hk intellectual property office february 5, 2002 copyright © 2002 michael i. shamos copyright...
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![Page 1: HK INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY OFFICE FEBRUARY 5, 2002 COPYRIGHT © 2002 MICHAEL I. SHAMOS Copyright Protection and Distance Learning Michael I. Shamos, Ph.D.,](https://reader036.vdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062313/56649ca55503460f949672bc/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
HK INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY OFFICE
FEBRUARY 5, 2002
COPYRIGHT © 2002 MICHAEL I. SHAMOS
Copyright Protectionand Distance Learning
Michael I. Shamos, Ph.D., J.D.Co-Director, Institute for eCommerce
Carnegie Mellon UniversitySpecial Counsel, Reed Smith, LLP
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HK INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY OFFICE
FEBRUARY 5, 2002
COPYRIGHT © 2002 MICHAEL I. SHAMOS
Topics
• What is distance education? Copyright problems?
• Economics of information
– What happens when the cost of copying is zero?
• National policies and statutory schemes
– When should private copyright interests give way to educational needs?
• Copy protection/monitoring
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HK INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY OFFICE
FEBRUARY 5, 2002
COPYRIGHT © 2002 MICHAEL I. SHAMOS
What is Distance Education?
• Learning outside the physical presence of an instructor (includes correspondence courses)
• Learning outside the classroom
• Web delivery of courses. DEMO
• Network-mediated interaction
• Self-paced (asynchronous) learning
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HK INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY OFFICE
FEBRUARY 5, 2002
COPYRIGHT © 2002 MICHAEL I. SHAMOS
Distance Education Modes
• Synchonous
– Live classes at a distance, e.g. videoconference
– Videotape, CD classes at a distance with mentoring
• Asynchonous
– Videotape, CD, webcast, student-paced
– Online computer-mediated instruction, computer exams
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HK INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY OFFICE
FEBRUARY 5, 2002
COPYRIGHT © 2002 MICHAEL I. SHAMOS
Virtual Education: A Vision
STUDENT ATCOMMUNITY
COLLEGE
COMPANYEMPLOYEE
AT-HOMESTUDENT
DOW CHEMICAL CORP
ORGANIC COURSE
MIT
PROF. DOE’S
ORGANIC COURSE
BOISE STATE U.
PROF. SMITH’S
ORGANIC COURSE
$ $ $
AMERICANCHEMICALSOCIETY
ACCREDITSCOURSES
ACCREDITS CURRICULAMAINTAINS TRANSCRIPTS
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HK INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY OFFICE
FEBRUARY 5, 2002
COPYRIGHT © 2002 MICHAEL I. SHAMOS
Where Does Distance Ed Content Come From?
• Pre-existing materials– Public domain (old works, government works)– Non-digital– Digital
• Web pages, PowerPoint presentations, images
• Archive.org, e.g. www.info.gov.hk/ipd/
• Online course collateral• Courseware: software for mediating education• Problem: cost of web copying is nearly zero
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HK INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY OFFICE
FEBRUARY 5, 2002
COPYRIGHT © 2002 MICHAEL I. SHAMOS
Universal Library
• A free-to-read resource for the world. DEMO
– Search
• The Million-Book Project
– 1,000,000 books to be digitized in mainland China
– U.S. National Science Foundation provides $4 million HK for digital scanners
– Carnegie Mellon provides software, indexing, web hosting
• No high school has 1 million books
• CMU does not have 1 million books
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HK INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY OFFICE
FEBRUARY 5, 2002
COPYRIGHT © 2002 MICHAEL I. SHAMOS
Issues
• Distance ed copyright is a matter of national policy
• Use of pre-existing materials in distance ed
• Materials generated for distance ed
• Rights of creators v. their institutions
• Cross-border issues
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HK INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY OFFICE
FEBRUARY 5, 2002
COPYRIGHT © 2002 MICHAEL I. SHAMOS
Mechanisms
• Distance ed-friendly copyright statutes
• Fair dealing (US: fair use)
• Collective rights societies
• Individually-negotiated agreements
• Stated royalty (e.g. Copyright Clearance Center)
• Statutory (US: compulsory) licensing
– Fixed-rate
– Tribunal
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HK INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY OFFICE
FEBRUARY 5, 2002
COPYRIGHT © 2002 MICHAEL I. SHAMOS
Fee Collection
• Free use (nobody pays -- voluntarism)
• Physical library analog (NetLibrary)
– One network user per paid copy
• Micropayments (per page view)
• On-demand (per work, per course, etc.)
