History & Visual Approaches Visual Project

Mark Geise

Structuralism

• Psychological approach focusing on the structure of the brain.

• Wilhelm Wundt• Edward Titchener• G. Stanley Hall

Introspection

Functionalism

• Psychological approach focusing on the function of mental processes.

• William James Not concerned with where mental processes occur, but simply how observable behavior occurs.

Behavioral Approach

• Explaining behavior through observation of said behavior

• Ivan Pavlov – classical conditioning

• John Watson – Little Albert• BF Skinner – operant

conditioning, Skinner box• Albert Bandura –

observational learning, Bobo doll

• Conditioning - induced fear in baby by making loud noise when coming in contact with rat; baby soon associated the rat with fear

Psychoanalytic/Psychodynamic Approach

• Psychological approach focusing on the conscious and unconscious processes and emotions that determine behavior

• Sigmund Freud – Dreams, Unconscious, id, ego, superego

• Carl Jung – collective unconscious, introversion, and extroversion

• Alfred Adler – inferiority complex, birth order • Unconscious mind drives

much of human behavior

Humanistic Approach

• Psychological approach emphasizing the individual and the potential for self-fulfillment

• Abraham Maslow – self actualization, Maslow’s hierarchy

• Carl Rogers – unconditional positive regard, active listening

• Martin Seligman – positive psychology

• Individual is emphasized and at the forefront of the humanistic approach

Cognitive Approach

• Psychological approach focusing on the internal processes of thought

• Jean Piaget – cognitive development

• Aaron Beck – cognitive triad

• Hermann Ebbinghaus - memory

• Ebbinghaus showed that increased repetition causes better memory through his experimentation

Biological Approach• Psychological approach

in which concrete science is at the forefront

• Human behavior is produced through a complex biological system with the human brain and body

• Roger Sperry – left and right sides of brain are specialized in different tasks

• Sperry showed that the left and right hemispheres of the brain are specialized in different tasks

Evolutionary Approach

• Psychological approach in which behavior is explained through evolutionary terms

• All behavior has an adaptive or evolutionary purpose

• Edward Wilson – Sociobiology (1975) related evolution and psychology

• Jane Goodall – chimps and humans express similar behavior in communities

• Human behavior is explained through evolutionary terms; therefore, the roots of much of our behavior can be traced back to and still observed in chimpanzees

Sociocultural Approach

• Psychological approach in which the effects of culture, politics, and society on human behavior are analyzed

Bibliography

Images:• http://paulbuckley14059.files.wordpress.com/2008/01/intros

pection.jpg• http://www.qwantz.com/fanart/functionalism.gif• http://www.flavinscorner.com/albert2.jpg• http://www.humansea.co.uk/images/unconscious-mind_sm.g

if• http://www.smokescreendesign.com/images/Man-Leonardo-

da-Vinci.jpg• http://www.phase-6.com/opencms/system/galleries/pics/Vok

abeltrainer/forgetting_curve_en.png• http://nobelprize.org/educational_games/medicine/split-brai

n/images/eyes.gif• http://www.fizyka.umk.pl/~

duch/ref/00/00-how-brain/hemis.gif• http://apenotes.files.wordpress.com/2009/04/chimp.jpg