hlektrotexnikes efarmoges

Shmeiseic Hlektroteqnikn Efarmogn

A. Drospouloc31 Maou 2004

Shmeiwseic Hlektroteqnikwn Efarmogwn

ii

Eisagwg . . KANTHAL. . .

1


2

Keflaio 1

Basik megjh kai nnoiec : Q = I2 R t = : j = 4.19 (cal) ( Joule ) cal/Joule

= 0.24

Joule/cal (Joule)

: W = q U = I t U = U I t = I R I t = I 2 R t

1.1

Mondec Enrgeiac:

Joule = m2 kg s2 kgrm = 9.81 Joule cal = 4.19 Joule kWh = 1000 Wh = 1000 3600 (Joule/sec) sec = 3.6 106 Joule = 860 kcal

1.2

Mondec isqoc:

Watt = J/sec = V A kcal/h = 4190 J/ 3600 sec = 1.16 W Ps = 75 kgrm / sec = 736 W Hp = 76 kgrm / sec = 746 W

1.3

Jermthta: (Q)

.

1.4

Monda: cal

1 gr 2 14.5 C 1 C. B.T.U. ( British Thermal Unit ) (B.T.U.) 2 1 F 1 B.T.U. = lb 1 F = 453.6 gr (5/9) C = 252 cal. 3

.


1.5

Jermokrasa:

. : C F. 1 F = 5 C 9 C 5 = F 32 9

1.6

Eidik jermthta (C)

1 gr 1 C. 1 cal/gr grad = 1 cal/gr C 1 0.51 0.217 0.119 0.093 0.054 0.031 cal/gr C cal/gr C cal/gr C cal/gr C cal/gr C cal/gr C cal/gr C

1.7

Jermthta txhc (l)

, 1 gr . , .

Q = m

(Q)

: 1 cal/gr

1.8

Jermoqwrhtikthta (K)K = m c (cal / grad)

(m) (c)

1.9

Jemelidhc exswsh thc jermidometrac

(m) (c) . Q = m c 4 (cal)


1.10

Jrmansh nero

. , .. (, ) .. , () . ( ) : , boiler, , , .. . m 1 2 C Q = m c (2 1 ) . () . : Q = Q + = Q Q = m c (2 1 ) (cal)

: 1 kWh = 860 kcal : E= Q 860 (kWh)

: P = t . Pardeigma 1.1 Jermosfwnac 80 lit, h = 0.9, jermanei se 30 min ner 15 C se 80 C, an h tsh enai 220 V. Zhtontai a) P = ? b) I = ? : Q = 80000 1 (80 15) cal m c (2 1 ) = gr grad = 5778 0.9 gr grad P = Q kcal 5778 = = 13.4 kcal 860 0.5 430 h kW h I= P 13400 W = = 60.9 U 220 V A kW kcal Q 860 t (kW)

Pardeigma 1.2 Se qutrio tkoume krma stouc 720 C. To mtallo eisrqetai stouc 12 C kai quteetai stouc 840 C. H eidik jermthta thc sterec katstashc enai C = 0.15 kcal/ kgr C en thc reustc C = 0.25 kcal/ kgr C. H lanjnousa jermthta txhc enai = 12 kcal/kgr kai o bajmc apdoshc = 0.85. Zhtetai h isqc thc suskeuc ste h dunamikthta D tou quthrou na enai 500 kgr/h. : a trpoc: () m : Q = m C + m + m C = m [0.15 (720 12) + 12 + 0.25 (840 720)] = m 148.2 kcal m = 500 kgr Q = 500 148.2 = 74100 kcal 5

Shmeiwseic Hlektroteqnikwn Efarmogwn N , , N . W = N 3600 Joule. 1 cal = 4.19 Joule N= b trpoc: m = 500 kgr Q = m C + m + m C = 500 [0.15 (720 12) + 12 + 0.25 (840 720)] = 74100 kcal t = 1 h , : P = 74100 Q = = 101.4 kW 860 t 860 0.85 1 4.19 103 500 148.2 = 101.5 kW 0.85 3600

cal Joule. Pardeigma 1.3 Jermantrac jermanei ldi ap 10 C se 105 C. To eidik broc tou ladio enai = 0.85 gr/ cm3 kai h eidik jermthta C = 0.95 cal/gr C. H isqc pou aporrof h suskeu enai 24 kW kai o bajmc apdoshc 0.9. Psa ltra ladio mpore na jermnei h suskeu to lept? : m Q = m C = m 0.95 (105 10) = m 90.25 cal ( = m/V ), V Q = V 90.25 = V 0.85 90.25 = V 76.71 cal t = 1 min = P = V =1 60

h , :

V 76.71 103 60 Q 103 = 24 kW 860 t 860 0.9 24 103 860 0.9 = 4036 cm3 = 4.036 lt 76.71 60

Pardeigma 1.4 Hliakc jermosfwnac dqetai hliak enrgeia isodnamh me 30000 kcal thn hmra kai kalptei angkec se zest ner 400 lt to 24wro. H pijan aneprkeia ap hliak enrgeia ja kalufje ap jermoantstash. Na upologiste h isqc thc antstashc bsei twn exc dedomnwn: 1. Jermokrasa eisdou tou nero 5 C kai epijumht jermokrasa exdou 85 C. 2. Hliakc bajmc apdoshc 0.6 kai hlektrikc 0.9. 3. Qrnoc leitourgac thc antstashc mqri 5 rec. 4. Jermikc apleiec jermosfwna lgw kakc mnwshc 13 kcal/h. : : c = 1 cal/gr C = 1 kcal/kgr C, : gr/cm3 . , 24 400 lt : QW = 400 1 (85 5) = 32000 kcal : QH = 30000 kcal/ QR kcal 24 ( 5 ). , : H QH + QR 13 24 = QW QR = 6 3.2 104 0.6 3 104 + 13 24 14312 = = 15902.2 kcal/ 0.9 0.9 = 1

Shmeiwseic Hlektroteqnikwn Efarmogwn 5 . P = 1 cal = 4.19 Joule

W QR 4.19 = = 3.7 kW t 5 60 60

. 5 . Pardeigma 1.5 Hliakc jermosfwnac dqetai hliak enrgeia isodnamh me 30000 kcal thn hmra kai kalptei angkec se zest ner 200 lt to 24wro. H pijan aneprkeia ap hliak enrgeia ja kalufje ap jermoantstash. Na upologiste h isqc thc antstashc bsei twn exc dedomnwn: 1. Jermokrasa eisdou tou nero 8 C kai epijumht jermokrasa exdou 85 C. 2. Hliakc bajmc apdoshc 0.6 kai hlektrikc 0.9. 3. Qrnoc leitourgac thc antstashc 5 rec. 4. Jermikc apleiec jermosfwna lgw kakc mnwshc 11 kcal/h. : . : c = 1 cal/gr C = 1 kcal/kgr C, : gr/cm3 . , 24 200 lt : QW = 200 1 (85 8) = 15400 kcal : QH = 30000 kcal/ QR kcal 24 ( 5 ). , : H QH + QR 11 24 = QW QR = 2336 15400 0.6 3 104 + 11 24 = = 2595.5 kcal/ 0.9 0.9 = 1

QR < 0, .

1.11

Upologismc jermantikn antistsewn:

. , . , . 5.4 . , 3000 C. 5.8 , , . 5.8 . : ) Cu - Ni - Mn = 0.50 (0.47 0.51) mm2 /m ) Fe - Ni, Cr - Ni, Cr - Ni - Fe = 1.0 (0.35 1.1) mm2 /m ) Cu - Ni = 0.3 (0.28 0.32) mm2 /m ( Zn, Fe). ) , = 0.13 mm2 /m. 20 C. . 7


Pnakac 1.1: krmata kai oriakc jermokrasec leitourgac

Cu - Ni Cr - Ni - Fe Cr - Ni Cr - Al - Fe Mo ( ) W ( ) ()

400 C 950 C 950 1000 C 1100 1200 C 1200 2000 C 2000 2800 C 1300 1500 C < 3000 C

Pnakac 1.2: krmata, oriakc jermokrasec kai eidikc antistseic

/ 1 2 3 4 5 6 7

() (58 Cu, 2Ni, 20 Zn) (67 Cu, 31 Ni, 2 Mn) - (55 Cu, 45 Ni) Fe (80 Ni, 20 Cr, Mn, Mo) - - Megapyr (65 Fe, 30 Cr, 5 Al) Kanthal (67.5 Fe, 25 Cr, 5.5 Al, 2 Co) Ferropyr (86 Fe, 6 Cr, 8 Al)

( C) 400 400 400 1150 1250 1150 950

( mm2 /m) 0.30 (0.28 0.32) 0.30 (0.28 0.32) 0.50 (0.47 0.51) 1.1 1.2 1.4 1.45 1.2

Pnakac 1.3: ORIO JERMANSHS thc antstashc bsei thc monwtikc lhc

.

400 C 600 C 800 C 1000 C 1100 C

Pnakac 1.4: Mgisth epifaneiak frtish se Watt/cm2

( C) 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000 1100

100 0.5 1.1 1.9 3.2 5.0 7.4 10.6 14.8 20.0

( C) 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 0.3 0.9 0.8 1.7 1.4 0.9 3.0 2.7 2.1 1.3 4.8 4.5 3.9 3.1 1.8 7.2 6.9 6.3 5.4 4.2 2.4 10.4 10.1 9.6 8.7 7.4 5.7 3.3 14.7 14.2 13.7 12.9 11.6 9.8 7.5 4.2 19.8 19.5 19.0 18.1 16.8 15.0 12.7 9.4

1000

5.2

Pnakac 1.5: Jermokrasa Leitourgac Suskeun se C

85 C . 90 C . 100 C . 200 C

250 C 300 C 350 C 600 C

8


Pnakac 1.6: antstash an trqon mtro qrwmionikelnhc

d / m

0.1 127.3

0.2 31.8

0.3 14.2

0.35 10.4

0.4 7.96

0.45 6.29

0.5 5.09

0.6 3.54

0.7 2.60

0.8 1.99

Pnakac 1.7: Suntelestc upologismo antistsewn se diforec jermokrasec

C

100 1.06

200 1.11

300 1.14

400 1.17

500 1.20

600 1.23

700 1.26

800 1.28

900 1.31

1000 1.32

( 100 C) 2 Watt/cm , R , . 1.4. 1.5 . 1.6 20 C. 1.7 . d : d = 0.3443

P = 0.344 R R

3

I2 R

d= = P = R = I= R=

mm mm2 /m Watt 2 Watt/cm

: S = d2 /4. Ac = 2r = d r = d/2. 2 R Watt/cm : R = P P = Ac d

R= :

S

=

4 Rd2 = d2 4

4P P Rd2 =d d3 = 2 R 4 RR

P = RR

W

mm2 2 2 4 m = mm cm = 100 mm = 1 mm3 2 W m 1000 mm 10 cm2 4 2 10 P = 0.344 RR P RR

d=

3

3

3

Pardeigma 1.6 Na upologiste jermantik antstash hlektriko brastra pou na jermanei 4 kg ner ap 15 C stouc 100 C se qrno t = 0.5 h. O brastrac ja leitourge se dktuo me tsh U = 220 V, me bajm apdoshc = 0.9. : : Q = m c (2 1 ) = 4 1 (100 15) = 340 kcal 9


d

l

: P = : P = U2 2202 U2 R= = = 55.1 R P 878 Q 340 = = 878 W 860 t 860 0.9 0.5

, 600 C ( 1.3) 3.2 W/cm2 ( 1.4), 100 C ( 1.5). Fe ( = 1 mm2 /m) : P 3 878 1.23 = 0.6 mm = 0.344 d = 0.344 3 RR 55.1 3.2 R (d = 0.6 mm) . 1.6 20 C, 3.54 /m. 600 C 1.7 1.23. 600 C : 3.54 1.23 = 4.35 /m. : = 55.1 = 12.7 m 4.35 /m

, . 800 C 7.4 W/cm2 . : d = 0.3443

P = 0.344 RR

3

878 1 = 0.45 mm 55.1 7.4

800 C : 6.29 1.28 = 8.05 /m. : = 55.1 = 6.9 m 8.05 /m

1.12

Upologismc antistsewn KANTHAL

KANTHAL (Fe, Cr, Al) ( , , , ..). KANTHAL , AP-1, A-1, A AF, AE D ( 1500 C). . 1.1 1.2 KANTHAL (NIKROTHAL, NIFETHAL). 10

Shmeiwseic Hlektroteqnikwn Efarmogwn KANTHAL Ni-Cr , 80 . , Kanthal Appliance Alloys Kanthal Alloy Handbook Handbook [1] : R20 = S RT = Ct R20 R = P Ac U = RT I P =U I

Ac , R20 20 C, RT C . Ct = 1 + ( 20) C .

