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Anti-HIV using Nano robotsBY RAVI BANDAKKANAVAR, ON JULY 25TH, 2012

Abstract :

There is no specific technology for the treatment of AIDS. Some drugs ofspecific composition are given to the patients which are able to increasethe life time to a few years only. To make the treatment more specific we use the new technology called Nanotechnology which has biomedical application. The size of nanorobots is about 100 times lesser than the size of an animal cell and hence it can easily monitor the behavior of cell inside the body. Nanorobots use nanosensors to sense the AIDSinfected WBCs and convert them back into original WBCs. It operates atspecific sites and has no side effects. Thus the AIDS patient is providedwith the immune system so that he can defend himself from AIDS .

I. INTRODUCTION

A. Nanorobots

Nanorobotics is the technology of creating machines or robots at or close to the microscopic scale of nanometers (10 -9 meters). Nanorobots would be typically devices ranging in size from 0.1-10 micrometersthey could work at atomic, molecular and cellular level. Nanorobots are tolikely be constructed of carbon atoms, generally in diamond structurebecause of inert properties and strength, glucose (or) natural body sugars and oxygen might be source at propulsion, Nanorobots will

respond to acoustic signals.

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B. HIV

HIV stands for Human Immunodeficiency Virus. Like all viruses, HIV cannot grow or reproduce on its own. In order to make new copies of

itself it must infect the cells of a living organism. HIV belongs to aspecial class of viruses called retroviruses. Within this class, HIV isplaced in the subgroup of lent viruses. Outside of a human cell,HIV exists as roughly spherical particles (sometimes called virions). Thesurface of each particle is studded with lots of little spikes. An HIVparticle is around 100- 150 billionths of a metre in diameter. Thats

about the same as: 0.1microns, one twentieth of the length of an E. coli bacterium, one seventieth of the diameter of a human CD4+ whitebloodcell. Unlike most bacteria, HIV particles are much too small to be seen through an ordinary microscope. However they can be seen

clearly with an electron microscope as shown in (Fig.1).

Fig. 1 Anatomy of AIDS virus

II. THE LATEST DRUG USED AGAINST HIV

Zidovudine is the latest known drug that is used for treatment of aids. This drug has an affinity to the HIV genome (RNA molecule) and they binds to it before reverse transcriptase starts working and as a resultDNA cannot be synthesized. But any time this drug can lose itsefficiency as mutation at the codon no. 67,70 and 215 will change theconformation which will result in the reduction of affinity of Zidovudinetowards viral genome and as a result RT will start its action and viralgenome will be replicated and integrate with host genome.

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III. TREATMENT OF AIDS BY NANOROBOTS

Zidovudine can be used to resist the HIV but the virus cannot bedestroyed. Destruction of viral genome is possible by using nanorobots.

This type of nanorobots will consists of a nanobiosensor developedby nanoelectronics engineers, a data converter, and a containercontaining high concentration (say 20 u/microlitre) of DNase and RNaseenzyme.

IV. REASONS FOR APPLYING NANOTECH TO BIOLOGICALSYSTEM

Most animal cells are 10,000 to 20,000 nanometers in diameter. Thismeans that nanoscale devices (having at least one dimension less than

100 nanometers) can enter cells and the organelles inside them tointeract with DNA and proteins. Tools developed throughnanotechnology may be able to detect disease in a very small amount ofcells or tissue. They may also be able to enter and monitor cells within aliving body. Nanotechnology could make it possible to run manydiagnostic tests simultaneously as well as with more sensitivity. Ingeneral, nanotechnology may offer a faster and more efficient means forus to do much of what we do now.

V. COMPONENTS OF AN ANTI-HIV NANOROBOT

A. Nanobiosensor

The Ab for the Ag gp41 & gp120 will be tagged on its surface. Sowhenever it will come in contact of an infected cell the Ab will react withthat by an immunochemical reaction and will identify this.

B. Nanochip

Its a chip which will receive the signal from nanobiosensor and willperform its job.

C. Nanotube

Its a tube in nanoscale. On receiving +ve signal the nanotube will beinjected into the nucleus of the cell by nanochip.

D. Nanocontainer

A nanocontainer will contain highly concentrated DNase and RNaseenzyme which will be delivered into the infected cell and will cleave thewhole genomic DNA into single nucleotides.

VI. PROCESS

The function of the biosensor is to identify a particular compound. In

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this case the biosensor will contain a particular antibody. The gp41 andgp120 are two unique HIV envelope protein which is found in the cellmembrane of the infected cell. The antigen (gp41 and gp120 protein)and antibody reaction will give the proper signal. In case of infected cellonly this reaction will take place as those viral proteins are found in thecell membrane of the infected cell only. Getting the +ve signal thenanorobot will inject its nanotube into the nucleus of the infected celland release the DNase as well as RNase enzyme into the cell. The DNaseenzyme is not sequence specific and as a result it will cleave the wholegenomic DNA containing the viral genome into single nucleotides. Oncethe viral genome loses its sequence it loses its viral effect and after thedigestion of the whole genomic DNA the cell undergoes normalprogrammed cell death called apoptosis. Thus the infected cell of the

diseased body can be destroyed to finish off the viral genome in thebody as shown in (Fig.2).

Fig. 2 Nanorobot performing operations on blood cells

VII. ADVANTAGES

More than million people in this world are affected bythis dreaded disease. Currently there is no

Permanent vaccine or medicine is available to cure thedisease. The currently available drugs can

Increase the patients life to a few years only, so theinvention of this nanorobot will make the patients to getrid of the disease.

As the nanorobot do not generate any harmful activitiesthere is no side effect. It operates at specific site only.

The initial cost of development is only high but themanufacturing by batch processing reduces the

Cost.
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VIII. DISADVANTAGES

The nanorobot should be very accurate, otherwiseharmful effects may occur.

The initial design cost is very high. The design of this nanorobot is a very complicated one.

IX. CONCLUSION

The paper is just a theoretical justification. But the recent advancementin the field of Nanotechnology gives the hope of the effective use of thistechnology in medical field. This is the beginning of nano era and wecould expect further improvements such as a medicine to AIDS usingnanotechnology.

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