histoy 3 lecture 7 south east asia

8/2/2019 Histoy 3 LECTURE 7 South East Asia

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Southeast Asia

By Sukhjit Kaur Sidhu


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Lecture Outline

RELIGIONS

ANCIENT KINGDOMS

VERNACULAR

COLONIAL POWER

GLOBALIZATION


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SOUTHEAST ASIA

Southeast Asia consisting of the

countries that aregeographically south of China,east of India and north ofAustralia

ASIAN MAINLAND

Mainland section consists ofCambodia, Laos, Myanmar,Thailand and Vietnam;

ISLAND ARCHIPELAGOES

Maritime section consists of

Brunei, East Timor, Indonesia,Malaysia, Philippines &Singapore.

SOUTH EAST ASIA


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Religions


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The earliest population of Southeast Asia was animist

before Hinduism and Buddhism were exported from the Indian subcontinent.

Islam arrived mostly through Indian Muslims and later dominated much of thearchipelago around the 13th century

while Christianity came along when European colonization started around the 16thcentury.

RELIGIONS

overview


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Basic History

Two categories of AncientKingdoms;

Agrarian Kingdoms

Maritime States

Main economic activityagriculture.

Locationmainland SoutheastAsia.

Ayutthaya kingdom & KhmerEmpire.

Main economic activityseatrade.

LocationPeninsula & Islands. Malacca & Srivijaya.

EMPIRES


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Empires

Khmer Empire

Angkorian Period

Culture & Society

Angkorian ArchitectureArchitectural Examples

Sriwijayan Empire

History

Religious Architecture

Borobodur


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The Khmer Empire


9/79KHMER EMPIRE

Basic History

largest empire of Southeast Asia, based is current Cambodia.

At times ruled over Laos, Thailand & Vietnam.during empires formation, had close relations with SrivijayaEmpire.

Greatest legacy Angkor, also the capital.

Empires official religionsHinduism, Mahayana Buddhism &later on, Theravada Buddhism.

68-627 Funan Empire

550-802 Chenla Empire

802-1431 Angkor Empire


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Culture & Society


11/79CULTURE & SOCIETY

Ancient depiction

Much of what we know of the ancient Khmers comes from the many stone murals and also firsthand accounts from Zhou Daguan.

They offer first hand accounts of the 13th century and earlier.


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The ancient Khmers relied heavily on rice growing.

The farmers planted rice near the banks of the Tonl Sap or in the hills when it was flooded.

The farms were irrigated by Barays, or giant water reservoirs and canals.

Sugar palm trees, fruit trees and vegetables were grown in the villages.

CULTURE & SOCIETY

Fishing gave the population their main source of protein, and was turned into Prahok or driedor roasted or steamed in banana leaves.

Rice was the main staple along with fish.


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15/79ANGKORIAN PERIOD

Brief History

802-850 Jayavarman II (Hindu)

Founder of Angkor

790set up Kambuja (capitalHariharalaya)

Declared independence from Sriwijaya & himself devaraja

850-877 Jayavarman III

877-889 Indravarman II

Built Preah Ko

Set up irrigation work

889-900 Yasovarman I

Set up Yasodharapura (first city of Angkor)

created East Baray

950 First war with Champa



Brief History

968-1001 Jayavarman V

peaceful

set up Jayenanagari

his court had philosophers, scholars & artists

constructed Bantaey Srei & Ta Keo (sandstone)

1006-1050 Suryavarman I

1113-1150 Suryavarman II

Built Angkor Wat

1177-1181 Cham Invasion

constructed West Baray



Brief History

1181-1218 Jayavarman VII (Mahayana Buddhist)

Regained Yasodharapuradefeated Champa 1203

built Angkor Thom constructed Ta Phrom, Banteay Kdei, Neak Pean did extensive networks of streetsconnected every town of the empire. built 121 rest housesfor traders, officials & travellers. built 102 hospitals.

1218-1243 Indravarman II

1238 Siam was created

1295-1307 Indravarman III (Theravada Buddhist)

1352-1357 Siam Invasion

1243-1295 Jayavarman VIII (Hindu)

destroyed most of Buddhist statues

converted Buddhist Temples to Hindu Temples



Neak Pean



Ta Phrom



Banteay Kdei



Decline & The End of Angkor

Factors to the end of the Angkorian period;

Therava Buddhism

No more devaraja concept end of large buildings dedicated to kings & their gods.

Decline of Harvests

water-management apparatus degenerated lack of workers

harvest reduced by floods & drought.

Conquered by Thais

Ayutthaya became too strong after its break from Kambuja

Parallel kingdom in Phnom Penh

one line of Khmer kings moved to Phnom Penh

transfer of economical & political significance.

