H‘

nsu n

H ITT ITE SEALS

W ITH PARTICULAR REFERENCE TO

TH E ASH MOLEAN COLLECT ION

D G . H OGART H

Keeper of xix/mole”: M useum

O X FO R D

AT TH E C LAR ENDON PR E SS

1 9 1 0

Oxford Unive rsity Pre ss

London Edinburgh Glasg

Toronto M elbourne Cape TownH um phrey M ilford

New York

to the University

PR E FA C E

G LYPTIC obje cts , which are classe d in Muse ums as Syro-Cappadocian or Hittite ,have not re ce ive d the atte ntion due to the varie ty and inte re st of the i r e ngrave d subj e ctsand to the ir obvious uti l ity for dating othe r remains . No

.

se rious study of the Hittiteglyptic family in its archae ological re lations has ye t b e e n publishe d . Inde e d only a fewof its membe rs can b e said to have b e e n made at al l ge ne ral ly known , name ly , rolle rse als or cylinde rs of the de ve lope d Hittite pe riod toge the r with a few stamp-se als ofe xce ptional ly obvious inte re st which b e long to the same comparative ly late date . Eve nthe se have b e e n tre ate d with an eye almost sole ly to the inte rpre tation of th e sce ne se ngrave d upon them without any attempt b e ing made to assign them to particular

pe riods or localitie s . The y have be e n tre ate d historical ly , not archae ological ly . Ne ve rthe le ss Hittite glyptic obje cts are we l l worth study from all points of V iew . The yconstitute the only e xtant remains which re pre se nt al l the pe riods of Hittite civi l ization ,and admit of arrangeme nt in some thing like a continuous se rie s and it is a ve ry re al ,though minor , count in the ir favour , that outside half a doze n gre at muse ums and We st

Asia itse lf, the stude nt usual ly can se e no othe r Hittite monume nts .

I b e gan to inte re st myse lf in the se obj e cts whe n , in 1894 , I chance d on a numbe rof them in the marke t of Ai ntab in North Syria . Mr . (now Sir) Arthur Evans , the n

Ke ep e r of the Ashmole an Muse um at Oxford , took the lot offmy hands and incorporate dit in a conside rab le colle ct ion whose nucle us , acquire d from the late Mr . Gre villeChe ste r , had be e n incre ase d by othe r gifts , and by purchase s made he re and the re withmuch judgeme nt . Thus Evans had obtaine d alre ady such prize s as the Indilimm a

cylinde r , the gold tripod se al from Tam asso s, and the si lve r tripod from Bo r (Tyana) .Whe n

,fifte e n ye ars late r , I succe e de d him as Ke epe r , I found the Hittite col le ction

more repre se ntative than any othe r known to m e of th e various type s of both rolle rand stamp-se als as we l l as ce rtain classe s of amule ts . My pre de ce ssor had de vote dmuch care and wide archae ological knowle dge to the arrangeme nt of the colle ction ,

and h e le ft a manuscript ske tch of a catalogue raisonne’

, which his work in Cre te hadnot allowe d him to comp le te . H e put his note s at my se rvice and I have made full

use of them .

During the past se ve n ye ars I have paid sp e cial atte ntion to this Ashmole an co lle c

tion , and have had unusual Opportunitie s of adding spe cime ns procure d in the Ne arEast e ithe r by myse lf or by age nts. It is now about twice as large as I found it in 1909

vi PREFACE

and e ve n more re pre se ntative . So far as I know ,no colle ction in any othe r muse um or

in private hands cove rs so we l l the fie ld of Hittite glyptic . The re fore , I have take n

it as the basis of the study of the Hittite glyptic family which I now put forward .

The pre paration of this study has b e e n hampe re d by difficultie s arising partly

from the small amount of comparative mate rial which can b e use d , partly from the

smal l amount of publishe d work upon that mate rial . For e xamp le , ve ry few Hittite

glyptic obj e cts , in comparison of the whole e xtant body,have b e e n publishe d with

ade quate photographic re productions . Among publications of colle ctions , I owe most

to the catalogue of the cylinde rs in the Cabine t de s Médaille s of the B ib liotheque

Nationale at Paris,compi le d and admirably i l lustrate d with photographs of good

impre ssions by Monsie ur L . D e laporte ,to whom and to M . Edmond Pottie r I am

be holde n also for casts of Louvre se als .

l Ne xt in uti lity I p lace Haye s Ward’s publica

tion of the cyl inde rs in th e Morgan Col le ction at New York . His photographs , howe ve r ,have not be e n take n from impre ssions ne arly so good as those made by th e Cab ine tde s Médail le s or by the Ashmole an and British Muse ums from signs of dragging

I judge them to have be e n rolle d out dire ctly from the cylinde rs themse lve s , inste ad

of from moulds . Be side s the se the re are hardly any othe r good photographic i llustra

tions of Hittite se als publishe d . Drawings in Haye s Ward ’s S eal Cylinders of West

Asia have b e e n of much se rvice to m e,but with this l imitation—that th e y reproduce

stylistic qualitie s ve ry impe rfe ctly . The re are othe rs for which I have be e n thankful ,e .g . those publishe d in E . Chantre ’s Mission e n Cappadoe e , Eduard Me ye r ’s Reich und

Kultur de r Che tite r , L . Me sse rschmidt ’s Corpus I nseriptionum H e ttiticarum , &c . , &c .

While the se and othe r publications have give n m e many cylinde r-impre ssions tocompare with the Ashmole an type s , the y have rare ly re pre se nte d stamp- se als . To

supp ly this want , and e nlarge my own knowle dge of cylinde rs also , I have e xamine dth e colle ctions in the British Muse um , the Louvre , the B ib liotheque Nationale ,

th e

Musée Guim e t,and the Muse ums of B russe ls , Be rlin , Vie nna , Constantinop le , and

Live rpool .2 I owe since re gratitude to the Dire ctors and othe r officials of all th e se

institutions , and e spe cial ly to some who put the ir time at my particular se rvice , fore xamp le , Monsie ur E . Pottie r of the Louvre , Monsie ur L . Spe le e rs of the Musée s du

Cinquante naire,Dr . Re impe ll of the Vorde rasiatische Sammlung at Be rlin , and

Th . Macridy-Bey of Constantinop le .

I did not e xpe ct , howe ve r , to find in the arrangeme nt of any of the se col le ctions

gre ate r assistance towards th e archae ological classification of Hittite glyptic than I had

b e e n able to obtain from books . For,during my first two ye ars of work on the Ash

1 To the se I ofte n re fe r in subse que nt page s , but se als which m ay b e in Am e rica ; but H aye s Ward ’sI am no t at libe rty to re produce any of them . The books re nde r a visit to New York le ss ne ce ssary thansam e inhibition applie s to se als in othe r fore ign the examination o f othe r fore ign colle ctions . I do no t

muse um s (e .g at Be rlin and Brusse ls) which I quote . kn ow what H ittite obj e cts the re m ay b e in the Russian ,

2 I have no t be e n able to go to the Unite d State s to Danish , o r Scandinavian museums .se e e ithe r the Morgan colle ction o r any othe r H ittite

PREFACE vii

m o le an colle ction ,I had le arne d that no archae ological classification by pe riods and

local itie s was fe asib le on the facts thus far asce rtaine d . In al l col le ctions alike an ove r

whe lming proportion (in some colle ctions , all) of the spe cime ns have b e e n acquire dwith e ithe r no , or the vague st and le ast trustworthy , data of prove nance and original

association . Most , in fact , have passe d through se ve ral hands b e fore re aching d e ale rs

far from the i r land of discove ry . Nor , but for n ew facts asce rtaine d subse que ntly,

should I now b e making the attempt which this book embodie s . S ince 191 1 , howe ve r ,ce rtain re sults of the British Muse um ’s e xcavation of Carchemish , and stil l more of

the inde fatigab le inquirie s prose cute d by the e xcavators , Me ssrs . Wo olle y and Lawre nce ,

into the circumstance s unde r which the Hittite glyptic obj e cts brought to them froma wide surrounding are a had be e n found , have b e gun to put a n ew face on the prob lem .

The ir pe rsonal e xcavation of the Carchemish cremation ceme te rie s at Me rj Khamisand Yunus supp lie d firm vantage ground for assigning de finite pe riods and p lace s toHittite glyptic obj e cts of the Early Iron Age , and the native e xcavations of ceme te rie s

at D e ve Huyuk e xte nde d this information to cove r the late st Hittite pe riods of all.

Furthe rmore , olde r grave s at Amarna , Kara Kusak , Hammam and othe r p lace s not fardistant to the south , combine d with the e vide nce of the strata and the cist-grave s on

the Carchemish citade l , suppl ie d le ss ce rtain but stil l significant indications about

B ronze Age glyptic . I le arnt also a few invaluab le facts from re sults of the Ge rman

e xcavation of Boghazke ui , e .g .. from stampe d tab le ts and se alings pre se rve d in the

Muse um of Constantinop le , and some thing too from Profe ssor Garstang’

s note s ofhis discove rie s in the mounds of .Sakj egeuzi. In the light of al l the se data I found myse lf

ab le to make some thing also of pre vious e vide nce which had remaine d almost without

significance , and at last fe lt e ncourage d to make a p ione e r e ffort to classify Hittiteglyptic .

In 1914 the re appe are d a study of two Hittite (probab ly Cappadocian) stamp-se alsby Dr . go Prinz , contribute d to the note s appe nde d to Eduard Me ye r ’s Reich und

Kultur Che tite r (pp . 144. Not to me ntion the authority which this studyacquire s from its e ndorseme nt by Profe ssor Me ye r

,its author tre ats his main subj e ct

with so much justice and acume n that his pre l iminary obiter dicta on Hittite glyptic

are sure to command atte ntion . I wish,the re fore , to e nte r a cave at at once against

uncritical acceptance of a V iew about the le ss e laborate forms of Hittite stamp-se alsadumbrate d by Dr . Prinz (so far as I can unde rstand him) in words , which followa brie f and sound judgeme nt upon e arly Syrian cylinde rs , and a remark , more Op e n toque stion ,

about contemporary stamp-se als , appare ntly of the handle d type s . The

author goe s on to say pare nthe tical ly : Nicht hie rzu ge bore n die zahlre ich in Syri e nge funde ne n Pe tschafte , haufig in Kuge lform ,

mit roh e ingravie rte n ge ome trische n

Muste m und Tie re n ge ome trische n Sti ls . Sie sind nachche titisch und ge bore n sam tlich

e rst in das e rste Jahrtause nd .

’

viii PREFACE

Now I take Dr . Prinz to b e he re re fe rring primarily to those sphe roidal obje cts ,which he re inafte r I cal l Bullae for

,e xcept a few unimportant e ngrave d b e ads , the y

are the only truly kuge lfé’

rn e ve hicle s of Hittite glyptic art . As will b e se e n late r

on,I re gard th e Bullae as e sse ntially Hittite , and the ir e arlie st e xamp le s as be longing

e ve n to th e pe rio d of Hatti c Empire . But I also suspe ct that along with those obj e ctsDr . Prinz me ans by his words to swe e p into the l imbo of late post-Hittite things al l

the non-handle d stamp-se als,which he passe s by with the sole remark , se hr vie le

hab e ich im Kunsthande l in Aleppo ge se he n’

. If this is his V iew,the page s to come

will,I hope , re fute it nor can I unde rstand how h e can have forme d such an opin ion ,

if he had studie d th e common handle le ss forms with anything like the atte ntion which

he has give n to the e laborate handle d forms .The othe r se rious difficulty which I have m e t and me e t sti l l is occasione d by the

unsatisfactory dating of the kindre d glyptic family of Me sopotamia—so far at any rateas publishe d Spe cime ns go .

1 Not myse lf compe te nt in Babylonian or Assyrian studie s ,I hope d to b e ab le to obtain from oth e rs de finite ly date d mate rial for compari son . But

I have found ve ry l ittle close dating in any of the b e st works on Me sopotamian glyptic .

No doubt,whe n the scie ntific Ge rman e xcavations , made during the past two de cade s

in Babylonia and Assyria , come to b e fully pub lishe d , the re will b e l ittle le ft to de sirebut unti l that mome nt come s the re remains much . The de ficie ncy re sults from the

fact that in al l gre at Me sopotamian e xcavations , pre vious to the Ge rman ,the inte re st

of the e xcavators was not dire cte d to small obje cts of any kind e xcept cune iform re cords ,and hardly e ve r to care ful obse rvation of the conte nts of grave s . In conse que nce , not

only i s Me sopotamian glyptic at fault , but so also is the archae ology of most of the

minor Me sopotamian arts . We know le ss,for e xamp le , of Babylonian or Assyrian

ce ramics than of the potte ry of any othe r gre at ancie nt civilization .

In my difficulty I have obtaine d what he lp I could from individual Assyriologistsfamil iar with Me sopotamian glyptic , and most from Profe ssor L . W . King

,Assistant

Ke e pe r of the D e partme nt of Egyptian and Assyrian Antiquitie s in th e British Muse um .

To him he re by I confe ss a de ep obligation , while care ful to absolve him from any re sponsibility for views .he re inafte r put forward , unle ss the y are state d e xpre ssly to b e his .

I t wil l b e se e n from my comme ntary in Chapte r I I I that the arrangeme nt of

spe cime ns in my p late s is te ntative and inte nde d to b e not too de finite in many instance s .

I ofte n sugge st that a se al or group of se als may b e long more appropriate ly to a diffe re nt

place in the se rie s than that in which it is actually figure d . In the pre se nt stage such

fluidity of arrangeme nt se ems to m e ine vitab le .

Only too conscious that, partly owing to the difficultie s me ntione d above ,

I am

not e quippe d with ne arly so much comparative knowle dge as is re quire d for makingSo far as I am aware , non e o f the gre ate r museum s , o ne o f the Louvre colle ction

,which will b e invaluable

,

in London , Paris , Be rlin , o r e lsewhe re , has published is in pre parationany mode rn catalogue o f its M e sopotamian se als . But

PREFACE ix

a final archae ological classification of Hittite glyptic , and also that the inchoate stage ,which ge ne ral Hittite archae ology has re ache d , bare ly pe rmits the attempt to b e worthmaking

,I offe r this e ssay . I can say in al l since rity , chaste ne d by consciousne ss of

many false starts and wrong turnings , many unsatisfie d doubts and many problemsunre solve d

,that I hope my attempt may incite some o n e e lse to put out a more satis

factory study of Hittite glyptic .

All glyptic obje cts , figure d e ithe r in the plate s or the te xt , are re pre se nte d the ful l

size of the originals . I have to thank the Dire ctor of the British Muse um and the

Ke epe rs of the D e partme nts of Orie ntal and Classical Antiquitie s for pe rmission to

reproduce almost al l the se als which appe ar as inse ts in the te xt of Chapte r I I I .

D . G . H .

POSTSCRIPT. This study was comp le te d and put into the printe rs’ hands in 191 5 , but

the manuscript could not b e de alt with by the Pre ss til l the e nd of the War . Re adin g itagain in 1919 , afte r long de tachme nt from its subje ct and absorption in inte re sts remote

from it , I find myse lf so l ittle ab le to re conside r my study to good purpose that ,unle ss the re is to b e furthe r inde finite de lay , I must le t it go to pre ss substantially as

writte n four ye ars ago . I am not aware of any discove ry or publication during the Warwhich affe cts its main conte ntions or conclusions ,1 but am prepare d to le arn in due timethat , e .g. , some of the re ce nt work done by Ge rman scholars upon Cappadocian andothe r mate rial has a b e aring upon them .

D . G . H .

any re fe re nce to it. But I hope to discuss points bothof agre em e nt and diffe re nce in a supplem e ntary studywhichwil l publish also the more im portant and inte re st

1 A notable exception is the Catalogue des I ntaillese t EmpreintesOrientalesdesM use

’

esRoyaux de Cinguan

tenaire (Brusse ls , Owing to the exte nsion of

my war-se rvice into the summ e r o f 1919, I rem ained

unaware till too late that M . Louis Spe le e rs hadsucce e ded in issuing his proj e cte d Catalogue . Unde rthe circum stance s I could take no ade quate accoun to f it in my text, and the re fore have no t inte rpolated

ing of the num e rous H ittite cylinde rs an d stamp-se als ,adde d to the Ashmolean colle ction Since 1914 , and no t

de alt with in the following pages. Num e rically theyswe ll the colle ction by more than fifty pe r ce nt.