• Fixed-rate (HBO model)
• Public-use model (government pays)
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HK INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY OFFICE
FEBRUARY 5, 2002
COPYRIGHT © 2002 MICHAEL I. SHAMOS
Current U.S. Law (17 U.S.C. §110)
• Not an infringement to perform or display a work
– by instructors or pupils in the course of face-to-face teaching activities of a nonprofit educational institution …
– unless, in the case of a motion picture or other audiovisual work, the performance … is given by means of a copy … not lawfully made … and that the person responsible for the performance knew or had reason to believe was not lawfully made
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HK INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY OFFICE
FEBRUARY 5, 2002
COPYRIGHT © 2002 MICHAEL I. SHAMOS
U.S. TEACH Act (Not Yet Passed)
• Would exempt certain performances or displays for educational uses
• Would not apply to
– “a work produced or marketed primarily for performance or display as part of mediated instructional activities transmitted via digital networks, or
– a performance or display that … by … a copy … not lawfully made … and the [transmitter] … knew or had reason to believe was not lawfully made … or
– an amount comparable to that which is typically displayed in the course of a live classroom session
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HK INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY OFFICE
FEBRUARY 5, 2002
COPYRIGHT © 2002 MICHAEL I. SHAMOS
U.S. TEACH Act (Not Yet Passed)
• Applies where
– (A) the performance or display is made by … an instructor as an integral part of a class session offered as a regular part of the systematic mediated instructional activities of a governmental body, an accredited nonprofit educational institution, or a nonprofit library;
– (B) the performance or display is directly related and of material assistance to the teaching content … ;
– (C) the transmission is made solely for, and, to the extent technologically feasible, the reception of such transmission is limited to (i) students officially enrolled in the course; or (ii) officers or employees of governmental bodies as a part of their official duties or employment
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HK INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY OFFICE
FEBRUARY 5, 2002
COPYRIGHT © 2002 MICHAEL I. SHAMOS
Australia
• Digital Agenda Act 2000• New statutory licenses
– material is used for educational purposes– equitable remuneration paid to the relevant collecting
society– can copy reasonable amounts of electronic material for
students (e.g. over a closed network)– can copy and communicate larger amounts of electronic
material that can't be obtained within a reasonable time at an ordinary commercial price by the staff or students.
– amount of remuneration negotiated by institution and collecting society or copyright owner. Otherwise, the Copyright Tribunal determines amount.
• Required electronic use notice
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HK INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY OFFICE
FEBRUARY 5, 2002
COPYRIGHT © 2002 MICHAEL I. SHAMOS
Japan
• Copyright is under the Ministry of Education and is subservient to education
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HK INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY OFFICE
FEBRUARY 5, 2002
COPYRIGHT © 2002 MICHAEL I. SHAMOS
Japan
• Extensive statutory (compulsory) licensing for educational use, e.g.– Textbooks– Translations– Missing author– Broadcasting to schools – Examination questions – Nonprofit activities
• (U.S. has no compulsory license for literary works)• Royalty set by Agency for Cultural Affairs• Numerous collective rights associations
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HK INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY OFFICE
FEBRUARY 5, 2002
COPYRIGHT © 2002 MICHAEL I. SHAMOS
Japanese Digital Library Proposal
• Authors owe a debt to past works and must contribute to future ones.
• Everyone has the right to use the work of another, but must pay for it (universal compulsory license).
• Permission of the author is required when a moral right is involved.
• User must give credit to the source.
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HK INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY OFFICE
FEBRUARY 5, 2002
COPYRIGHT © 2002 MICHAEL I. SHAMOS
Singapore
• 1999 statutory revisions• Without permission of copyright owner, allows:
– Copying by libraries & educational institutions– Network use; no safeguards required– Translation and reprint compulsory license
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HK INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY OFFICE
FEBRUARY 5, 2002
COPYRIGHT © 2002 MICHAEL I. SHAMOS
University Policies
• Prof. Jones at Harvard signs a contract with Distance U. to provide 30 hours of videotape of his well-known Harvard course for distance ed purposes
• Harvard: professors can’t teach elsewhere without permission
• Harvard: the IP in a course belongs to Harvard• Harvard: Jones is trading on, and diluting, the
Harvard name
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HK INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY OFFICE
FEBRUARY 5, 2002
COPYRIGHT © 2002 MICHAEL I. SHAMOS
University Policies
• Jones: I’m not teaching; I don’t interact with the students enrolled at Distance U.
• Jones: What’s the difference between videotape and a textbook? I spent less time preparing the videos.