Costly projects & conflicts of power between the royal family.


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Angkorian Architecture

Materials

Structures

Elements


23/79ANGKORIAN ARCHITECTURE

Materials

used brick, sandstone, laterite & wood.

Brick

used for earliest Angkorian temples.

decorations were carved into a stucco applied to a brick.

Sandstone

only stone used & obtained from the Kulen Mountains.

since it was expensive, it gradually came into use at first used for door frames.

Ta Keo first temple to be constructed entirely by sandstone.

Laterite

a clay that is soft in the ground but hardens under the sun.

for foundations & other hidden parts of a building.

since surface was uneven, not used for decorative carvings unless first dressed in stucco.



Structures

Central Sanctuary

home to the temples primary deity

deity was represented by a statue or a linga.

not for public but home of deity only a few metres across.

Importance conveyed by;

height of the tower (prasat) above

location at the centre of the temple.

great decorations on its wall.

Represented Mount Meru (home of the Hindu gods)



Structures

Enclosure

Khmer temples were enclosed by a series of walls, with the central sanctuary in the middle. this arrangement represented the mountain ranges surrounding Mount Meru.

numbered from the centre outwards.

Srah & Baray

reservoirs by excavation.

not clear on if they were religious orargricultural, or a combination of both.

Largest reservoirs were East Baray & West

Baray on either side of Angkor Thom.

West Baray


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ANGKORIAN ARCHITECTURE

Structures

Gallery

a passageway runningalong the wall of anenclosure or along theaxis of a temple, oftenopen to one or both sides.


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Structures

Gopura

an entrance building

Enclosures surrounding atemple are often constructedwith a gopura at each of thefour cardinal points.

if the wall is constructed withan accompanying gallery, thegallery is sometimes connectedto the arms of the gopura.

Angkorian gopuras have atower at the centre.

The lintels and pendiments areoften decorated, and guardianfigures (dvarapalas) are often

placed or carved on either sideof the doorways.


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Structures

Hall of Dancers

found in 12th century under Jayavarman VII

a rectangular building elongated on the east axis

divided into four parts by galleries.

pillars decorated with carving designs of apsaras.


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Structures

Library

true purpose unknown.

functioned broadly asreligious shrines ratherthan strictly as

repositories formanuscripts.

Freestanding buildings

normally placed in pairson either side of entrance.


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Structures

TempleMountain

dominant

scheme inAngkoriantemples.

an architecturalrepresentation ofMount Meru.

style influencedby Indian Templearchitecture.

took shape as apyramid of severallevels, & the homeof the gods

represented by theelevated sanctuaryat the centre of thetemple.

Bakong


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Elements

Bas-relief

are individual figures, groups of figures, or entirescenes cut into stone walls.

depicting stories from history & mythology.

The Battle of Kurukshetra is the subject of this bas-relief at Angkor Wat..

A bas-relief in a tympanum at Banteay Sreii showsIndra releasing the rains in an attempt to extinguishthe fire created by Agni.

This scene from the outer gallery at the Bayon shows Chinese expatsnegotiating with Khmer merchants at an Angkorean market.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banteay_Sreihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banteay_Srei


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Elements

Blind door & window

Angkorian shrines opened only in onedirection, typically to the East.

The three other sides featured fake orblind doors to maintain symmetry.

Blind windows were often used alongotherwise blank walls.

Colonette

narrow decorative columns that servesas supports for the beams or lintelsabove doorways or windows.

depending on the period, they wereround, rectangular, or octagonal inshape.

were circled with molded rings &decorated with carved leaves.

El


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Elements

Corbelling

used to constructrooms, passageways& openings inbuildings.

corbelled arch isstructural weaker

than a true arch. prevented fromconstructing largeopeningsprone tocollapse.

Corbelled arch at the South gate Angkor Thom

Basic principle

El t


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Elements

Lintel, pediment &tympanum

Lintelhorizontalbeam connectingtwo vertical columnsbetween which runsa door or a

passageway.Pedimentroughlytriangular structureabove a lintel.

Tympanumdecorated surface ofa pediment.


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Architectural Examples

Angkor Wat

Angkor Thom


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ARCHITECTURAL EXAMPLES


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Angkor Wat

History


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ANGKOR WAT

History

built between 1113 and 1150 by KingSuyavarman II.

for its construction a large part of

Yasodharapura had to be cleared.

Vrah Vishulok means Vishus abode

influenced by the concurrent rise ofVaisnavism in India, he dedicated thetemple to Vishnu rather than to Siva.