C O N T E N T S

INTRODUCTION : AREA AND PERIOD OF HITTITE GLYPTIC

CHAPTER I . HITTITE GLYPTIC

I . Rolle r-se als (Cylinde rs)I I . Stamp-se als

I I I . Amule ts and Pe ndants

CHAPTER I I . CATALOGUE OF THE ASHMOLEAN COLLECTION 2 5

CHAPTER II I . THE ASHMOLEAN COLLECTION .

CHAPTER IV . DATING AND LOCAL ORIGIN

I . Chronology

I I . Local Origin

CHAPTER V . SUMMARY

INDEX

PLATES

I N T RO D UC T I ON

AREA AND PER IOD OF H ITTITE GLYPT IC

TH E Area in which Hittite glyptic was produce d can b e de te rmine d only by thedistribution of large r Hittite monume nts

,since

,for re asons state d on p . 16 , the pro

ve nance of such small obj e cts as se als is a t to b e unce rtain , and , e ve n whe n known ,

doe s not indicate be yond doubt the origina local ity of production . The large r Hittitemonume nts carve d on living rock or on stone s which are e ithe r in situ or so ponde rousthat the y are not l ike ly to have move d far afte r le aving the carve r ’s hands

,are distribute d

,

so far as is known at pre se nt , ove r al l Asia Minor e xce pt the north-we st and south-we st ,and ove r North Syria almost as far southward as Horns on the Oronte s and M e skin eh

on the Euphrate s , with an outlying fringe on the Me sopotamian bank of the latte r rive r .No large Hittite stone s have come to light outside the above are a , with the e xce ptionof some found at Babylon , which almost ce rtainly we re transporte d thithe r from original

positions in Syria or Asia Minor .Ne ve rthe le ss , it is not safe , on our actual knowle dge , to include any part of we ste rn

Asia Minor in the Hittite glyptic are a . The Hittite monume nts found we st of th eAxylo n p lain are too few and far b e twe e n to offe r convincing e vide nce of local occupation by a Hittite p e ople , or e ve n by Hittite culture . The y may b e memorials of nomore than occasional raids from Cappadocia . The re fore , in Asia Minor , the Hittiteare a had b e tte r b e re stricte d (for the pre sent) to the lands b e tw e e n the Axylon and the

Euphrate s and b e twe e n the Axylon and the Cyprian S e a—that is, to the lands knownlate r as Ca pado cia, Lycaonia , Cilicia , and Cataonia. To the se must b e adde d the

north and the"no rth-ce ntral districts of Syria .

This was an are a of distinctive ly Hittite culture at a ce rtain pe riod , but not me ce ssarily an are a e ith e r comp l e te ly inhabite d by Hittite race s , or compre he nding the wholeradius of Hittite culture . On the on e hand it include s some race s who we re almostce rtain ly not kin to the Cappadocian Hatti—the repre se ntative Hittite s On th e

oth e r hand it e xclude s more than o n e re gion,e . g . north-ce ntral Me sopotamia , which we

know (from Oppe nhe im’s re searche s at Te l l Halaf) to have had a culture re late d to the

Hittite ; in othe r e xclude d lands , e .g. Phrygia , Cyprus , and Phoe nicia , Hittite art can b eshown to have e xe rcise d influe nce . What

,howe ve r , that are a doe s include is al l re gions

in which Hittite culture appe ars to have b e e n the pre dominant e leme nt and re sponsiblefor th e local contemporary glyptic .

Th e P eriod during which this Are a , as a whole , was Hittite in civi l ization ,cove rs

,

roughly,fourte e n ce nturie s , from about 2000 B .C . ,

the highe r l imit,to 600 B .C . the

lowe r . I t may b e divide d for conve nie nce into four Age s corre sponding to phase sof Hittite political history .

(I . Primitive , -prior to'about 1 500 B .C .

I I . H attie (Cappadocian-H ittite ) , from about 1 500 B .C . to 1200 B .C .

I I I . M osckian—H attic , from 1 2 00 B .C . to about 1000 B .C .

IV . M oschian-Assyrian ,from 1000 B .C . to 600 B .C .

B

2 INTRODUCTION

I . We know that Carchemish was in e xiste nce as a city at le ast as e arly as 2000 B .C . ,

on the e vide nce of two tab le ts of the First Babylonian Dynasty on which the adj e ctival,

Karkamisu , occurs ; 1 and , furthe r , that this Dynasty was brought to an e nd by the

action of a Hattic pe op le about two ce nturie s late r . Whe nce , pre cise ly , the se Hatticinvade rs came w e are not told . The broad fact , howe ve r , stands that , be fore 1800 B .C . ,

some Hattic owe r was sufficie ntly e xpansive and or anize d to push right down toBabylonia anti

)

ove rb e ar the most civilize d state of e st Asia . This powe r , e ve n ifits home - land was not Syria

,must have passe d southward through that country , and

both in going and re turnin have le ft some trace the re .

The se invade rs he ld t e ir Babylonian conqu e st for a few ye ars only . Th e re afte rthe i r name is not h e ard for about thre e ce nturie s , the ir ne xt app e arance in re corde dhistory b e ing subse que nt to 1 500 B .C . In 1468 Thothm e s I I I made an e xpe ditioninto Euphrate an Syria . Ce rtain Hatti ’ se nt him prop itiatory gifts ; but the y came ,appare ntly , from afar , an d Carchemish , in whose vicinity the Pharaoh was at the t ime ,

is not state d in the Egyptian re cord to have b e e n the irs . In the light of Boghazke uidocume nts which re cord history of le ss than a ce ntury late r , it is re asonab le to supposethat this Hattic embassy came from b e yond Taurus , and repre se nte d the nasce ntCappadocian powe r , de stine d to eme r e into promine nce during the re ign of Tho thm e s

’

succe ssor . The only othe r re cords ofHittite s which (pe rhaps) re fe r to a p e riod b e fore1500 B .C . are He brew atriarchal traditions"such as o n e embodie d in Ge ne sis xxv . 9 , 10 ,

that Abraham bought land at H ebron from a Hittite .

Age s,w ce ramic work was on a par with that of the Lowe r Euphrate an culture

of th e time . Painte d ware of late Ne olithic pe riod , found at Carchemish ( in a lowstratum of the citade l mound and also on the site of some kilns outside th e city) , isso ne ar akin , in fabric , form ,

and de coration , to that of th e"S e cond N e olithic pe riod

at Susa ,2 that it argue s an intimate cultural r e lation b e twe e n the Lowe r Euphrate ancivi lization of the p e riod and the North Syrian , and e ve n sugge sts that the Late Ne o

lithic civi lization of North Syria was Babylonian . Early in th e Bronze Age ,i l lustrate d

by the conte nts of cist-grave s at Carchemish , Syria b e gan to de ve lop cultural inde pe nde nce

,stimulate d by the incursion of some fre sh racial e leme nt , probably the Hattic

of Cappadocia , whose repre ssive influe nce on S emitic e xpansion may b e infe rre dfrom that invasion of Babylonia be fore 1800 B .C . allude d to above .

For Cappadocia archae ological e vide nce is wanting . North of the Taurus noNe olithic and Early Bronze Age strata or grave s have b e e n e xp lore d scie ntifically . I fce rtain cune iform tab le ts

,acquire d chie fly"in Europe from de ale rs but trace d in some

instance s to site s (e .g. Kara Byuk) in the Evicinity of Kaisariyeh , re ally include docume nts as old as the Dynasty of Ur , as Sayce and othe rs maintain ,3 we may infe r that

1 L . W . King in British M use um,Excavations at in LiverpoolAnnals, 1908 , p . 1 16 , pl. 48 .

Dj e rabis, p . 17 (he re inafte r re fe rre d to as Carch . I ) .

3 The late st authority to acce pt this e arly dating is2 Se e Pottie r

,

‘La Céram ique pe inte de Suse ’

Profe ssor C . W . H . Johns (S chweich Lectures, 1914 ,

(M em . de la Delegation e n P e rse , xiii) . Also Garstang p .

AREA AND PERIOD OF HITTITE GLYPTIC 3

any culture which Cappadocia posse sse d b e fore 1 500 B .C . was Me sopotamian incharacte r , though , afte r 2000 B .C . its fountain-he ad se ems to have b e e n Assyria , notBabylonia . The

,official use of cune iform by the Hattic Dynasty in the ne xt Age

ce rtainly supports such an infe re nce . But , in view of the possib ility that , in th e EarlyB ronze Age , the typ ical culture which supp lante d the Ne olithic and is calle d byWoolle y 1 Early Middle Hittite was introduce d into Syria from Cappadocia , we mustsusp e nd judgeme nt p e nding furthe r re se arch : for that culture is not Assyrian ,

nor e ve ndistinctive ly Me sopotamian .

S ince no large monume nts of the First Age have ye t b e e n found in e ithe r Cappadociaor Syria , we have no scul ture to compare with glyptic obj e cts , if it b e propose d toascrib e any of the Hittite am ily to so e arly a time .

I I . The H attie (i.e . Cappadocian-H ittite ) Ag

e was dominate d by a Hattic Powe r ,which e xe rcise d political influe nce throughout t e whole Hittite Are a

,define d above

,

and,b e yond doubt

,was re sponsib le for some me asure of cultural community the re in .

I t is an Age , the re fore , in which we may e xpe ct a ce rtain uniformity in Hittite art . Th ee arlie st Hattic prince , more than whose name is known to us, was o n e Khattusil, re igningat Boghazke ui late in the fifte e nth ce ntury . From a re cord of his son , Shub ilulium a

,it

can b e gathe re d that Khattusil’s pre de ce ssors (o n e of whom , pe rhaps , it was whose nt pre se nts to Tho thm e s I I I in 1468) had b e e n clie nts of Assyria since some dateunknown

,and that Khattusil first asse rte d Cappadocian indep e nde nce . Shub ilulium a

marche d south about 1375 B .C . to carve a re alm out of Syrian and Me sopotamianlands which had subsiste d pre viously in a loose de pe nde nce upon Egypt , and a morere al subje ction to the local Mitannian powe r se ate d in North-we st Me sopotamia . S inceEgyptian culture doe s not se em to have b e e n Spre ad far b e yond the Egyptian frontie rby the force s of the Eighte e nth Dynasty , and the Mitannian civi lization was, insome re spe cts , ne ar kin of the Hittite , we may safe ly assume some cultural communityb e twe e n Syria and Cappadocia e ve n b e fore Shubilulium a

’

s actual conque st of any partof the forme r land .

This Hattic Powe r came to an e nd about 1 200 B .C . in a cataclysm which affe cte dthe whole Ar e a . A re cord of Rame se s I I I , grave n on a pylon at Me dine t Habu , state sthat a horde which swept through Pale stine to attack the frontie r of Egypt had de vastate d ,on its way,

Hatti (Cappadocia) , Ke di (Cilicia) , and Carchemish (North Syria) , i.e . the

whole Hittite Are a from north to south . B e fore that date the Boghazke ui archive scome to an e nd . The ir late st docume nt emanate s from a King

, Arnaunta,of the

se cond ge ne ration afte r Khattusil I I ; we know him to have be e n re igning for se ve ralye ars afte r 1 2 80 .

The re afte r the Cappadocian culture probably we ake ne d , but not with the same

rap idity or to the same e xte nt in all parts of the Are a . While it survive d long in the

south-e ast of Asia Minor and ,inde e d

,re vive d to insp i re Syrian art down to the close of

the Hittite pe riod , its fate in northe rn Cappadocia is ve ry unce rtain on pre se nt e vide nce .

(a) Cappadocia . About 1 150 ,as annals of Tiglath Pile se r I , of Assyria , inform us

half a ce ntury late r,anothe r northe rn horde , le d by the Mushkayan peop le , swe pt into ,

and e stab lishe d itse lf in , Northe rn Me so o tam ia. Whe nce i t had come and by whatroute we are not to ld . Tiglath Pile se r f

’Orce d i t back ove r the Euphrate s into Syria,

whithe r he fol lowe d it as far at le ast asMount B isri (Pr -Te ll Bashe r in the Sajur val le y) ,the n in Aramae an hands . For ne arly four hundre d ye ars afte r that e ve nt the Mushkaya

do not re appe ar in history but in the time of Sargon I I I we find a pe ople of that name1 Se e LiverpoolAnnals, vol. vi, p . 87 , H ittite Burial Customs

4 INTRODUCTION

se ttle d in Cappadocia unde r a King Mita who was le ague d with the prince s of Carchemish and othe r North Syrian state s against Assyria . The y we re stil l in Cappadociane arly a ce ntury late r , whe n Ashurbanipal had many re lations with them . A remnantlong survive d the re to b e known to Gre e k ge ographe rs as the Moschi .

What e ffe ct had the se tumultuous e ve nts of the twe lfth ce ntury on Hittite culture PIf the Mushkaya (M oschians) had alre ady take n posse ssion of the home - lands of theHatti b e fore the ir raid into the South about 1 1 50 B .C . (as is not improbab le ) , the y hade ve ry Opportunity of acquiring a Hittite culture ; and this may e ithe r have uide d the i rfootsteps towards civilization , or improve d any prior culture the y had . vide nce insouth-e ast Asia Minor shows that its pe op le s ce rtainly continue d to use the Hittite art andscript far into the first mil le nnium B .C . Have we , howe ve r , any positive re ason to ascrib ea Hittite culture to the Mushkaya So far as Syria goe s a partial answe r can b e give nat once . Though the Mushkaya must have b e e n a powe r the re for at le ast half a ce ntury ,from 1 1 50 to 1 100 , the Hattic characte r of Syrian culture was ce rtainly not diminishe dby them . On the contrary

,that characte r is more e vide nt afte r than b e fore 1 100 B .C .

As re gards Northe rn Cappadocia w e have le ss e vide nce and it is of le ss ce rtain b e aring .

Inde pe nde ntly of the large r monume nts of Hittite characte r , whose date and socialascription dep e nd on the answe r to this ve ry que stion , the re are only the following itemsof e vide nce .

( 1 ) The remains of the kings,who unde r th e name s Gordius and Midas rule d

in the Sangarius basin in the e ighth and se ve nth ce nturie s,may repre se nt a late r Mush

kayan civilization , ifw e may judge by th e occurre nce of inscri tions in Phrygian characte rsand language at Eyuk Aladja and Tyana (the inscription ound at the last-name d sitecontains the name Mita) . This Phrygian powe r was e stab lishe d in North and SouthCappadocia just about the time whe n the Assyrian re cords te l l us of Mita

’s Mushkayan

kingdom the re . But the culture,atte ste d by the Sangarius monume nts , i s of We st

Anatolian (not East Anatolian) characte r , that is to say,i t is non-Hittite . It is , howe ve r ,

obvious that remains of the e ighth , or , at e arl ie st , the ninth ce ntury , have no ne ce ssaryb e aring on the qu e stion of the characte r of Mushkayan culture in the twe lfth ce ntury :and , more ove r , it has to b e rememb e re d that both among th e Phrygian monume nts , andalso we st and e ast of them ,

monume nts of Hittite characte r do occur which may b e longto a stratum ofMushkayan culture ,modifie d subse que ntly by that invasion from South-e astEurope which tradition b e l ie ve d to have de te rmine d the characte r of the Phrygian civil izatio n as it was known to Gre e ks in the last ce ntury or so of Phrygian indepe nde nce .

(2 ) Ce rtain polishe d painte d ware s found at Boghazke ui , and ge ne rally in Cappadocia , se em to re pre se nt a post-Hattic civilization the re . Potte ry is the only class ofCa

épadocian remains , e xce pt the archite ctural , sculptural , and e pigraphic , of which

su cie nt e xam le s have ye t b e e n publish e d or brought to Europe to support a ge ne raljudgeme nt . T

’he most usual of the se ce ramic type s , distinguishe d e ithe r by colourde coration

,ofte n polychromatic , laid upon a thick white slip ,

or by b lack or purp lege ome tric de coration painte d upon a re d wash , are wholly unlike ware s in use at anytime in the southe rn part of the Hittite Are a (Dj e rabis has yie lde d , so far , only o n e

she rd repre se nting such type s) . The y are , howe ve r , allie d to ware s found in We ste rnand Northe rn Anatolia

,e .g . at Hissarlik , Ephe sus , Sarde s , and Ak Alan (Pontus) . The

strata , which have yie lde d the se paral le l ware s , are , ge ne rally , of the e ighth and se ve nthce nturie s B .C . The ce ramic e vide nce , the re fore , go e s to support the conte ntion thatnorthe rn Cappadocia and Phrygia share d a common culture during , at any rate , the late stMushkayan pe riod in th e forme r re gion—a culture marke dly distinct from that of con

AREA AND PERIOD OF HITTITE GLYPTIC 5

temporary Syria , whe re , as we shal l se e , Hattic cultural tradition was ce rtainly the

de te rmining factor at the time . On the othe r hand , we cannot date the se Cappadocianware s at pre se nt e xce pt by the ir analogy with the We ste rn ware s just me ntione d ; thatis to say, we have no grounds for dating them anything like so e arly as the twe lfth ce ntury .

