H.L.BAJAJ CHAIRMAN

INTRODUCTION*ELECTRICAL INDUSTRY IN INDIA MORE THAN 100 YEARS OLD.

*STILL ELECTRICAL ACCIDENTS TAKE PLACE IN SPITE OF ADVANCEMENT IN TECHNOLOGY.

*THIS UNDERLINES THE NEED FOR TIMELY SAFETY.

*IT IS NOT JUST THE ACCIDENTS THAT SHOULD BE INVESTIGATED BUT THE “NEAR MISSES” i.e. ACCIDENTS WAITING TO HAPPEN.

*REDUCTION IN ACCIDENTS RESULTS IN AVOIDING LOSS OF LIFE, PROPERTY ETC.

Per Capita Electricity Consumption & Human Development Index (HDI)

Country kWh HDI

Canada 18212 0.943

USA 13241 0.939

Australia 11205 0.946

Singapore 8010 0.902

Korea 6632 0.888

Malaysia 3039 0.793

China 1139 0.793

India 582* 0.595

Pakistan 479 0.497

Bangladesh 115 0.509

Nepal 63 0.504

Human Development Index (HDI) is a composite index prepared on a scale of 0-1 measured by three key components - longevity, knowledge and income.

Source: Human Development Report, 2004, UNDPWorld Development Indicators, 2002, UNDP

* in the year 2003-2004

WORLD ELECTRICITY PRODUCTION BY SOURCE IN %

Source: IEA; Organisation for Economic cooperation & Development, 2001

OVERVIEW OF

INDIAN POWER

SYSTEM

GROWTH OF INSTALLED GENERATING CAPACITY (MW)

0

20000

40000

60000

80000

100000

120000

140000

1947

1949

1951

1953

1955

1957

1959

1961

1963

1965

1967

1969

1971

1973

1975

1977

1979

1981

1983

1985

1987

1989

1991

1993

1995

1997

1999

2001

2003

MW

Hydro 508 940 1917 4124 6905 11384 14460 18308 20506 29850

Thermal 854 1755 2736 4903 9059 16424 27030 43417 57244 81940

Nuclear 0 0 0 0 640 640 1095 1565 1720 2720

Dec-47 Dec-55 Mar-61 Mar-66 Mar-74 Mar-80 Mar-85 Mar-90 Mar-95 Oct-04

114565 MW

on 10-11-2004

All India Generating Capacity

Coal Natural Gas

Hydro Nuclear Oil Wind Total (as on 10.11.2004)

66416 11840 29905 2720 1196 2488 114565

In MW

10%

26%

1%2%

58%

3%

Coal

Natural Gas

Hydro Electricity

Nuclear

Oil

Renew able Energy

Installed Capacity as on 10.11.2004

11456524882720794521196118406641629905ALL INDIA

69006464005ISLANDS

23580012241437513301134N.EASTERN

17909501544417190152372460EASTERN

3031716727801748293926501389310383SOUTHERN

3256563276025846185036207925327WESTERN

313471791180193921532131616410596NORTHERN

TOTALDSLGASCOAL

TOTAL (MW)

WIND NCLRTHERMALHYDROREGION

Generation during April 2004- Oct. 2004 (BU) 339.8

High Voltage Transmission network 1 71 534

(220 KV & above) as on 31 Oct. 2004 (ckm)

Inter regional transfer capacity (MW) 8

400

Outlay for power in Central Sector (Rs. Cr.) 1 44 000 (Xth

Plan)

Actual Power Supply Position (April 2004 – Oct. 2004)

ENERGYRegion Reqmt.

(MU)

Avail.

