 1942 4

UW CATALYST 1932 75 NO 1932 1942 10 WHOI PHYSALlA 194- 64 C 1944 1946 2 WHOI ANTON DOHRN 19 11 70 C 1940 1947 7 WHOI BALANUS 1942 72 C 1946 1950 4

WHOI RELIANCE 1914 76 C 1943 1950 7 WHOI MENTOR 1941 127 C 1946 1950 4

UW ONCORHYNCHUS 1937 50 C 1948 1951 3 WHOI MYTILUS 194- 41 C 1943 1953 10 CBI JOAN BAR II 1927 85 C 1950 1954 4

SIO E.W.SCRIPPS 1924 104 C 1937 1955 18

SIO CREST 1944 143 C 1948 1956 8

CB I LYDIA LOUISE I 1949 28 C 1949 1957 8

TAMU ATLANTIC 1923 120 C 1953 1957 4

WHOI CARYN 1927 99 C 1948 1958 10

WHOI ALBATROSS III 1926 179 C 1948 1958 10

WHOI YAMACRAW 1942 216 C 1957 1958 1

MIAMI MEGALOPA 1925 37 C 1950 1960 10

SIO ORCA 1926 100 C 1956 1961 5

WHO I ARIES 195- 93 C 1959 1961 2

SIO STRANGER 1938 134 C 1955 1962 7

NYU ACTION 1931 55 C 1956 1962 6

TAHU JAKKULA 194- 120 C 1953 1963 10

SIO HUGH SHITH 1945 128 C 1959 1963 4

TAMU HIDALGO 1944 136 C 1957 19.63 6

LOGO/Col J.GOLDBERGER 19-- ? C 1958 1963 5

LDGO/Col GRACE 194- ? C 1962 1964 2

OSU ACONA* 1961 80 NF 1961 1964 3

WH01 ATLANTIS 1931 142 NO 1931 1964 33

SID PAOLINA T 1944 80 C 1948 1964 16

UW BROWN BEAR 1934 1 14 C 1950 1965 15

SIO S • F • BAIRD 1944 143 C 1952 1965 13

WHOI BEAR 1943 100 C 1957 1965 8

LOGO GIBBS 1944 310 C 1958 1968 10

WHO I CRAWFORD 1927 125 C 1956 1968 12

MIAMI TURSIOPS* 1954 65 C 1964 1968 4

WHOI ANTON BRUUN 1931 243 C 1962 1968 6

STAN IE VEGA 1930 125 C 1964 1968 4

SID T-441* 1953 66 C 1955 1969 14

LDGOY ALLEGHENY 1944 143 C 1952 1969 17

SID HORIZON 1944 143 C 1948 1969 21

NOVA BELLOWS 1968 65 NO 1968 1970 2

MIAMI GERDA 1947 76 C 1954 1970 16

NOVA GULFSTREAM 1963 55 C 1966 1970 4

52

Operator Ship Year Le:lgth Source Year Year Agel Built Feet Start Retired Life

SIO ARGO 1944 2 1 3 NF 1959 1970 1 1

MIAMI PILLSBURY 1944 1 76 C 1960 197 1 1 1

MICH INLAND SEAS 1943 1 1 4 C 1962 1972 10

STANFORD PROTEUS 1946 100 C 1969 1972 3

MIAMI T-19 L942 65 C 1950 1972 22

TAMU ATCHAFALAYA 1932 40 C 1951 1973 22

TAMU ALAMINOS 1945 r80 C 1964 197'3 9

URI TRIDENT 1944 180 C 1963 1974 1 1

NSF ELTANIN 1957 266 C 1962 1974 12

CBI LYDIA LOUISEII 194- C 1957 1974 17

WHOI GOSNOLD 1944 99 C 1962 1974 12

510 OCONOSTOTA 1944 102 C 1962 1974 12

HAWAII TERITU 1953 90 C 1964 1974 10

LOGO VEMA 1923 202 C 1953 1975 22

MIAMI GILLISS 1962 208 C 1970 1975 5

SKIDAWAY KIT JONES 1938 65 C 1965 1975 10

OSU YAQUINA 1944 180 C 1964 1975 1 1

WHO I CHAIN 1958 213 NF 1958 1976 18

SIO Ao AGASSIZ 1944 180 C 1962 1976 14

SIO DOLPHIN 1968 96 C 1973 1977 4

FSU TURSIOPS* 1954 65 C 1968 1979 9

WHOI ASTERIAS 1931 42 NO 1931 1980 49

CBI MAURY 1.950 65 NO 1950 1980 30

ALASKA ACONA 1961 80 NF 1964 1980 16

DUKE EASTWARD 1964 118 NF 1964 1 Y 81 17

BBS PANULIRIS 1942 61 C 1950 1982 32

MICH HYSIS 1969 52 NF 1969 1982 13

UW HOH 1943 65 C 1962 1984 22

UW ONAR 1954 65 C 1963 1984 21

CSI DoW. PRITCHARD 197- C 1974 1984 10

SIO EoB.SCRIPPS 1965 95 C 1965 1984 19

NSF HERO 1968 125 NF 1968 1985 17

FIT TURSIOPS 1954 65 C 1979 1985 6

HAWAII KANA KEOKI 1967 156 C 1970 1985 15

WHOI LULU 1964 96 NF 1964 1985 21

MIAMI CAPE FLORIDA 1981 135 NF 1981 1986 5

USC VELERO IV 1948 105 NO 1948 1986 38