Thus both the se p ie ce s of e vide nce le ave the que stion of the cultural e ffe ct of theMushkayan conque st in north Cap ado cia ope n , and do not h e lp us to de cide e ithe r theoriginal que stion or a se cond whic i s de pe nde nt on the answe r to the first—Whe the rany

,and

,if any

,which , Cappadocian , or othe r Anatolian , Hittite monume nts are to b e

re garde d as post-Hattic P

(b) Cilicia suffe re d invasion about 1 200 B .C . at the hands of the same horde whichde vastate d Cappadocia . Apart from large monume nts and glyptic obj e cts we have noarchae ological e vide nce to cite , and are in worse case than in Cappadocia , b e causeCilician culture pre vious to 1 2 00 B .C . i s practical ly unknown . We can only argue fromthe history of the country unde r the S e cond Assyrian Emp ire and from a ce rtain Syrian

phe nome non of the Third and Fourth Age s , to b e me ntione d in the ne xt se ction , that( 1 ) Cilicia posse sse d a rich and productive culture b e fore , at any rate ,

the ninth ce ntury ,and (2 ) this culture was partly of M e dite rrane an , partly of Hittite , characte r . More willb e said in support of the se argume nts pre se ntly .

(c) Syria . In re gard to this re gion e xcavation e vide nce from Dje rabis, Sindje rli,and Sakje ge uzi le ave s no doubt that the local culture continue d , afte r 1 200 B .C . , to b ee sse ntial ly Hattic

,in Spite of the action of two strong modifying influe nce s to b e m e n

tio n e d in the ne xt se ction . The se influe nce s it so far dige ste d,without losing its Hittite

characte r , that w e must suppose Syria to have be e n still occupie d , afte r that date , bya pe op le alre ady H attize d in some me asure . Inde e d , se e ing that its remains of the Thirdand e ve n the Fourth Age s are more Hittite than those of the Se cond A e

, we may presume that it had late ly re ce ive d some re inforceme nt from immigrants afre ady posse sse dof Hittite culture .

To sum up the que stion , so far as i t has b e e n discusse d : the re is infe re ntiale vide nce that those who ove rthrew the Hattic powe r in Syria posse sse d or adopte dHittite culture . At any rate ,

the y did not de stroy,or e ve n se riously impair , the con

tinuity of Hattic cultural tradition the re . If so , we can hardly de ny , in the abse nce of

positive counte r-e vide nce , the probabi lity that Hattic culture survive d awhile the fal lof Hattic political powe r in allparts of Cappadocia also ; for this re gion passe d unde r thedominion of the same race , the Mushkayan ,

which we have cre dite d with conse rving thatculture in Syria. The late r history of the two re gions , howe ve r , se ems to have b e e ndiffe re nt . Probab ly , Hattic cultural tradition survive d le ss strongly and for a brie fe r Space inCappadocia than in Syria . About Ciliciawe had be st not ve nture to ge ne ral ize at pre se nt .

A furthe r que stion must b e aske d about the S e cond Age in the inte re sts of thearchae ology of Hittite glyptic . In the l ight (dim though it b e ) of what has b e e n saidabout the se ve ral parts of the Hittite Are a , can we asse rt that any , and if any, which ,

large Hittite monum e nts are witne sse s to the artistic style of the Hattic. Age P

Those in the home - land itse lf , Hattic Cappadocia , are most in doubt . S e ve ra lauthoritie s upon Hittite art or e pigra hy have maintaine d that some of the most typicaland important of the se (e .g . the relie fs of Yasili Kaia and th e Boghazke ui King ’sGate be long to a time subse que nt to the fal l of the Hattic Powe r . The ir re asonsare , brie fly

,that (a) the se sculpture s are so ne arly re late d ,

artistically an d e pigraphically ,to Syrian monume nts , which those authoriti e s date with confide nce late r than the

6 INTRODUCTION

e stablishme nt of the S e cond Assyrian Emp ire (e arly ninth ce ntury that the Cappado cian sculpture s in que stion cannot b e so e arly as 1 2 00 B .C . ; (b) the Cappadocianmonume nts e xhibit analogie s with the art of the S e cond Assyrian Emp ire ; (c) the i rstyle is that of sculpture s b e longing to the late st re construction of the gre at Boghazke uicity-walls and gate s

,which , on various grounds , those authoritie s re gard as having b e e n

e ffe cte d not e arlie r than about 1000 B .C .

To support this last re ason the re is practically no e vide nce indep e nde nt of the stylisticcomparisons on which re asons a and b are base d . I ts validity , the re fore , depe nds onthe i r fate . Until late ly the p lastic art of the S e cond Emp ire was th e olde st knownAssyrian sculpture offe ring ade quate mate rial for study . It had , the re fore , to b e use dfor those stylistic comparisons . Though it was obvious that so highly finishe d a p lasticas that of Ashur-nasir-pal must have had a long pre vious history , its unknown priorstage s we re suppose d to have b e e n Babylonian , and not to affe ct the comparison withHittite sculpture , be cause the y had not ye t de ve lope d the distinctive ly Assyriancharacte ristics manife ste d by the latte r . Now , howe ve r , the Ge rman e xcavation ofAsshur has supp l ie d some notab le e xamp le s of much e arlie r Assyrian p lastic , b e longingto the F irst Emp ire , and e ve n to an olde r pe riod . I call articular atte ntion to the re l ie fon an altar found at Asshur in a building of TukultiNini I (e arly part of th e thirte e nthce ntury) . Eve n the smal l il lustration publishe d by Andrae

1 se rve s to demonstratesufficie ntly that its style is as distinctive ly Assyrian as the style of Ashur-nasir-pal ;that this style i l lustrate s a prior stage in a p lastic art of sim ilar

'

characte r to his and

( important for my pre se nt purpose ) that it approache s ne are r than his style to the art ofthose Hittite sculpture s which I shal l cite re se ntly as e xamp le s of the Hattic Agein Syria .

2 Now,to this style b e long some of

)

the ve ry monume nts on which re asonsa and b (above ) we re base d .

I t is not only in ge ne ral conception , pose , and tre atme nt of the figure that thisAsshur re lie f approache s ce rtain Syro-Hittite monume nts , but in de tai ls , e .g . the fashionof b e ard on which stre ss has b e e n laid 3 by some who ascrib e d a Sargonid date to thosemonume nts . It mayb e remarke d ,

inde e d about this de tai l , that monume nts availab le b e forethe e xcavation of Asshur did not support the conclusion drawn for

,on the o n e hand ,

the sp irally curle d b e ard without transve rse bands of curls appe ars in th e art of Ashurnasir-pal

4

; on the othe r , the tre atme nt of curle d b e ards in the S e cond Syrian S tyleis not re al ly the same as in the Assyrian art of the Se cond Emp ire . Inste ad of tightlycurle d sp irals arrange d o n e b e low anothe r at the tip of a multip le strand of hair , wefind

,in the Syrian sculpture s in que stion , loose Single curls e nding separate locks . It

is the diffe re nce b e twe e n orQQ) . In any case we

FIG . 1 . FIG . 2 .

have now , from Asshur,

ve rse b e lts of curls datethis de tai l it is no longe rmost typ ical Syrian Hittitere asonab le on any othe r

1 M itt/1. D . O. G. no . 49 , p . 36 , fig. 52 Se e Garch . i, pl. B . 9

—16 and pl. A. 1 a .

3 Cp . 0. Puchste in, Reise n in Nordsyrien , p . 376 ,

FIG . 4 .

sculpture s which Show that curle d b e ards without transback to a ve ry archaic e poch ,

and that on the stre ngth ofne ce ssary to p re sume a S e cond Emp i re date for themonume nts . Nor , so far as I can se e

,i s it ne ce ssary or

comparative ground .

andA. S . Murray ’s e ndorsem e n t in B rit.M us. Excavas.

in Cyprus, p . 13 n .

‘1 Cp . Brit . Mus. Assyrian S culptures, 1, pl. 11.5 Cp. D . O. G. no . 29, p . 42 .

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8 INTRODUCTION

as e arlie r than Byuk—not e ve n the most primitive of the Boghazke ui gate - lions . Nor ,again

, are the re any inscriptions whose characte r-forms sugge st that the y ante date , byany conside rab le inte rval , the script-characte rs which app e ar in ce rtain pane ls at YasiliKaia . The Em ir Ghazi and KOlitOlu-Yaila inscriptions may , possib ly , b e a little e arlie r .The same must b e said about two base s sculpture d and inscrib e d in a rath e r barbarousstyle which have b e e n found at Boghazke ui and are now in the Impe rial O ttomanMuse um . The y are rude e xamp le s of the same style as the Yasili Kaia re lie fs , andnot ne ce ssari ly much e arl ie r work .

Pe nding furthe r light , which re se arch may throw on the Anatolian monume nts,

I propose the fol lowing se qu e nce of North Cappadocian sculpture s .

( I ) Byuk Aladja , the gate re l ie fs and sphinxe s Boghazke ui,the gateway- lions of

e arlie st style and the two base s .

(2 ) Yasili Kaia .

(3) The King’s Gate re l ie f at Boghazke ui .

I be lie ve that al l the se b e long to the H attie pe riod—the S e cond Age . Group 1 is

probably of the fourte e nth ce ntury ; groups 2 and 3 are probably of the thirte e nthce ntury

,and witne ss to the re igns of Khattusil I I and his succe ssor . I doubt if any post

Hattic Hittite monume nts are e xtant in North Cappadocia ; whe re as , in the south- e ast ,the re are about fifty as at pre se nt known . But this is not to say that , in th e north ,

post-Hattic Hittite work wil l not come to l ight whe n e xcavation is carrie d furthe r,and

m ay not prove e ve ntually that the o ld culture took no inconside rab le time to die outunde r the Mushkayan or othe r n ew lords of Boghazke ui and the re st of northe rnCappadocia .

Whe the r the re e xist any Cilician and Syrian monume nts of the S e cond Age wil lb e discusse d in conne xion with the ne xt two Age s . Monume nts of both the latte r Age s ,which can b e date d indepe nde ntly , will se rve for standards of re trospe ctive comparison .

I I I . The Third Age is be st conside re d toge the r with th e Fourth . The mate rial ,by which the style s of both Age s are to b e judge d , i s almost e ntire ly Syrian .

IV . The Fourth Age I cal l M oschian-Assyrian and the Third M oschian -H attic . Inthe course of the e xcavation of the site of Carchemish , at Dje rab is, Me ssrs . Woolle yand Lawre nce obse rve d that th e strata on the Citade l mound , which we re fi l le d withshe rds of potte ry from vase s of type s prope r to the Bronze Age culture of th e Cistgrave s , from the e arlie st e xamp le s found at Hammam (p . 49) to the late st , of whichthe gre at Amarna ceme te ry at the south-we st e nd of the Carchemish p lain had supp l ie dnume rous e xamp le s , we re ove rlaid with a thick stratum containing sh e rds of vase s quitedistinct in form from the Cist-grave potte ry and de coration . S ince some of the seshe rds we re found be dde d unde r foundations of parts of a palatial Hittite building atthe southe rn foot of the Citade l

,which is de corate d with sculpture s and inscriptions

of Hittite type , the y e vide ntly re pre se nt a pe riod we l l within the Syrian Hittite Age .

Furthe r , unle ss the Bronze Age ce ramic type s of Amarna , which continue d thoseof Hammam and of Kara Kusak

, provisionally assigne d to the first part of the se condmille nnium

,we re to b e suppose d (de sp ite .

‘

Lthe fsm all amount of de ve lopme nt"atte ste dby the i r forms and de coration) to have fi l le d a ve ry le ngthy p e riod inde e d , the be ginningsof the n ew style , which succe e de d them ,

must b e pushe d back to some date not muchlate r than 1 100 B .C .

The cultural change which th e n ew ce ramic style jillustrate s is suflicie ntly radicaland comp le te (forms and de coration both b e ing indepe nde nt of those previously in vogu e )

AREA AND PERIOD OF HITTITE GLYPTIC 9

to re nde r re asonable the pre sumption of some coincide nt political change . S incethe Assyrian conque st of Carchem 1sh

,in the e ighth ce ntury , se eme d much too late to

b e re sponsib le for the b e ginning of this style , and the ce ramic ty e s themse lve s didnot corre spond to any known in Assyria , Woolle y and Lawre nce fe l l

pback on that e lde r

conque st of North Syria , which we know from re cords of Tiglath Pile se r I .Subse que ntly thre e ceme te rie s , whose grave s containe d potte ry of this same style ,

we re e xplore d (a) artly by native s , partly by the British e xcavators at Me rj Khamistwo mile s north of archem ish (b) by British e xcavators at Yunus imme diate ly northwe st o f the wal ls of Carchemish itse lf ; (c) by native s at D eve Huyuk about sixte e nmile s due we st , ne ar the le ft bank of the Sajur . The se re ve ale d the fact that a changein local custom

,e ve n more vital than the artistic change , had take n p lace coincide ntly

with the latte r . This was the substitution of burial m or unde r jars afte r cremationfor the practice of inhumation in cist-grave s . Of the grave s e xp lore d , those at M e rjKhamis are the e lde st if the forms and d e coration of the ir furniture are take n as acrite rion . Those at Yunus follow

,i l lustrating the civi lization of Carchemish at a pe riod

whe n the n ew ce ramic style had b e e n in vogue for some time . The D e ve Huyukceme te ry (De ve Huyuk I) continue s the characte ristic forms and de coration of Yunus ,and some of its type s are continue d again in anothe r ceme te ry (D e ve Huyuk I I) e xplore dby native s at the same p lace , which atte sts a subse que nt revival of the Inhumationcustom and the survival of dying traditions of Hittite art down to a pe riod which ,

from the occurre nce of importe d Gre e k , Pe rso-Babylonian , and Egyptian obj e cts , isse e n to fal l as late as the Sixth—fifth ce ntu rie s B .C . Provisionally , the re fore ,

w e m a

yp lace the b e ginnings of the De ve Huyuk I I phase about 600 B .C .

—a date at whicthe Ne o -Babylonian conque st by Ne buchadne zzar I I , afte r the battle of Carchemish ,

supplie s a re ason for re ve rsion from Cremation to Inhumation . D e ve Huyuk I may b etake n

, hy o the tically, to cove r the pre ce ding pe riod of Assyrian domination in NorthSyria, bacl2to the middle of the ninth ce ntu ry . Yunus , a ve ry large ceme te ry of whichonly a small part has ye t be e n e xp lore d , wil l probably b e found e ve ntually to repre se ntthe whole Cremation pe riod from ,

at le ast , the close of the twe lfth ce ntury to the closeof the se ve nth . The grave s actually Ope ne d in 1913

—14 are of th e middle of that

pe riod , say , the ninth ce ntury , to judge by obvious imitations of Cy t iote ware s foundIn them . Forms and de coration ar e only a little le ss de ve lope d t an those of De veHuyuk I , while sli htly more advance d than in the Me rj Khamis grave s . Me rjKhamis

,howe ve r , afso is a fairly large ceme te ry only partially e xp lore d . A fourth

ceme te ry of the same age was ta pe d be fore the We st Gate of Carchemish .

It is possible , e ve n probab e , that the Cremation culture with its n ew ce ramicfab ric did not oust e ffe ctual ly what had pre ce de d it ti l l we l l on in th e e le ve nth ce ntury .

A ge ne ration or two of unse ttle d conditions must have succe e de d the drivin back ofthe Mushkayan horde s from Me sopotamia . The re fore , although Hattic politica domination was ove r by 12 00 B .C . I allow some two ce nturie s (Third Age ) for the gradualde cline of Hattic cultural domination

,during which pe riod a Hattic-M oschian art

would pre vail , unde rgoing progre ss ive modifications of its ingre die nts .

