Virus

History of Virus Discovery

Experiments Dimitri Ivanowsky about Virus

1- Diseased Tobacco Leaves are smoothed

2 - Filtering of diseased tobacco leaf extracts

3 - Diseased Tobacco Leaf Filtrate

4- Sprayed in to healthy tobacco plants

5- Tobacco plants become sick

What is Virus?

• Viruses are the simplest organisms, do not have cytoplasmic membranes, cytoplasm, and cell nuclei.

• External forms of the virus vary, there is a cylindrical, oval, ball, needle stem, elongate, box, or tadpole-shaped.

• The virus is composed of nucleic acids and a protein sheath called capsid

1 - Reproduction Virus

2 - Lytic

a. Adsorption

The virus attaches its body to its tail on the host cell (bacteria).

b. Penetration

Virus inserts ADN into the body of bacteria.

c. Eclipase / Synthesis / Multiplication

Once the virus inserts its ADN, ADN virus takes over the ADN function of the bacteria and its metabolism is directed to form the components of the viral body.

d. New Virus Formation

At this stage there is assembly of components

the body of the virus so that new viruses are formed.

e. Lisis / Solving the Host Cell

3 - Lysogenic

1. The virus lives in a specific place on the surface of the body of the bacterial cell. After lysing the cell wall, the virus penetrates the DNA genetic material into the body of the bacteria.

2. DNA then inserts into bacterial DNA and forms profage.

3. If the bacteria divide, profage participate divide so that the bacterial cell tillers also contain profage. This goes on and on so that the amount of bacteria that contains profage becomes so much. If the state of the environment supports, the virus will experience maturation to enter litik state.

4. New viruses are formed and ready to attack other cells.

4 - Lysogenic Cycle

5 - Lytic Cycle

6 - Positive Impact

7 - Negative Impact

8 - Positive Impact

9 - Antitoxin

10 – Vaccine

Antitoxin

An antitoxin is an antibody with the ability to neutralize a specific toxin. Antitoxins are produced by certain animals, plants, and bacteria. Although they are most effective in neutralizing toxins, they can kill bacteria and other microorganisms. Antitoxins are made within organisms, but can be injected into other organisms, including humans. This procedure involves injecting an animal with a safe amount of a particular toxin. Then, the animal’s body makes the antitoxin needed to neutralize the toxin. Later, the blood is withdrawn from the animal. When the antitoxin is obtained from the blood, it is purified and injected into a human or other animal, inducing passive immunity. To prevent serum sickness, it is often best to use antitoxin generated from the same species.

Vaccine

A vaccine is a biological preparation that provides active acquired immunity to a particular disease. A vaccine typically contains an agent that resembles a disease-causing microorganism and is often made from weakened or killed forms of the microbe, its toxins, or one of its surface proteins. The agent stimulates the body's immune system to recognize the agent as a threat, destroy it, and to further recognize and destroy any of the microorganisms associated with that agent that it may encounter in the future. Vaccines can be prophylactic (example: to prevent or ameliorate the effects of a future infection by a natural or "wild" pathogen), or therapeutic (e.g., vaccines against cancer are being investigated).

Negative ImpactRabies is an acute level of infection of the central nervous system caused by the rabies virus. This disease is zoonotic, that can be transmitted from animal to human. The rabies virus is transmitted to humans through animal bites for example by dogs, cats, monkeys, raccoons, and bats. Rabies is also called mad dog disease.

11 - HIV/AIDS (Human Immuno Deficiency Virus and Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome)

Human Immunodeficiency Virus and Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome (HIV/AIDS) is a spectrum of conditions caused by infection with the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). Following initial infection, a person may not notice any symptoms or may experience a brief period of influenza-like illness.Typically, this is followed by a prolonged period with no symptoms. As the infection progresses, it

interferes more with the immune system, increasing the risk of common infections like tuberculosis, as well as other opportunistic infections, and tumors that rarely affect people who have working immune systems. These late symptoms of infection are referred to as acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS). This stage is often also associated with weight loss.

12 - Influenza

Influenza, commonly known as "the flu", is an infectious disease caused by an influenza virus. Symptoms can be mild to severe. The most common symptoms include: a high fever, runny nose, sore throat, muscle pains, headache, coughing, and feeling tired. These symptoms typically begin two days after exposure to the virus and most last less than a week. The cough, however, may last for more than two weeks. In children, there may be nausea and vomiting, but these are not common in adults. Nausea and vomiting occur more commonly in the unrelated infection gastroenteritis, which is sometimes inaccurately referred to as "stomach flu" or the "24-hour flu". Complications of influenza may include viral pneumonia, secondary bacterial pneumonia, sinus infections, and worsening of previous health problems such as asthma or heart failure.

13 - Ebola

Ebola virus disease (EVD), also known as Ebola hemorrhagic fever (EHF) or simply Ebola, is a viral hemorrhagic fever of humans and other primates caused by ebolaviruses. Signs and symptoms typically start between two days and three weeks after contracting the virus with a fever, sore throat, muscular pain, and headaches. Then, vomiting, diarrhea and rash usually follow, along with decreased function of the liver and kidneys. At this time, some people begin to bleed both internally and externally The disease has a high risk of death, killing between 25 and 90 percent of those infected, with an average of about 50 percent. This is often due to low blood pressure from fluid loss, and typically follows six to sixteen days after symptoms appear.

14 - Polio

Poliomyelitis, often called polio or infantile paralysis, is an infectious disease caused by the poliovirus. In about 0.5 percent of cases there is muscle weakness resulting in an inability to move. This can occur over a few hours to a few days. The weakness most often involves the legs but may less commonly involve the muscles of the head, neck and diaphragm. Many but not all people fully recover. In those with muscle weakness about 2 to 5 percent of children and 15 to 30 percent of adults die. Another 25 percent of people have minor symptoms such as fever and a sore throat and up to 5 percent have headache, neck stiffness and pains in the arms and legs. These people are usually back to normal within one or two weeks. In up to 70 percent of infections there are no symptoms. Years after

recovery post-polio syndrome may occur, with a slow development of muscle weakness similar to that which the person had during the initial infection.

15 - Hepatitis

Hepatitis is inflammation of the liver tissue. Some people have no symptoms whereas others develop yellow discoloration of the skin and whites of the eyes, poor appetite, vomiting, tiredness, abdominal pain, or diarrhea. Hepatitis may be temporary (acute) or long term (chronic) depending on whether it lasts for less than or more than six months. Acute hepatitis can sometimes resolve on its own, progress to chronic hepatitis, or rarely result in acute liver failure. Over time the chronic form may progress to scarring of the liver, liver failure, or liver cancer.

The most common cause worldwide is viruses. Other causes include heavy alcohol use, certain medications, toxins, other infections, autoimmune disease and non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH). There are five main types of viral hepatitis: type A, B, C, D, and E. Hepatitis A and E are mainly spread by contaminated food and wate Hepatitis B is mainly sexually transmitted, but may also be passed from mother to baby during pregnancy or childbirth. Both hepatitis B and hepatitis C are commonly spread through infected blood such as may occur during needle sharing by intravenous drug users Hepatitis D can only infect people already infected with hepatitis B.

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