(MU)

Surplus(+)/Deficit(-)

(MU) %

Northern Region 105929 96888 -9041 -8.5

Western Region 111624 101983 -9641 -8.6

Southern Region 83383 82265 -1118 -1.3

Eastern Region 33308 32900 -408 -1.2

N.Eastern Region 4202 3970 -232 -5.5

All India 338446 318006 -20440 -6.0

Actual Power Supply Position (April 2004 – Oct. 2004)

Peak Demand Region Projected

(MW)

Met

(MW)

Surplus(+)/Deficit(-) (MW) %

Northern Region 26 834 24 125 -2 709 -10.1

Western Region 29 859 24 049 -5 810 -19.5

Southern Region 23 075 21 928 -1 147 -5.0

Eastern Region 8 340 8 320 -20 -0.2

N.Eastern Region 1 247 1 128 -119 -9.5

All India 85 911 77 281 -8 630 -10.0

RURAL ELECTRIFICATION

Village Electrification

Pumpset Energised

In 1947

1500 6430

As on 30.09.04

496 861(84.6% of Total)

141.97 Lakhs(72.5% of Total)

• Target for 100 % Village Electrification - By 2007

• Target for 100 % Household Coverage - By 2009

Demand as per 16th E.P.S.

NUCLEAR EVENTS * International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) classifies

Nuclear Events in the 0 to 7 point International Nuclear Event Scale (INES).

* Event level 0 - “Deviations” (no safety significance).

* Events level 1 to 3 - “Incidents”

* Events level 4 to 7 - “Accidents”.

* No Nuclear accident at level 4 or higher occurred so far in Indian Nuclear Power Plants.

NUCLEAR EVENTS * Two Major Nuclear Accidents.

Three Mile Island (USA 1979)

• Reactor severely damaged.

• Radiation contained.

• No adverse health and environmental impact.

• Rated 5 on INES

Chernobyl (Ukraine 1986)

• Reactor destroyed.

• 31 people killed.

• Significant health and environmental impact.

• Rated 7 on INES

COMPARISON OF ACCIDENT STATISTICS IN PRIMARY ENERGY

PRODUCTIONFUEL IMMEDIATE

FATALITIES (1970 to 1992)

WHO ?

Coal 6400 Workers

Natural Gas 1200 Workers & Public

Hydro 4000 Public

Nuclear 31 Workers

(Source : Briefing Paper on Safety of Nuclear Power Reactors, Nov.,2003)

FACTS IN PRIMARY ENERGY PRODUCTION

* NUCLEAR DISTINCTLY SAFER TO PRODUCE ELECTRICITY.

* OVER ONE THOUSAND PEOPLE DIE EVERY YEAR IN COAL MINES TO PROVIDE FUEL FOR ELECTRICITY.

* MINING AND MULTIPLE HANDLING OF FOSSIL FUEL FOR TRANSPORTATION TO POWER PLANTS INVOLVES MANY HAZARDS.

* SIGNIFICANT HEALTH & ENVIRONMENTAL EFFECTS ARISING FROM FOSSIL FUEL USE.

ANALYSIS OF REASONS FOR ELECTRICAL ACCIDENTS IN INDIA

YEAR 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 TOTAL1998-1999 3541 1372 1610 615 2137 784 1418 114771999-2000 3141 1532 1543 613 1704 801 1643 109772001-2001 2782 1953 1551 536 1683 857 1043 104052001-2002 3295 1733 1650 585 1703 783 664 104132002-2003 2434 1538 1461 672 1198 675 988 8966

RANGE in % 27 to 32%12 to 19%14 to 16% 5 to 8% 13 to 19%7 to 8% 6 to 15%

1 - Snapping of Conductors 2 - Accidental contact with live electric wire/equipment 3 - Violation/Neglect of safety measures/lack of supervision 4 - Defective appliances/apparatus/tools 5 - Inadequate/lack of maintenace. 6 - Unauthorised work. 7 - Any other reason.

0

2000

4000

Accidents

1. Snapping of Conductors 2. Accidental contact with live electric wire/equipment3. Violation/Neglect of safety measures/lack of supervision 4. Defective appliances/apparatus/tools5. Inadequate/lack of maintenace. 6. Unauthorised work.7. Any other reason.