The fab ric , forms , and orname nt of the Yunus vase s are e nough to assure us that theCremation folk had come , not from Me sopotamia on the e ast , but from some coast-landof the Me dite rrane an on the we st . The forms alone are convincing . Quite distinctfrom any pre viously e xiste nt in the Hittite are a,

the y are appropriate ly to b e de scribe dby such Gre e k de signations as be ll-krate r oe nochoe hydria and so forth .

Though many vase s , e spe cial ly the oe nochoae with tre foi l mouths , are close ly cop ie d from1808 C

10 INTRODUCTION

Cyp riote mode ls , none could b e mistake n for an actual product of Cyprus by any on e

familiar with the Early Iron Age vase s of that island ;

If the e arlie r station of the invade rs and the ir cu lture was a Me dite rrane an coastland within e asy re ach of Cyprus , but not in the island

’

itse lf, it can hardly have b e e nothe r than Cilicia . Th e only possib le

‘

alte rnative s would b e Lycia or the North Syrianlittoral . The forme r land is ve ry

~ far awa . from the Euphrate s and‘ barre d by high

mountains . The latte r ne ve r , to our kn owffzdge , had a distinct culture , nor is it fitte dby ge ographical characte r to bre e d an e xpansive race and de ve lop it to political stre ngth .

Cilicia,on the ~

o the r hand , whose conne xion with Syria , throughout history , has b e e nnotoriously intimate

,is not only fitte d by its ge ographical characte r to de ve lop civiliza

tion,but known at various pe riods

'

to have be e n we althy . Eve n from writte n re cordswe can infe r we alth the re at le ast as far back as the tenth ce ntury , judging by thefre que ncy with which the founde rs of the S e cond Assyrian Emp ire thou ht it worththe ir while to raid it. That it advance d to conside rable powe r on the fall of Assyria ,though much late r than the date of which we are spe aking , is proof of its natural capacity .

And the re is, possib ly , an actual allusion in lite rature to a Cilician e xpansion into Syria

in the e rror (or anachronistic fact") ofge ography state d by He rodotus (v . whe n

he re ckone d the Euphrate s a boundary 0 Cilicia .

i

That a se ttleme nt of Carchemish and most of northe rn Syria took place from the

Cilician side about, say,

1 100 B .C . must remain , howeve r , a hypoth e sis , pe nding e ithe rthe de ciphe rme nt of the Syrian Hittite inscriptions

1 b e longing to our Fourth Age ,or

the discove ry in Cil icia of prior trace s of the same‘Cremation ’ culture as the Syrian .

Up to the pre se nt the re has b e e n no scie ntific e xcavation , inde e d , hardly any e xcavation of any sort

,in Cil icia ; nor , if studie s of the Ke ftiu or the Alashiya folk

' asconje ctural ly Cilicians b e e xce pte d , has any se rious arc

‘

ha logical re se arch b e e n madeinto its e arlie r culture . I shall have some thing more to say about possible products ofCi lician glyptic late r on .

By a Cilician s e ttleme nt of Syria , howe ve r , I me an o n e e ffe cte d by a pe ople whichhad come into Cilicia from th e north not ve ry long b e fore ,

and I assume that this p e op lehad b e e n in contact for a ge ne ration or so with th e Javanian culture of th e coast- landrul e d by Mallus . This culture would affe ct rap idly th e e arlie r Hattic culture of the iradoption . Those M oschianswho passe d on e astward into Syria se em to have e stab lishe dth e re a state or state s politically indepe nde nt of Cilicia : but , no doubt ,

“ comme rcial andcultural re lations continue d for a long time b e twe e n the two se ctions of on e race , andre sulte d in some th ing like fe de ration . Thus might b e e xplaine d the empire cre dite dto Cilicia b e fore its conque st by th e Assyrians in th e authority use d by JuliuS

'Solinus.

Th e se Syrian M o schians must,howe ve r , have m e t almost at once anothe r

'

culturalinflue nce , that of the Assyrian First Empire , as strong as any which the y had e xpe rie nce dpre viously . In th e Syrian Hittite monume nts of my Third Age , th e re fore , an artfundame ntally Hattic-Assyrian

,but mixe d with a n ew Me dite rrane an e leme nt , should

b e e xpe cte d .The Fourth Age monume nts of Syria should show cle are r signs of th e n ew racial

e leme nt while , at the same time , remaining e sse ntially Hittite in the ir ge ne ral characte r1 I t is pe rhaps worth while to call atte ntion to the his own system of de ciphe rm e nt, and without knowfre que nt repe tition in Syrian H ittite inscriptions o f ledge o f our Cremation evide nce , cam e to the con

the group of symbols which appe ars to stand fo r the clusion that the re had ’ be e n a Cilician occupation of

god’s nam e at Cilician Ivriz ; and to m e n tion that Syria at som e pe riod late r than the fall of the H atticProfe ssor A. H . Sayce , from study of ce rtain texts o f Empire .

M arash and Dje rabis, which‘ he claim s to inte rpre t on

AREA AND PERIOD OF HITTITE GLYPTIC 1 1

down to the point at which Me so o tam ian and Iranian influe nce s obtaine d such a holdon the land . as to oblite rate the distinction of Hittite culture . Like the Third Age itought also to i l lustrate a growing Assyrian influe nce acce ntuate d in the ninth ce nturyand paramount in the late e ighth and se ve nth . Do the e xtant monume nts of the setwo Age s support those e xpe ctations and sugge ste d date s P

With re gard to monuments of the Third and Fourth Age s I find myse lf in thisdifficulty , that much of the be st mate rial for judging the ir succe ssive style s , name ly ,num e roussre l ie fs . and othe r sculpture s and the inscriptions ,"re ce ntly discove re dat Carchemish , has e ithe r not be e n publishe d , or stil l lacks the comme ntary which thediscove re rs

,Me ssrs . Woolle y and Lawre nce ,

have the first right to offe r . I must usemy knowle dge of this mate rial

,the re fore

,only summari ly

,and re fe r reade rs , who de sire

i l lustrations,to the provincial art remains at Sindje rli, figure d and de scrib e d by Von

Luschan and othe rs in Ausgrabungen. in S endsche rli.

The e xtant Syro-Hittite sculpture s i l lustrate thre e main style s

(a) A rude vigorous style , Hattic in ge ne ral characte r but showing distinctivelocal characte ristics .

(b) A provincial de rivative style , Hattic in e sse ntials but incre asingly influe nce d byAssyrian art and by a n ew artistic spirit .

(c) A style , stil l Hattic in ge ne ral characte r , conspicuously re invigorate d by a gre ate rinfusion of th e n ew sp irit , but modifie d also by fre sh Assyrian influe nce .

Be twe e n b and c inte rve ne s a Tran sitional S tyle , whose e xam le s might b e re ckone din partto b as a late manne r , in part to c as an e arly manne r . A te r c the re is a de cade ntSemitize d style

(a) This style is . large ly conje ctural , since it is sugge sted r athe r than repre se nte dby a ve ry few scatte re d re l ie fs at Carchemish

,e .g . by lion-monste rs e xe cute d in flat

p lane s in a silhoue tte manne r e ve n ,more pronounce d than that of the Eyuk Aladja

sculpture s . The lion-paws are re pre se nte d by a pe culiar hook-lik e form . The se re lie fsoccur he re and the re at Carchemish inte rcalate d into se rie s of dado-slabs which are mainlyin a diffe re nt style"If the y are inde e d e arlie r than the ir fe l lows the y must have b e e ntransporte d from some building or buildings , probab ly on -the Citade l , whose .othe rremains have not ye t b e e n lo cate d . The e xisting e vide nce is not such as to make m e

quite confide nt of the e arly date of jthe se re lie fs but in any case , the y diffe r from al lothe rs on the site , and can hardly b e long t o a late r p e riod than the (re st . Provisionally ,I Sugge st for the ir date the pe riod of Hattic Pow e r ,

whe n Syria , unde r Cappadociandomination , remaine d ne ve rthe le ss more Syro-Me sopotamian than Hattic in culture ,i.e Lthe fourte e nth and the first half of th e thirte e nth ce nturie s .

(b) This is a he avy Sophisticate d style , appare ntly insp ire d by the same influe nce sas that of Yasili Kaia , but more contaminate d by Assyrian tradition . I ts vogue musthave laste d a fairly lon time . It shows e arl ie r and late r manne rs as we l l as a late sttransitional manne r . he e arl ie r manne r is re pre se nte d at Sindj e rli by the re lie fs ofthe South City-gate and by two l ions in the Inne r Citade l : and at Carchemish , bymany slabs

,e .g . by some which flank the Proce ssional Entry to the Lowe r Palace

and by jsom e membe rs , but not al l , of the se rie s which line s the south-e ast of the ce ntralcourt (publishe d in Garch . I pl. B . 10—16 e xamp le s of e arlie r s labs se em to m e 10 a

,b ,

1 2'

and 13 a , b) .Th e . late r manne r of style b is e xemp l ifie d , at Sindj e rli, , by the re lie fs of the oute r

Citade l Gate and at Carchemish , by the othe r membe rs of the publishe d se rie s re fe rre d

1 2 INTRODUCTION

to above ; also by the Staircase re l ie fs , by the long Proce ssion of the Godde ss we st ofthe King ’s Gate and by se ve ral othe r slabs

, e .g . some in the Wate r-Gate , and a few

fre e sculpture s , e .g. ce rtain base s and pe de stals supporte d by bulls or lions . The seall re pre se nt the adult stage of Hittite

’ art in Syria .

A style transitional b e twe e n b and c i s se e n,at Carchemish , in the dado of the long

we st wall of the ce ntral court , and the slabs to the le ft of the King ’s Gate Towe r ,which show soldie rs of Arme noid facial type in Hittite dre ss , we aring the Hittite pigtail ,but arme d with cre ste d he lme ts and round shie lds (Carch . I , pl. B . 2 ,

If the human figure b e take n as a te st , it wil l b e se e n to b e re pre se nte d on the

monume nts of this style with e sse ntially Hattic fe ature s of hair-fashion and dre ss , butnot physiognomy . In the e arlie st e xamp le s of the style reminisce nce of the YasiliKaiaart is ve ry obvious , but the e xe cution is coarse r and he avie r and , to al l appe arance ,de rivative . It is cle arly

,to my mind

,a survival from the Hattic Kingdom struggling ,

in a pe riod of provincial unr est , with some n ew influe nce .

(c) This fin e style is e xemp l ifie d at Carchemish by , inter alia ,the re lie fs on the

King ’s Gate Towe r (Carch . I , pl. B . 4 , 5 , 6 , 7 , and at Sindje rli by much sculpturefrom the Palace buildings within the Citade l (S endsche rli, p . 354 , figs. 2 59 a ,

b,and

pl. 59 , 6 1 , 62 alsodpl. 55 , 56 , At Sakj egeuzi, it has produce d the sculpture s of

the Portico un e arthe in the Jobba mound .

B e side s a ce rtain n ew re fineme nt and grace , the fol lowing fe ature s are obvious .

( 1 ) A round type of human he ad (2 ) facial profi le s which have lost the h e avy jowland long curve d nose of Hattic physiognomy (3) hair dre sse d in curls , e ithe r flowingor croppe d , inste ad of the p igtail , or e ve n the chignon se e n in the late r manne r ofstyle b (4) long b e lte d robe s in p lace of short tunics or Babylonian mantle s (5) lace dShoe s with square toe s inste ad of boots with pointe d u -curving toe s .

Th e re is no doubt to what alie n art to look first or light . I t is th e n ew Assyrianstyle , which , inaugurate d unde r Ashur-nasir-pal (or Tukulti Ninib I I P) , attaine d itsfine st e xtant e xpre ssion in the bronze re l ie fs of Shalmane se r I I on the Gate s of Balawat .The re semblance be twe e n figure s of office rs in those re lie fs , and the le ading figure s ofthe proce ssion on the north face of the King ’s Gate Towe r at Carchemish (Garch .

I . pl. B . is ve ry close—much close r,inde e d , than is offe re d by the late r style of

e ighth and se ve nth-ce ntury Nine vite work . I fe e l no he sitation in ascrib ing , on the

stre ngth of this comparison alone , the King’s Gate Towe r re l ie fs of Carchemish to

a date not late r than the middle of the ninth ce ntury B .C .

A ge ne ral e stimate of the chrono lo of c style could also b e arrive d at by re ckoningbackwards from its late st e xamp le s at indj e rliwhich are inscrib e d with Aramaic te xtsand thus date d to the p e riod of a known dynasty of the e i hth and se ve nth ce nturies.

From the de cade nce,which the e arlie st of the se sculpture s il ustrate , back to the manne r

of the King

’s Gate re l ie fs , at le ast a ce ntury is not too much to allow . Nor , again , i sat le ast ha f anothe r ce ntury be fore the date of the latte r sculpture s too long for thede ve lopme nt of the i r style out of the Hattic manne r of class b . This half- ce ntury (ormore ) wil l , the n , b e repre se nte d by the style transitional b e twe e n b and c which has b e e nme ntione d above .

A coincide nce b e tw e e n the full style c and the ce ramic style of the Yunus Cremationgraves is sugge ste d by the occurre nce in the Yunus ceme te ry of a dole rite ste la , whichshows a man clothe d and shod like ce rtain of the King ’s Gate figure s . Accompanyingit on the stela i s an incise d H ittite '

te xt . S ince it was e vide ntly the custom , as Woolle yhas re corde d (1. c . , p . to se t up ste lae ove r the Cremation grave s at Yunus , i t ne e d

AREA AND PERIOD OF H ITTITE GLYPTIC 13

not b e doubte d that this he avy monume nt was found ve ry ne ar the Spot whe re it wasoriginal ly e re cte d .

It wil l b e obj e cte d , pe rhaps , that , since most of the characte ristic fe ature s of thisstyle are to b e found in Assyrian S e cond Emp ire art , it is supe rfluous to look e lsewhe rethan to Assyria for the i r source . To this conclusion I ve nture to demur . The new

quality in Ashur-nasir-pal’s monume nts is no le ss a surprise in Assyrian art than the

quality of c style in Syro-Hittite art . The monume nts of the First Empire pre pareus just as much or as l ittle for this quality in Assyria

,as do those of style b in Syria .

How, the n , did this n ew style arise in the forme r country"If so gre at a change ,

e ffe cte d so quickly , can hardly have be e n due me re ly to inte rnal artistic de ve lo me rit ,we must look for an outside influe nce . Whe nce could such an influe nce come Notfrom Babylonia and not from Eg

ypt . The distinctive qualitie s of grace and re fineme nt ,which characte rize Shalmane se r s monume nts

, are not the grace and refineme nt of thearts prope r to e ithe r of those lands .

It is not things Egyptian or Babylonian that the quality of Assyrian art fromAshur-nasir-pal to the Sargonids re cal ls , but e arly Ionian things . To the We st—to theMe dite rrane an culture—the n ew qualitie s of the style point . Nor is the re anythingimpossib le in the supposition that Assyria re ce ive d , in Ashur

-nasir-pal’s and Shal

m an e se r’

s re igns , artistic impulse s from a Me dite rrane an land through a Syro-Cilicianme dium . Shalmane se r marche d his armie s into Ci licia on at le ast e ight occas ions ,and re duce d the country to a clie nt state . The re are re asons , which will b e state dhe re afte r (apart from some , alre ady give n , which indicate Cilicia as the source of theCremation ce ramic style ) , for b e lie ving the rich Cilician p lain to have b e e n the homeof an artistic civilization , influe nce d by the sub-Ae ge an art of the Le vant . A conn exion b e twe e n Sargonid art and the Early Ionian has long b e e n accepte d as an articleof faith on the stre ngth of analogie s obse rve d be twe e n the we l l-kn own ivorie s found byLayard at Nimrud , and those of the late e ighth and e arly se ve nth ce nturie s found atEphe sus and at Camirus re s e ctive ly (se e , e .g. Brit . Mus . Excav . at Ephesus, The ArchaicArtemisia , pp . 184 , I 85) Ibut it has usually b e e n assume d that the influe nce passe dfrom East to We st . Conside ring the artistic quality of the Ephe sian ivorie s , o n e isjustifie d in pre suming that fin e work of a conside rably e arl ie r Ionian pe riod e xiste d .

If so,the re ne e d b e no chronological impe dime nt to supposing the influe nce , which

cause d the Nimrud ivorie s to come into be ing , to have passe d at le ast a ce ntury e arlie rfrom We st to East .