KANTHAL D is a sensible choice and an average wire temperature of 700 C 1290 F 1.12.1 Upologismc Iron Tubular Element for a Flat surmtwn: likely. The temperature factor of resistance is 1.05 and the resistance in cold state therefore Rating: 1000 W : 46.1. Voltage: 220 V The ratio wire surface to resistance is Final tube 80 Kanthal Appliance Alloys Handbook 2 3 0.46 P 2/, 0.344 3 I to a wire size of cm = corresponding diameter: 8 mm 0.315 in d = 0.344 R R R about 0.3 mm 0.012 in. Final tube length: 300 mm 11.8 in We assume that a steel tube of initially d = mm 9.5 mm 0.37 in diameter is being used and If the terminal length inside the tube is = mm2 /m expect a resistance reduction of can then 2 x 25 mm 2 x 1 in, the coil length becomes P = Watt about 230% upon rolling. The resistance of 250 mm 9.8. The tube surface load becomes R =2 Watt/cm should therefore be about 65.3 2 the coil 15.9 W/cm 103 W/in . If we aim at a three I= The wire surface prior to compression is times higher wire surface load, we arrive at R= 2 2 7% bigger, or 22.5 cm2 3.49sensible choice and an Examples 2 or a surface of KANTHAL D is a in , and the 48 W/cm 309 W/in wire 2 average P = 1000 W, . 21 cm2 3.3 in R is 48.4 . wire temperature of 700 C 1290 F 8 W/cm , 2. The hot resistance = 40 , ratio between wire surface and resistance R = Tubular 1.35 mm2 /m Element for a Flat Iron 0.34 cm2likely. Thein2/. The corresponding / 0.053 temperature factor of resistance is = wire size 1.05 and the resistance in with state therefore is 0.26 mm 0.01 in. Tests cold this Rating: 1000 W P have to wire3size 46.1. be made in order to check Voltage: 220 V d = 0.344 = 0.55 mm the resistance reduction as surface to resistance is R RThe ratio wire a result of Final tube 0.46 2 diameter: 8 mm 0.315 in compression. cm /, corresponding to a wire size of about 0.3 mm 0.012 in. Final tube length: 300 mm 11.8 1.12.2 Upologismc Lwrdwn: in We assume that a steel tube of initially 9.5 mm 0.37 in diameter is being used and If (strip, ribbon) tube b t. the terminal length inside the is Ac = 2(b + 2 x mm 2 x 1 in, the = b length becomes can then expect a resistance reduction of t) 25 S coil t. , , about 30% upon rolling. The resistance of 250 mm 9.8. The S = 0.92 b load becomes tube surface t. the coil should therefore be about 65.3 15.9 W/cm2 103 W/in2. If we aim at a three The oikiak hlektrik compression is times higher wire surface load, we arrive at Pardeigma 1.7 Na upologiste h jermantik antstash giawire surface prior tosdero. To sdero ja leitourge se 2 2 2 2 48 W/cm 309 W/in ja wire surface of dktuo me tsh U = 220 V, kai or akatanalnei isq P = 7% bigger, or stoiqea antstashc pou ja qrhsimopoihjon 1000 W. Ta 22.5 cm 3.49 in , and the ja enai srmata tuligmnaTheklindro (bl. is 48.4 . exwterik dimetro D = 8 mm kai sunolik mkoc 300 mm 21 cm2 3.3 in2. se hot resistance sqma) me ratio between wire surface and resistance 0.34 cm2/ 0.053 in2/. The corresponding (2 25 mm enai to mkoc twn termatikn tou). wire size is 0.26 mm 0.01 in. Tests with this Metal sheathed tubular element. Coils in grooved metal plates. wire size have to be made in order to check the resistance reduction as a result of compression.

Examples

50 mm 250 mm. Metal sheathed tubular element. Coils in grooved metal plates. 2 Ac = D 250 = 6283 mm2 = 62.83 cm2 R = P/Ac = 15.9 W/cm . 2 , R , R = 48 W/cm Ac = 21 cm2 . RT = U 2 /P = 2202 /1000 = 48.4 . 11

Shmeiwseic Hlektroteqnikwn Efarmogwn KANTHAL D , 700 C. Ct = 1.05 R20 = 46.1 . Ac /R20 = 21/46.1 = 0.46 cm2 / . 1.5 0.3 mm. , . . . Pardeigma 1.8 Na upologiste h jermantik antstash gia oikiak stegnwtrio mallin. H suskeu ja leitourge se dktuo me tsh U = 220 V, all h antstash ja qei tsh U = 55 V, kai ja katanalnei isq P = 350 W. Ta stoiqea antstashc pou ja qrhsimopoihjon ja enai srmata tuligmna se klindro ap mka me exwterik dimetro 2 D = 7 mm kai mkoc 250 mm. Ddetai R 7 W/cm kai jermokrasa leitourgac 600 C. Ac = P/R = 350/7 = 50 cm2 . KANTHAL D Ct = 1.04. RT = U 2 /P = 552 /350 = 8.64 R20 = RT /Ct = 8.31 . Ac /R20 = 50/8.31 = 6 cm2 / . 1.5 0.7 mm 6.27 cm2 /. D/d. 612 . , D/d = 7/0.7 = 10 . = R20 /3.51 = 8.31/3.51 = 2.37 m, 3.51 m (. 1.5). , R = P 22 = 350 2 = 6.7 W/cm 22 2.37

22 m (. 1.5).

1.13

Alla krmmata

KANTHAL Kanthal Super MoSi2 . 1900 C. . 500 1850 C. Alloys Handbook [1] Kanthal.

12

12

Kanthal Appliance Alloys Handbook


13

2. Physical and Mechanical propertiesKANTHAL APM A-1 A AF AE D N 60 N40 N20 NIKROTHAL ALKROTHAL N 80 N 70 NIFETHAL 70 52

Max continuous operating temperature (element temperature in air), C F 1425 2600 22 5.8 Balance 7.10 0.256 1.45 872 1,00 1.01 1.03 1.04 1.05 1110-6 1210-6 1410-6 1510-6 11 76 0.46 0.110 1500 2730 680 98600** 470 68200** 230 20** 40 5800 8.2 1190 1

1400 2550 22 5.8 Balance 7.10 0.256 1.45 872 1.00 1.01 1.03 1.04 1.04 1110-6 1210-6 1410-6 1510-6 11 76 0.46 0.110 1500 2730 680 110200 545 79000 240 20 34 4900 1.2 70 0.5 70 1

1350 2460 22 5.3 Balance 7.15 0.258 1.39 836 1.01 1.03 1.05 1.06 1.06 1110-6 1210-6 1410-6 1510-6 11 76 0.46 0.110 1500 2730 725 105200 550 79800 230 22 34 4900 1.2 70 0.5 70 1

1300 2370 22 5.3 Balance 7.15 0.258 1.39 836 1.01 1.03 1.05 1.06 10.6 1110-6 1210-6 1410-6 1510-6 11 76 0.46 0.110 1500 2730 700 101500 500 72500 230 23 37 5400 0.7 100 0.3 401

1300 2370 22 5.3 Balance 7.15 0.258 1.39 836 1.01 1.03 1.05 1.06 1.06 1110-6 1210-6 1410-6 1510-6 11 76 0.46 0.110 1500 2730 720 104400 520 74500 230 20 34 4900 1.2 170 1

1300 2370 22 4.8 Balance 7.25 0.262 1.35 812 1.01 1.03 1.06 1.07 1.08 1110-6 1210-6 1410-6 1510-6 11 76 0.46 0.110 1500 2730 670 97200 485 70300 230 22 34 4900 1.2 170 0.5 70 630 91400 455 66000 220 22 30 4300 1.2 170 1 140 1500 2730 0.46 0.110 0.46 0.110 1400 2550 810 117500 420 60900 180 30 100 14500 15 2160 4 580 16 110 15 104 14 97 0.46 0.110 1380 2515 820 118900 430 62400 185 30 120 17400 1110-6 1210-6 1410-6 1510-6 1510-6 1610-6 1710-6 1810-6 1410-6 1510-6 1610-6 1710-6 1610-6 1710-6 1810-6 1810-6 14 97 0.46 0.110 1390 2535 730 105900 370 53700 180 35 100 14500 15 2160 4 580 1.02 1.05 1.10 1.11 1.02 1.05 1.04 1.05 1.07 1.02 1.05 1.04 1.05 1.06 1.04 1.08 1.10 1.11 1.08 1.15 1.21 1.23 1610-6 1710-6 1810-6 1910-6 13 90 0.50 0.119 1390 2535 675 97900 340 49300 180 35 120 17400 20 2900 4 580 1.25 744 1.09 655 1.18 709 1.11 668 1.04 626 7.28 0.263 8.30 0.300 8.10 0.293 8.20 0.296 7.90 0.285 7.80 0.281 0.95 572 1.12 1.21 1.28 1.32 1610-6 1710-6 1810-6 1910-6 13 90 0.50 0.119 1380 2515 675 97900 335 48600 160 30 120 17400 20 2900 4 580 15 4.3 Balance 20 80 30 70 15 Balance 60 20 Balance 35 24 Balance 20

1100 2010

1200 2190

1250 2280

1150 2100

1100 2010

1050 1920

600 1110 Balance 70 8.45 0.305 0.21 130 2.05 3.40 1510-6 17 120 0.52 0.120 1430 2610 640 92800 340 49300

600 1110 Balance 52 8.20 0.296 0.37 220 1.93 2.77 1010-6 17 120 0.50 0.120 1435 2620 610 88500 340 49300

Nominal composition, %

Cr Al Fe Ni

2

Density,

g/cm3 Ib/in3

Electrical resistivity at 20 C, mm2m-1 at 68 F /cmf

Temperature factor of the resistivity, Ct 250 C 480 F 500 C 930 F 1470 F 800 C 1000 C 1830 F 1200 C 2190 F

Coefficient of thermal expansion, 20-100 C 68-210 F 20-250 C 68-480 F 20-500 C 68-930 F 20-750 C 68-1380 F 20-1000 C 68-1840 F

K-1

Thermal conductivity at 50 C W m-1K-1 at 122 F Btu in ft-2h-1 F-1

Specific heat capacity, kJ kg-1K-1, 20 C Btu lb-1 F-1, 68 F

Melting point (approx.),

C F

Mechanical properties* (approx.) Tensile strength, N mm-2 psi

Yield point,

N mm-2 psi

Hardness,

Hv

Elongation at rupture,

%

Tensile strength at 900 C, at 1650 F,

N mm-2 psi

Creep strength *** at 800 C, at 1470 F, at 1000 C, at 1830 F, at 1100 C, at 2010 F, at 1200 C, at 2190 F, ) 0.70 0.70 0.70 ) ) ) ) 0.70 0.70

N mm-2 psi N mm-2 psi N mm-2 psi N mm-2 psi

Sqma 1.1: Fusikc idithtec kramtwn KANTHAL kai oikogneiac ap [1].1

Magnetic properties

) 0.701 2 3

1

) 0.70

2

) 0.88

2

) 0.884 5

3

) 0.88) Magnetic (Curie point approx. 600 C 1100 F) ) Non-magnetic ) Slightly magnetic

2

) 0.88

2

) 0.88

4

) 0.88) Magnetic up to C/F (Curie point) 610/1130 ) Magnetic up to C/F (Curie point) 530/990

5

) 0.88

Emissivity, fully oxidized condition


* The values given apply for sizes of approx. 1.0 mm diameter 0.04 in. ** 4.0 mm 0.16 in. Thinner gauges have higher strength and hardness values while the corresponding values are lower for thicker gauge. *** Calculated from observed elongation in a Kanthal standard furnace test. 1 % elongation after 1000 hours.

13

14Kanthal Appliance Alloys HandbookStandard stock items Alloy Diameter range mm Resistivity mm2m-1 Density gcm-3

48

KANTHAL A-1, APM WireI I KANTHAL A-1 KANTHAL APM 10.0-0.050 10.0-0.20 1.45 1.45 7.10 7.10

To obtain resistance at working temperature, multiply by the factor Ct in the following table:500 1.01 600 1.02 700 1.02 800 1.03 900 1.03 1000 1.04 1100 1.04 1200 1.04 1300 1.04 1400 1.05

C Ct

20 1.00

100 1.00

200 1.00

300 1.00

400 1.00

14

Density,

Diameter mm A-1 APM at 20 C /m

at 20 C /m

Resistance cm2/1) Weight at 20 C g/m

Cross Surface sectional area area cm2/m mm2 Diameter mm A-1 APM Resistance cm2/1) Weight at 20 C g/m

Cross Surface sectional area area cm2/m mm2

Magnetic properties

10.0 9.5 2.9 2.8 2.6 2.5


Elongation at rupture,

Melting point (approx.),

Nominal composition, %

10.0 9.5 9.27 8.25 8.0 7.35 7.0-1

3.0

2

Thermal conductivity at 50 C, Wm K at 122 F Btu in ft-2h-1 F-1-1

Linear expansion coefficient Coefficient x 10-6/C Temperatur range, C

Specific heat capacity, kJ kg-1K-1, 20 C Btu lb-1F-1, 68 F

Ni Cu Fe Other

g/cm3 Ib/in3

C F

Mechanical properties* (approx.) Tensile strength, N mm-2, min. psi, min. N mm-2, max. psi, max.