1998-1999 3662 2948 4867 11477

1999-2000 3781 2540 4654 10977

2000-2001 3568 3090 3747 104052001-2002 3766 2974 3673 104132002-2003 3367 2317 3282 8966

ELECTRICAL ACCIDENTS IN INDIA FOR THE YEARS 1998-99, 1999-2000, 2000-01, 2001-02 & 2002-03

YEAR TOTALHUMAN FATAL

HUMAN NON

FATAL

ANIMAL FATAL +

NON FATAL

98-99 99-00 00-01 01-02 02-03

0

2000

4000

6000

8000

10000

12000

Accidents

HUMAN FATAL HUMAN NON FATAL

ANIMAL FATAL + NON FATAL TOTAL

NEED FOR ELECTRICAL SAFETY

* ELECTRICITY is an integral part of today’s modern world but it can also shock you painfully, damage sensitive equipment and ignite combustible materials.

* ELECTROCUTIONS rank 4th (9%) in causes of industrial fatalities (after traffic, violence and construction).

* At the house voltage frequency even lower Voltages can kill while people have withstood 40,000 Volts at a frequency of a million cycle or so without fatal effects.

EFFECTS OF ELECTRIC CURRENT ON HUMAN BODY

Current

(in mA)

EFFECT

0.5 – 1.5 Perception / Slight sensation

1 – 5 Muscular Contractions

3 – 10 Painful Shock / Muscular control lost

10 – 40 Painful Shock / ‘Let go’ threhold

30 – 75 Respiratory Paralysis

75 – 100 Ventricular Fibrilation

250 – 300 Heart Paralysis

5000 – 6000 Organ Burns

ELECTRICAL SAFETY SYSTEM

THE SAFETY MANAGEMENT SYSTEM SHOULD ENSURE:-

*SAFETY TO SELF*SAFETY TO FELLOW WORKMEN*SAFETY TO THE USER OF ELECTRICITY*SAFETY TO PUBLIC*SAFETY OF EQUIPMENT & APPLIANCES*CONTINUITY & RELIABILITY OF SUPPLY

SOME LEADING CAUSES OF ELECTRICAL ACCIDENTS

1. UNSAFE ACTS

There are 2 basic reasons for unsafe acts :- We don’t know better.- We know better but intentionally do something unsafe.

SOME OF THE UNSAFE ACTS ARE AS UNDER :

*Use of improper ,unconventional or defective/unsafe tools

*Lack of proper instruction or supervision

*Inadequacy or absence of essential protective devices

* Failure to de-energize, lockout & tagout hazards during

maintenance, repairs or inspections.

*Lack of Training & Job knowledge

*Poor Judgement/Intemperence

*Non adherence to Safety rules/instructions

* Working in an elevated position near overhead lines

*Absence of Caution/Warning boards

*Accidental touch

*Negligence/Carelessness of Workers or Others

* Adverse Mental/physical condition/fatigue of the Workers

2. UNSAFE EQUIPMENT

* Loose Connections and defective parts

* Faulty Insulation

* Improper Grounding

*Non existence of Safety Alarm system

*Ineffectiveness of Safety Interlocks

* Unguarded Live parts

3. HAZARDOUS ENVIRONMENTS

* Presence of Flammable Vapours, liquids, gases and combustible dusts

* Presence of Static discharge

* Corrosive & Explosive environment

* Poor Housekeeping – blocked electrical boxes, storage of flammable material in equipment rooms lack of proper hazard signs etc.