S ince North Syria was in more dire ct and constant contact with Cilicia than wasAssyria

,and (on the hypothe sis propounde d above in re gard to the Cremation grave s)

it had alre ady b e e n pe ne trate d by a Cil ician racial e leme nt be fore Ashur-nasir-pal’s time ,

the e arlie st monume nts in this full ‘We ste rn style , such as the soldie r-re lie fs of theKing ’s Gate , and e ve n all the Towe r sculpture s at Carchemish , and pe rhaps also thePortico sculpture s of Sakj e ge uzi, may we l l b e e arlie r than any monume nts of the New

Assyrian S tyle ; and this latte r style may have be e n le arne d from North Syrian art

rathe r than from Cilicia itse lf . If so ,the e arlie st Carchemish sculpture s in this style

may b e at le ast as e arly as 900 B .C . and might b e somewhat e arlie r stil l .Whate ve r the n ew racial e leme nt waswhich modifie d Syrian culture about 1 100 B .C . ,

it did not e liminate e ithe r the fundame ntal ly Hattic characte r of th e local art , or thelocal use of Hittite script . The fine st e xtant te xt in that script is carve d on an inte gral

part of the dado of the King’s Gate Towe r , and the figure which spe aks at the ope ning

of the te xt is typical of the We ste rn style (Carch . 1. pl. B . 6 and A .

14 INTRODUCTION

Enough has b e e n said to Show that the monume nts of Syro-Hittite art supportthe distinction of Age s with which this discussion be gan . Its style a

,if rightly date d

above , will b e that of Syria in some part of the S e cond Age , unde r the H attie

domination . Style b is of the Third Age , the Hattic-M oschian,and its late transitional

manne r i l lustrate s the passage into the Fourth Age , fi l le d by style c , which laste d onthrough the se ve nth ce ntury .

A word remains to b e said on the Hittite monume nts of the Cilician ne ighbourhood . None has be e n discove re d actual ly in Cil icia

,as it was de fine d in late r time s ;

but imm e diate ly north of Taurus , on or ne ar roads le ading to the Cilician passe s , th e reoccur se ve ral monume nts of Hittite art . Whe the r the se are to b e re fe rre d to Tyanaor to Tarsus

,the y may e qually b e take n as re pre se nting a pre vailing culture of South

e aste rn Asia Minor , inclusive of Cil icia . All the figure s re pre se nte d Show:strongHattic tradition (notab ly on the be st pre se rve d of the Ivriz re lie fs and the B01 ste la) ,but not in the ir hair—fashion

,which is ve ry l ike the chignon of the Syrian style b ( late st

manne r) or style c (e arlie st manne r) , and not always in the i r fashion of dre ss for this ,on the smal le r figure at Ivriz

,and the figure from Bo r , approache s the fashions of

style s b and c more ne arly than the true Hattic . The facial type is Arme noid as inthe Syrian style s b and c . On the whole I fe e l fairly confident that the Ivriz and Bo rmonume nts , at any rate , fal l in our Third Age .

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16 HITTITE GLYPTIC

artistic style , and th e i r signification in ge ne ral and in de tai l . Such obj e cts , howe ve r ,offe r se condary crite ria also in the ir Local Origin , the ir Material

,and the i r M orphology .

S ince th e se se condary crite ria have to b e borne in mind from the first by a would-b eclassifie r , the had be tte r b e e xp laine d at once .

( i) Loca Origin . The value of this crite rion is discounte d for all glyptic familie sby the portab le and durab le characte r of the i r constitu e nts . This conduce s to (a) widedistribution in antiquity ove r alie n districts or countrie s and (b) appe arance in mode rnmarke ts far from the p lace s of discove ry , afte r transit through many hands .

Ne ve rthe le ss , e ve n vague data of prove nance may acquire conside rab le cumulativevalue if the y point in o n e ge ographical dire ction . A ve ry large numb e r of those We stAsian glyptic obje cts , which unmistakably are not Egyptian , not Babylonian , notAssyrian

,not Ae ge an , not Gre e k , and not Phoe nician , have be e n trace d to North and

Mid Syria and Easte rn Asia Minor ; and none of the ir kind ,to my knowle dge , has

b e e n trace d with ce rtainty to any othe r are a of glyptic production . Th e chie f ce ntre s atwhich the se obj e cts have be e n acquire d are Ale ppo with its ports , Be i rut and othe r coasttowns to the north ; Aintab , Biridjik , and Marash ; Tarsus , Me rsina , and Adana ;Kaisariye h ,

Kara Eyuk ,Boghazke ui , and Eyuk Aladja ; Konia , and points lying on

the route s the nce to the we ste rn comme rcial outle ts of Asia Minor , Smyrna , and Constantinople ,

toge the r with the se ports themse lve s .Furthe r we know many spe cime ns to have be e n discove re d on site s , whose charac

te ristic remains of othe r kinds are Hittite . The chie f of the se are

( 1 ) Boghazke ui and Byuk Aladja , at both of which p lace s Chantre procure d se als andclay impre ssions , publishe d in his M ission en Cappadoce . At Boghazke ui have also b e e nfound by Winckle r impre ssions of se als stampe d on e ithe r clay table ts or cone s and nodule s .

(2 ) Dje rabis and n e i hb ourho od . During the re ce nt B ritish e xcavations on th e site ofCarchemish nume rous gfyptic obj e cts have come to light , e spe cially in a ceme te ry outsidethe city limits on the we st

,ne ar the hamle t of Yunus (se e p . Anothe r Carchem isian

ceme te ry some distance to the north-we st , ne ar Me rj Khamis , has produce d se als ofsl ightly e arlie r date . Also , native s , who have b e e n e xcavating ceme te rie s within a radiusof twe nty-five mile s from Dj e rabis, have found many se als and amule ts , whose originalassociation with potte and othe r obje cts of ce rtain type s has b e e n sufficie ntly we l lasce rtain e d . The chie

’

fygroups in this cate gory are cylinde rs from Hamm am and KaraKuzak on the Euphrate s , and from two ceme te ri e s at D e ve Huyuk in the Sajur valle y .

Many of the se are publishe d he re inafte r .(3) Sakjegeuzi in Ce ntral North Syria , whe re , in the course of Garstang

’

s e xcavations in 1 08—1 1

,se ve ral se als we re found .

e ll Bashe r in the Sajur valle y . A conside rab le numb e r of se als and amule tsin the Ashmole an Colle ction and in the British Muse um come from this site , whe renative s had ope ne d grave s b e fore 1894 , and have continue d to do so ti l l late ly . The sese als , howe ve r , have not quite the same archae ological value as those from the pre ce dingsite s , since Te l l Bashe r , though most probably Hittite , has not ye t be e n prove d so bye ithe r e xcavation or the discove ry of othe r Hittite monume nts in situ .

( i i) Mate rial. Anticipating a justification to b e attempte d late r , I put forward thefol lowing ge ne ralizations about mate rial .( 1 ) N0 stone harde r than marb le ,

se rp e ntine ,or schist was use d by Hittite glyptists

be fore the adult pe riod of the ir art . S te atite is the mate rial of 90 p e r ce nt . of the i r e arly

products . Haematite was not use d by th em as a me dium till the Third Age . She l lcore is not the mate rial of any se al which is b e yond qu e stion Hittite .

HITTITE GLYPTIC 17

(2 ) Highly crystallin e stone s , such as sardonyx , agate ,onyx , carne l ian , ame thyst ,

chalce dony and the ir l ike , we re ne ve r e ngrave d in the Hittite are a unti l Hittite civilizationwas losing its individuality in the Ne o -Babylonian and Pe rsian Pe riods .

(3) Lapis lazul i and true jaspe r we re not use d in Hittite glyptic b e fore the Ne o

Babylonian Pe riod .

(4) A soft se rpe ntine , which ,if polishe d , varie s in tint from a dul l crimson to ruddy

orange , was use d ve ry commonly by Hittite glyptists, and ve ry rare ly by othe rs . The rei s strong pre sumption that any glyptic obj e ct of this mate rial is Hittite .

(i i i) M orphology ,i.e . Form and S ize . A classification of Hittite glyptic obj e cts by

Form,though of limite d archae ological validity

,is a valuable pre liminary to ultimate

classification by subj e ct .

FIG . 6 (Cat.

Such aclassification fre ak -forms , such as those in figs. 5 and 6 , b e ing omitte d)b e sche dule d thus

I . ROLLER-SEALS (CYLINDERS) .I I . S TAMP -SEALS .

A . HANDLELESS .

1 . Gab le s i.e . carinate d quadrilate ral se als .2 . Hemisphe roids

(a) Carinate d

(b) Dome d .

3. Conoids .

4 . Scaraboids .

(a) Rudime ntary .

(b) Egyptizing(c) Dome d .

B . HANDLED (classifie d by form of handle ) .1 Stalks .

2 . Loops .3. S tuds .

4 . Knobs .

5 . Tripods .

6 . Hamme rs .

C . S IGNET-RINGS .

I I I . AM ULETS AND PENDANTS .

I Bullae .

2 . S emi-bul lae .

3 Tabloids .

1 8 HITTITE GLYPTIC

I . ROLLER-SEALS (CYLINDERS)It is use le ss to propose subdivision of this large ge nus by the crite rion of form .

So far as I know ,Hittite cylinde rs , l ike Me sopotamian and Egyptian , show as much

variation of form as so simp le a se al-shape can admit . The y vary gre atly in le ngth 1

and in its proportion to diame te r . Those with squat barre ls , whose diame te r e xce e dsor e quals the i r le ngth , or , at le ast , is not le ss than thre e -quarte rs of it , are found in thee arlie st classe s , but are ve ry rare late r . Concave -side d barre ls are rare r stil l . A ratioof le ngth to diame te r as 2 1 b e come s the rule in the age of full Hittite de ve lopme nt .A ratio of 3 1 , or e ve n gre ate r disproportion , appe ars (b e fore the Fourth Age ) onlyin some cylinde rs imitate d from Kassite mode ls , and not ce rtainly of Hittite fabric . Inthe Fourth Age it be come s comparative ly common .

The re are,howe ve r , two rare mor ho logical varie tie s , o n e of which

, so far asI know

,occurs in the Hittite family onl

’y, while the othe r is almost unknown in any

othe r .

( 1 ) Cylinde rs not p ie rce d throughout the barre l . The i r bore, afte n pe n e trating

a short distance,is b e nt back hai rpin-wise and eme rge s again ne ar the point of e ntry

(fig . The se suspensory cylinde rs , which are almost invariably o f squat form

,may b e cal le d Loop-bored . The

Ashmole an colle ction posse sse s six e xamp le s , of which fourhail from o n e site

,Te l l Bashe r . B e side s the se

,I know only

about half a doze n in othe r colle ctions .

(2 ) A cylinde r pro longe d at o n e e nd by a tongue which

pie rce d for suspe nsion purpose s . This varie ty is anall- stone e dition of such cylinde rs , strung on loop-h e ade dbronze wire s

,as have b e e n found not infre que ntly , e .g . in

Syrian grave s of the Cremation Age . The known cylinde rs of this varie ty (which mayb e name d Tanged) are so few that the y might b e re garde d as ‘fre ak -forms rath e rthan repre se ntative s of a stage in morphological de ve lopme nt , if it we re not that the yappe ar only in the Third Age and pre ce de all known Hittite e xamp le s strung on wire s .

The y m ay, the re fore , re ally mark the b e ginning of a fashion ,continue d afte rwards by

the substitution of a me tallic fitting for the solid stone loop .

I

I I . STAM P-SEALS

The se cal l for de scription and illustration ,since most of the name s he re use d have

be e n inve nte d by myse lf for lack of othe r acce pte d te rminology .

A . HANDLELESS .

1 . Gables. The face is flat and oblong,with angle s more or le ss rounde d off, and

e dge s ge ne rally b e ve l le d . The back,une ngrave d and unorname nte d , s lope s up to

a gable ridge (fig . 8 A , B ) . The triangular s ide face s are (usually) pe rpe ndicular , or ( le ssusually) splaye d . In the latte r case the se al has the form of a truncate d p ramid of whichtwo side s are longe r than the othe rs . The bore is drive n unde r the gab e - ridge , paral le lboth to its line and to the dire ction of the subj e ct e ngrave d on the face .

1 S e e H aye s Ward , Amer . ]ourn . Arch . 1899 , p . 20, case it is n o t te nable . H is proposed lim itation o ffo r a diffe re nt opinion , which , howeve r , he has n o t cylinde rs to 20 millim e tre s in le ngth is exce ede d byre pe ated in his S e al-Cylinders of West Asia . In any a ve ry gre at numbe r o f H ittite examples .

HITTITE GLYPTIC 19

2 . H emisphe roids. (a) Carinated . The se diffe r from Gab le s in having an arch e dback and a rounde d face , though this is some time s more oval than circular . The backis arche d ve ry ge ntly to a faint ridge

,unde r which the bore is drive n as in no . 1 (fig .

FIG . 8 A . FIG . 8 B .

The face , in al l we l l-ce rtifie d Hittite sp e cime ns known to m e,is flat

,with b e ve l le d

e dge . A similar shape e xists also in Ae ge an glyptic , but usually has the face slightlyconve x , and is, in any case , not e asi ly distinguishe d from the Hittite varie ty e xce pt ,possib ly , by subj e ct . I show the de sign upon a spe cime n of a conve x-face d carinate dcircular se al , probab ly Ae ge an ,

not Hittite (fig . in orde r to i llustrate this diflicultyof distinction for its de sign might e asily b e Hittite . Some Hittite spe cime ns havethe gable -ridge so faintly marke d that the y are hardly diffe re ntiate d morphologicallyfrom the shallowe r type s of dome d H emisphe roids of the following spe cie s .

FIG . 10. FIG . 1 1 . FIG. 1 2 .

(b) Dome d . Unde r this he ad are include d not only hemisphe re s (which are rare lyfound) but all le sse r se ctions of a sphe re (fig . The e ngrave d face is flat ; the

une ngrave d back is e ve nly dome d and the bore runs paral le l to th e dire ction of thesub

'

e ct .J

3. Conoids. The se are rare ly true cone s , b e ing more usually truncate d or of ovalhorizontal se ction . The face s are ofte n conve x , and , at a late pe riod ,

the side s m ayb e face tte d . The bore is drive n horizontally through the ape x , paralle l to the dire ctionof the subje ct . The re are some fre ak - forms of conoids , e .g. those whose backs arecarve d with Sp iral mouldings , and some time s crowne d with a snake -he ad (e .g . fig .

FIG . 13.

4 . S caraboids. (a) Rudime ntary . This spe cie s has an e longate d oval face ,and

Shows , by incise d markings on the dome d back,trace s of de rivation from the naturalistic

scarab (fig . I The markings in que stion comprise usual ly a dorsal double or triple

2 0 HITTITE GLYPTIC

spine from which radiate , towards the h e ad and the tai l single (or pai rs of) l ine ssugge stive of the original b e e tle -le s and W ing-case s . In a few spe cime ns the se rayshave b e e n re duce d to fortuitous ob ique or transve rse l ine s and e ve n the dorsal Spineis some time s wanting . Rare ly a transve rse l ine indicate s the division of th e he ad from

the thorax . Almost always a groove is sunk round the circumfe re nce just above the se al-face ,

as in th e normal Egyptian scarab .

This spe cie s , though difficult to de scrib e without ambiguity , i squite unmistakabl e and cannot b e confounde d with any othe rknown type s of scarab or scaraboid . I t se ems

,in the Hittite

family , to pre ce de the othe r type s .

(b) Egyptizing . The se vary from naturalistic re pre se ntations

(fig . 14) to me re conve ntions , which re tain l ittle but the blockFIG . 14 .

form and proportions of the inse ct .

(c) Dome d . The se , pe rhaps , have l ittle to do with the scarab ,

but are se gme nts of cylinde rs or cone s (ofte n of oval horizontal se ction) with dome dbacks .

Some fre ak -forms occur , e .g . those with back carve d as a human face (se eCat . The bore of al l scaraboids is drive n through the longe st diame te r in th edire ction of the e ngrave d subj e ct .

B . HANDLED .

1 . S talks (fig . The se se als have for handle a fairly long protub e rance ,unmoulde d and unde corate d , through which is drive n horizontally the bore or

F1Gf 15 .

suspe nsion hole . The base may b e quadrilate ral , circular , or oval , and has a fla t face .

S talks vary so much in shape , and the subje cts of the known spe cime ns vary alsoso much in style , that on e i s compe l le d to re gard them as individuals rathe r than

repre se ntative s of a type . The y we re probably produce d atinte rvals by craftsme n who did not fe e l compe te nt to make the

more e laborate forms of handle in vogue ,or had re ce ive d a che ap

orde r .2 . Loops (fig . The handle , some time s cut square ,

is

a protub e rance on the gable d or dome d.back only just large

e nough to take a bore . Rare ly it b e ars incise d de coration.