Portrays Hindu Cosmology

Central TowersMount Meru

Outer WallsMountains enclosing theworld.

The moatprimordial Cosmic Ocean:Infinite, limitless & original.

History


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ANGKOR WAT

History

History


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ANGKOR WAT

History

History


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ANGKOR WAT

History

Structure


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ANGKOR WAT

Structure

entered from thewest (Shiavite fromeast)

Garbha-griha used

to house statue ofVishnu.

Structure


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ANGKOR WAT

Structure

A causeway in theform of a raised pathleads to the front of thetemple compound.

terminates at thebottom of an elevatedcruciform altar in front

of the entrance to thetemple.

Structure


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ANGKOR WAT

Structure

as far as the commonpeople came intoAngkor Wat, & the altarwas where they madetheir sacrifices.

causeway & altaredged by a balustradedesigned as longserpents, reference toShesha Naga, thecelestial serpent withseven heads.

Structure


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ANGKOR WAT

Structure

Royalty can accessthe third enclosurethrough the three-portaled gate.

Bas-relief relates stories where

the primary symbolic messageof Angkor Wat is made clear,namely that Suyarvarman II is amanifestation of Vishnu.

Structure


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ANGKOR WAT

Structure

one enters into thebuilding properthrough the so-calledCruciform Galleries,which are arrangedsymmetrically to theright & left of the axis.

Structure


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ANGKOR WAT

Structure

Structure


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ANGKOR WAT

Structure

Cetralshrine is 56mhigh.

surroundedby 4 smallercorner

towers.

Structure


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ANGKOR WAT

Structure


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Angkor Thom

Site


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ANGKOR THOM

most enduring capital city ofthe Khmer empire.

established in the late 12thcentury by King JayavarmanVII.

covers area of 9km thatincludes several monumentsfrom earlier periods as well as

those established byJayavarman & his successors.

The Bayon is Jayavarmansstate temple.

earlier temples includeformer state temple ofBaphuan & Phimeanakas (was

converted to the royal palacelater on.)

Baphuan


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ANGKOR THOM

p

built in mid 11th century.

3 tiered temple mountain dedicated toHindu God Shiva.

In 15th century converted to a Buddhisttemple.

By the 20th century, most of the temple hadcollapsed due to unstable land.

Phimeanakas


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ANGKOR THOM

Hindutemple builtin the end ofthe 10thcentury.

Built duringthe reign ofRajendravarman, thenrebuilt bySuryavarmanII in theshape of athree tierpyramid.

At the topof thepyramid wasa tower.

Bayon


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ANGKOR THOM

y

Plan of Bayon

built in 12th/13th century as the official statetemple of Mahayana Buddhist Javarman VII.

after his death, modified by later Hindu &Theravada buddhist kings.

Distinctive feature multitude of serene &massive stone faces.

Last state temple to be built in Angkor.

Only Angkorian state temple to be builtprimarily as a Mahayana Buddhist shrinededicated to Buddha.

Bayon


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ANGKOR THOM

y

Bayon


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ANGKOR THOM

y


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Sriwijayan Empire


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Basic History

Proof of existance

Formation & Growth

Decline

The lost Kingdom

Basic History


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SRIWIJAYAN EMPIRE

ancient MalayKingdom on the islandof Sumatra.

influenced much of

Malay Archipelago.

coastal trading centre.

Proof of Existence


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SRIWIJAYAN EMPIRE

Kedudukan Bukit Inscription.

founded by Dapunta Hyang

Sri Jayanasa

Chinese monk, I-Tsing

travelled to Srivijaya fromNalanda, India.

praised high level of

Buddhism in Srivijaya.

Formation & Growth


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SRIWIJAYAN EMPIRE

Around the year 500,Srivijayan roots began to

develop around present-day Palembang, Sumatra.

Organized in 3 zones;

Jayanasa

capital region centred onPalembang.

The Musi River.

Rival areas.

the MelayuKingdom(Jambi) becamethe first kingdom to beintegrated into the Srivijayanempire.

Empire grew to control the

trade of the straits ofMalacca, the South ChinaSea.

Formation & Growth


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SRIWIJAYAN EMPIRE

Dharmasetu

Samaratungga

By the twelth century, thekingdom included parts ofSumatra, Ceylon, the Malay

Peninsula, Western Java,Sulawesi, the Moluccas,Borneo & the Philippines.

In the 7th century, Chamports started to attract tradersdiverted flow of trade fromSrivijaya.

The Srivijians continued todominate areas aroundpresent-day Cambodia until theKhmer King Jayavarman IIsevered links.

did not indulge in military

expansion

oversaw the construction ofBorobodur.