4. OTHER CAUSES

*Absence of fencing, guards, wall/barriers

*Unauthorised/unwarranted entry of human beings and animals

*Lack of public awareness

*Inadequate lighting at Workplace

SAFE INSTALLATIONS

VARIOUS WAYS OF PROTECTING PEOPLE AND PROPERTY FROM ELECTRICAL ACCIDENT

*PROPER INSULATION & GROUNDING OF ELECTRICAL EQUIPMENTS/ INSTALLATION

*GUARDING OF ELECTRICAL INSTALLATION

*USE OF CIRCUIT PROTECTION DEVICES WITH ADEQUATE INTERLOCKS

*STRICT COMPLIANCE WITH SAFE WORK PRACTICES

TOOLS AND PROTECTIVE EQUIPMENT

TOOLS USUALLY REQUIRED ARE:*LADDERS*SAFETY BELTS*RODS*GLOVES, COATS, BLANKETS, MATS OF APPROVED INSULTING MATERIAL*HELMETS & EYE PROTECTIONS*HAND LINES*CANVAS TOOL BAGS*PROTECTIVE CLOTHING & FOOTWEAR

EVOLUTION OF PROTECTION SYSTEM

*TRADITIONAL SYSTEM• One Device required per function

*MODERN SOLUTION • Numerical Technology based on hardware platforms and functional software libraries• Enhanced Communication Capabilities.• Allows the development of new solutions and higher degree of integration.• Efficient management of the network.• Reduces Outages.• Better Fault Analysis.• Higher quality of monitoring functionality.• Reduction of Cost.

GOOD REASONS FOR PRACTICING ELECTRICAL SAFETY

1. Personal Reasons

- Affect everyone as caring individuals and employers

2. Business Reasons

- Safety makes good business sense

3. Regulatory and Legal Reasons

- Violations can result in fines, legal action etc.

ELECTRICAL SAFETY PRINCIPLES Plan every Job.

Anticipate unexpected Events.

Use the right tool for the job.

Isolate the Equipment.

Minimize the hazard.

Protect the personnel.

Assess abilities of the personnel.

Audit the above Principles periodically.

ELECTRICAL SAFETY POLICY AT WORK PLACES

THE SAFETY MANAGEMENT SYSTEM NEEDS TO BE IMPLEMENTED.

SUPPORT OF TOP MANAGEMENT ESSENTIAL.

THE MAIN FEATURES ARE:

* AN ELECTRICAL SAFETY PROGRAM PUT IN PLACE FOR OVERALL SAFETY DIRECTIONS IN FACILITY ACTIVITIES RELATED TO ELECTRICAL WORK.

* SAFETY INCHARGE VESTED WITH NECESSARY POWERS AND TESTING RESPONSIBILITIES .

*ELECTRICAL SAFETY PROGRAMS TO BE INTEGRATED WITH AN OVERALL SAFETY AND OCCUPATIONAL HEALTH PROGRAM.

*SAFETY RESPONSIBILITIES OF EMPLOYEES AND WORKMEN:

THE USER OF ELECTRICAL EQUIPMENT /APPLIANCES TO ENSURE ITS SAFETY BY PROPER INSPECTION & TESTING.

*AUTHORISATION:

ONLY AUTHORISED PERSON BE ALLOWED TO WORK.

* TRAINING :

ALL PERSONNEL TO HAVE ELECTRICAL SAFETY TRAINING APPROPRIATE TO THEIR ASSIGNED JOBS.

*ACCIDENT AND EMERGENCY RESCUE PROCEDURES:

• SYSTEM IN PLACE FOR PROMPT ASSISTANCE AND RESCUE IN CASE OF EMERGENCIES OR ACCIDENTS.

•THE RESPONSE TIME SHOULD BE MINIMUM.

* FIRST AID ARRANGEMENTS:

• ADEQUATE FIRST AID ARRANGEMENTS .

•THE STAFF BE PROPERLY TRAINED IN FIRST AID e.g. ARTIFICIAL RESPIRATION ETC.

* TECHNICAL SUPPORT :

ACCESS TO QUALIFIED ENGINEERING ORGANIZATION OR IN-HOUSE COMPETENT ENGINEERS TO GUIDE ON ALL ASPECTS OF OPERATIONS, MAINTENANCE AND SAFETY.