The

base may b e quadrilate ral , circular , oval , or (rare ly) semicircularor lunate , the last two forms be ing pe culiar to this spe cie s . The face is always flat .

HITTITE GLYPTIC 2 1

3. S tuds (fig . The ve ry short handle is ne cke d i.e . unde rcut at its pom tof junction with the base of the se al , and carve d into a te rminal knob which is ofte ne ngrave d with a gridiron or othe r line ar patte rn . The base has a flat face and may b equadrilate ral , circular , oval , trifoliate , or trilate ral . Rare ly , it has a scallope d e dge .

The bore i s drive n horizontally through the ne ck .

0

4 . Knobs (fig . The handle is long and ,usually , horizontal ly groove d whe r

e

it springs from the base and again whe re it e xpands into a sphe rical knob , which is

some time s face tte d and always pie rce d with a suspe nsion hole . The stem of the handle

FIG . 17 .

FIG . 18 . FIG . 19 .

is also ofte n face tte d . The base of al l spe cime ns known to m e is circular (some time swith scal lope d e dge ) and flat face d . In ce rtain fine Spe cime ns it is cylindrical and of somesol idity . This is an e laborate Spe cie s usually mad e of haematite ,

but some time s of me tal .

5 . Tripods (fig . A me tal form only . The handle is compose d of thre e clawfe e t

,more or le ss conve ntionalize d the se are solde re d to the back of the base -p late , and

conve rge above e ithe r upon a smal le r p late with suspe nsion ring solde re d to it , orupon a ring only The face of the base is some time s conve x , and in o n e of ourspe cime ns (fig . 19, C) so much so that the base is ovoid , and can hardly have b e e n use dfor se al ing .

6 . H amme rs. A sumptuous type usually made in haematite or marble . The

handle,ofte n mou lde d and face tte d as in spe cime ns of B . 4 ,

is te rminate d above by

2 2 HITTITE GLYPTIC

a ve rtically groove d transve rse bar of circular se ction . In the fine st spe cime ns thistape rs from th e ce ntre , but e xpands again at e ach e nd

,l ike a round-e nde d hamme r

FIG . 20 .

h e ad . H e nce the name which I sugge st for the type . The base,always flat face d , is

some time s of cubical shape and e ngrave d not only on the bottom face but on side face s .Some time s it is cylindrical

,as in ce rtain spe cime ns of B . 4 : some time s again it is

discoid . In the last two varie tie s it is e ngrave d on the unde r face only . Th e hamme rhe ad handle unde rgoe s various de ge ne rations (fig . 20 ,

B ) and is the pare nt of the handlein the form of a human fist (fi D) , which occurs late in Hittite glyp

1 tic . I t is worthnotice that a form somewhat l i e it occurre d in bronze and gold amon g

pthe be ads found

in the e arly stratum of the Artemisium Site at Ephe sus (Excav . at Ephesus, pp . 1 14and that bronze obj e cts of this form occurre d not only the re but at Enkomi in Cyprus

(B rit Mus. Excav . in Cyprus, p . 1 5 , fig . 2 5 , no .

C . S IGNET RINGS .

Two forms are known, (a) Hoop with circu lar discoid b e ze l (fig . (b) Hoop

swe l l ing on o n e side (fig .

FIG . 2 1 . FIG . 2 2 .

I I I . AMULETS AND PENDANTS

1 . B ullae are flatte ne d sphe roidal obj e cts (fig . e ngrave d on the two

che e ks (a singular loop-’bore d Spe cime n , Cat . 32 7 , is e ngrave d on on e

che e k only) , and , usually , have horizontal rooving round the i r circumfe re nce .

The bore is drive n horizontally into thisf>e lt on the l ine of gre ate st diame te rand paral le l to the dire ction of the subje ct . A few spe cime ns have so littleconve xity of face that the y are discoid rathe r than sph e roid the se usuallyhave no groove d circumfe re ntial b e lt .FIG . 23.

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2 4 HITTITE GLYPTIC

(a) In the e arlie st pe riod (cylinde rs of Class I , infra) all the type s of tool we re use dimpartial ly , e ve n the tubular dri l l . The mate rials e ngrave d we re all soft

,and bronze

points or e dge s , aide d by oi l and sand , could e asi ly have e ngrave d the cylinde rs knownto us . Inde e d , bore rs made of bone or hard wood (e .g . bamboo) cou ld have se rve dthe glyptists

’ ne e ds . In the manipulation of the i r tools the craftsme n Show as muchde xte rity as those of e arly Babylonia .

(b) The re fol lows (Class I I) a marke d de cl ine in graving Te chnique . For themost part the glyptists worke d on ve ry soft mate rial with point and chise l only . Th edril l was not unknown , and e ve n the tubular form of it was use d occasionally ; butmore e ngraving was e ffe cte d without dri lls

,by me re scrap ing and scratching , than with

them . Eve n dril l-marks are ofte n the re su lt of me re rotation o f_a point by hand , and

the cune iform intaglio , characte ristic of the Class , is just chip-carving . C e rtain se als

(e .g. our cylinde rs nos . 2 0, 2 1 ) se em to b e almost e ntire ly chise l-work . I suspe ct thatbone or hard wood

,rathe r than me tal

,was emp loye d to e ngrave most of the e arly

S tamp-se als , and the cylinde rs of the Loop-bore group (se e infra , p .

(c) The quality of the Te chnique , which had b e e n improving during the latte r

part of the pe riod of Class I I , re ache d a high point again in Class I I I . Haematite cameinto fashion as a mate rial

,and th e truth and e ase of curviline ar incisions in this re fractory

mate rial,demonstrate high skil l in th e use of se ctions of the e dge of a tubular dri ll .

Th e point is also manipulate d with much sure ne ss and d e l icacy but the re is no b e tte rre ason than b e fore to suppose it tippe d with corundum-dust (eme ry) , although a supp lyof this could have b e e n obtain e d e asily e nough from We ste rn Anatolia . Haematiteyie lds to soft me tal aide d by oi l and sand , and e ve n pyrolusite , of which mate rial w ehave o n e cylinde r , would not b e re fractory to the patie nt use of the se age nts . Possib ly

,

powde re d sepia-bone was employe d some time s , as in Babylonia .

Had corundum b e e n known to Hittite glyptists, i t is probable that the y wouldhave e ngrave d crystal line stone s e arl ie r than , appare ntly , the y did (se e p . At th esame time the facts may b e accounte d for by the ir lack of such stone s , se e ing that the sewe re use d but rare ly e ve n in Babylonia b e fore the late st Assyrian p e riod . It must b eadmitte d that Hittite ne gle ct of the fin e but comparative ly tractab le mate rial , lapislazuli

,which was importe d from Pe rsia and in vogue in M e sopotamian glyptic from

an e arly pe riod , go e s to prove the abse nce in Syria of a demand for fin e stone s , rathe rthan the glyptists

’ inab ility to cut them .

(d) The final p e riod of Hittite glyptic (Class IV) i l lustrate s a de cline in graving ,which is rathe r stylistic than te chnical . The same tools we re sti l l manipulate d withce rtainty

,but the work is summary and care le ssly finishe d . Th e dril l was cal le d into

use far more than of old to produce rap id obvious e ffe cts , and the glyptists we re notconce rne d to e fface i ts trace s . All se als , howe ve r , continu e d to b e e ngrave d by hand ;the indistinct outline s which give to compost cylinde rs the look of obj e cts turne d outof moulds are due to the pe rishing of th e mate rial and to incrustation with glaze afte re ngraving .

CLASS I : GROUP 1

1 . Cylin de r : bon e : -o39-02 6 .

M an, holding in o n e hand a thong"and

in the othe r the handle o f a p lough P, drive sa horse P. Above , a cross hatching . Pre ce ding the se , a stag le d by anothe r m an . Be forehim

,a six-raye d star .

H ammam .

Cylin de r : pale gre e n calcite -029Two pairs ofbe asts crosse d (the right-hand

pair m onstrous) and a hum an figure e re ct toright be twe en them . B e fore him an uprightsword o r dagge r , and to le ft a column ofcune iform signs of e arly typeH ammam .

Cylinde r : pink sandston e -02 1 x -020.

Ge om e tric patte rn of lozenge s alte rnate lytrip ly barre d and lattice d fill-up pyram idalm arks be twe en .

Kara Kusak ,M esopotamia .

Cylinde r : she l l : -016 .

Two ante lope s o r ib e xe s m oving to le ftfol lowe d by a lion . In the fie ld above , twoe agle s displaye d and an unce rtain obje ctscorpion P) .Kara Kusak ,

M esopotamia .

Cylinde r: pa le gre e n calcite : -040

Two registe rs . (a) Four figure s two ,fem ale

,sit le ft and right of an altar-table o n

which are two cups . The figure o n the le ftholds som e thing (a harp P) in he r hands .A third fem ale Sits with he r back to the firstgroup and re ce ive s a standing m ale adorant .(b) Standing m an holds two ante lope s by thehind le gs . An e re ct lion attacks o n e ante lopeand a lione ss Pthe othe r . Above the l ione ss ’shind-quarte rs som e thing inde te rm inate , pe rhaps a scorpion .

M emphis"Cylinde r she l l -02 9Two re giste rs . (a) Drape d fem ale se ate d

o n a stool holds the hind le g o f an ibe x , se ts ideways in front of he r . (b) Two fem alefigur e s se ate d o n stools oppose d . Each holds1808

8 . Cylinde r : ste atite : -02 1 x {

GROUP 2

010"(tape ring013 to bottom ) .Nude m an holding a spe ar upright oppose s

a dem on with bul l ’s fe e t who we ars a high(fe athe re d P) cap . B e hind the latte r a bul lfoote d dem on holding up an ante lope by thehind le gs and flank e d by a re aring ante l'ope .

Jagge d ground l ine .

B ought at Aleppo .

Cylinde r : ste atite -02 9Two re giste rs divide d and borde re d by

e nclose d he rring-bone be lts , m uch de face d .

(a) Crosse d ram pant lion s flanke d by ibe xe se re ct o n hind le gs ; the ir horns are he ld bytwo standing m e n . On the right a third m an

standing . (b) Two crosse d l ions ram pant anda bu l l w ith he ad turne d back , whose horn isgraspe d by a pig

-taile d m an ; be h ind hima se cond man . On the le ft a m an attacks thelion s .B ought at B iridj ik .

10. Cylinde r : b ron ze °02 6 x -013.

Two registe rs dispose d inve rse ly . (a) Thre el ions ram pant to right. A cre scent in the

uppe r fie ld . (b) Two'

m e n in com bat and

a third m oving towards them from the le fton the right a m an in com bat with a lionSphinx .

B ought at Aleppo .

an e ar o f corn"(o r cup P) in o n e hand andwith the othe r grasps the hand of the opposuefigure .

B ought at B aghdad . (Che ste r Colle ction .)Cylinde r she l l °

02 1 x '009.

Two se ate d fem ale figure s Oppose d , e achraising o n e hand be fore a furnishe d tablealtar : palm -spray and ashe ra be hind . B e low ,

a be lt o f eye -lozenge s .B ought at Aleppo .

2 6 CATALOGUE OF THE ASHMOLEAN COLLECTION

GROUP 31 1 . Cylinde r : white m arb le o r she l l P : 0 24

-016 .

Condition too bad for ce rtainty about details o f the subj e ct , which include s crosse danim als and e re ct hum an figure s .B ought at Aleppo .

1 2 . Cylinde r : ste atite ~02 6

Two long-ne cke d birds oppose d in com bat .Above is a stag or ante lope inve rte d , withpalm -spray be low its be lly , and on e fore -footre sting on an unce rtain obj e ct (pe rhapsaltar of the type se en o n no . 43 infra) . On

CLASS I I A :

1 5 . Cylinde r ste atite ~02 1

M an holding a we apon pursue s a lion and

an ibe x or ante lope (inve rte d) .B ought at Aleppo .

1 6 . Cylinde r : ste atite -020

M an pursuing a l ion and a stag. Fil l-upstroke s in the fie ld .

Aniseh .

17 . Cylinde r ste atite -016 x -009 .

M an in be lte d tunic , holding spe ar or goadin his right hand , fol lows an ox and a stag.

In his le ft hand an unce rtain obj e ct .B ought at Smyrna . (Che ste r Colle ction .)

1 8 . Cylinde r : ste atite -014 x-008 .

M an in b e lte d tunic with up lifte d hands Pdrive s a bul l and an ante lope ; b e fore the

latte r, an upright palm -Spray . Above the

bul l , a goad (or p loughshare P, point downwards,o r a sword P

, point upwards) .B ought at Aleppo .

19 . Cylinde r : ste atite ~018 -008 .

M an b e twe e n a stag Pand a l ion . Che vronin the fie ld .

Kirk M aghara .

GROUP 22 0. Cylinde r : ste atite °

02 1

M an driving a plough drawn by two oxen(o n e inve rte d) . Be fore the oxen four straightl ine s (furrows P) and above , a quatre foi l .B ought at Aleppo .

2 1 . Cylinde r : ste atite '02 5God se ate d right be fore a table -altar on

which are two offe rings he holds in his right

GROUP 1

hand abow P, and in his le ft som e thing unce rtain star or sun above the altar . Oppose dis a standing figure p laying on a harp"(o rholding a bow P) . B e low , an unce rtain quatrefoliate obj e ct .B ought at Aleppo .

2 2 . Cylinde r : ste atite -02 1

Figure standing on a bul l P to le ft and

le ve l ling a spe ar : Oppose d to him a figurearm e dwith b ow Pand sword . The first figureholds an ibe x o r ante lope b the fe e t pendentfrom his le ft hand . To his fbft , a double e agledisplaye d . Thre e sm al l quadrupe ds in the

fie ld .

B ought at Aleppo .

2 3. Cylinde r ste atite -02 5-01 5 .

God se ate d to le ft holds in his le ft handa long tube communicating with an am phorase t on a low stool . With his right hand hegrasps by the ne ck an anim al or bird Pstanding upon a barre d structure (a close d gate P) .Unde r the tub e is an altar be aring two offe rings , flank e d by a libra . In the uppe r fie ldare se ve n pe lle ts (stars) . B e yond the altarstands a m ale figure o n a conventional hil l .Te ll B asher . (B ought at Aintab .)

GROUP 3

2 4 . Cylin de r ste atitebore . (Fig.

Two re giste rs . (a) Four long—e are d vas e sdivide d by tasse ls ; at the e nd o f the rowa pig

-taile d figure se ate d to le ft stre tche sboth hands to a vase . (b) S im ilar ; on the

-02 5-02 5 . Loop

the le ft , a quatre foil o f double outline . Re

ve rsib le type .

H ammam .

13. Cylinde r pink m arble ~029 x'o i 5 .

Nude figure in attitude o f dancing be forea large coil of double outline with two handlel ike proj e ctions . B e hind the dance r a se orpion , he ad downward , and a star .B ought at Aleppo .

1 4 . Cylinde r white calcite ° o35Two re giste rs divide d by a double line arborde r. (a) Two ante lope s m oving to rightin file .

‘

(b) Two ditto or ibe xe s m oving sim ilarly.

B ought at Aleppo .

CATALOGUE OF THE ASHMOLEAN COLLECTION

le ft a figure se ate d to right , and a che vron at

the othe r e nd of the row .

North Syria . (Che ste r Colle ction .)

2 5 . Cylinde r ste atitebore .

Two long-e are d vase s P divide d by pe l le tswhich se em intende d to repre sent two humanfigure s se ate d to le ft (or o n e hum an figure anda quadrupe d se t sideways) . Above are se venpe l le ts (" stars P) . Beyond the right-handvase is a m ale figure standing to le ft . B eyondthe le ft—hand vas e (whose horns , or handle s ,e nd in hum an hands) are m ore drill-m arks andstroke s sugge stive of a fem ale P figure se ate dto le ft . Above the vase are two pe lle ts .

(B ought at Aintab .)

'02 2 Loop

2 6 . Cylinde r : m ica schist : '02 1 Loopbore

Ante lope o r stag in course to le ft confronte dby a dog or sm al le r ante lope a Spray (pe rhaps a de tache d antle r P) above the first antelope a bucranium and a winge d pe l le t abovethe othe r . Group of se ve n bu l l ’s-eye circle ts(stars) . B e low the circle ts , a libra .