Decline


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SRIWIJAYAN EMPIRE

Chola raids

Shift of Powers

Majapahit attack on Srivijaya.

Musi River

In 1025, conquered Kedah from Srivijaya.

Continued raids for 20 years.

gravely weakened the Srivijian hegemony.

frequently shifted between Jambi & Palembang.

The Chola expedition as well as changing trade routesweakened Palembang, allowing Jambi to take the leadershipof Srivijaya from the 11th century on.

sedimentation on the Musiriver cut the kingdoms capitaloff from direct sea access.

By 1402 Parameswara (thegreat-great grandson of RadenWijaya, the first king ofMajapahit), the last prince ofSrivijaya founded the Sultanateof Malacca on the MalayPeninsula.

The Lost Kingdom


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SRIWIJAYAN EMPIRE

After Srivijaya fell, it was largely forgotten, historians did not know of its existance.

No modern Indonesian, not even of the Palembang area around which the kingdom wasbased had heard of Srivijaya until the 1920s.

Around 1992 & 1993, Pierre-yves Manguin proved that the centre of Srivijaya was alongthe Musi River.


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Religious Architecture

Basic History


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SRIWIJAYAN EMPIRE

y

most significant buildings developed in Java.

Javanese style fostered with Hindu & Buddhistarchitecture.

Candi temple/stupa.

mostly used bricks.

Dieng Plateau (Abode of the Gods)

Prambanan

Borobodur

largest & finest example of Hindu architecture inJava.

Characterized by its tall & pointed architecture,typical of Hindu temple architecture.

originally numbered as many as 400, only 8 remaintoday.

small & relatively plain.

Borobodur


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Borobodur

Basic History


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BOROBODUR

ninth-century Mahayana Buddhist monument in Magelang, Central Java, Indonesia.

Borobudur was built on a bedrock hill, area known as Kedu Plain.

a shrine to the Buddha and a place for Buddhist pilgrimage.

a theory that Kedu Plain was once a lake & Borobodur initially represented a lotus flowerfloating on the lake.

Construction


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BOROBODUR

Borobudur was likely founded around800 AD.

construction estimated to have taken75 years.

Approximately 55,000m of stoneswere taken from neighbouring rivers to

build the monument.

The stone was cut to size, transportedto the site & laid without mortar.

relief's were created in-situ after thebuilding had been completed.

Structure


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BOROBODUR

built as a single large stupa.

It has nine platforms, of which

the lower six are square and theupper three are circular.

The upper platform featuresseventy-two small stupassurrounding one large centralstupa.


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Structure


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BOROBODUR

Each stupa is bell-shaped &pierced by numerous decorativeopenings.

Statues of the Buddha sit insidethe pierced enclosures.

Structure The journey for pilgrims begins atth b f th t d


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BOROBODUR

the base of the monument andfollows a path circumambulatingthe monument while ascending tothe top through the three levels ofBuddhist cosmology.

During the journey, themonument guides the pilgrimsthrough a system of stairways &corridors with 1,460 narrative reliefpanels on the wall & thebalustrades.

Structure


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BOROBODUR

equipped with agood drainagesystem to cater forthe area's high stormwater run-off.

to avoidinundation, 100

spouts are providedat each corner with aunique carvedgargoyles in theshape of giants ormakaras.

Structure


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BOROBODUR

In 1885, a hidden structureunder the base wasaccidentally discovered.

The hidden foot containsreliefs, 160 of which arenarrative describing the realKamadhatu (the world ofdesire)

It was first thought that thereal base had to be covered to

prevent a disastroussubsidence of the monumentthrough the hill.

Another theory that theencasement base was addedbecause the original hiddenfoot was incorrectly designed,

according to Vastu Shastra.

Abandonment


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BOROBODUR

lay hidden for centuries under layers ofvolcanic ash & jungle growth.

The facts behind its abandonment remaina mystery.

popular belief that the temples weredisbanded when the population convertedto Islam in the fifteenth century.

Rediscovery


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BOROBODUR

Following the Anglo-DutchJava War, Java was under Britishadministration from 1811 to 1816.

The appointed governor wasLieutenant Governor-GeneralThomas Stamford Raffles, whotook great interest in the historyof Java.

On an inspection tour toSemarang in 1814, he was

informed about a big monumentdeep in a jungle near the villageof Bumisegoro.

sent H.C Cornelius, a Dutchengineer, to investigate.

In two months, Cornelius & his

200 men cut down trees, burneddown vegetation & dug away theearth to reveal the monument.

The first photograph of Borobodur by Isidore van Kinsbergen(1873) after the monument was cleared up.


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The End

histoy 3 lecture 7 south east asia

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