1.KHAWAR SHAHZADME113009 MALIK HASSANME113122UMER RIAZ AHMEDME113013

2. History of Turkey started from WHERE? For History of that land we will seewhat? 3. Latin name is Asia Minor. It encompasses the central uplandsof modern Turkey from the coastalplain of the Aegean Sea east to themountains on the Armenian borderand from the narrow coast of theBlack Sea south to the Taurusmountains. 4. It is found in several archaeological siteslocated in the central and eastern part of theregion. Some of the earliest peoples areshrouded in mystery, the remnants of Hattianand Hittite culture provides us examples ofthe daily lives of its citizens and their trade. After the fall of the Hittites, the new states ofPhrygia and Lydia stood strong on thewestern coast as Greek civilization began toflourish. Threat from a Persian kingdomprevented them from past success. 5. As Persia grew, their system of local control in Anatoliaallowed many port cities to grow and to become verywealthy. Their governors did revolt from time to time,but it did not really pose a serious threat. Alexander theGreat, wrested control of the whole region from Persiain successive battles and achieved marked victoriesover his Persian. Control of Anatolia was strengthened by Rome. Localcontrol allowed to Govern and provided militaryprotection. During the reign of Constantine the Great, a neweastern empire was established referred to byhistorians as the Byzantine Empire. 6. This is known as the Constantine1 wasfirst Roman Emperor from 306 to 337 toconvert to Christianity. Constantine built a new imperial residencein place of Byzantium which would later bethe capital of the Eastern Roman Empirefor over one thousand years. He is thoughtof as the founder of the Eastern RomanEmpire. 7. Constantinesucceeded initially due to its vast wealth and judicious rulers, but soon suffered from widespread neglect and a new empire borne from the earlier Mongol advance, the Turks. The armies of the Seljuk and Ilkhanate gradually overran the vital trading centers under scope of Byzantine influence. The Ottoman Turks, under the command of Sultan Mehmet II, finally destroyed the Byzantine Empire when they conquered Constantinople in 1453. 8. The Ottoman Empire in Anatolia allowedother religions to maintain themselves longafter 1453, and built upon their success byenlarging their territories, from North Africa toEurope beyond Thrace. Wars with Russia and other peoples in revoltprevented the Ottomans from takingadvantage of their powerful position, anddeclined under ineffective leadership. Eventheir highly skilled army, the janissaries, wereeventually disbanded after an attemptedrevolt. 9. Reforms designed to improve the economy backfiredas burdensome taxes and levies turned awayprofitable trade and desperation allowed the Empireto be sucked into World War I on the side ofGermany and Austria. Following their defeat in thewar, the Ottoman Empire was carved up and wasnow limited to Anatolia, but Greek aims in the regioncaused new tensions that boiled over into full-scalewar. It was this war that allowed Mustafa Kemal Atatrk tomake Anatolia into the new Republic of Turkey bydefeating the Greeks and abolishing the Ottomangovernment for good in 1922. 10. From the rule of Augustus onwards up untilthat of Constantine I, Anatolia enjoyed relativepeace that allowed itself to grow as a region.The emperor Augustus removed all debtsowed to the Roman Empire. Roads were built to connect the larger citiesin order to improve trade and transportation,and the abundance of high outputs inagricultural pursuits made more money foreveryone involved. 11. Settlement was encouraged, and local governors did not place a heavy burden upon the people with regards to taxation. The wealth gained from the peace and prosperity prevented great tragedy as powerful earthquakes tore through the region, and help was given from the Roman government and other parties. 12. Bythe middle of the 3rd century, everything that had been built by peace was being threatened by a new enemy, the Goths. 13. The constant instability of the Roman Empireas a whole gradually made it more and moredifficult to control. Upon the ascension of theemperor Constantine in 330, he made a bolddecision by removing himself from Rome andinto a new capital. Located in the old city ofByzantium, now known as Constantinopleafter the emperor It was strengthened and improved in order toassure more defense of the whole region. 14. Itwas added the Constantines favor ofChristianity. 15. Migrationof Turks in Anatolia started in the eleventh century. In the following centuries, thelocalpopulationwereslowly assimilated with the Turkish people, however the majority of the DNA of the inhabitants of modern turkey has been found to have been from the native Anatolian population rather than central Asian Turkic tribes. 16. Theconquest of Anatolia by Turkic peoples and the rise of the Great Seljuk Empire began in the 11th century. 17. TheByzantineArab Wars were a series of wars between the Arab Caliphates and the East Roman or ByzantineEmpire between the 7th and 12th centuries AD. 18. Arab Conquests of Roman Syria : 633 638 Arab Conquests of North Africa : 639 698 Arabs attacks on Anatolia 19. FIRST WORLD WAR Firstworld war wasstarted on 28 July1914 and end on 11November 1918. Inthis war there wastwo major blocks. 