Te ll Basher . (B ought at Aintab .)

2 7 . Cylinde rbore .

Two spotte d stags m oving to le ft bene athhorizontal sprays (o r de tache d antle rs) . Pyram idal m arks in the fie ld b e low .

ste atite -02 1 . Loop

Te ll Bashe r . (B ought at Aintab .)

2 8 . Cylinde r ste atite ~ o 23-015 . Loopbore .

Ge om e tric de s ign of bise cte d lozenge s , withpyram idal m arks fil ling the inte rior and

e xte rior angle s .Te ll Basher . (B ought at Aintab .)

2 9 . Cylinde r ste atite °02 6 Loopbore .

A m an , holding in his right hand a crook ,le ads a bu l l fol lowe d by a horse Pand a dog P.

Above the bu l l,a bird

, and be fore it an indete rm inable fill-up obje ct above the antelope , a scorp ion . Various m arks in the fie ld .

B ought at Aleppo .

30. Cylinde r : ste atite -013

Two scorpion s Oppose d he ad to he ad witha long-e are d vase be twe en .

B ought at B iridj ik .

2 7

37 . Cylinde r pink m arble -o34Two arche rs shooting to le ft two groupsof thre e eye

-lozenge s .B ought at

38 . Cylinde r m ica schist -020 x -008 .

Bul l ’s-eye circle ts , regularly dispose d ove rthe fie ld .

Te llBasher . (Bought at Aintab .)

39 . Cylinde r black se rpe n tin e ~01 5Conventional de sign compose d of an eyeloze nge and a long fe athe re d tail (possibly

de rive d from aisco rpio n o f the type o n no

Karaj Ore n .

31 . Cylinde r : ste atite 0018 x -018 .

Two registe rs e ach form e d o f two groupscom prising long-care d vase s , scorpions and

squatting figure s to le ft we aring flat caps ande xte nding e ach an arm to a scorpion ’s tail .Five fill-up che vrons in the fie ld .

B ought at B iridj ik .

32 . Cylinde r : ste atite °016 x -016.

Two re giste rs of vase s , e ach alte rnate vaseinve rte d . On the right of e ach re giste r a

se ate d figure , sim ilar to thos e o n no . 31 ,e xtends an arm to a vase -handle .

j ebe lAbu Ge lge l.

33. Cylinde r (con cave barre l) pink m arble016 x -019 .

Squatting figure s and vase s P(o r bucrania P) .B ought at Aradus. (Gre g Colle ction .)

34 . Cylinde r (th e barre l has four face ts divide dby ve rtical groove s) ste atite °018

(a) Figure se ate d to le ft with hands uplifte d (b , c) sam e figure , le ss fin ishe d (d)two squatting figure s , on e above the othe r , se tinve rse ly to the othe r subj e cts .Unknown . (Gre g Col le ction .)

35 . Cylinde r gre y lim e ston e -018 x -018 .

Radial pe l le ts linke d in pairs and se t inre ctangular doubly borde re d pane ls .Unknown . ( Che ste r Colle ction .)

36 . Cylinde r white m arble -045 x-040.

Facade o f a shrine , through whose opendoor is se e n a table -altar . Right of the shrinea bucranium (or vase P) , and above it , twogroups o f o n e large and two sm all pe l le ts( " vase s P) . Four ante lope s approach fromthe right .Ezaz .

2 8 CATALOGUE OF THE ASHMOLEAN COLLECTION

GROUP 4

40. Cylinde r : ste atite ~024Two re giste rs . (a) H are s in course to right .(b) Wild goats o r ante lope s running in the

sam e dire ction . Be twe en the registe rs , a

ladde r-borde r .Te ll B ashe r . (B ought at Ain tab .)

4 1 . Cylinde r hae m atite '019-010 .

Two re giste rs . (a) Group of two kn e e lingm e n oppose d and two rampant lions P op

pose d , with a de face d obj e ct in the centre :flanking the group ,

a rampant lion . (b) A l ionsphinx , a lion , a b ird , and a Sphinx allm ovingto le ft in file .

B ought at M umbidj .

42 . Cylin de r ste atite -02 6 -014 .

Eight-point sun -star surrounde d by variousfill—up marks (quatre foil , 8cc .) to right , a

stag in course to le ft , se t sideways .Te ll B asher . (B ought at Aintab .)

43. Cylinde r : ste atite -018 -010 .

M an with both hands upraise d b e fore an

altar a quadruped with long tai l p lace d sideways on the othe r side o f the altar .B ought at Ephesus. (Che ste r Colle ction .)

44 . Cylinde r : ste atite ~034-017 .

M an in b e lte d robe holding axe in his le fthand and sickle -shape d obje ct (throwing

CLASS I I B

50. Gable : ste atite °02 5-02 2 .

Two figure s oppose d , that on the le ftwe aring a sword . Quatre foil m ark be twe enand stroke s in the fie ld above .

B ought at Aleppo .

5 1 . Gable : se rpe n tin e °02 1-018 .

Two warriors oppose d in com bat , with a

shie ld Pb e twe e n the le ft-hand warrior we arsa dagge r in his be lt . Two hole s have b e enbore d through the se al-face , e ach pie rcing o neofthe warriors in the m iddle ."Form asno .

Deve H uyuk .

5 2 . Stalk (two bore s) ste atite °02 2 x -017 .

Two hum an figure s se ate d o n e achside of a cross- le gge d altar b e aringoffe rings . Pe lle ts in the fie ld .

Te ll B ashe r . (B ought at Aintab .)53. H e m isphe roid ste atite -

023.

Rough de sign re pre se nting a pil lar"supporte d by two be asts P. "Form as n o .

B ought at B eirut.

stick P) in his right , advance s towards a lionwhich springs on an ibe x or gaze l le .

B ought at Aleppo .

45 . Cylinde r white m arble -020

M an to le ft holding the fore -le g of an antelope which , appare ntly , he has thrown . To

le ft are a disk with e nclose d quatre foil anda l ion attacking an an te lope . Axe - like Signabove the hind-quarte rs of the latte r (possibly,he ld in the le ft hand of the m an ) .Kirkis.

46 . Cylin de r : ste atite -02 8

H orse o r stag P m oving to le ft followe d byan ante lope .

B ought at Aleppo .

47 . Cylin de r ste atite '04 1-014 .

Subje ct of unce rtain inte rpre tation.

B ought at Umrit. (Che ste r Colle ction .)

48 . Cylinde r : ste atite '035D e sign of fe stoons , rose tte s , an

triangle s . (Re ve rsible type .)Te ll B ashe r . (B ought at Aintab .)

49 . Cylinde r ste atite ~023Ante lope in course to right followe d by

a stag, both be ing pursue d by a l ion , abovewhich , a third stag. Fill-up m arks in fie ld .

Kharbe t es-Shiab .

d fill-up

55 . Gab le ste atite :-039

Quadrupe d standing to le ft . B e low ,an

unce rtain obj e ct . "Form as no .

B ought at Aleppo .

5 6 . H e m isphe roid ste atite -02 6 .

A scorpion . "Form as no .

B ought at B iridj ik .

'02 2 X'OZO .57 . Gable gre e nish ste atite "FormA scorpion and a long-care d vase .

as no .

Cilicia . (Che ste r Colle ction .)

GROUP 1

54 . Stalk (stem brok e n o ff in an tiquity , and

a n ew bore m ade at its base ) ste atite -044x -036 .

Five bu l l ’s-eye circle ts , arrange d symm e tri

cal ly with two che vrons to fil l up . "Form as

no .

Te llH alaf. (B ought at Ras e l-Ain .)

CATALOGUE OF THE ASHMOLEAN COLLECTION

5 8 . Gable m ica schist -018 x 'o i4.

A scorpion . "Form as no .

Te ll Bashe r . (B ought at Aintab .)

59 . Gable ste atite °02 7-02 6 .

Ibe x o r ante lope passant to right . Fi ll-upm arks in the fie ld .

Kara H uyuk .

60. H e m isphe roid ste atite -016 -016 .

Ante lope or ibe x-he ad to le ft .Kharbe t es-Shiab .

6 1 . H em isphe roid : ste atite '020 .

Ante lope o r ibe x in course to le ft . 6 o 5B ought in London .

62 . Gable ste atite -019

-017 .

Conventional de sign re sembling a stre tche dskin or an ingot . Four che vrons in the fie ld .

"Form as no .

North Syria .

63. Gab le ste atite -037

-02 7 .

Conventionalize d de sign , apparently re presenting two gate s e ach surm ounte d by a gablecontaining a triangle ornam ent .B ought at Aleppo .

64 . Gable : ste atite 035 x 029 .

D e sign of unce rtain m e aning, pe rhapsre pre senting two hum an he ads and two hands .B ought at Aleppo .

GROUP 265 . Gab le ste atite -o32 x

-02 8 .

Ante lope o r ibe x standing to le ft . Quatrefoil and othe r fill-up m arks in the fie ld .

B ought at Aleppo .

66. Gable gre e nish ste atite -036

Ante lope standing to le ft . Che vron and

othe r fill-up m arks in the fie ld above and

be low . "Form as no .

North Syria . (Che ste r Colle ction .)

67 . H e m isphe roid : ste atite -02 7 .

Ante lope to le ft , attacke d from above bya hoode d se rpe nt .B ought at Aleppo .

68 . H em isphe roid gre y ste atite -045

Ante lope be low and stag P(o r lion P) above .

In the uppe r fie ld a hoode d se rpe nt . Fil l-up m arks in the fie ld .

B ought in Egypt. (Che ste r Colle ction .)

2 9

69 . Gab le ste atite -o40 x-02 5 .

An te lope stand ing to right . "Form as

no . 63Arslan Tash , ne ar S eruj .

70. Gable : ste atite -038

Stag standing to le ft . Se rpent"in front ."Form as no .

B ought at Aleppo .7 1 . Loop ste atite -02 1 . (Stag rude ly e n

grave d o n the stud-knob .)Stag o r ante lope m oving to right above ,

a lion Pin pursuit , and be fore , a dog P. "Formas no .

B ought at Tartus. (Che ste r Colle ction .)72 . Stud : black ste atite '02 2 .

H orse to le ft be low a lion . A bird in flightabove

,and fill u- p m arks in the fie ld . "Form

as no .

Syria . (Che ste r Colle ction .)73. Discoid gre e nish ste atite -o33 x

-02 8 .

Arche r to right shooting at an ante lope se t

sideways . Pe l le ts in the fie ld .

B ought in Syria . (Che ste r Colle ction .)74 . H e m isphe roid : ste atite : °O3I .

M an m oving to le ft with arm s akirnb o

be twe en a goat or ante lope ( le ft) and an ox P

(right) which stand o n the ir hind legs withthe ir backs to the m an . Fill-up pyram idalm arks and a wisp-like obj e ct (a bird"orwinge d disk P) in the fie ld . "Form asno .

B ought at Aleppo .

75 . H e m isphe roid, carinate d re d se rpe n tin e

Ibe x o r ante lope standing to right . Fil lup che vron and othe r marks in the fie ld .

Ci .licia (Che ste r Colle ction .) 4 3>76 . H em isphe roid, carinate d : ste atite : -029

x -02 7 .

An te lope m oving to right hatching, spray ,and othe r fill-up marks in the fie ld . "Formas no . 7B ought at M umbidj .

77 . Gable ste atite -02 2

-02 2 .

Two m ale figure s oppose d . A third sm alle rfigure o n the le ft . "Form as no .

B ought at Aleppo .78 . H e m isphe roid, carinate d : gre y ste atite0 2 8 .

Two m on strous figure s oppose d . (Reve rsible type .)

30 CATALOGUE OF THE ASHMOLEAN COLLECTION

79. Stalk.

(stem b rok e n above th e bore ) ste atite :

°02 5Ante lope or stag standing to right fill-up

m arks in the fie ld . Line ar borde r .B ought at Tartus. (Che ste r Co lle ction .)

80. Gable ste atite 0 2 5 x-016 .

Ante lope m oving to le ft fol lowe d by a l ion .

"Form as no . 63]B ought at Aleppo .

8 1 . H em isphe roid : ste atite : -035Quadrupe ds back to back .

type .) "Form as no .

B ought at Biridj ik .

82 . H em isphe roid : dark gre y ste atite '033.

Conventionalize d de sign de rive d from a

scorpion P. (Re ve rsible type .)Te llB asher . (B ought atAintab .)

83. H em isphe roid : gre y ste atite '024 .

Two quadrupe ds , one horne d,the othe r

with proj e ction o n back . (Re ve rsible type .)"Form as no .

she r . (B ought at Aintab .)84 . Stalk : gre y ste atite *02 1 .

D e sign of unce rtain m e aning.

no .B ought atAleppo .

85 . H e m isphe roid (slightl y carinate d) re d

se rpe ntin e -027 .

Conventional de sign .

"Form as no .Cilicia (Che ste r Colle ction .)

8 6 . Gable : ste atite -o33-02 1 .

Four ante lope -he ads unite d by the ne cks ."Form as no .

B ought at M umbidi.

87 . Gab le : ste atite -033-02 5 .

Ante lope m oving to right . Che vron and

stroke in fie ld . "Form as no . 63]B ought at Aleppo .

88 . Gable : ste atite -024Bird standing to le ft stroke and pe l le t in

the fie ld . "Form as no .

Re sm e l—Khadr , North Syria .

89. Gable : ste atite ~02 5-02 3.

H uman figure"se ate d to right holding a

sword"upright in his le ft hand ; in front ,a scorpion P. "Form as no .B ought at Aleppo .

(Re ve rsib le

"Form as

(Re ve rsible type .)

GROUP 3

94 . Gab le : ste atite -043Fore -parts of two wild goats unite d (on einve rte d) . Quatre foil , che vrons , spray , and

othe r fill-up m arks in the fie ld . (Re ve rsibletype .) "Form as no .

90. Gable ste atite -049-033.

Two ante lope s m oving to right . Fil l-upche vron and m arks in the fie ld .

B ought at Aleppo .9 1 . Gable gre e nish ste atite : ~040

Thre e ante lope s m oving to right . The twofollowe rs re duce d by shorthand to on ly twolegs apie ce . "Form as no .

B ought at Aleppo .

92 . Gable gre e nish ste atite -033

-o30.

Ante lope m oving to le ft . Tre foil and othe rfill-up m arks in the fie ld . "Form as no .

B ought at Aleppo .

93. Gable ste atite °069Ante lope and two goats m oving to right in

file . In the fie ld , che vrons and othe r fill-upm arks .

95 . Gab le ste atite -048

Thre e wild goats with comm on body m ov

ing to right , on e with he ad de pre sse d , anothe rwith he ad looking back . Spray in front ."Form as n o .

B ought at B eirut

96 . Gable : ste atite ~02 8

Wild goat in course to right . Che vrons ,tre foil , and othe r fill-up m arks in the fie ld .

"Form as n o .

Cerata .

97 . Gab le : ste atite -030

Ante lope o r ib e x in fu ll gallop to right .Sugge stion of rocky ground unde r the forelegs and che vron above the hind-quarte rs .

"Form as no .

B ought at Aleppo .

98 . Gab le gre e nish ste atite -034-020 .

Thre e gaze l le s standing to right in file .

"Form as n o .

B ought at B eirut (Che ste r Colle ction .)

99 . Gab le ste atite -019 x-014.

Stag or wild goat standing to right tre foilor che vron in front .Te ll Bashe r .

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32 CATALOGUE OF THE ASHMOLEAN COLLECTION

1 2 0. Gable : ste atite -018 x 'o i4 .

Two quadrupe ds with comm on he ad , se t

back to back . (Re ve rsible type .) "Form as

no . 101 JB ought at Aleppo .

1 2 1 . H e m isphe roid : black ste atite -01 5 .

Stroke s re pre senting a broken-up de sign .

Te ll Bashe r . (B ought at M ezra .)1 2 2 . Stalk gre e nish ste atite ° 019 .

Stroke s re pre se nting a broke n—up de sign intwo pane l s d ivide d by a line .

B ought at Aleppo .

1 2 3. H em isphe roid : re d se rpe n tine -018 .

Stroke s re pre se nting a broke n—up de sign ,

much worn .

Syria . (Che ste r Colle ction .)

GROUP 5

1 2 4 . Gable : ste atite °02 8

Ge om e tric che vron de sign . "Form as n o .

59Ne ar Antioch (Syria) . (Che ste r Colle ction .)