Electrical resistivity at 20 C, mm m at 68 F /cmf Temperature coefficient of resistance, Km x 10-6/C Temperatur range, C

%

-1

6.5 6.0 2.3

21 146

30

0.49 295

1280 2336

0.41 0.098

8.9 0.321

14 20-100

CUPROTHAL 49

44 Balance + 1 Mn

20/60 -55-150

420 60900 690 100100

5.5 5.0 4.75 2.0 1.8 1.7

2.2

0.43 259

22 153

1020 1868

0.41 0.098

8.4 0.3+2

15 15-35

18 20-100

290 42050 640 92800 30

MANGANINA 43

4 Balance

4.5 4.25

35 243

0.30 180

8.9 0.321

0.37 0.088

1150 2102

30

1.5 Mn

16 20-100

250 20-105

Non-magnetic

340 49300 690 100100

23 Balance

4.0 3.75 1.5

CUPROTHAL 30 15

3.5 1.2 1.0

60 460

0.15 90

8.9 0.321

1100 2012

0.38 0.091

250 36200 540 78300 30

16 20-100

400 20-105

11 Balance

8.25 8.0 7.35 7.0 6.54 6.5 6.0 5.83 5.5 5.0 4.75 4.62 4.5 4.25 4.11 4.06 4.0 3.75 3.65 3.5 3.35 3.25 3.2

3.25

0.0185 0.0205 0.0215 0.0271 0.0288 0.0342 0.0377 0.0432 0.0437 0.0513 0.0543 0.0610 0.0738 0.0818 0.0865 0.0912 0.102 0.109 0.112 0.115 0.131 0.139 0.151 0.165 0.175 0.180

17017 14590 13555 9555 8713 6757 5837 4760 4673 3676 3372 2831 2127 1824 1678 1551 1306 1181 1139 1089 897 827 730 640 584 558

558 503 479 380 357 301 273 239 236 201 190 169 139 126 119 113 101 94.2 91.9 89.2 78.4 74.3 68.3 62.6 58.9 57.1

314 298 291 259 251 231 220 205 204 188 183 173 157 149 145 141 134 129 128 126 118 115 110 105 102 101

78.5 70.9 67.5 53.5 50.3 42.4 38.5 33.6 33.2 28.3 26.7 23.8 19.6 17.7 16.8 15.9 14.2 13.3 12.9 12.6 11.0 10.5 9.62 8.81 8.30 8.04

3.0 2.95 2.9 2.8 2.65 2.6 2.5 2.4 2.34 2.3 2.25 2.2 2.05 2.03 2.0 1.83 1.8 1.7 1.6 1.6 1.5 1.4 1.3 1.2 1.1 1.0

0.205 0.212 0.220 0.235 0.263 0.273 0.295 0.321 0.337 0.349 0.365 0.381 0.439 0.448 0.462 0.551 0.570 0.639 0.695 0.721 0.821 0.942 1.09 1.28 1.53 1.85

459 437 415 374 317 299 266 235 218 207 194 181 147 142 136 104 99 83.6 73.7 69.7 57.4 46.7 37.4 29.4 22.6 17.0

50.2 48.5 46.9 43.7 39.2 37.7 34.9 32.1 30.5 29.5 28.2 27.0 23.4 23.0 22.3 18.7 18.1 16.1 14.8 14.3 12.5 10.9 9.42 8.03 6.75 5.58

94.2 92.7 91.1 88.0 83.3 81.7 78.5 75.4 73.5 72.3 70.7 69.1 64.4 63.8 62.8 57.5 56.5 53.4 51.2 50.3 47.1 44.0 40.8 37.7 34.6 31.4

7.07 6.83 6.61 6.16 5.52 5.31 4.91 4.52 4.30 4.15 3.98 3.80 3.30 3.24 3.14 2.63 2.54 2.27 2.09 2.01 1.77 1.54 1.33 1.13 0.950 0.785

10

0.10 60

90 624

8.9 0.321

1095 2003

0.38 0.091

16 20-100

230 33350 680 98600 30 30 220 31900 440 63800

700 20-105

6 Balance

05

0.05 30

130 901

8.9 0.321


1090 1994

0.38 0.091

16.5 20-100

130 20-105

2 Balance

Sqma 1.2: Fusikc idithtec kramtwn KANTHAL kai oikogneiac ap [1] (sunqeia).

Sqma 1.3: Idithtec kramtwn KANTHAL gia jermikoc upologismoc ap [1].

1)

cm2/ = I2 Ct /p (I = Current, Ct = temperature factor, p = surface load W/cm2)

Kanthal Appliance Alloys Handbook.

49

50


Standard stock items Alloy Alloy

Diameter range mm

Resistivity mm2m-1

Density gcm-3

Resistivity mm2m-1

Density gcm-3

KANTHAL A, AF, AE WireI I KANTHAL A KANTHAL AF KANTHAL AE 10.0-0.05 10.0-0.10 10.0-0.20 1.39 1.39 1.39 7.15 7.15 7.15 KANTHAL A, AF, AE 1.39 7.15

KANTHAL A, AF, AE RibbonTo obtain resistance at working temperature, multiply by the factor Ct in the following table:

To obtain resistance at working temperature, multiply by the factor Ct in the following table:400 1.02 500 1.03 600 1.04 700 1.04 800 1.05 900 1.05 1000 1.06 1100 1.06 1200 1.06 1300 1.06 C Ct 20 1.00 100 1.00 200 1.01 300 1.01 400 1.02 500 1.03 600 1.04 700 1.04 800 1.05 900 1.05 1000 1.06 1100 1.06

C Ct

20 1.00

100 1.00

200 1.01

300 1.01

1200 1.06

1300 1.06

Diameter mm A AF Diameter mm A AF at 20 C /m cm2/1) at 20 C Weight g/m Resistance cm2/1) Weight at 20 C g/m

at 20 C /m

Resistance cm2/1) Weight at 20 C g/m

Cross Surface sectional area area 2 cm /m mm2 Cross Surface sectional area area 2 cm /m mm2 Surface area cm2/m

ResisThick- tance Width ness at 20 C mm mm /m ResisThick- tance Width ness at 20 C mm mm /m cm2/1) at 20 C

Cross sectional area mm2

Weight g/m

Surface area cm2/m


10

4

2.0 1.8

3

1.5

2.5

10.0 8.25 8.0 7.5 7.35 7.0 6.54 6.5 6.0 5.83 5.5 5.2 5.0 4.75 4.62 4.5 4.25 4.11 4.0 3.75 3.65 3.5 3.25 3.2 3.0 2.9 2.8 2.6 2.5 2.4 2.3 0.90 0.85 0.80 0.75 0.70 0.65 0.60 0.55 0.50 0.45 0.40 0.35 0.30 0.25 0.20 0.15 2.25 2.2 2.0 1.8 1.7 1.65 1.6 1.5 1.4 1.3 1.2 1.1 1.0 0.95 0.90 0.85 0.80 0.75 0.70 0.65 0.60 0.55 0.50 0.45 0.40 0.35 0.30 1.2 0.350 0.366 0.442 0.546 0.612 0.650 0.691 0.787 0.903 1.05 1.23 1.46 1.77 1.96 2.18 2.45 2.77 3.15 3.61 4.19 4.92 5.85 7.08 8.74 11.1 14.4 19.7 28.3 44.2 78.7 202 189 142 104 87.2 79.7 72.7 59.9 48.7 39.0 30.7 23.6 17.8 15.2 12.9 10.9 9.09 7.49 6.09 4.87 3.83 2.95 2.22 1.62 1.14 0.761 0.479 0.277 0.142 0.0599 28.4 27.2 22.5 18.2 16.2 15.3 14.4 12.6 11.0 9.49 8.09 6.79 5.62 5.07 4.55 4.06 3.59 3.16 2.75 2.37 2.02 1.70 1.40 1.14 0.898 0.688 0.505 0.351 0.225 0.126 70.7 69.1 62.8 56.5 53.4 51.8 50.3 47.1 44.0 40.8 37.7 34.6 31.4 29.8 28.3 26.7 25.1 23.6 22.0 20.4 18.8 17.3 15.7 14.1 12.6 11.0 9.42 7.85 6.28 4.71 3.98 3.80 3.14 2.54 2.27 2.14 2.01 1.77 1.54 1.33 1.13 0.950 0.785 0.709 0.636 0.567 0.503 0.442 0.385 0.332 0.283 0.238 0.196 0.159 0.126 0.0962 0.0707 0.0491 0.0314 0.0177

0.0177 0.0260 0.0277 0.0315 0.0328 0.0361 0.0414 0.0419 0.0492 0.0521 0.0585 0.0655 0.0708 0.0784 0.0829 0.0874 0.0980 0.105 0.111 0.126 0.133 0.144 0.168 0.173 0.197 0.210 0.226 0.262 0.283 0.307 0.335

17751 9968 9089 7489 7048 6089 4965 4875 3834 3517 2953 2496 2219 1902 1750 1618 1363 1232 1136 936 863 761 609 582 479 433 390 312 277 245 216

562 382 359 316 303 275 240 237 202 191 170 152 140 127 120 114 101 94.9 89.8 79.0 74.8 68.8 59.3 57.5 50.5 47.2 44.0 38.0 35.1 32.3 29.7

314 259 251 236 231 220 205 204 188 183 173 163 157 149 145 141 134 129 126 118 115 110 102 101 94.2 91.1 88.0 81.7 78.5 75.4 72.3

78. 53.5 50.3 44.2 42.4 38.5 33.6 33.2 28.3 26.7 23.8 21.2 19.6 17.7 16.8 15.9 14.2 13.3 12.6 11.0 10.5 9.62 8.30 8.04 7.07 6.61 6.16 5.31 4.91 4.52 4.15

92.0

Sqma 1.4: Idithtec kramtwn KANTHAL gia jermikoc upologismoc ap [1] (sunqeia).1.0 0.90 0.80 0.70 0.60 0.50 0.40 0.30 0.20 0.15 0.10 1.0 0.90 0.80 0.70 0.60 0.50 0.40 0.30 0.20 0.15 0.10 1.0 0.90 0.80 0.70 0.60 0.50 0.40 0.30 0.20 0.15 0.10 1.0 0.90 0.80 0.70 0.60 0.50 0.40 0.30 0.20 0.15 1.01)

0.378 0.420 0.472 0.540 0.630 0.755 0.944 1.26 1.89 2.52 3.78 0.504 0.560 0.630 0.719 0.839 1.01 1.26 1.68 2.52 3.36 5.04 0.604 0.671 0.755 0.863 1.01 1.21 1.51 2.01 3.02 4.03 6.04 0.755 0.839 0.944 1.08 1.26 1.51 1.89 2.52 3.78 5.04 cm2/ = I2 Ct /p (I = Current, Ct = temperature factor, p = surface load W/cm2)

265 234 203 174 146 119 93.2 68.3 44.5 33.0 21.7 159 139 121 103 85.8 69.5 54.0 39.3 25.4 18.8 12.3 116 101 87.4 74.1 61.6 49.6 38.4 27.8 17.9 13.2 8.60 79.4 69.1 59.3 50.0 41.3 33.1 25.4 18.3 11.6 8.54

26.3 23.7 21.0 18.4 15.8 13.2 10.5 7.89 5.26 3.95 2.63 19.7 17.8 15.8 13.8 11.8 9.87 7.89 5.92 3.95 2.96 1.97 16.4 14.8 13.2 11.5 9.87 8.22 6.58 4.93 3.29 2.47 1.64 13.2 11.8 10.5 9.21 7.89 6.58 5.26 3.95 2.63 1.97

100 98.0 96.0 94.0 92.0 90.0 88.0 86.0 84.0 83.0 82.0 80.0 78.0 76.0 74.0 72.0 70.0 68.0 66.0 64.0 63.0 62.0 70.0 68.0 66.0 64.0 62.0 60.0 58.0 56.0 54.0 53.0 52.0 60.0 58.0 56.0 54.0 52.0 50.0 48.0 46.0 44.0 43.0

3.68 3.31 2.94 2.58 2.21 1.84 1.47 1.10 0.736 0.552 0.368 2.76 2.48 2.21 1.93 1.66 1.38 1.10 0.828 0.552 0.414 0.276 2.30 2.07 1.84 1.61 1.38 1.15 0.920 0.690 0.460 0.345 0.230 1.84 1.66 1.47 1.29 1.10 0.920 0.736 0.552 0.368 0.276

0.10 1.0 0.90 0.80 0.70 0.60 0.50 0.40 0.30 0.20 0.15 0.10 1.0 0.90 0.80 0.70 0.60 0.50 0.40 0.30 0.20 0.15 0.10 0.090 0.080 0.80 0.70 0.60 0.50 0.40 0.30 0.20 0.15 0.10 0.090 0.080 0.070 0.80 0.70 0.60 0.50 0.40 0.30

7.55 0.839 0.933 1.05 1.20 1.40 1.68 2.10 2.80 4.20 5.60 8.39 1.01 1.12 1.26 1.44 1.68 2.01 2.52 3.36 5.04 6.71 10.1 11.2 12.6 1.57 1.80 2.10 2.52 3.15 4.20 6.30 8.39 12.6 14.0 15.7 18.0 1.89 2.16 2.52 3.02 3.78 5.04

5.56 66.7 57.9 49.6 41.7 34.3 27.4 21.0 15.0 9.53 6.97 4.53 49.6 42.9 36.5 30.6 25.0 19.9 15.1 10.7 6.75 4.91 3.18 2.84 2.51 25.4 21.1 17.2 13.5 10.2 7.15 4.45 3.22 2.07 1.84 1.63 1.41 19.1 15.8 12.7 9.93 7.41 5.16

1.32 11.8 10.7 9.47 8.29 7.10 5.92 4.74 3.55 2.37 1.78 1.18 9.87 8.88 7.89 6.91 5.92 4.93 3.95 2.96 1.97 1.48 0.987 0.888 0.789 6.31 5.53 4.74 3.95 3.16 2.37 1.58 1.18 0.789 0.710 0.631 0.553 5.26 4.60 3.95 3.29 2.63 1.97

42.0 56.0 54.0 52.0 50.0 48.0 46.0 44.0 42.0 40.0 39.0 38.0 50.0 48.0 46.0 44.0 42.0 40.0 38.0 36.0 34.0 33.0 32.0 31.8 31.6 40.0 38.0 36.0 34.0 32.0 30.0 28.0 27.0 26.0 25.8 25.6 25.4 36.0 34.0 32.0 30.0 28.0 26.0

0.184 1.66 1.49 1.32 1.16 0.994 0.828 0.662 0.497 0.331 0.248 0.166 1.38 1.24 1.10 0.966 0.828 0.690 0.552 0.414 0.276 0.207 0.138 0.124 0.110 0.883 0.773 0.662 0.552 0.442 0.331 0.221 0.166 0.110 0.0994 0.0883 0.0773 0.736 0.644 0.552 0.460 0.368 0.276


1)


(cont.)

