Lecturer: syed noman ali

Ancient Philosophy Greek, Hellenistic ,Roman

Medieval Philosophy(5th-15th century ) Greco-Roman, Scholastic, Renaissance

Modern Philosophy (15th to 17th century) Age of reasons, revolution and

enlightenment

Intellectual speculationScientific methodsTheories of knowledgeTheories of truthHumanismComprehensive understandingSkepticism Individualism LiberalismHistorical progress Philosophical methods

Scientific experiments.Scientific experiments.SkepticSkepticHistoricalHistoricalDogmaticDogmaticPhenomenologicalPhenomenologicalTranscendentalTranscendentalLogical positivismLogical positivismAnalyticalAnalyticalDialectical Dialectical

Rationalism Descartes, Spinoza, LeibnizEmpiricism Locke, Berkeley, HumeIdealism Kant, Hegel Pragmatism Pierce ,William James, DeweyExistentialism Kierkegaard, Nietzsche, Sartre

Age of science Copernicus and Galileo Age of revolutionBacon ,Hobbes and Pascal. Age of reason Descartes –Hume Age of enlightenment Rousseau

Nicolas Copernicus (1473-1543)“The earth revolves around the sun”

He revolutionize the conception of man on the He revolutionize the conception of man on the earth.earth.

The sun remain in a fixed positions.The sun remain in a fixed positions.The planet and the earth rotate in their own The planet and the earth rotate in their own

axis.axis.It rotate full turn in 24 hours and complete in It rotate full turn in 24 hours and complete in

364 days.364 days.Using Pythagoras calculations he managed to Using Pythagoras calculations he managed to

predict.predict.Copernicus revolution gave birth to scientific Copernicus revolution gave birth to scientific

age.age.It helped in removing many superstitious belief.It helped in removing many superstitious belief.It would lead to new scientific inquiry and It would lead to new scientific inquiry and

inventioninvention

Galileo Galilei (1564-1642)

He observed from telescope astronomical He observed from telescope astronomical objects.objects.

Milky way was made up of million of stars.Milky way was made up of million of stars.Scientific and theological method should not Scientific and theological method should not

be confused.be confused.Discovered the moon of Jupiter & phase of Discovered the moon of Jupiter & phase of

Venus.Venus.Principle of inertia body moves in straight Principle of inertia body moves in straight

linelineBody moves in uniform velocity .Body moves in uniform velocity .The book of nature is written in language of The book of nature is written in language of

math.math.

Francis Bacon –lawyer-englishman (1561-1627)“Knowledge itself is power”

The sme incident never give same results.The sme incident never give same results.By far the knowledge is proof by sensory experiences.By far the knowledge is proof by sensory experiences.It advances new laws that make new invention It advances new laws that make new invention

possiblepossibleIdol is metaphor for human error.Idol is metaphor for human error.Idol of the cave that knowledge is universal.Idol of the cave that knowledge is universal.Idol of the tribe that each one has different intellects.Idol of the tribe that each one has different intellects.Idol of marketplaces that error of use language.Idol of marketplaces that error of use language.Idol of theatre that flaws i.n system of knowledge Idol of theatre that flaws i.n system of knowledge Human are anti-philosophers in nature.Human are anti-philosophers in nature.Applied deductive reasons in practical forms.Applied deductive reasons in practical forms.Skeptical in reason always and be humanist in nature.Skeptical in reason always and be humanist in nature.This scientific revolution produced Newton & Galileo.This scientific revolution produced Newton & Galileo.

All creature are flesh. Nothing without substance exist.All creature are flesh. Nothing without substance exist.Everything in the universe is physical form.Everything in the universe is physical form.Everything has some cause and effects: laws of motion.Everything has some cause and effects: laws of motion.Life is a motion of limbs. Senses work as mechanical.Life is a motion of limbs. Senses work as mechanical.Heart is battery, nerves are string ,joints are wheels.Heart is battery, nerves are string ,joints are wheels.Spirit carried information through nervous systems.Spirit carried information through nervous systems.The world is governed by mechanical law of motion.The world is governed by mechanical law of motion.Human are bound by the rule of nature.Human are bound by the rule of nature.Later ,Julien present mechanistic view of human beingsLater ,Julien present mechanistic view of human beingsAll religious entities are the matter of belief not science.All religious entities are the matter of belief not science.God is the first cause of all creator in universe.God is the first cause of all creator in universe.

Imagine is a powerful force override our Imagine is a powerful force override our reasons.reasons.

Imagination lead us astray what we see in Imagination lead us astray what we see in real.real.

Truth produce through imagination is Truth produce through imagination is incorrect.incorrect.

Wrong judgments are made from the dress Wrong judgments are made from the dress code.code.