20. FIRST BLOCK Wilhelm II Central Powers KarlI Germany Mimed V Austria Enver Pasha Hungry Mustafa Kemal Ottoman Empire Ataturk Bulgaria Franz Joseph I and others 21. SECOND BLOCK COMMANDERSALLIED POWERS Raymond PoincarFranceGeorges Clemenceau British EmpireFerdinand Foch Russia (191417)H. H. Asquith Italy (191518) David Lloyd George United States (191718) Douglas Haig Romania (191618) Nicholas II Japan Nicholas Nikolaevich SerbiaAntonio Salandra Belgium Vittorio Orlando Greece (191718)Luigi Cadorna Portugal (191618)Woodrow Wilson Montenegro (191416)John J. Pershing and othersand others 22. MAJOR IMPERIAL POWERS At the end of the war, four majorimperial powersthe German, Russian,Austro-Hungarian and Ottomanempireshad been militarily andpolitically defeated and ceased to exist. 23. ATATURK Ataturk is the nationalhero of Turkey. He was born in the year1881 in Thessaloniki. His background wasmilitary, and he servedin various posts in theOttoman army duringthe first world war. 24. When the War ended the armies of the allied forcesoccupied nearly all corners of the country includingIstanbul. Sultan and many of the people saw a hopeful future in theacceptance of either the British or American mandate. Ataturk, however, had a very different vision. He leftIstanbul in a small boat, namely Bandirma ( a nice modelof the boat may be seen at the Ataturk Museum inAtaturks Mausoleum, Ankara), going ashore at Samsun, acoastal town in the Black Sea, on the 19th. of May 1919 ( adate later to be presented by Ataturk to the Turkish Youthas the Turkish Youth Day), the day the War ofIndependence began. He wanted Independence. 25. First with skirmishes , in time with properarmy troops, Ataturk and his army friendsarmies started fighting the enemy. Ankara was chosen to be Ataturksheadquarter for its central location and theseeds of a new country were planted there. He and his friends wanted to replace theMonarchy with a Republic. The War of Independence took some threeyears and by the end of the year 1922, all of theinvaders had left the country. The Ottoman Sultan fled in a British boat. Thebirth of a new nation had begun. 26. TheIndependence day of Turkey is 29 Oct1923. The first president of Turkey was MustafaKemal Ataturk. As President for 15 years, until his deathin 1938, Mustafa Kemal Atatrk introduceda broad range of swift and sweepingreforms - in the political, social, legal,economic, and cultural spheres - virtuallyunparalleled in any other country. 27. There are 81 provinces of turkey. Its total population is 78,785,548 (July2011 est.) Population growth rate1.235% (2011 est.) Birth rate17.93 births/1,000 population (2011 est.) Death rate6.1 deaths/1,000 population (July 2011est.) 28. ATATURK REFORMS1.Political Reforms2. Social Reforms3. Reforms in the fields of education andculture4. Economic Reforms5. Women Rights 29. Political Reforms The Sultanate was abolished (1stNovember 1922) The Republic was declared (29 October1923) Abolishment of the caliph (3 March 1924) 30. Social Reforms International numeric system wasintroduced. Adoption of the solar calendar andchanging Friday into a weekday andSunday becoming the official day of rest ofthe week. Adoption of international hours andmeasurements. 31. Reformsin the fields of education andculture Unification of education. Abolition ofMedreses, renovations of school programsaccording to contemporary and nationalneeds, opening of new universities Innovations in fine arts Regulation of the university education 32. EconomicReforms Encouragement of the farmers. Establishment of model farms. Establishment of industrial facilities. He develop transportation networks. 33. Women Rights Rights for women to be elected for theparliament. "Everything we see in the world is thecreative work of women."( M. Kemal Atatrk ) 34. Top Facts To Know about Mustafa KemalAtaturk 1 He founded the Republic of Turkey in 1923.Previously it was part of the Ottoman Empire. 2 Mustafa Kemal Ataturk is refereed to as thefather of all Turks. 3 He abolished the Islamic justice system andadopted western justice and law methods. 35. 4 He introduced the Turkish Language and helped a whole country to learn it within five years.5 He made it law that women could wear their own choice of clothing. Previously the headscarf was compulsory.6 He banned the headscarf from all government and education buildings. 36. 7 Thanks to Mustafa Kemal Ataturk, Turkey isnow the only country in the world that is an Islamicdemocracy. 8 He moved the capital from Istanbul to Ankarawhere it was less vulnerable to attack. 9 10th of November of every year is MustafaKemal Ataturk day in Turkey. Flags of him will beput up in streets, out of the windows and houses.Schools will also have a minutes silence. 37. The period of presidency between Mustafakamal and Abdullah Gul is as under :- Cell Bayar(18831986) Cemal Grsel(18951966) Cevdet Sunay(18991982) 38. AhmetNecdet Sezer(1941 ) Abdullah Gl(1950 ) NowAbdullah Gul is the president and Rejeb Tayyab Erdogan is the Prime Minster of turkey. 39. Rejeb Tayyab Erdogan has been elected three times as prime minister. In 2002(with 34% of popular vote) In 2007(with 47%) In 2011(with 49%) 40. ABDULLAH GUL REJEB TAYYAB ERDOGAN