15

1651 52 Kanthal Appliance Alloys HandbookAlloy Resistivity mm2m-1 Alloy Density gcm-3 Standard stock items Diameter range mm Resistivity mm2m-1 Density gcm-3

Kanthal Appliance Alloys Handbook.

(cont.)

KANTHAL A, AF, AE RibbonKANTHAL A, AF, AE 1.39 7.15 I D 8.0-0.020 1.35 7.25

KANTHAL D WireTo obtain resistance at working temperature, multiply by the factor Ct in the following table:

To obtain resistance at working temperature, multiply by the factor Ct in the following table:400 1.02 500 1.03 600 1.04 700 1.04 800 1.05 900 1.05 1000 1.06 1100 1.06 1200 1.06 1300 1.06 C Ct 20 1.00 100 1.00 200 1.01 300 1.01 400 1.02 500 1.03 600 1.04 700 1.05 800 1.06 900 1.07 1000 1.07 1100 1.07

C Ct

20 1.00

100 1.00

200 1.01

300 1.01

1200 1.08

1300 1.08

ResisThick- tance Width ness at 20 C mm mm /m Surface area cm2/m cm2/1) at 20 C Weight g/m Weight g/m Surface area cm2/m Diameter mm Resistance at 20 C cm2/1) /m at 20 C Surface area cm2/m Diameter mm Resistance at 20 C cm2/1) /m at 20 C

cm2/1) at 20 C

Weight g/m


ResisThick- tance Width ness at 20 C mm mm /m



Weight g/m

Cross Surface sectional area area 2 cm /m mm2

0.7

1.0 0.6


0.9

0.5

0.8

0.4

8.0 6.5 6.0 5.5 5.0 4.75 4.5 4.25 4.06 4.0 3.75 3.65 3.5 3.25 3.0 2.95 2.8 2.65 2.5 2.0 1.8 1.7 1.6 1.5 1.4 1.3 1.2 1.1

0.0269 0.0407 0.0477 0.0568 0.0688 0.0762 0.0849 0.0952 0.104 0.107 0.122 0.129 0.140 0.163 0.191 0.198 0.219 0.245 0.275 0.430 0.531 0.595 0.671 0.764 0.877 1.02 1.19 1.42

9358 5019 3948 3041 2285 1959 1666 1403 1223 1170 964 889 784 627 493 469 401 340 286 146 107 89.8 74.9 61.7 50.2 40.2 31.6 24.3

364 241 205 172 142 128 115 103 93.9 91.1 80.1 75.9 69.8 60.1 51.2 49.6 44.6 40.0 35.6 22.8 18.4 16.5 14.6 12.8 11.2 9.62 8.20 6.89

251 204 188 173 157 149 141 134 128 126 118 115 110 102 94.2 92.7 88.0 83.3 78.5 62.8 56.5 53.4 50.3 47.1 44.0 40.8 37.7 34.6

50.3 33.2 28.3 23.8 19.6 17.7 15.9 14.2 12.9 12.6 11.0 10.5 9.62 8.30 7.07 6.8 6.16 5.5 4.91 3.14 2.54 2.27 2.01 1.77 1.54 1.33 1.13 0.950

1.0 0.95 0.90 0.85 0.80 0.75 0.70 0.65 0.60 0.55 0.50 0.45 0.42 0.40 0.35 0.32 0.30 0.28 0.25 0.22 0.20 0.19 0.18 0.17 0.16 0.15 0.14 0.13

1.72 1.90 2.12 2.38 2.69 3.06 3.51 4.07 4.77 5.68 6.88 8.49 9.74 10.7 14.0 16.8 19.1 21.9 27.5 35.5 43.0 47.6 53.1 59.5 67.1 76.4 87.7 102

18.3 15.7 13.3 11.2 9.36 7.71 6.27 5.02 3.95 3.04 2.28 1.67 1.35 1.17 0.784 0.599 0.493 0.401 0.286 0.195 0.146 0.125 0.107 0.0898 0.0749 0.0617 0.0502 0.0402

5.69 5.14 4.61 4.11 3.64 3.20 2.79 2.41 2.05 1.72 1.42 1.15 1.00 0.911 0.698 0.583 0.512 0.446 0.356 0.276 0.228 0.206 0.184 0.165 0.146 0.128 0.112 0.0962

31.4 29.8 28.3 26.7 25.1 23.6 22.0 20.4 18.8 17.3 15.7 14.1 13.2 12.6 11.0 10.1 9.42 8.80 7.85 6.91 6.28 5.97 5.65 5.34 5.03 4.71 4.40 4.08

0.785 0.709 0.636 0.567 0.503 0.442 0.385 0.332 0.283 0.238 0.196 0.159 0.1 0.126 0.0962 0.0804 0.0707 0.061 0.0491 0.0380 0.0314 0.0284 0.0254 0.0227 0.0201 0.0177 0.0154 0.0133

9

Sqma 1.5: Idithtec kramtwn KANTHAL gia jermikoc upologismoc ap [1] (sunqeia).24.0 23.0 22.0 21.8 21.6 21.4 21.2 21.0 32.0 30.0 28.0 26.0 24.0 22.0 21.0 20.0 19.8 19.6 19.4 19.2 19.0 30.0 28.0 26.0 24.0 22.0 20.0 19.0 18.0 17.8 17.6 17.4 17.2 17.0 26.0 24.0 22.0 20.0 18.0 17.0 16.0 15.8 15.6 0.31)

0.7

0.20 0.15 0.10 0.090 0.080 0.070 0.060 0.050 0.70 0.60 0.50 0.40 0.30 0.20 0.15 0.10 0.090 0.080 0.070 0.060 0.050 0.70 0.60 0.50 0.40 0.30 0.20 0.15 0.10 0.090 0.080 0.070 0.060 0.050 0.60 0.50 0.40 0.30 0.20 0.15 0.10 0.090 0.080 cm2/ = I2 Ct /p (I = Current, Ct = temperature factor, p = surface load W/cm2)

7.55 10.1 15.1 16.8 18.9 21.6 25.2 30.2 2.40 2.80 3.36 4.20 5.60 8.39 11.2 16.8 18.7 21.0 24.0 28.0 33.6 2.70 3.15 3.78 4.72 6.30 9.44 12.6 18.9 21.0 23.6 27.0 31.5 37.8 3.60 4.32 5.40 7.19 10.8 14.4 21.6 24.0 27.0

3.18 2.28 1.46 1.30 1.14 0.991 0.842 0.695 13.3 10.7 8.34 6.20 4.29 2.62 1.88 1.19 1.06 0.934 0.809 0.686 0.566 11.1 8.90 6.88 5.08 3.49 2.12 1.51 0.953 0.848 0.746 0.645 0.546 0.450 7.23 5.56 4.08 2.78 1.67 1.18 0.741 0.659 0.578

1.32 0.987 0.658 0.592 0.526 0.460 0.395 0.329 4.14 3.55 2.96 2.37 1.78 1.18 0.888 0.592 0.533 0.474 0.414 0.355 0.296 3.68 3.16 2.63 2.10 1.58 1.05 0.789 0.526 0.474 0.421 0.368 0.316 0.263 2.76 2.30 1.84 1.38 0.921 0.691 0.460 0.414 0.368

0.184 0.138 0.0920 0.0828 0.0736 0.0644 0.0552 0.0460 0.580 0.497 0.414 0.331 0.248 0.166 0.124 0.0828 0.0745 0.0662 0.0580 0.0497 0.0414 0.515 0.442 0.368 0.294 0.221 0.147 0.110 0.0736 0.0662 0.0589 0.0515 0.0442 0.0368 0.386 0.322 0.258 0.193 0.129 0.097 0.0644 0.0580 0.0515

0.070 0.060 0.050 0.50 0.40 0.30 0.20 0.15 0.10 0.090 0.080 0.070 0.060 0.050 0.040 0.30 0.20 0.15 0.10 0.090 0.080 0.070 0.060 0.050 0.040 0.30 0.20 0.15 0.10 0.090 0.080 0.070 0.060 0.050 0.20 0.15 0.10 0.090 0.080 0.070 0.060 0.050

30.8 36.0 43.2 5.0 6.3 8.4 12.6 16.8 25.2 28.0 31.5 36.0 42.0 50.4 63.0 10.1 15.1 20.1 30.2 33.6 37.8 43.2 50.4 60.4 75.5 12.6 18.9 25.2 37.8 42.0 47.2 54.0 63.0 75.5 25.2 33.6 50.4 56.0 63.0 71.9 83.9 101

0.499 0.423 0.347 4.37 3.18 2.14 1.27 0.894 0.556 0.493 0.432 0.373 0.315 0.258 0.203 1.59 0.927 0.645 0.397 0.351 0.307 0.264 0.222 0.182 0.143 1.11 0.635 0.437 0.265 0.234 0.203 0.174 0.146 0.119 0.397 0.268 0.159 0.139 0.121 0.103 0.0858 0.0695

0.322 0.276 0.230 1.97 1.58 1.18 0.789 0.592 0.395 0.355 0.316 0.276 0.237 0.197 0.158 0.987 0.658 0.493 0.329 0.296 0.263 0.230 0.197 0.164 0.132 0.789 0.526 0.395 0.263 0.237 0.210 0.184 0.158 0.132 0.395 0.296 0.197 0.178 0.158 0.138 0.118 0.0987

15.4 15.2 15.0 22.0 20.0 18.0 16.0 15.0 14.0 13.8 13.6 13.4 13.2 13.0 12.8 16.0 14.0 13.0 12.0 11.8 11.6 11.4 11.2 11.0 10.8 14.0 12.0 11.0 10.0 9.80 9.60 9.40 9.20 9.00 10.0 9.00 8.00 7.80 7.60 7.40 7.20 7.00

0.0451 0.0386 0.0322 0.276 0.221 0.166 0.110 0.0828 0.0552 0.0497 0.0442 0.0386 0.0331 0.0276 0.0221 0.138 0.0920 0.0690 0.0460 0.0414 0.0368 0.0322 0.0276 0.0230 0.0184 0.110 0.0736 0.0552 0.0368 0.0331 0.0294 0.0258 0.0221 0.0184 0.0552 0.0414 0.0276 0.0248 0.0221 0.0193 0.0166 0.0138

1)


Kanthal Appliance Alloys Handbook. 54(cont.)Alloy Resistivity mm2m-1 Density gcm-3

53 Kanthal Appliance Alloys Handbook

KANTHAL D, DT RibbonKANTHAL D KANTAHL DT KANTHAL D KANTAHL DT 1.39 1.37 7.25 7.25 1.39 1.37 7.25 7.25

KANTHAL D, DT RibbonAlloy

Resistivity mm2m-1

Density gcm-3

To obtain resistance at working temperature, multiply by the factor Ct in the following table:400 1.02 C Ct 20 1.00 100 1.00 200 1.01 300 1.01 400 1.02 500 1.03 600 1.04 700 1.05 800 1.06 900 1.07 1000 1.07 1100 1.07 500 1.03 600 1.04 700 1.05 800 1.06 900 1.07 1000 1.07 1100 1.07 1200 1.08 1300 1.08

C Ct

20 1.00

100 1.00

200 1.01

300 1.01

To obtain resistance at working temperature, multiply by the factor Ct in the following table:1200 1.08 1300 1.08

ResisThick- tance Width ness at 20 C mm mm /m Surface area cm2/m cm2/1) at 20 C Weight g/m cm2/1) at 20 C Weight g/m Surface area cm2/m Surface area cm2/m

cm2/1) at 20 C

Weight g/m


ResisThick- tance Width ness at 20 C mm mm /m

Cross sectional area mm2 ResisThick- tance Width ness at 20 C mm mm /m Cross sectional area mm2 ResisThick- tance Width ness at 20 C mm mm /m cm2/1) at 20 C