• Jones: I’ve been on TV; I’ve given interviews. Harvard never objected before. Why now?
• (Actual situation involving Arthur Miller at Harvard Law School. Moratorium pending discussions.)
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HK INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY OFFICE
FEBRUARY 5, 2002
COPYRIGHT © 2002 MICHAEL I. SHAMOS
University Policies
• University owns everything– Work made for hire– But: “teacher exception” (US 1909 Act, not in 1976 Act,
but judicial)
• Shared ownership– It’s only fair
• Faculty own everything (New York University)– University exists to create and disseminate knowledge
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HK INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY OFFICE
FEBRUARY 5, 2002
COPYRIGHT © 2002 MICHAEL I. SHAMOS
American Association of University Professors (AAUP)
• “Prevailing academic practice”: faculty member owns copyright in works created independently “for traditional academic purposes,” regardless of the medium in which the works appear
• Whoever owns the copyright, the institution may require reimbursement for any unusual financial or technical support …in the form of royalties or license to use
Statement on Copyright
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HK INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY OFFICE
FEBRUARY 5, 2002
COPYRIGHT © 2002 MICHAEL I. SHAMOS
The Web Manifesto
• It’s free
• No one owns it
• No one controls it
• You won’t get caught
• If you do, litigation is too costly
• If we share, we all benefit
• Result: wholesale piracy
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HK INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY OFFICE
FEBRUARY 5, 2002
COPYRIGHT © 2002 MICHAEL I. SHAMOS
Digital Rights Management
• Prevent copying in the first place– Copy protection systems– Secure browsers
• Make sure it’s paid for– IP rights management systems
• Detect copying– Digital watermarking– Cybersurveillance
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HK INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY OFFICE
FEBRUARY 5, 2002
COPYRIGHT © 2002 MICHAEL I. SHAMOS
Digital Watermarks
SOURCE: BYTE MAGAZINE
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HK INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY OFFICE
FEBRUARY 5, 2002
COPYRIGHT © 2002 MICHAEL I. SHAMOS
Original image Watermarked image
+
Watermark
Digital Watermarks
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HK INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY OFFICE
FEBRUARY 5, 2002
COPYRIGHT © 2002 MICHAEL I. SHAMOS
Digital Watermarks
Most transformations do notaffect or obliterate aspread-sprectrum watermark
A big user: Corbis
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HK INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY OFFICE
FEBRUARY 5, 2002
COPYRIGHT © 2002 MICHAEL I. SHAMOS
Cybersurveillance
Countermeasure:When Cyveillance visits your site, deliver sanitized pages!
SOURCE: CYVEILLANCE
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HK INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY OFFICE
FEBRUARY 5, 2002
COPYRIGHT © 2002 MICHAEL I. SHAMOS
Why Digital Rights Management Must Fail
• All senses are analog
• Media and the Internet are digital
• Copy protection systems ultimately fail because
– Recording medium is digital
– Must be converted to analog for human sensation
– The analog signal can be copied and re-digitized
• (Fails to stop piracy; succeeds at generating revenue)
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HK INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY OFFICE
FEBRUARY 5, 2002
COPYRIGHT © 2002 MICHAEL I. SHAMOS
QA&
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HK INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY OFFICE
FEBRUARY 5, 2002
COPYRIGHT © 2002 MICHAEL I. SHAMOS
• 500-page book (2000 characters/page = 1 megabyte = 1 floppy)• Xerox® copy
• 250 sheets @ $0.25 = $62.50• Buy the paperback: $62.50
Cost of Copying ($HK)
HONESTY: LOW COST
HONESTY: HIGH COST
ENFORCEMENT: HIGH COST
• Internet• Cost of copying 1 megabyte = 1 minute of electricity @ 300 watts = 5 watt-hours = 0.005 kWh @ $0.80/kWh = $0.004, 4/10 of a cent• Amortization of $25,000 PC for 1 minute = $8,000/500,000 = $0.016 Four times as much! Total = 2 cents
• At $2000/hour = 100,000 pages• Buy the paperback for $62.50? NO!• Digital copy for $30.00? NO!• Buy a digital copy for $1.00? YES
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HK INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY OFFICE
FEBRUARY 5, 2002
COPYRIGHT © 2002 MICHAEL I. SHAMOS
Economic Effect of Copying Cost
• Cost of copying 0
• Cost of distribution 0
• Cost of advertising 0
• Cost of initial production human resource
• Investment is lower, so return can be lower
• Therefore, the VALUE of digital property goes DOWN
• Only way to make money: huge number of copies
• Micropayments, digital rights management