history of wind power
DESCRIPTION
History of Wind Power. Large Wind Systems. Range in size from 100 kW to 2 MW Provide wholesale bulk power Require 13 mph average wind sites. Technology Overview - Large Wind Projects. Projects operating at greater than 35% capacity factors at good wind sites Over 98-99% availability - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
History of Wind Power
Large Wind Systems
Range in size from 100 kW to 2 MW
Provide wholesale bulk power
Require 13 mph average wind sites
Technology Overview- Large Wind Projects
Projects operating at greater than 35% capacity factors at good wind sites
Over 98-99% availabilitySelect projects are
delivering power ~ 3 cents/kWh (with Production Tax Credit)
Cost of Energy - Large Wind Projects
2
4
6
8
10
12Le
veliz
ed
Cost
of
En
erg
y (
cen
ts/ k
Wh
)
1990 1995 2005 20102000
Fastest Growing Energy Source in the World
Global growth by energy source, annual average 1990-1999
-505
1015202530
Annu
al R
ate
of G
row
th
Source:
Worldwatch Institute 2000
Taking Off Worldwide
Wind Leaders:1. Germany2. United States3. Spain4. Denmark5. IndiaTotal (end of
2000): nearly 17,000 MW
Based on information supplied by International Energy Agency.
0
5000
10000
15000
Inst
alle
d Ca
paci
ty (M
W)
Rest of World
Europe
United States
2000: A Year for Market Innovations
Several companies begin selling green power certificates
Several states see first large-scale wind power project: PA, NY, TN
Texas RPS fuels building boom
2001: Wind Power Expected to Take Off
US Wind Capacity expected to nearly double by the end of 2001
The Northwest will see the largest US wind project to date with the Stateline Wind Farm (300 MW)
An All American Resource
Rank
123456789
1011121314151617
State
North DakotaTexasKansasSouth DakotaMontanaNebraskaWyomingOklahomaMinnesotaIowaColoradoNew MexicoIdahoMichiganNew YorkIllinoisCalifornia
Germany’s Potential: 100 GWNorth Dakota’s Potential: 250 GW
World Class Wind Potential
Drag Device
Giant Brush Windmill(1887 – 1900s)
Charles Brush Automatically
operatedDynamoCharged
batteriesProvided light
Earliest Use May be sail boats Persia 500 - 900 A.D.
- Drag, Vertical Axis Device - Panemone - Grain Grinding & Water Pumping
China 1219 A.D. - Grain Grinding & Water Pumping
Crete - Water pumping for livestock.
Horizontal Axis with Sail Wings
Higher Efficiency Wooden Cogs and
Ring Gears to Transmit Power.
Windmills of Western World (1270
Mediterrean Coast)
Water Pumping Windmill
Pumping water for livestock.
Relatively light, steel blades with aerodynamic shape.
Blades hinged to fold in high winds.
Tail to track wind direction.
Halladay Fan-Type Windmill (1854 in U.S.)
Windmill with Pitch Change Mechanism
Palmer Putnam’s Windmill
Darrieus Machine (1973)
NASA sponsored research during oil crisis.
No tower and major equipment at ground level.
Marketed by Flo Wind
Failed to withstand forces during high winds
Never caught on.
Early, Large Large 2 MW Machine (Early 1980s.)
Developed by NASA.Response to problem
with downwind machine of Ulrich Hutter.
Large loads.Noisy. Interfered
with communications.
Tested in Boone, NC and Hawaii.
Another Early MW Machine
Federal Wind Test Center (1974-1981)
Tested Small & Intermediate Wind Turbines
Culled bad designs. Bergie Design is
spinoff. UTRC's Composite,
Flexbeam Rotor NREL assumed control
in 1989.
Danish Machines (1942)
F.L. Smidth early designs
Three Blade Upwind Machine
Hybrid wind & diesel systems.
DC Generator
Vester Egesborg Turbine(1950s)
Johannes JuulStudent of Poul La
CourFirst ac machine.
Gedser Wind Turbine (1956-1957)
Johannes JuulElectromechani
cal YawingAsynchronous
GeneratorStall ControlledSpecial brakes
for overspeed conditions.
The Riisage Turbine
Competing Turbine Engines
The Tvind 2 MW Machine
Bonus 20 KW
Danish Domination of 1990s
Slow, steady growth in Europe & Asia
Mid-range machines Reliable with high
availabilities. Conservative, Lower Efficiency American Company - Zond
emerged Green Power, State RPS
program, & Tax credits kick-started American Market in late 1990s.
Great California Wind Rush
(1980s) Tax Credit based
on installed capacity.
Lots of bad wind turbines installed.
Lot of turbines were inoperable and had high O&M.
Conservative, Danish machine emerged.
Avedore Wind Farm, Denmark
Middelgrunden Wind Farm
Tuno Knob Offshore Wind Farm
Vindeby Wind Farm
TVA History In 1980s
• Tested a 2 MW machine.– numerous problems
• Tested small machines at various locations.
• Conducted extensive siting
2000 • Re-examined earlier work• Meso scale computer
modeling• Sodar development• Monitoring• Walk-throughs
October 2000• Commissioned 2 MW
project on Buffalo Mountain
Future of Wind Power
Expect cost to continually drop ($0.02/kwh by 2010)• Taller towers• Increased efficiency, less
expensive blades– wood composite
• Drive trains– Direct drive– Power electronics
• Revolutionary change – The Wind Power
Company down 2 blade machine
• Larger size (1.5 – downwind 3.0 MWs)
Future of Wind Power - continued
AWEAs estimates 100,000 MW in USA by 2020.
Transport of wind power from plains states.
Off shore wind development
Future for the Tennessee Valley
Taller towers Self erecting towers Different Power Test
procedures Sodars for wind
resource measurements
Low wind speed turbines
Energy storage
TVA’s Plans RFP for wind power
on Buffalo Mountain.
Online by December 2003.
Prefer Power Purchase Agreement.
Expansion for Green Power Switch.
May partner with neighboring utilities.