4 1.25 1.0 0.6 0.7 2.0

2,25

Weight g/m

Surface area cm2/m


3 1.75 0.9

0.5

2.5 1.5 0.8

0.4

9

2.25 1.25

0.3 0.7

Sqma 1.6: Idithtec kramtwn KANTHAL gia jermikoc upologismoc ap [1] (sunqeia).100 98.0 96.0 94.0 92.0 90.0 88.0 86.0 84.0 83.0 82.0 80.0 78.0 76.0 74.0 72.0 70.0 68.0 66.0 64.0 63.0 62.0 70.0 68.0 66.0 64.0 62.0 60.0 58.0 56.0 54.0 53.0 52.0 65.0 63.0 61.0 59.0 57.0 55.0 53.0 51.0 49.0 0.080 0.070 0.60 0.50 0.40 0.30 0.20 0.15 0.10 0.090 0.080 0.070 0.060 0.050 0.50 0.40 0.30 0.20 0.15 0.10 0.090 0.080 0.070 0.060 0.050 0.50 0.40 0.30 0.20 0.15 0.10 0.090 0.080 0.070 0.060 0.050 0.40 0.30 0.20 0.15 0.10 0.090 14.7 16.8 2.45 2.93 3.67 4.89 7.34 9.78 14.7 16.3 18.3 21.0 24.5 29.3 3.26 4.08 5.43 8.15 10.9 16.3 18.1 20.4 23.3 27.2 32.6 3.67 4.59 6.11 9.17 12.2 18.3 20.4 22.9 26.2 30.6 36.7 5.24 6.99 10.5 14.0 21.0 23.3 1.81 1.57 13.1 10.2 7.63 5.32 3.27 2.35 1.50 1.34 1.18 1.02 0.867 0.716 8.59 6.38 4.42 2.70 1.93 1.23 1.09 0.962 0.833 0.707 0.583 7.09 5.23 3.60 2.18 1.55 0.981 0.873 0.768 0.664 0.563 0.463 4.20 2.86 1.72 1.22 0.763 0.678 0.667 0.584 4.00 3.34 2.67 2.00 1.33 1.00 0.667 0.600 0.534 0.467 0.400 0.334 3.00 2.40 1.80 1.20 0.900 0.600 0.540 0.480 0.420 0.360 0.300 2.67 2.13 1.60 1.07 0.800 0.534 0.480 0.427 0.374 0.320 0.267 1.87 1.40 0.934 0.700 0.467 0.420 26.6 26.4 32.0 30.0 28.0 26.0 24.0 23.0 22.0 21.8 21.6 21.4 21.2 21.0 28.0 26.0 24.0 22.0 21.0 20.0 19.8 19.6 19.4 19.2 19.0 26.0 24.0 22.0 20.0 19.0 18.0 17.8 17.6 17.4 17.2 17.0 22.0 20.0 18.0 17.0 16.0 15.8 0.0920 0.0805 0.552 0.460 0.368 0.276 0.184 0.138 0.0920 0.0828 0.0736 0.0644 0.0552 0.0460 0.414 0.331 0.248 0.166 0.124 0.0828 0.0745 0.0662 0.0580 0.0497 0.0414 0.368 0.294 0.221 0.147 0.110 0.0736 0.0662 0.0589 0.0515 0.0442 0.0368 0.258 0.193 0.129 0.097 0.0644 0.0580 0.080 0.070 0.060 0.050 0.40 0.30 0.20 0.15 0.10 0.090 0.080 0.070 0.060 0.050 0.040 0.30 0.20 0.15 0.10 0.090 0.080 0.070 0.060 0.050 0.040 0.30 0.20 0.15 0.10 0.090 0.080 0.070 0.060 0.050 0.20 0.15 0.10 0.090 0.080 0.070 0.060 0.050 26.2 29.9 34.9 41.9 6.11 8.15 12.2 16.3 24.5 27.2 30.6 34.9 40.8 48.9 61.1 9.78 14.7 19.6 29.3 32.6 36.7 41.9 48.9 58.7 73.4 12.2 18.3 24.5 36.7 40.8 45.9 52.4 61.1 73.4 24.5 32.6 48.9 54.3 61.1 69.9 81.5 97.8 3.68 3.31 2.94 2.58 2.21 1.84 1.47 1.10 0.736 0.552 0.368 2.76 2.48 2.21 1.93 1.66 1.38 1.10 0.828 0.552 0.414 0.276 2.30 2.07 1.84 1.61 1.38 1.15 0.920 0.690 0.460 0.345 0.230 2.07 1.86 1.66 1.45 1.24 1.04 0.828 0.621 0.414 0.15 0.10 1.0 0.90 0.80 0.70 0.60 0.50 0.40 0.30 0.20 0.15 0.10 1.0 0.90 0.80 0.70 0.60 0.50 0.40 0.30 0.20 0.15 0.10 0.70 0.60 0.50 0.40 0.30 0.20 0.15 0.10 0.090 0.080 0.60 0.50 0.40 0.30 0.20 0.15 0.10 0.090 4.35 6.52 0.734 0.815 0.917 1.05 1.22 1.47 1.83 2.45 3.67 4.89 7.34 0.839 0.932 1.05 1.20 1.40 1.68 2.10 2.80 4.19 5.59 8.39 1.40 1.63 1.96 2.45 3.26 4.89 6.52 9.78 10.9 12.2 1.96 2.35 2.93 3.91 5.87 7.83 11.7 13.0 11.0 7.21 81.8 71.1 61.1 51.5 42.5 34.1 26.2 18.8 12.0 8.79 5.72 65.6 56.9 48.7 40.9 33.6 26.8 20.5 14.7 9.30 6.80 4.41 31.5 25.8 20.4 15.5 11.0 6.95 5.06 3.27 2.93 2.58 18.9 14.9 11.2 7.92 4.94 3.58 2.30 2.05 2.25 1.50 13.3 12.0 10.7 9.34 8.00 6.67 5.34 4.00 2.67 2.00 1.33 11.7 10.5 9.34 8.17 7.00 5.84 4.67 3.50 2.33 1.75 1.17 7.00 6.00 5.00 4.00 3.00 2.00 1.50 1.00 0.900 0.800 5.00 4.17 3.34 2.50 1.67 1.25 0.834 0.750 48.0 47.0 60.0 58.0 56.0 54.0 52.0 50.0 48.0 46.0 44.0 43.0 42.0 55.0 53.0 51.0 49.0 47.0 45.0 43.0 41.0 39.0 38.0 37.0 44.0 42.0 40.0 38.0 36.0 34.0 33.0 32.0 31.8 31.6 37.0 35.0 33.0 31.0 29.0 28.0 27.0 26.8 0.311 0.207 1.84 1.66 1.47 1.29 1.10 0.920 0.736 0.552 0.368 0.276 0.184 1.61 1.45 1.29 1.13 0.966 0.805 0.644 0.483 0.322 0.242 0.161 0.966 0.828 0.690 0.552 0.414 0.276 0.207 0.138 0.124 0.110 0.690 0.575 0.460 0.345 0.230 0.173 0.115 0.104 0.595 0.514 0.435 0.358 3.27 2.21 1.31 0.920 0.572 0.508 0.445 0.384 0.324 0.266 0.209 1.64 0.954 0.664 0.409 0.362 0.316 0.272 0.229 0.187 0.147 1.14 0.654 0.450 0.273 0.240 0.209 0.179 0.150 0.123 0.409 0.276 0.164 0.144 0.124 0.106 0.0883 0.0716 0.374 0.327 0.280 0.233 1.60 1.20 0.800 0.600 0.400 0.360 0.320 0.280 0.240 0.200 0.160 1.00 0.667 0.500 0.334 0.300 0.267 0.233 0.200 0.167 0.133 0.800 0.534 0.400 0.267 0.240 0.213 0.187 0.160 0.133 0.400 0.300 0.200 0.180 0.160 0.140 0.120 0.100 15.6 15.4 15.2 15.0 20.0 18.0 16.0 15.0 14.0 13.8 13.6 13.4 13.2 13.0 12.8 16.0 14.0 13.0 12.0 11.8 11.6 11.4 11.2 11.0 10.8 14.0 12.0 11.0 10.0 9.80 9.60 9.40 9.20 9.00 10.0 9.00 8.00 7.80 7.60 7.40 7.20 7.00

1.0 0.90 0.80 0.70 0.60 0.50 0.40 0.30 0.20 0.15 0.10 1.0 0.90 0.80 0.70 0.60 0.50 0.40 0.30 0.20 0.15 0.10 1.0 0.90 0.80 0.70 0.60 0.50 0.40 0.30 0.20 0.15 0.10 1.0 0.90 0.80 0.70 0.60 0.50 0.40 0.30 0.20

0.367 0.408 0.459 0.524 0.611 0.734 0.917 1.22 1.83 2.45 3.67 0.489 0.543 0.611 0.699 0.815 0.978 1.22 1.63 2.45 3.26 4.89 0.587 0.652 0.734 0.839 0.978 1.17 1.47 1.96 2.93 3.91 5.87 0.652 0.725 0.815 0.932 1.09 1.30 1.63 2.17 3.26

273 240 209 179 150 123 96.0 70.3 45.8 33.9 22.4 164 144 124 106 88.3 71.6 55.6 40.5 26.2 19.3 12.7 119 104 90.0 76.3 63.4 51.1 39.5 28.6 18.4 13.5 8.86 99.7 86.9 74.8 63.3 52.4 42.2 32.5 23.5 15.0

26.7 24.0 21.3 18.7 16.0 13.3 10.7 8.00 5.34 4.00 2.67 20.0 18.0 16.0 14.0 12.0 10.0 8.0 6.0 4.0 3.0 2.0 16.7 15.0 13.3 11.7 10.0 8.34 6.67 5.00 3.34 2.50 1.67 15.0 13.5 12.0 10.5 9.00 7.50 6.00 4.50 3.00

0.0515 0.0451 0.0386 0.0322 0.221 0.166 0.110 0.0828 0.0552 0.0497 0.0442 0.0386 0.0331 0.0276 0.0221 0.138 0.0920 0.0690 0.0460 0.0414 0.0368 0.0322 0.0276 0.0230 0.0184 0.110 0.0736 0.0552 0.0368 0.0331 0.0294 0.0258 0.0221 0.0184 0.0552 0.0414 0.0276 0.0248 0.0221 0.0193 0.0166 0.0138

1)



(cont.)

1)


17


18

Keflaio 2

Jermikc Apleiec2.1 Epijumht Jermokrasa qrou

. 2.1. 1.5 1.7 m . . 20 C .

2.2

Ro thc jermthtac

. . 2.1 () . . . : )

) )

Pnakac 2.1: Epijumht jermokrasa qrwn

, (, , , , , , ). , . , , W.C., . , . . , . . .

20 C 22 C 18 C 15 C 2535 C 18 C 10 C 1215 C

19


Sqma 2.1: Pardeigma roc jermthtac

2.3

Jermokrasa Peribllontoc

, (ta ). ( 2.2). . (, , , , .). . : Qh = QT = QL =

: Qh = QT + QL (kcal/h). QT , . : QT = K F (t0 ta ) QT F K t0 ta = = = = = (kcal/h) (m2 ) 2 (kcal/m h grad)

2.4

Ro Jermthtac dia msou Steren Toiqwmtwn

: Q12 = K F (1 2 ) K : K= 1 1 i 1 + + 1 i=1 i 2 20N


Pnakac 2.2: Pijan qamhlterh qeimerin jermokrasa peribllontoc diafrwn ellhnikn plewn.

ta C 3 0 2 1 3 2 0 4 5 5 5 3 4 0 8 3 2 5 2

ta C 5 2 5 2 5 2 1 1 2 2 4 5 2 4 3 2 6 4 0

Sqma 2.2: Endeiktik ktoyh tmmatoc diamersmatoc me shmewsh twn epijumhtn kai pijann jermokrasin h opoa qei proetoimaote gia upologismoc jermikn apwlein.

21

Shmeiwseic Hlektroteqnikwn EfarmogwnPnakac 2.3: Pijan qeimerin jermokrasa mh jermainomnwn qrwn oikodomc ( C).

, ,

K K K ) )

5

10 15 12 9 6 0 9 6 3 0 +4 12 9 6 3 0 15 12 9 6 3 +3 +3 +6 +6 +9 +12 3 0 0 +3 +6 +15 +15 +12 +20 +5

) .. ) ) )

Pnakac 2.4: Suntelestc jermoperatthtac gia prtec kai parjura

( ) ( ) () 2 : : ,

K (kcal/m2 h grad) 3 2 4 4.5 6 mm 12 mm 3.1 2.8 2 3 2 6

K (kcal/m2 h grad) 5

5 3.4 3.1 3

N . . K . : ( )

2.52.5.1

Prosauxseic epi twn Apwlein JermthtacProsauxseic Prosanatolismo

Q0 Qh . , 22


Pnakac 2.5: Suntelestc jermoperatthtac gia ualostsia jermokhpwn

/ 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3

K (kcal/m2 h grad) 5.0 4.1 3.6 3.3 3.0

Pnakac 2.6: Suntelestc jermoperatthtac stghc

) ) ) )

10 cm 15 cm K (kcal/m2 h grad) 3 2.8 2.3 2.1 2.8 2.6 1.0 0.9 1.6 2.1 10

Pnakac 2.7: Suntelestc jermoperatthtac gia dpeda. Otan to dpedo enai topojethmno ap eujeac ep tou edfouc, lambnontai apleiec 20 kcal/h m2 dapdou (Ellhnik dedomna).