USNPGS ACANIA 194- 1 15 C 1971 1986 15

ACTIVE FLEET UW AGOR-23 19917 268 NF 1991 build'g 0

SIO MELVILLE 1969 245 NF 1969 active 19

WHO I KNORR 1969 245 NF 1969 active 19

USC OSPREY 1978 219 C 1986 active 2

WHO I ATLANTIS II 1963 210 NF 1963 active 25

LOGO CONRAD 1962 209 NF 1962 active 26

HAWAII MOA~A WAVE 1973 209 C 197L active 14

SIO WASHINGTON 1965 209 NF 1965 active 23

UW THOMPSON 1965 209 NF 1965 active 23

URI ENDEAVOUR 1976 177 NF 1976 active 12

WHOI OCEANUS 1975 177 NF 1975 active 13

OSU WECOMA 1975 177 NF 1975 active 13

TAMU GYRE 1973 174 NF 1973 active 15

MIAMI ISELIN 1972 170 NF 1972 active 16

HSR BRANCH S. JOHNSON 1982 170 NO 1982 active 6

510 NEW HORIZON 1978 170 NF 1978 active 10

53

Operator

HBR BRANCH TEXAS S.ME.TECH N\.I HICH DUKE HUIL* SIO/AK SIO UPRTO RICO DELA\.IARE VIMS HBARI flO CBI LUHCON TEXAS FIT OCCIDENTAL MICH NURP/UNC \.1M OSU/MLML/ME CAPE FEAR SKIDA\.IAY FlO NOVA UWHlLWAUK UHD/CBL S.MA U MIT SCOSC BBS CO~N

HESC/ALA UW SUNY,BUFF USC HOBART GULF CST LB MIAMI FIT UMD CBL UPRTO RICO SUNY/SB HSC INC/VA

:-;EED DATA LDGOU SOY HOOK LB LOGOff BTHBY HBR LINK COLES PT LB NYU

Ship

EDWI~ LINK MOORE AQUALAB II ALLEGHENY CPo HATTERAS POINT SUR ALPHA HELIX SPROUL CRAWFORD CPo HENLOPEN RETRIEVER PT LOBOS SUNCOASTER \.I ARF IELD PELICAN LONGHORN OSPREY VANTUNA LAURENTIAN SEA HAWK CAYUSE NORTH STAR BLUE FIN BELLO\.lS ENDLESS SEAS NEESKY AQUARIUS CORSAIR EDGERTON NAUTILUS WEATHERBIRD UCONN ROUNSEFELL BARNES C. A. DAMBACH SEAWATCH H-W EXPLORER GULF RESEARCHR CALANUS DELPHINUS ORION MEDUSA ONRUST DELAWARE BAY

SIR H.LAMB DOLPHIN ERLINE BLUE DOLPHIN SEA DIVER II BOWDOIN KYMA

Year Built

1973 1967 19--1944 1981 198 1 1966 1981 1927 1975 19--1982 1962 1967 1985 1971 1967 1961 1970 1982 1968 19--1972 1968 19--1952 19--1943 1944 197-1970 1953 19--1966 1953 1965 1955 19--1970 1978 19--19--1974 19--

1942 1953 1965 1926 1959 1923 1952

Le:1gth Source fee t

168 165 146 143 135 135 133 125 125 120 1 15 110 1 10 106 105 102

95 85 80 80 80 73 72 7 1 67 65 65 65 65 65 65 65 65 65 65 65 65 65 63 63 62 56 55 50

136 107 100

99 91 88 65

C C C C

NF Nf NF

C C

NO C C C

NF NO

C C C

NO C

NF C C

NO C C C C C C C C C C C C C C

NO/F C C C

NO C

c C C C

NO C C

Year Year Agel Start Retired Life

1988 active 1970 active

? active 1969 active 1981 active 1986 active 1966 active 1984 active 1968 active 1975 active

? active 1988 active 1982 active 1967 active 1985 active 1970 active 1986 active 1970 active 1970 active

? active 1968 active

? active 1975 active 1970 active

? active 1971 active

? active ? active ? active ? active

1983 active 1970 active

? active 1984 active 1968 active 1976 active 1976 active

? active 1970 active 1983 active

? active ? active

1974 active ? active

1960 ? ? ?

1967 ? ? ?

1959 ? ?

1962 ?

1 18

? 19

7 2

22 4

20 13

? 1 6

21 3

18 2

18 18

? 20

? 13 18

? 17

? ? ? ? 5

18 ? 4

20 12 12

? 18

5 ? ?

14 ?

? ? ? ? ? ? ?

C - CO!lversio!l

54

t-441, SIO-CONN (UCONN) TURSIOPS, HIAHI-FSU-FIT BELLOYS, NOVA-FlO CPo FLORIDA" HIAHI-HLHL (PT.SUR)

LOGO', Hudso~ Labs, Columbia

55

NO- New, State