All human evil cause come from ,sitting in a All human evil cause come from ,sitting in a room.room.

The heart has its own reason which mind The heart has its own reason which mind don’t have.don’t have.

Adam and eve are perfect natural humans Adam and eve are perfect natural humans Knowledge make human corrupted as selfishKnowledge make human corrupted as selfishEducation perpetuating the evils of societyEducation perpetuating the evils of societyLaws imposed by society condemn to chain our lifeLaws imposed by society condemn to chain our lifeProperty right bind the people in unjust ways.Property right bind the people in unjust ways.Laws prescribed according to law of general man.Laws prescribed according to law of general man.Liberty is found in obedience to a self imposed law.Liberty is found in obedience to a self imposed law.Everyone should be considered equalsEveryone should be considered equalsMan would receive independence in exchange of Man would receive independence in exchange of

freedomfreedomBack to the nature ,away from injustice modernismBack to the nature ,away from injustice modernism

Reasons ought to be slave of the passionsReasons ought to be slave of the passionsReasons and feelings does not fight each othersReasons and feelings does not fight each othersHuman action are led by feeling and reasoning Human action are led by feeling and reasoning Habitual association of mind is working with feltHabitual association of mind is working with feltEmotions are copies of our impression of imagining.Emotions are copies of our impression of imagining.Feeling is discoverable source of causalityFeeling is discoverable source of causalityBelief are not demonstrated by reason or Belief are not demonstrated by reason or

experimentsexperimentsAnything that is not given in experience is inventionAnything that is not given in experience is inventionIt is a denial of certainty in proof of existence.It is a denial of certainty in proof of existence.Rid of all scientific experiment based on inventions.Rid of all scientific experiment based on inventions.

There is nothing of which can be certainThere is nothing of which can be certainDoubting everything reach toward true Doubting everything reach toward true

knowledgeknowledgeDoubting is a kind of thinkingDoubting is a kind of thinkingAnything that is thinking existsAnything that is thinking existsBelieve in own existence cannot be doubtedBelieve in own existence cannot be doubtedI am , I exist .It is direct self evident intuitionI am , I exist .It is direct self evident intuitionWe inquire all sort of knowledgeWe inquire all sort of knowledgeGod has innate ideas ,He is perfect doesn't God has innate ideas ,He is perfect doesn't

deceivedeceiveEvil genius has employed all energies to Evil genius has employed all energies to

deceive us deceive us

Truth is in unfolding history of ideas.

Truth is uncovered through unfolding history the ideasTruth is uncovered through unfolding history the ideasThought is in progression toward through absoluteThought is in progression toward through absoluteIdeas are concepts which has thesis or antithesisIdeas are concepts which has thesis or antithesisTwo opposite ideas produce new position of synthesisTwo opposite ideas produce new position of synthesisAbsolute reality with understanding of contradictionAbsolute reality with understanding of contradictionAll phenomenon are single spirit “ idea”All phenomenon are single spirit “ idea”All ideas are interconnected in process of dialectic.All ideas are interconnected in process of dialectic.World is a history of consciousness ,self-knowledgeWorld is a history of consciousness ,self-knowledgeFuture consciousness belongs to reality as wholeFuture consciousness belongs to reality as wholeChange occur with time and in accordance of pattern.Change occur with time and in accordance of pattern.

“existence precedes essence”

Man exist first without purpose or definitionMan exist first without purpose or definitionWe have our own choice to determine valueWe have our own choice to determine valueReality is based on individual existenceReality is based on individual existenceWe are what we choose to beWe are what we choose to beNo one to blame for own choices No one to blame for own choices A person identity is from his struggleA person identity is from his struggleHuman define their own meaning in life by Human define their own meaning in life by

actionsactionsThe destiny of man is placed within himselfThe destiny of man is placed within himself

“knowledge is produced to be sold”

Relative meaning are provided according to situationRelative meaning are provided according to situationscientific knowledge is to become the game of richscientific knowledge is to become the game of richWealthiest has the best chance to be right or truthWealthiest has the best chance to be right or truthEfficiency = wealth = truthEfficiency = wealth = truthMeanings are analogy to play game Meanings are analogy to play game Narratives attempt to change whole human historyNarratives attempt to change whole human historytechnology has changed knowledge into informationtechnology has changed knowledge into informationInformation is occupied by large corporationsInformation is occupied by large corporationsKnowledge become useful when it is saleableKnowledge become useful when it is saleableTransformed attitude through mercantile knowledgeTransformed attitude through mercantile knowledge

Scruton Roger ,(1999),A short history of modern philosophy ,London, Routledge.

Russell Bertrand ,(2010),History of western philosophy, London, Routledge classic.

Durant will ,History of philosophy