) 7 cm ) ) )

K (kcal/m2 h grad) 10 cm 15 cm 10 cm 15 cm 2 1.9 2.6 2.3 1.4 1.7 1.2 1.3 1.6 1.0 1.6 1.5

Pnakac 2.8: Suntelestc jermoperatthtac toqwn K (kcal/m2 h grad)

,

45 2

(mm ) 90 190 290 360 490 90 190 290 360 490 1.6 1.3 1 0.83 0.71 2.2 1.6 1.2 1.06 0.85 1.2 0.95 0.80 0.70 1.3 1.0 0.9 0.85 2.3 1.7 250 2.7 100 4.1 3.5 2.9 1.2 300 2.4 2.2 150 3.3 3.1 2.6 1.06 360 2.2 2.0 200 3 2.7 2.3 490 1.9 1.7 250 2.5 2.3 2

600 0.70 0.70

170 2.7 50 3.1 2.7 2.5

250 2.4 100 2.6 2.5 2.3

290 2.1 1.8 125 2.7 2.4 2.2

360 1.8 1.7 150 2.5 2.3 2.1

490 1.5 1.5 200 2.3 2.1 1.9

600 1.3 1.3 250 2 1.8 1.7

120 3.2 50 4.8 4 3.3

600 1.6 1.5 300 2.0 1.9 1.7

23

Shmeiwseic Hlektroteqnikwn EfarmogwnPnakac 2.9: Prosjkec (%) sto Q0 lgw prosanatolismo (ZH )

, , , , ,

5 0 5

Pnakac 2.10: Tima tou ZD (%)

24 12 15 h 8 12 h

0.1 0.3 7 20 30

D 0.3 0.7 0.7 1.5 7 7 15 15 25 20

> 1.5 7 15 15

. . , . 2.9 % . .

2.5.2

Prosauxseic lgw Diakoptmenhc Leitourgac

. . ( , .). 2.10 . : ZD D (%) , D= F kcal Q0 F (t0 ta ) m2 h grad

(, , , ) 1 + ZD + ZH = Z

: : QT = Z Q0 ( 1 < Z < 1.35)

2.5.3

Prosauxseic lgw Uyouc

3 4% . 20%.

2.6

Jrmansh tou Eiserqmenou Ara

. ( , , ) . . 24

Shmeiwseic Hlektroteqnikwn EfarmogwnPnakac 2.11: Endeiktika tima upologismo tou QL gia sunjeic ellhnikc polukatoikec.

QL QL QL QL QL

= 15 = 20 = 25 = 30 = 10

Sqma 2.3: Pardeigma ntupou upologismo jermikn apwlein.

QL . QL . QL . QL : QL = (10 30)

(cal/h)

. .

2.7

Entupo Upologismo Jermikn Apwlein

DIN 4701 . 25


t0

1 1

2 2

Sqma 2.4: Pardeigma toqou me tra strmata.

2.8

Analutikc Upologismc tou sunt. Jermoperatthtac K

( ) , (. 1979). , . K K= 1 1 i 1 + + i i=1 N= = = i = i = (kcal/m2 h grad) (kcal/m2 h grad) i iN

i . Pardeigma: 2.4 : K= 1 1 2 3 1 1 + + + + 1 2 3

( ) 2.5. : =7 =7 =5 = 20

2.8.1

Jermik agwgimthta (l)

. , . 26

3 3

1

2

3

ta

(kcal/m2 h grad)


Sqma 2.5: Suntelesta jermikc agwgimthtac (diastolc) ulikn

27


Sqma 2.6: Suntelesta jermikc agwgimthtac (diastolc) ulikn (sunqeia).

( ) kcal Wh ( 1 kcal = 4186,8 J = 1.163 Wh) 1 m2 1 . : (kcal/m h grad) (W/m grad), 1 (kcal/m h grad) = 1.163 (W/m grad)

2.8.2

Suntelestc jermikc metbashc (a)

() kcal Wh 1 m2 1 . : (kcal/m2 h grad) (W/m2 grad). 1/ .

28

Keflaio 3

KENTRIKES JERMANSEIS (..) , , , , , . : () . (kcal) 1 kg . .. : 1. ( - -) 2. ( - ) 3. () 4. -

3.1

Porea gia th melth kentrikc jrmanshc me kasimo to petrlaio

. : 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. , 29


Pnakac 3.1: jermognoc dnamh kausmwn

:

Diesel

8.000 3.500 6.800 3.500

kcal/kg kcal/kg kcal/kg kcal/kg

:

10.000 kcal/kg 10.200 kcal/kg 10.500 kcal/kg 8.000 kcal/kg 21.000 kcal/kg 3.500 kcal/kg

:

3.2

Eklog jermantikn swmtwn

, . kcal/h, . . . . . .

. 3.2 . ( ) 400 kcal/h . . . 3.3. . , 60 C, , , . . 30


Pnakac 3.2: KURIAI DIASTASEIS SUNHJWN JERMANTIKWN SWMATWN (Diastseic A,B,G,D,E,Z eic mm)

(lt) 905 1060 995 80 38 905 110 0.20 0.84

655 505 810 660 745 595 80 80 38 38 655 505 110 110 0.15 0.12 0.68 0.54

355 510 445 80 38 355 110 0.09 0.47

905 1060 995 135 38 905 110 0.30 1.35

655 505 810 660 745 595 135 135 38 38 655 505 110 110 0.23 0.18 1.00 0.87

355 510 445 135 38 355 110 0.14 0.70

905 1060 995 190 38 905 110 0.42 1.60

655 505 810 660 745 595 190 190 38 38 655 505 110 110 0.32 0.25 1.16 1.06

355 510 445 190 38 355 110 0.19 0.80

Pnakac 3.3: APODOSIS JERMANTIKWN SWMATWN (eic kcal/m2 )

/ ,, ,, ,

355 610 500 400 340

505 655 580 580 480 480 380 380 330 330

905 560 460 370 310

355 580 480 380 330

505 655 560 550 460 450 370 360 310 310

905 540 440 350 300

355 560 470 370 320

505 655 550 540 450 440 360 350 310 300

905 510 420 340 290

Pnakac 3.4: Jermainmenh epifneia kai jermik isqc distlwn qalubdnwn swmtwn

31


Pnakac 3.5: Jermainmenh epifneia kai jermik isqc tristlwn qalubdnwn swmtwn

Pnakac 3.6: Jermainmenh epifneia kai jermik isqc tetrastlwn qalubdnwn swmtwn

32

Shmeiwseic Hlektroteqnikwn Efarmogwn RUNTAL .

3.3

Eklog lbhta

. Q. : Q = (1 + ) Q 3.7.

Pnakac 3.7: Suntelestc prosauxsewn a

0.10 0.15 0.25 0.30

3.4

Eklog kaustra

(). . : Q q

g= q= =

cal/h

:

q = 38.000 kcal/h gal ( ) 0.6 0.7

(1 gal = 3.785 lt) g= Q . Q 25000

3.5

Upologismc Kapnodqou

. : Q 40 H cm2

F = F = H=

:

33


3.6

Upologismc Swlhnsewn

( ) ( ). hm : H = hm (2 1 ) : 1 = 2 = (mm .)

. : H = HR + Z HR . : R= = d= v= = g= v2 d 2g

:

/

R . : HR = Ri i

( , , ) : Z = (, v) = i 2 v 2

, .

3.7

Entupo upologismo antistsewn swlhnsewn

H hm 1 , 2 . , 3.9. H, : HR = Ri R : Ri i i

H 2

Z= H 2

H 2

=

= Rm L = Rm =

H 2L

mm ..

, . 34


Pnakac 3.8: Eidik broc nero gia 40-100 C.

35

Shmeiwseic Hlektroteqnikwn Efarmogwn Pardeigma: t1 = 80 C, t2 = 60 C L = 84 m. 3.8 2 1 = 983.24 971.83 = 11.41 mm ..

Pnakac 3.9: Eidik {drsa} dnamh lgw diaforc jermokrasac eisdou-exdou sta jermantik smata (mm S.U.)

3.9 : H = 2.5 11.41 = 28.52 R : Rm = H 28.52 = = 0.17 2L 2 84 mm .. mm ..

: R Rm 36 mm ..

Shmeiwseic Hlektroteqnikwn Efarmogwn R 20 C 3.10 - 3.13. .. ( 2) ( 4). 3.10 - 3.13. Pnakac me ta stoiqea tou diktou udresewc

.. 1 = 7 m Q = 72.000 kcal/h. d = 110 mm 74.600 kcal/h R = 0.12. (5), 1 = 7 m 1 1

R1 = 7 0.12 = 0.84

R 0.12 . 6.02, Ri i = 12.0 mm .. , , , . . 3.14. 3.10 - 3.13, 3.15 mm .. .. 3/4 7500 kcal/h 3.10 - 3.13 : R = 7.0 v = 0.30 m/s. 90 ( r/d = 2) : = 0.4 + 3.0 + 2.5 = 5.9 3.15 : Z = 27.0 mm ..

3.8

Upologismc Kukloforht

. ( ) . 37


Pnakac 3.10: Antistseic kat thn knhsh jermo nero se eujgrammouc swlnec

38


Pnakac 3.11: Antistseic kat thn knhsh jermo nero se eujgrammouc swlnec (sunqeia)

39



40



41


Pnakac 3.14: Timc tou suntelest z topikn antistsewn.

42


Pnakac 3.15: Timc tou Z (se mm S.U.) gia

P

=

43

Shmeiwseic Hlektroteqnikwn Efarmogwn . 20 C : Q V = 20 kcal h kcal lt

lt/h

: N= : V = H= = (lt/h) (mm ..) V H 75 HP

:

3.9

Dexamen Petrelaou

. . . , . : B = B0 H Qh : B0 = H = Qh = (kg/h) (kcal/h) (kg / )

44

Shmeiwseic Hlektroteqnikwn Efarmogwn H 1000 h : B = 1000 B0 Qh B0 : B0 = : Z= tmax = Hu = = Z tmax Hu

(kcal/kgr)

Z 3.16, 3.17. : Hu = 10000 kcal/kg = 0.6

Pnakac 3.16: SUNTELESTHS HMERHSIAS LEITOURGIAS

- , ,

Z = 8 12 Z = 10 15 Z = 24

Pnakac 3.17: MESH MEGISTH JERMOKRASIA KTIRIWN

, ,

tm 19 C 17 C 17 C 18-20 C

3.10

Upologismc kai Sqdia Sustmatoc Asfaleac

4 lit m2 , : Q 4 = 0.01 Q lit 400 400 kcal/m h. 60 % : V = 0.016 Q lit . ( ) , . , . : , , 4.3 % 4 C 100 C , . . . ( 3.1). 452


Sqma 3.1: Trpoi sndeshc kleisto doqeou

: dA = 15 + 1.5 0.001 Q : d = 15 + .. Q = 80000 kcal/h : dA = 15 + 1.5 80 = 28.4 mm d = 15 + 80 = 23.9 mm : dA = 1 : dAmin = 1 dmin = 3 4 1 4 d = 1 0.001 Q mm mm

3.11

HLEKTRIKH EGKATASTASH KENTRIKHS JERMANSHS

. (DIESEL) : O kinhtrac, . . 3.18. H antla petrelaou () , . O spinjhristc ( -). / (220 / 3 10 kV). O purostthc . . To jermik stoiqeo , C2 . O udrostthc: . (70 90 C) , . C1 . 46


Pnakac 3.18: TEQNIKA QARAKTHRISTIKA KAUSTHRWN

O jermostthc qrou: (.. 18 C). . O jermostthc tou kukloforht: . , (30 40 C). ( ). O qronodiakpthc: . () . . . .

Sqma 3.2: Hlektrologik sqdio tupikc egkatstashc kentrikc jrmanshc

47


48

Keflaio 4

HLEKTRIKH JERMANSH4.1 Genik

. , . , . , , , . , , , , , .

4.2

Hlektrik jermosussreush

. , , . () 1974 ... . . . , , . . , ( ) . . . : , , , , .. . . . .

4.3

Parrthma - Genik per jermoqwrhtikthtac

Kelvin. kg , 49

Shmeiwseic Hlektroteqnikwn Efarmogwn eidik jermthta (C). (mol) moriak jermthta (C). ) ) . ( Cv Cp ). Cv Cp Cp Q T (Q = C m T ) , ( V ). , . ( Dulong-Petit : 6 cal/gAtom K. (B,Be,C,Si) Dulong Petit ( Debye). (Na,Ca,Mg) 3R ( R = 1.987 cal/mol K). . Debye 3R T 3 . .

: . . . . . . . 50

Shmeiwseic Hlektroteqnikwn Efarmogwn . . : 1. . . 2. kWh . 1975-80 kWh 1/3 1/2. 3. . 4. .

4.4

Perigraf jermosusswreutn

: , . , .. . : plasio , . purtoubla , - . (/ 5 kW 250 kg) . . .

hlektrikc antistseic. . Kanthal . , INCOLOY. jermostthc frtishc. , . 50 - 300 C. Tmma hlektrologikc sundesmologac. . . Efedrik antstash meshc jrmanshc. 1 2 kW. , . , . , . 51

Shmeiwseic Hlektroteqnikwn Efarmogwn Jermostthc qrou. . . . . , . .

4.5

Statc jermosusswreutc

. . ( ), 24 . . . . , . . . . (), 8 , . , .

4.6

Hmidunamikc jermosusswreutc

. . . . , (). , . . , . , . . (DAMPER) . . , . ( . , . 4.1) . . DAMPER . , 11 , . . 4.1 24 - . 18 (6 ) DAMPER. DAMPER ( ). , . 52


Sqma 4.1: Digramma jermoapdwshc kai jermokrasac qrou

53

Shmeiwseic Hlektroteqnikwn Efarmogwn 20 DAMPER 17 . 20 18 C 23 . ( ..). , , , , .

4.7

Dunamikc jermosusswreutc

, , . ( ) ( ), . . . . . 8 . , , . . , , .

