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Hitler and the Nazis In 1920,Adolf Hitlerdecided that the Nazi Party needed its own insignia and flag. F

Hitler, the new flag had to be "a symbol of our own struggle" as well as "highly effective as a poster." (Me

Kampf, pg. 495)On August 7, 1920, at the Salzburg Congress, the red flag with a white circle and black

swastika became the official emblem of the Nazi Party.InMein Kampf, Hitler described the Nazis' new fla

"In redwe see the social idea of the movement, in whitethe nationalistic idea, in theswastikathe mission

the struggle for the victory of the Aryan man, and, by the same token, the victory of the idea of creative

work, which as such always has been and always will be anti-Semitic." (pg. 496-497)Because of the Nazis

flag, the swastika soon became a symbol of hate, antisemitism, violence, death, and murder.

Between 1933 and 1945, Nazi Germany established about 20,000 camps to imprison its many millions of

victims. These camps were used for a range of purposes including forced-labor camps, transit camps which

served as temporary way stations, and extermination camps built primarily or exclusively for mass murder

From its rise to power in 1933, the Nazi regime built a series of detention facilities to imprison and elimin

so-called "enemies of the state." Most prisoners in theearly concentration campswere German Communis

Socialists, Social Democrats,Roma(Gypsies),Jehovah's Witnesses,homosexuals,and persons accused of

"asocial" or socially deviant behavior. These facilities were called concentration camps because those

imprisoned there were physically concentrated in one location.

After Germany's annexation ofAustriain March 1938, the Nazis arrested German and Austrian Jews and

imprisoned them in theDachau,Buchenwald,andSachsenhausenconcentration camps, all located in

Germany. After the violentKristallnacht ("Night of Broken Glass") pogroms in November 1938, the Nazis

conducted mass arrests of adult male Jews and incarcerated them in camps for brief periods.

FORCED-LABOR AND PRISONER-OF-WAR CAMPS

Following theGerman invasion of Polandin September 1939, the Nazis openedforced-laborcamps wher

thousands of prisoners died from exhaustion, starvation, and exposure. SS units guarded the camps.

DuringWorld War II,the Nazi camp system expanded rapidly. In some camps, Nazi doctors

performedmedical experimentson prisoners.

Following the June 1941German invasion of the Soviet Union,the Nazis increased the number of prisone

of-war (POW) camps. Some new camps were built at existing concentration camp complexes (such

asAuschwitz)in occupied Poland. The camp at Lublin, later known asMajdanek,was established in the

autumn of 1941 as a POW camp and became a concentration camp in 1943. Thousands ofSoviet

POWswere shot or gassed there.

KILLING CENTERS

To facilitate the"Final Solution"(thegenocide or mass destruction of the Jews), the Nazis

establishedkilling centersin Poland, the country with the largest Jewish population. The killing centers we

designed for efficient mass murder.Chelmno,the first killing center, opened in December 1941. Jews and

Roma were gassed in mobile gas vans there. In 1942, the Nazis opened theBelzec,Sobibor,

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oduleId=10005538http://www.ushmm.org/wlc/en/article.php?ModuleId=10005198http://www.ushmm.org/wlc/en/article.php?ModuleId=10005214http://www.ushmm.org/wlc/en/article.php?ModuleId=10005447http://www.ushmm.org/wlc/en/article.php?ModuleId=10005261http://www.ushmm.org/wlc/en/article.php?ModuleId=10005394http://www.ushmm.org/wlc/en/article.php?ModuleId=10005219http://www.ushmm.org/wlc/en/article.php?ModuleId=10005263http://history1900s.about.com/cs/hitleradolf/p/hitler.htm

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andTreblinkakilling centers to systematically murder the Jews of the Generalgouvernement (the territory

the interior of occupied Poland).

The Nazis constructedgas chambers(rooms that filled with poison gas to kill those inside) to increase

killing efficiency and to make the process more impersonal for the perpetrators. At the Auschwitz camp

complex, the Birkenau killing center had four gas chambers. During the height of deportations to the camp

up to 6,000 Jews were gassed there each day.

Jews in Nazi-occupied lands often were first deported to transit camps such asWesterbork in the

Netherlands, orDrancyin France, en route to the killing centers in occupied Poland. The transit camps we

usually the last stop before deportation to an extermination camp.

Millions of people were imprisoned and abused in the various types of Nazi camps. Under SS managemen

the Germans and their collaborators murdered more than three million Jews in the killing centers alone.

Only a small fraction of those imprisoned in Nazi camps survived.

DuringWorld War II,ghettosinNazi-occupied Europewere set up by theThird Reichin order to

confineJewsand sometimesGypsiesinto tightly packed area within a city. In total, according

toUSHMMarchives, there were at least 1,000 ghettos in German-occupied and annexedPolandand

theSoviet Unionalone. Therefore, the examples are intended only to illustrate their scope and living

conditions acrossEastern Europe.[1]

Although the common usage inHolocaust literatureis 'ghetto', the Naz

most often referred to these detention facilities in documents and signage as 'Jdischer Wohnbezirk' or

'Wohngebiet der Juden' (German); both are often translated asJewish Quarteralthough the former is litera

"Jewish Living/Residential Area/District/Neighborhood" and the latter is "Living Area of the Jews").

Soon after the 1939Invasion of Poland,the German Nazis began to systematically movePolish Jewsaway

from their homes and into designated areas of larger Polish cities and towns. The first ghetto atPiotrkw

Trybunalskiwas established in October 1939, the one inTuliszkowwas established in December 1939

January 1940, followed by the first large scale ghetto, the d Ghettoin April 1940, and theWarsaw

Ghettoin October, with many other ghettos established throughout 1940 and 1941. Many ghettos were

walled off or enclosed with barbed wire. In the case of sealed ghettos, any Jew found leaving them was sh

The Warsaw Ghetto was the largest ghetto in Nazi occupied Europe, with over 400,000 Jews crammed int

an area of 1.3 square miles (3.4 km2) located in the heart of the city.

[2]Thed Ghettowas the second

largest, holding about 160,000.[3]

Living conditions[edit source|editbeta]

The situation in the ghettos was brutal. InWarsaw,30% of the city population was forced to live in 2.4% o

the city's area, a density of 7.2 people per room.[2]

In the ghetto ofOdrzyw,700 people lived in an area

previously occupied by five families, between 12 and 30 to each small room. The Jews were not allowed o

of the ghetto, so they had to rely on smuggling and the starvation rations supplied by the Nazis: in Warsaw

this was 253calories(1,060kJ)per Jew, compared to 669 calories (2,800 kJ) per Pole and 2,613 calories

(10,940 kJ) per German. With crowded living conditions, starvation diets, and little sanitation (in the d

Ghetto 95% of apartments had no sanitation, piped water or sewers) hundreds of thousands of Jews died o

disease and hunger.

[4]

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