*ELECTRICAL SAFETY AUDIT:

•TO ASSESS THE EFFECTIVENESS AND QUALITY OF IMPLEMENTATION OF THE ELECTRICAL SAFETY PROGRAM.

•TO BE PERFORMED ON A REGULAR BASIS.

• TO IDENTIFY NEW OR REVISED REQUIREMENTS BASED ON REGULATIONS, STANDARDS OR NEW TECHNOLOGIES.

ELECTRICAL SAFETY- SUGGESTIONS

* USE OF ELECTRICAL EQUIPMENTS OF STANDARD DESIGN AND QUALITY.

*DESIGN OF ELECTRICAL INSTALLATION AS PER STANDARD NORMS WITH ADEQUATE PROTECTION & INTERLOCK FACILITIES.

* ESTABLISHMENT AND STRICT IMPLEMENTATION OF AN EFFECTIVE ELECTRICAL SAFETY PROGRAM.

* UTILISATION OF GIS (Gas Insulated Switchgear) FOR SPECIFIC LOCATIONS FOR SAFETY OF PERSONNEL.

*USE OF GROUND FAULT CIRCUIT INTERRUPTERS (GFCIs) FOR PROTECTION AGAINST ELECTRICAL SHOCKS.

ELECTRICAL SAFETY- SUGGESTIONS (Contd.)

* USE OF EXTREMELY FAST EARTH FAULT DIVERTERS HAVING OPERATING TIME AS LOW AS 2.0 MILLI-SECONDS.

* ON-LINE INSULATION MONITORING SYSTEM FOR THE DISTRIBUTION NETWORK IN HAZARDOUS LOCATIONS SUCH AS CHEMICAL INDUSTRIES, UNDERGROUND COAL MINES etc.

* DEPLOYMENT OF QUALIFIED ELECTRICAL SUPERVISORS EXCLUSIVELY FOR SAFETY WATCH DURING EXECUTION OF HAZARDOUS ELECTRICAL WORK.

STATUTORY MECHANISM FOR ELECTRICAL SAFETY

*THERE IS IN PLACE WELL-ESTABLISHED, TIME TESTED INSTITUTIONAL MECHANISM FOR ELECTRICAL SAFETY MAINLY IN THE FORM OF INDIAN ELECTRICITY RULES, 1956.

*ELECTRICAL INSPECTORS OF THE STATE GOVT. AND CENTRAL GOVT. DEPARTMENTS LIKE DEFENCE, TELECOMMUNICATION, RAILWAYS, MINES ETC. CHARGED WITH RESPONSIBILITY OF ENFORCEMENT OF THESE RULES.

*UNDER SECTONS 53, 73(c) & 177(2) OF INDIAN ELECTRICITY ACT 2003, CEA HAS TO NOTIFY THE REGULATIONS RELATING TO SAFETY AND ELECTRIC SUPPLY.

*CEA IS PREPARING SAFETY REGULATIONS RELATING TO CONSTRUCTION, OPERATION AND MAINTENANCE OF :

- THERMAL POWER STATIONS - HYDRO POWER STATIONS ; AND- TRANSMISSION & DISTRIBUTION OF POWER INCLUDING USE OF ELECTRICITY.

*TILL THE NEW REGULATIONS ARE NOTIFIED THE SAFETY REGULATIONS IN THE INDIAN ELECTRICITY RULES, 1956 WILL CONTINUE TO BE IN OPERATION AS PER SECTON 185 OF INDIAN ELECTRICITY ACT 2003.

THOUGH STATUTORY MECHANISM – RULES, SAFE WORK PRACTICES etc. EXIST BUT THEY ARE NOT SUBSTITUTE FOR A DEVELOPED CULTURE OF SAFETY WITHIN THE ORGANISATION WHICH IS VERY ESSENTIAL FOR PREVENTING ACCIDENTS.