4.84.8.1

Kamplec leitourgacKamplh apodidomnhc isqoc

/ 4 kW . kW W (H). 4.2 / 2 kW ( ) / 4 kW ( ). , . : / 4 kW / 2.5 kW .

4.8.2

Kamplec diajsimhc enrgeiac

kWh (H). . 4.3 4 kW: OA: OBC: OBD: OBE: OBF: . / . 10 8 . 16 . 16 .

. 4.2 4.3 0/24 24 11 .. ( ), 8 7 .. ( ). 11 .. 7 ..

4.9

UPOLOGISMOI

, . 54


Sqma 4.2: Kamplec isqoc gia stat kai dunamik J/S

Sqma 4.3: Kamplec diajsimhc enrgeiac gia dunamik J/S

55


Sqma 4.4: Kamplec frtishc gia sma 4 kW

: P = tA + tB Qh t 860

:

tA tB

t

. 1 h. /. tB . tB = 14 tB = 11 tB = 12 tB = 10 , WC, . .. / 8 h (23oo 7oo ).

. = W = /8 W =

, W W . . .. 4 kW : = 32 kWh = 1.164 27.5 kWh

4.4 . , . / . / kcal. . . 56

Shmeiwseic Hlektroteqnikwn Efarmogwn (kW) 1.5 2.0 3.0 4.0 5.0 6.0 7.5 = 10320/8810 = 1.1713 = 13760/12000 = 1.1467 = 20640/18500 = 1.1157 = 27520/23800 = 1.1563 = 34400/29900 = 1.1505 = 41280/36000 = 1.1467 = 51600/47000 = 1.0979

( ) . Qh . , . 1 2% .

4.9.1

Pardeigma

1810 kcal/h. 3 kW = 1.1157. : P = : tA = 1 h tB = 12 h ( ) t = 8 h tA + tB Qh t 860

Qh kcal/h . Qh = P t 860 3 8 860 = = 1423 kcal/h (tA + tB ) 1.1157 13

kcal/h / 4 kW. Qh = P t 860 4 8 860 = = 1830 kcal/h (tA + tB ) 1.1563 13

20 kcal/h 4 kW .

4.10

Sustmata autmathc frtishc

, . , , , . , , , . . dkthc exwterikc jermokrasac ( ). (). , 2 /C. 10 C 2 , . 57

Shmeiwseic Hlektroteqnikwn Efarmogwn . . . autmatoc frtishc , . , . ( 8), . 20 C. rujmistc frtishc . , , . . . . PTC ( ). . . . . . . , . . , , , .

4.10.1

Autmatoc metatpishc thc frtishc (AMF)

. . . , (). () ( ). . . . . . . 20 C. . , . , . . , Uorofc Ubshc 0 VOLT. . . 12 22 . R () R. ( 12 22 ), R R (). , . R () . 58


4.11

Topojthsh kai leitourga twn jermosusswreutn

. , , , , . .. , . , . . , , . . , . . . . .

59


60


61


62

Keflaio 5

ANELKUSTHRES5.1 Genik

15 . .Pnakac 5.1: Dikrish anelkustrwn

KRITHRIO DIAKRISHS

EIDH ANELKUSTHRWN

, - - - (full collective - selective) - - - -

5.1.1

Arq leitourgac Anelkustrwn

. . , ( ), ( - ) 63

Shmeiwseic Hlektroteqnikwn Efarmogwn .

5.1.2

Qeirismc kat th leitourga

Anelkustrec aplc leitourgac , , . , , , . , , , . , , -, . ( ) . Autmatoi anelkustrec . Anelkustrec autmatoi andou - kajdou (full collective) , , . , , , , , . . . . . ( ). . . . Anelkustrec autmatoi kat mia katejunsh (kajdou - down collective) ( ), . , ( ), , , , . . , (. ). , , . , . , . , . , , . , , .

5.1.3

Dunatthta rjmishc thc taqthtac

. 0.5 m/s, .. . , . , 0.5 0.90 m/s, , . ( 50-60 cm) , , . 0.90 m/s, . ( , , ) 64

Shmeiwseic Hlektroteqnikwn Efarmogwn , . , , . , . , , , , , , 0.65 m/s.

5.1.4

Apaitseic egkatstashc Anelkustrwn

( , 29), , (9) , 600 . , . .. 81.1 . , , 5.2 5.3 (.. 81.1 8).Pnakac 5.2: Diastseic jalmou sunartsei onomastiko fortou

(kg) 1001 1802 225 300 375 400 450 525 600 630 675 750 800 8251 2

(m2 ) 0.37 0.58 0.70 0.90 1.10 1.17 1.30 1.45 1.60 1.66 1.75 1.90 2.00 2.05

(kg) 900 975 1000 1050 1125 1200 1250 1275 1350 1425 1500 1600 2000 25003

(m2 ) 2.20 2.35 2.40 2.50 2.65 2.80 2.90 2.95 3.10 3.25 3.40 3.56 4.20 5.00

Elqisto gia anelkustra 1 atmou Elqisto gia anelkustra 2 atmwn 3 Gia forta pra twn 2500 kg prostjentai 0.16 m2 gia kje epiplon forto 100 kg. Gia endimesa forta h epifneia prosdiorzetai me grammik parembol.

Pnakac 5.3: Diastseic jalmou sunartsei arijmo epibatn

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

(m2 ) 0.28 0.49 0.60 0.79 0.98 1.17 1.31 1.45 1.59 1.73

11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20

(m2 ) 1.87 2.01 2.15 2.29 2.43 2.57 2.71 2.85 2.99 3.13

Gia epibtec pra twn 20 prostjentai 0.115 m2 gia kje epiplon epibth.

, . 65

Shmeiwseic Hlektroteqnikwn Efarmogwn , , . , , : (, , . .) , , . .

5.1.5

Nomojetik plasio

(Anafretai sthn mqri thn 01/07/99 uprqousa katstash) 1985 , 37 1968 890 1968, . 1985, 1987 , . 6/12550/442 7.7.1987 , , . 1988 18173/30.8.1988 . 81.1 . , : ) ) -

.

: 1. . 2. , . 3. . 4. . 5. . 6. - . 7. . . :

1. . 2. . 3. . 4. - ( ) . 5. . 6. (4) . 7. ( ): ) ) ) ) ) ) ) - 66

Shmeiwseic Hlektroteqnikwn Efarmogwn 8. : ) ) ) ) - 9. , . .. 81.1. 1-7-99 : 1. 81.1 & 81.2 1988. 2. . 3. .

5.1.6

Ktiriodomikc Kanonismc

29 . , 9 , . 5 29 . 1577/1985 (). . , , . 3. , 60 , . - . , , .1 , , 200 . , . , , , , , , . 18173/30.8.88 ( - .. 81.1/88) , , , , ( 664/), . : ) . ) . , . ) 0.20 m, , 0.80 m. ) , 0.80 m. ) 1.15 m. , , , . , , , 67

Shmeiwseic Hlektroteqnikwn Efarmogwn . , , . (, ) , . , , , .

5.2

ANELKUSTHRES TRIBHS

. , , : , , , , , . . 5.1 .

Sqma 5.1: Sqhmatik digramma anelkustra tribc

68


5.2.1

Mhqanostsio ` Troqaliostsio

, , , . . . , , , . , . , 0.70 m 0.50 m . , 0.50 m 0.60 m. 0.50 m, 0.30 m. , 2 m, 2.50 m 2.50 m 2.00 m. . . : Jrec eisdou: , . 0.60 m 1.80 m . Anogmata aerismo: 0.50 m 0.50 m. . Leitourgik anogmata: . , . ..

, . . , (.. ) 200 lux. . , .

5.2.2

Kinhtrioc Mhqanismc

. 5.2, , ( ), (). . , . . . , , . : , () (0.50 m/s 2.50 m/s) . . 69


Sqma 5.2: Kinhtrioc mhqanismc anelkustra

Sqma 5.3: Hlektrikc kinhtrac pnw ston kinhtrio mhqanism

Sqma 5.4: Atrmonac koqlac me korna

70

Shmeiwseic Hlektroteqnikwn Efarmogwn Kinhtrec ER trifasiko braqukuklwmnou droma ) . 0.55 m/s 4 300 kg. , . . inverters. ) . 0.55 m/s. 60f u= p f = 50 Hz u : p : , . , , . , , , , . 1:4 1:6. 1500 rpm, 375 rpm 250 rpm. , . : . , 2 8 . 8%. K = 1/40 D = 0.40 m. : u1 = u2 = : u1 = 1500 0.92 = 1380 rpm u2 = 375 0.92 = 345 rpm , . : v = 2R U K : v : R : U : K : 1 = 43.33 m/min = 0.72 m/s 40 1 = 10.83 m/min = 0.18 m/s 40 60 50 60 f = 1500 rpm = p1 2 60 f 60 50 = 375 rpm = p2 8

: v1 = 2R U1 K = 20.2 1380 v2 = 2R U2 K = 20.2 345 v1 v2 . , . 71


5.2.3

Upologismc eujunthrwn rbdwn (odhgn)

. , , . . , , F . . , Fmax : Fmax = P: Q: m: va : g: s: kg kp. kg kp. . m/s. , 9.81 m/s . m.2

1 v2 (P + Q) 2 + a 2 gs

=

1 (P + Q) m 2

5.5 , . 5.6 . , ( ), .

5.2.4

Efelkusmc odhgn

, () , = A1 = A 2 d1 s , A , d1 s . . : 25 15 m= 10 Pnakac 5.4:

m(P + Q) A1

gia nan odhg

2 kp/cm 2 N/mm

St 37 600 60

St 42 800 80

St 50 900 90

St 60 1000 100

72


Sqma 5.5: Eikna enc odhgo, me tic armokalptrec kai koqlec pou sundoun ton odhg sto fretio.

v

F

P+Q

Sqma 5.6: Pwc efarmzetai h dnamic krosewc se nan odhg.

73

Shmeiwseic Hlektroteqnikwn Efarmogwn Pardeigma 1 P = 300 kg Q = 300 kg. 50.50.9. . 5.5 5.9.4 ( 103 / 158) A = 7.07 cm2 ( . F) s = 6.5 mm ( . g f). . 5.6 5.9.3 ( 102 / 157) d1 = 9 mm. A1 = A 2d1 s = 707 2 9 6.5 = 590 mm2 . St 37 m = 25 , = 25(300 + 300) 2 2 = 25.42 N/mm < 60 N/mm 590

Pnakac 5.5: 5.9.4 Qarakthriotik odhgn

FP FP FP FP FP FP FP FC FP FC

225 410 412 440 465 820 885 960 1080 1640

50-50-9 70-65-9 75-55-10 70-70-9 75-62-10 90-65-14 89-62-16 100-80-12 90-75-16 125-82-16

b1 mm 50 70 75 70 75 90 89 100 90 125

h mm 50 65 55 70 62 65 62 80 75 82

k mm 9 9 10 9 10 14 16 12 16 16 Jx cm4 17.36 40.74 28.59 52.81 40.08 62.35 59.23 104.01 101.62 151.49

c mm 7.5 6.5 7 8 7 9 9.5 8 9 10 Wx cm3 5.26 9.20 7.38 10.79 9.29 14.10 14.33 18.77 20.89 26.24

f mm 6.5 6.5 7.5 8.5 7.5 8.5 8.5 10 8.5 12 ix cm 1.57 2.09 1.69 2.16 1.96 2.06 1.98 2.55 2.45 2.57

g mm 6.5 9

n mm 35 34 30 35 30 35 32 43 42 42

F cm2 7.07 9.28 9.94 11.25 10.43 14.69 15.08 15.96 16.92 22.94 Wy cm3 2.81 5.38 7.11 7.03 7.12 11.69 11.53 12.13 11.88 25.83

G kg/m 5.55 7.28 7.81 8.83 8.19 11.53 11.84 12.53 13.29 18.01 iy cm 0.99 1.42 1.64 1.48 1.60 1.89 1.84 1.95 1.77 2.65


225 410 412 440 465 820 885 960 1080 1640

50-50-9 70-65-9 75-55-10 70-70-9 75-62-10 90-65-14 89-62-16 100-80-12 90-75-16 125-82-16

e cm 1.70 2.07 1.63 2.11 1.89 2.08 1.07 2.46 2.64 2.43

Jy cm4 7.02 18.85 26.68 24.62 26.70 52.63 51.31 60.65 53.34 161.47

Pnakac 5.6: 5.9.3 Odhgo, armokluptra, koqlec. Pardeigma: armokluptro = 50 8, odhgc = 50 50 9, koqlac = M8 25

Prol Nr 5380 5023 5699 5658 5024 5025 5026 5167 5187

50 50 9 70 70 9 70 70 9 70 70 16 90 65 14 90 75 16 125 82 16 89 62 15.88 127 89 15.88

a mm 15 28.5 28.5 28.5 35 35 50 35 54

h2 mm 48.2 67.25 67.25 67.25 63 72.7 79.6 59.4 83.5

h3 mm 37 57.3 57.3 57.3 51 60 65 47.5 73.5

m1 mm 3 3 3 3 4 4 5 4.8 4.8

m2 mm 2.95 2.95 2.95 2.95 3.95 3.95 4.95 4.75 4.75

I1 mm 200 200 200 250 240 240 300 228 306

b2 mm 50 70 70 70 90 90 120 89 120

s mm 8 9 9 9 10 10 12 10 12

b3 mm 30 45 45 43 60 60 76 57 78

I2 mm 75 75 75 90 90 90 125 85.5 127.5

I3 mm 25 25 25 30 30 30 25 28.5 25.5

d1 mm 9 11 11 13.5 14 14 18 14 18

DI mm 8 25 10 30 10 30 12 30 12 35 12 35 16 45 12 35 16 40

Pardeigma 2 P = 500 kg Q = 600 kg. 70.70.9. . 5.9.4 ( 103 / 158) A = 11.25 cm2 ( . F) s = 8.5 mm ( . g f). . 5.9.3 ( 102 / 157) d1 = 11 mm. 74

Shmeiwseic Hlektroteqnikwn Efarmogwn A1 = A 2d1 s = 1125 2 11 8.5 = 938 mm2 . St 37 m = 25 , = 25(500 + 600) 2 2 = 29.32 N/mm < 60 N/mm 938

5.2.5

Efelkusmc armokluptrwnm(P + Q) A2

= A2 = s b2 2 d1 s . .

Pardeigma P = 300 kg Q = 300 kg. 50.50.9. . 5.7 5.9.5 ( 103 / 159) b2 = 50 mm, s = 8 mm. . 5.6 5.9.3 ( 102 / 157) d1 = 9 mm. A2 = sb2 2d1 s = 8(50 2 9) = 256 mm2 . St 37 m = 25 , = 25(300 + 300) 2 2 = 58.6 N/mm < 60 N/mm 256

Pnakac 5.7: 5.9.5 Qarakthriotik armokalptrwn


225 410 412 440 465 820 885 960 1080 1640

50-50-9 70-65-9 75-55-10 70-70-9 75-62-10 90-65-14 89-62-16 100-80-12 90-75-16 125-82-16

3 3 3 3 3 4 4 3 4 4

L1 mm 200 190 220 220 220 240 240 250 240 300

b2 mm 50 70 70 70 70 90 90 100 90 120

s mm 8 10 10 10 10 10 10 15 10 15

L2 mm 50 50 60 60 60 60 60 50 60 50

L3 mm 150 150 180 180 180 180 180 210 180 250

b3 mm 30 42 43 43 43 60 60 60 60 76

d mm 9 13 13 13 13 13 13 17 13 17


225 410 412 440 465 820 885 960 1080 1640

50-50-9 70-65-9 75-55-10 70-70-9 75-62-10 90-65-14 89-62-16 100-80-12 90-75-16 125-82-16

UNI 5727 DIN 601 8 25 12 35 12 35 12 35 12 35 12 35 12 35 16 45 12 35 16 45

UNI 1751 DIN 127 8 12 12 12 12 12 12 16 12 16

2 2 2 3 2 3 3 3 3 4

UNI 1751 DIN 127 12 12 12 14 12 14 14 14 14 16

75


5.2.6

Ditmhsh koqlin sundsewc

( ). F max . = m(P + Q) z(d2 /4)

z ( 4) d mm. , 12 300 + 300 2 3390 = 11.3 < 16 300 + 300

, 2 2 =

. 10 mm, Pjrashc = 5300 kp/mm2 2 = . . 78 2 5300 = 17.7 > 16 300 + 300


Pnakac 5.12: 8.3 Qarakthristik surmatosqonwn. SURMATOSQOINA 6 9 SEALE ME KANNABINH YUQH DIN 3058

d 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 22 24 26 28 32

kg/m 0.134 0.183 0.238 0.302 0.373 0.451 0.537 0.630 0.730 0.838 0.954 1.08 1.21 1.35 1.49 1.80 2.15 2.52 2.92 3.82

: 160 180 160 180 2 2 2 2 kp/mm kp/mm kp/mm kp/mm kp kp kp kp 2490 2140 3390 2920 3940 4430 3390 3810 4990 5610 4290 4830 6160 6930 5300 5960 7450 8380 6410 7210 8870 9980 7620 8580 10400 11700 8950 10100 12100 13600 10400 11700 13800 15600 11900 13400 15800 17700 13600 15300 17800 20000 15300 17200 19900 22400 17200 19300 22200 25000 19100 21500 24600 27700 21200 23800 29800 33500 25600 28800 35500 39900 30500 34300 41600 46800 35800 40300 48300 54300 41500 46700 63100 71000 54200 61000

Pnakac 5.13: 8.5 Qarakthristik surmatosqonwn. SURMATOSQOINA 8 19 SEALE ME KANNABINH YUQH DIN 3062

d 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 22 24 26 28 32

kg/m 0.222 0.281 0.348 0.422 0.502 0.589 0.683 0.784 0.892 1.01 1.13 1.26 1.39 1.69 2.01 2.36 2.73 3.57

: 160 180 160 180 2 2 2 2 kp/mm kp/mm kp/mm kp/mm kp kp kp kp 3500 3940 2940 3300 4440 4980 3720 4190 5479 6150 4590 5170 6610 7440 5560 6250 7870 8850 6610 7440 9240 10400 7760 8730 10700 12100 9000 10100 12300 13800 10300 11600 14000 15700 11800 13200 15800 17800 13300 14900 17700 19900 14900 16700 19700 22200 16600 18600 21900 24600 18400 20700 26500 29800 22200 25000 31500 36400 26400 29800 36900 41600 31000 34900 42900 48200 36000 40500 56000 63000 47000 52900

79


Sqma 5.7: Gwnec metax surmatsqoinou kai troqalac, katanomc (arister) kai epikluyhc (dexi).

5.2.10

Upologismc troqalac tribc

Antoq se pesh . :

vc m/s . ( ) 8 cos T 2 = n d D sin ( ) = T: d: D: n: , : , . mm. mm. . rad. . 4.5 T n d D sin 2

Suntelestc tribc ( ) f f= = 0.09 ( ). 80 sin 2

= 12.5 + 4vc 1 + vc

Shmeiwseic Hlektroteqnikwn Efarmogwn Asfleia sthn olsjhsh T1 c1 c2 ef T2 f , , , rad, T1 , , c1 , 1.10 1.15 c1 = 1.20 1.25 , T2 , 0 < v 0.63 m/sec 0.63 < v 1 m/sec 1 < v 1.60 m/sec 1.60 < v 2.50 m/sec

c2 , c2 = 1 1.2

: , G T1 = T2 P 25%. T1 1.25 Q + P = T2 G G , P Q . , G=P + Q 2

().

5.2.11

Pardeigma , , :

Q = 225 kg. , , ., P = 265 kg. , G = 377.5 kg. , n = 3. , d = 9 mm. , D = 42 cm. , vc = 0.6 m/s. , = 30 . , = 150 . 81

Shmeiwseic Hlektroteqnikwn Efarmogwn Ikanthta lxhc : T1 c1 c2 ef T2 125% : T1 = 1.25 Q + P = 1.25 225 + 265 = 546.25 kg T2 = G = 377.5 kg c1 = 1.10, c2 = 1.2. : 0.09 = sin 15 = 0.348 sin 2 (rad) = 150 = 2.618 rad. f= T1 546.25 c1 c2 = 1.10 1.2 = 1.91 T2 377.5 ef = e0.3482.618 = 2.487 1.91 2.487. : 377.5 T1 c1 c2 = 1.10 1.2 = 1.88 T2 265 1.88 2.487. Eidik pesh surmatsqoinou

=

12.5 + 4vc 12.5 + 2.4 12.5 + 4 0.6 = = 9.312 = 1 + vc 1 + 0.6 1 + 0.6

T 4.5 4900 4.5 2 = 3 9 420 sin 15 = 7.51 N/mm n d D sin 2 T = P + Q = 225 + 265 = 490 kg = 4900 N. . =

5.2.12

Upologismc isqoc kinhtraF v 75

: N= N: F: Q: P: G: v: : HP. F = Q + P G kg. kg. kg. kg. m/s. , = 1 2 3 1 : 2 : 3 : 82 . / . .


5.2.13

Pardeigma

: Q = 450 kg. v = 0.8 m/s. P = 800 kg. , G = 1025 kg. , 1 = 0.8, 2 = 0.7, 3 = 0.6. N= F v (P + Q G) v 225 0.8 = = = 7.14 HP 75 75 1 2 3 75 0.336

5.2.14

Upologismc dnamhc ap rujmist taqthtoc askomenh ep suskeuc arpghc

Sunjkh mh olisjsewc : T1 c1 c2 ef 1 T2 c1 , c2 , f . 1 = T1 /T2 . T1 > T2 G +R G + 2R T1 = = 2 G T2 G 2 G R .

Upologismc se efelkusm surmatsqoinou rujmist taqthtoc o : o = z Fg G +R 2

z ( z = 1) Fg . o 8

Upologismc peshc sthn troqala tou perioristra : = T = 4.5 T z d1 D1 sin 2 G +R 2

d1 , D1 (D1 > 30d1 ). z 2 ( z = 1) N/mm . 83


5.2.15

Pardeigma

G = 70 kg. R = 50 kg. = 30 Fg = 1980 kg. d1 = 6 mm. D1 = 20 cm. v = 0.5 m/s. f= ef 1 = e0.348 = 2.981 T1 70 + 2 50 G + 2R c1 c2 = 1.10 1.0 = 2.671 < 2.981 c1 c2 = T2 G 70 c2 = 1 . o = z Fg 1 1980 = = 23.3 > 8 G 35 + 50 +R 2 0.09 = sin 15 = 0.348 sin 2

= G/2 + R 4.5 (35 + 50) 10 4.5 = 1 6 200 sin 15 = 12.316 < 23 z d1 D1 sin 22

10 kg N N/mm .

5.3

UDRAULIKOI ANELKUSTHRES

( ) ( - ) . : 1. 2. 3. - 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 84


5.3.1

Sugkritik stoiqea Udrauliko & anelkustra tribc

Oikodomik stoiqea: . . Kstoc egkatstashc: , , . . , . . Katanlwsh enrgeiac: , , . , . 10% . Sunjkec knhshc: , , . , , , . Suntrhsh anelkustra: , , . , - . , 20 m 1.00 m/s. .

5.3.2

Arq leitourgac udrauliko anelkustra

, , (. 5.8).

Sqma 5.8: Trofodosa kulndrou apeujeac ap thn antla

. . 85

Shmeiwseic Hlektroteqnikwn Efarmogwn () , . (. 5.9).

Sqma 5.9: Udraulik kklwma me balbda antepistrofc

. , . , , , (. 5.10).

Sqma 5.10: Prosjkh anakoufistikc balbdac

, . ( ) , (. 5.11). , . . (, , . ..). bypass. , 86


Sqma 5.11: Prosjkh balbdac kajdou

, . , . (. 5.12).

Sqma 5.12: Prosjkh balbdac mikrc taqthtac kajdou kai bypass

, , . , . : 1. . , . , . , . , . , bypass. 87

Shmeiwseic Hlektroteqnikwn Efarmogwn . 2. . ( , , , , . ..). . . .

Sqma 5.13: Basik exartmata udrauliko mhqanismo

)

(. 5.13), :

) ) ) ) ) ( ) ) , , , , . 88


5.3.3

Tpoi anrthshc Udraulikn Anelkustrwn

. 1. ( ) (1:1). 2. (2:1). . : . . . , ( , ) . : . . , , . , , . .. . .

Sqma 5.14: Amesh anrthsh me na mbolo kentrik. Gia na pragmatopoihje autc o tpoc anrthshc, enai aparathth h getrhsh sto pujmna tou freatou kai mlista se tso bjoc ktw ap to prto eppedo stjmeushc, sh h diadrom tou jalmou auxhmnh kat na mtro. Msa s aut th getrhsh topojetome to klindro, prostateumno ap plastik swlna.

89


Sqma 5.15: Plgia mesh anrthsh me na mbolo. To bjoc thc getrhshc s aut th perptwsh enai perpou 3 m mikrtero ap aut thc anrthshc me kentrik mbolo. En qrhsimopoihje mlista kai thleskopik mbolo, tte gia mikrc diadromc den apaitetai getrhsh.

Sqma 5.16: Amesh anrthsh me do mbola. Ed qrhsimopoiontai do mbola ta opoa topojetontai sunjwc diagnia stic do apnanti pleurc tou jalmou. Kje mbolo dqetai to mis tou sunoliko fortou.

90


Sqma 5.17: Plgia mmesh anrthsh me na mbolo. H troqala topojetetai sthn koruf tou emblou kai ta surmatsqoina sterenontai sto na kro touc ston pujmna tou freatou kai sto llo kro touc sto fron plasio. H troqala kinetai maz me to mbolo kai kine to jlamo. O jlamoc dianei diplsia apstash ap thn ekstote diadrom tou emblou kai tsi to aparathto mkoc tou emblou enai to mis thc diadromc tou jalmou kai den qreizetai getrhsh.

Sqma 5.18: Emmesh anrthsh me do mbola. Idia pleonektmata me thn plgia mmesh anrthsh, all ta forta s aut thn perptwsh enai pol megaltera twn 1500 kg.

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5.3.4

Upologismc Stoiqewn Udrauliko Anelkustra

Kataskeuastik dedomna

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20. 21. 22. 23. 24. 25. 26. 27. 28. 29. 30. 31. 32. 33. 34. 35. 36. 37. 38. 39. 40. 41. 42. 43. 44. 45. 46. 47. 48. 49. 50.

+ + (T 70 70 9) (M12) (

hlektrotexnikes efarmoges

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