1 2 5 . Stalk (ste m b rok e n above th ebore ) : ste atite ~ 042

Ge om e tric che vron de sign .

B ought at Tyre . (Che ste rColle ction .)

1 2 6 . H em isphe roid : black ste atite -035 .

Cross with che vrons b e twe en its arm s .B ought atAleppo .

1 2 7 . Stalk : ste atiteface .

Cross with che vrons and dots b etwe e n its arm s .B ought at Smyrna .

-019 . S l ightly conve x

(Che ste r Colle ction .)1 2 8 . Stalk gre e n ste atite P -02 2 -017 .

Cross with che vrons and dots be twe en itsarm s .Antioch (Syria) . (Che ste r Co l

le ction .)1 2 9 . Stalk re ddish gre y ste atite 0 31 .

Cross with hatchings be tw e en itsarm s .B ought at B eirut (said to be from

B aghdad) . (Che ste r Colle ction .)130. Stalk , th e ste m face tte d : re ddish gre yste atite : -02 1 -01 5 .

Cross with hatchings be twe en its arm s ."Form as no .

Unknown . (Che ste r Colle ction .)

131 . H e m isphe roid : ste atite -02 0. (No

through bore , but loop-bore which has

broke n out above .)Cross with che vron s and dots b e Qtwe en its arm s .B ought at Tartus. (Che ste r Colle ction .)

GROUP 6

°029 x

132 . H e m isphe roid, carinate d (b ore brok e n out

at th e back ,which is flatte n e d) ste atite

-02 5 .

Ibe x-he ad and two othe r pictographs probably re pre senting anim al-he ads .Cilicia 2 (Che ste r Colle ction .)

133. H emisphe roid, carinate d ste atite ~02 6 .

Ante lope o r ib e x m oving to right . Aboveare thre e anim al he ads P (or scorpions P) .B ought at Smyrna .

134 . H e m isphe roid, carinate d ste atite -02 1 .

Two ibe x-he ads (or scorpions P) with fill-uppe lle ts , &c . ,

in the fie ld . "Form as no .

B ought at B eirut.

135 . H em isphe roid , carinate d : ste atite -02 2

Ibe x or ante lope -he ad to front ; fill-upline s in the fie ld above and at the side s ."Form as no .

B ought at Aleppo .

136 . H em isphe roid, carinate d ste atite : -035 .

Re lie ve d spiral , de e ply cut . "Form as no .

j ebel Abu Ge lgel.

GROUP 7137 . Gable : ste atite -030

Lion standing to right . B e fore it pie tograph of an ass-he ad in profile : and b e lowthe be l ly a pe l le t . "Form as no . 63Cilicia . (Che ste r Colle ction )

138 . Scaraboid : ste atite -037 x-02 3.

Ib e x o r ante lope m oving to right . Tri

foliate m ark unde r be l ly and borde r of pe lle ts ."Form as no .

Antioch , Syria . (Che ste r Colle ction .)

139 . Scaraboid : ye l low se rpe n tin e~02 1 .

Lion m oving to right che vron in front."Form as no .

~7'ebe lAbu Ge lge l.

CATALOGUE OF THE ASHMOLEAN COLLECTION

GROUP 8140. Stud : ste atite -02 6 . (Ste llate patte rnon the knob .)H orse m oving to right : lion"above tole ft : a quatre foil obj e ct be low the

horse and othe r fill-up m arks in thefie ld .

B ought at Aleppo.

14 1 . Stud : ste atite °032 x'028 . (Radiatede sign on the knob .)

H orse to le ft above , a lion anda b ird in flight .B ought at B eirut.

142 . Loop : ste atite ~02 1

Drape d hum an body bent backwards onthe point of an upright sword which hasente re d it at the waist . Be low, a b irdm oving to le ft , pursued by a snake .

Line ar de ntate d borde r .Syrian coast. (Che ste r Colle ction .)

143. Loop ste atite -o4o ><-02 8 .

Two horse s , he ad downward , on e ithe rhand ofan upright which m ay re pre se nt a tre eo r the de gradation of a humanfigure .

Unknown . (Che ste r Colle ction .)

144. Loop : ste atite -02 8

Quadruped (horse P) m oving to le ft . Arude hum an figure Pbe low and a smal l quadrupe d to le ft .Te ll Ahmar .

CLASS I I I A :

1 50. Cylinde r : ste atite ~033Two he lm e te dwarriors ,we aring loin-cloths

and carrying spe ars point downwards , op

pose d o n e ithe r hand of a cre ste d griflin whichstands to le ft , with a bird in flight be low itsbe l ly . Two othe r warriors stand above the

griffin ; be fore the forem ost is a spe ar pointdownwards . The ir arm s se em to b e pinne dbe hind the ir backs . The principal figure o n

the le ft grasps with his right hand a standard Pwhose he ad and foot are both tride nt-shape d- a lightning sym bol P) .Te ll H audan (febe l Abu Gelge l) .

1808

GROUP 1

33

.024 x~024 .145 . Stud gre e nish ste atite

(Ste l late de sign o n the knob .)Four anim als , o n e in e ach le af of the face

and o n e in the centre . Ante lope to right withhe ad turne d back (centre ) , winge d griffin ,lion

, and dog (P) se ate d on his haunche s ."Fo rm as no .

B ought in Syria . (Che ste r Colle ction .)

146 . Stud : gre e n ste atite : ~035-o35 . (Grid

iron patte rn on the knob .)Wi ld goat in course to le ft . Lion Pabove .

Sprays, &c . ,in the fie ld and a

line ar borde r.North Syrian coast. (Che ste r

Colle ction .)147 . Loop : ste atite ~ o32

-031 .

Broken-up de sign de rive d apparently froman ante lope se ate d to le ft . Fil lup pe lle ts , &c . , in the fie ld .

Bought at B iridj ik.

148 . Stud : ste atite : -040 x -036 . (Gridironde sign o n the knob .)Bu l l (o r two bul ls P) m oving to right .

Above , ‘

a m an drawing a bow in chase . Fil lup pe lle ts , 850. The whole within a borde rpart ly lin e ar, partly dentate d .

B ought at Aleppo .149 . Stud : ste atite -

031

M an to right pursuing gam e ante lope andwinge d Sphinx Pshown on large scale in courseto le ft in the m ain fie ld , whi le two ante lope so f sm al le r scale m ove to le ft be low. Star ,sprays , scorpion ,

8cc . ,in the fie ld . "Form as

no . 140JB ought at Aleppo .

15 1 . Cylinde r : ste atite °02 8

Godde ss se ate d to right holding in bothhands a' double thong"and approached bytwo stags , above ,

and thre e wild goats anda stag, be low . The thong he ld by the godde ssse em s to b e attache d to a horn o f the le adinggoat , and pe rhaps he r stool is intende d to b esupporte d o n the antle rs o f a stag.

1 52 . Cylinde r : gre e nish-brown se rpe ntin e :

~02 6 x -016 .

Two main re giste rs d ivide d by band o f

borde re d he rring-bone plait . (a) Se ate d go dand godde ss oppose d re ce ive two ado rants, o f

34 CATALOGUE OF THE ASHMOLEAN COLLECTION

whom o n e kne e ls , the othe r stands . ‘

Cre scentse nclosing sun-disks above , and an ape e re ctbe hind the god . To le ft rampant ibexe s andlions oppose d in pairs with a smal le r anim al( ibe x or hare ) b e low e ach pair , and birdsdividing the

pairs . (b) Two sub -re giste rs ,divide d by a inc and dispose d inve rse ly to

no . 1 . (i) Thre e groups o f couched b e astsoppose d—hurfian-he ade d , winge d , and

cre ste d lion-sphinxe s divide d by an ape and

flanke d by a bucranium and a hare ; lionand gaze l le with sym bol like a carpente r

’ssquare on the le ft bird-he ade d , winge d , andcre ste d lion-sphinxe s , divide d by a displaye de agle . (ii) Eight cut-off hum an he ads , and

four hare s in course to right .j’ebe lAbu Gelge l.

153. Cylinde r : haem atite -014 x-007 .

Two fem ale figure s se ate d oppose d , e achholding up a cup (or flowe r P) and flanke d bynude m ale ado rants in cross- legge d (dancing P) posture . B e low , two se ate d lionsoppose d . S econdary Conventional palmtre e surm ounte d by a disk within a cre scentwh ich is flanke d by b irds . B e low

, two nudefigure s kn e e ling oppose d , unde r a cord (orcanopy) which se em s to b e supporte d in them iddle by the palm -trunk .

B ought at Aleppo .

154 . Cylinde r : haem atite -014 x'007 .

Shrine o r altar on which two birds pe rchback to back . To right five ve rtical columnsof sym bols , com prising thre e hum an he adswith long hair (or fe athe r he ad-dre sse s) tole ft , on e to right , and o ne , be arde d and

horne d , to front ; two hare s and a goatm oving to le ft , two birds to right , a fish P,two hum an hands , a key P, and an ibe x he adto right .B ought at B eirut.

155 . Cylinde r : ste atite °02 1 x-014 .

Two groups (a) squatting figure to rightflank e d by se ate d lions ; (b) lion le aping toright on a se ate d ante lope a scorpion be hindthe lion . The two groups divide d by a fe stoonof enclose d he rring-bone plait .B ought at Biridjik .

15 6 . Cylinde r : ste atite -019Drape d figure standing to right , with a

sword be fore,a vase"o r flowe r above , and

a libra be hind in a compartm ent marked o ff

by ve rtical line s . S e condary (above ) twolion-sphinxe s Oppose d , divide d by a be lt ofborde re d he rring-bone from (be low) two goatsto le ft oppose d by a bird .

B ought at Aleppo .

1 57 . Cylinde r : ste atite -019-009 .

Thre e m e n dre ssed in loin-c loths, the

se cond holding a spe ar point downwardsbe fore him , chasing two (or thre e P) birds tole ft .B ought at Biridj ik .

15 8 . Cylinde r : hae m atite ~016 x '008 .

Godde ss se ate d to le ft o n a high-backe dchair : b e fore he r a pig

-taile d m an we aringbe lte d loin-cloth and holding an axe P in hisright hand ; a be arde d and horne d hum an headbe fore him . A b ird-he ade d Pwinge d figure ,we aring long be lte d robe and sword ap

proache s from right .febe lAbu Ge lge l.

1 59. Cylinde r : ste atite '017 x-Oi o .

M ale figure holding a spe ar point downwards stands to le ft in a pane l m arke d off byve rtical line s . To le ft two lions"oppose d ,with spe ar, point downwards , be twe en them .

Above are m arks now unce rtain , pe rhapsa rude coi l-band .

1 60. Cylinde r se rpe ntin e -016 -009.

Two drape d figure s , both we aring longmantle s (that on the right also a conical hat) ,opposed on e ach side of a hum an he ad raise dupon a pole from whose base Spring fronds P.This is flanke d by he ads of stag and wild goat.S econdary Lion and bird-he ade d sphi

couche d to right o n e above the othe r.B ought at Aleppo .

1 6 1 . Cylinde r haem atite ~015 x-008 .

Two figure s , one upholding a bird , and the

othe r,a bucranium P, oppose d on e ach Side

of a pair of couche d ibe xe s , which have a comm on body . Unde r the se a lion to le ft . On thele ft a libra ,

and on the right a compositestandard o r ashe ra , and a bare se ate d to right .febe l Abu Ge lge l.

162 . Cylinde r re d se rp e ntin e ~020 x '010.

S e ate d god ,holding up an anim al (or

fishe s P) attache d by a cord P, re ce ive s a

warrior in horne d cap and loin-cloth le aningcross-legged o n a staff, on whose he ad pe rche s

CATALOGUE OF THE ASHMOLEAN COLLECTION 35

a bird . S econdary : two birds in flight toright divide d by a coil-band . Sun-star anda bird (o r squatting ape P) in the uppe r fie ld .

B ought at Smyrna .

163. Cylinde r ; con cave -side d barre l ste atite~023 x

-010.

Two zone s se t inve rse ly to on e anothe r anddivide d by a he rring-bone be lt . In e ach zonea file of long-ne cke d and long-legged birds .Te ll B ashe r (Bought at Aintab .)

164 . Cylinde r ste atite ~030

God , we aring horne d conical cap and highkne e -boots with up

-curve d toe s , raising hisright arm to strike and holding a l ightningtrident in his le ft , stands to le ft be fore a

drape d conical altar crowne d with a cross .Two bow o r wing-shape d obj e cts on e achside of the altar, and two triangular symbolsabove . The altar is approache d o n the

right by a m an in long loose cloak , holdinga lituus in his le ft hand , and an axe in hisright . Two indistinct obj e cts be fore his face .

S e condary : A vase , from which rise thre efronds , and above it , a le aping stag or ibe x .

A cre scent Pabove .

Te ll Bashe r .

165 . Cylinde r : haem atite -020 x -012 .

Two groups : (a) Godde ss enth 'rone d toright re ce ive s a female adorant who offe rsa cup . (b) God enthrone d to le ft re ce ive s twopairs—a drape d m ale we aring a turban, whointroduce s a draped female figure , and a

nude fem ale in cross-le gge d dancing attitude ,who introduce s a male in borde re d tunicbe aring a Sickle o r lituus .B ought at Aleppo .

166 . Cylinde r . hae m atite 02 2 x 01 1 .

j anifrons be arde d figure in horne d hat presents a female in fringe d m antle thrown backin front

,who holds a fish pendent from he r

le ft hand , to a god se ate d to le ft on a thronewith high back and lion legs . S econdary .

divide d gby a coil band, (a) a winge d lionSphinx with e agle ’

S he ad springing le ft o n thehind-quarte rs of a wild goat ; (b) two wildgoats oppose d back to back o n e ach Side o f

a palm-tre e . Coil borde rs .

B ought at Aleppo.1 67 . Cylinde r haem atitetop) x 010 .

B iga ,with horse s yoke d to a pole , driven

to le ft , followe d by thre e marching figure s in

( 02 1 , brok e n at

1 68 . Cylinde r : hae m atite

be lte d loin-cloths with hands tie d be hindthe ir backs . B e low the horse s a prostratenude fo e . Coil-band be low , and two stroke sof unce rtain nature bolts hurle d bywarrior in the biga P) in the uppe r fie ld .

B ought at Aleppo .-02 1 x '01 1 .

B iga with six-spoke d whe e ls drive n to le ftby m an drape d in a long robe with cape o r

c loak hanging loose from his shoulde rs . Thehorse s have plum e d he ad-stalls,and unde r

them appe ars a cut-off hum an hand . Fourfigure s follow in file with hands tie d b e hindthe ir backs , and we aring drawe rs . Above thema coil-band .

B ought at Aleppo .

GROUP 21 69 Cylinde r haem atite -017 x

-006 .

Godde ss to front,with skirt thrown Open ,

adore d by m ale and female figure s , the m an

in long fringe d mantle and conical cap . H e

offe rs som e thing indistinguishable . Above ,a cre scent. S econdary : A b ird in flight tole ft above a palm -spray , be low which isa goatse ated to le ft .

B ought at Aleppo.170. Cylinde r : haem atite '019 x

-008

Godde ss , with drape ry thrown ope n , standing to front unde r a canopy o r tent , a fish o nhe r right and a cran e"on he r le ft . She isadore d , right and le ft , by two drape d figure s ,e ach upholding som e offe ring indistinguishable . A fish be low an e lbow of e ach . S e condary : An e ight-raye d sun -star, a dagge r (01we dge ) , and a fish , o n e be low anothe r .Arslan Tash

, North-west M esopotamia .

17 1 . Cylinde r : haem atite °

018

Nude godde ss to front , adore d by a m alewo rshi

pipe r on the right . Be twe en them an

ape , an above , a cre scent . S e condary : Twofigure s with tails an d bu l l ’s fe e t oppose d o n

a plat im,with a sacre d tre e be twe e n . B e low

,

a kne e ling figure holding an unce rtain obj e ctbe fore it .Bought at Aleppo .

1 72 . Cylinde r : hae m atite ~017 x~

o l o .

Winge d godde ss , with skirt thrown ope n ,

stands be fore a furnishe d table -altar, and

re ce ive safemale adoran t offe ringane ar ofcorn P

36 CATALOGUE OF THE ASHMOLEAN COLLECTION

B e hind the godde ss a fem ale attendant , be forewhom is a crux ansata ,

and anothe r sym bol P.S e condary A scorpion and a hare se ate d tole ftabove acoil-band andan ibe xm oving to le ft .B ought at B eirut.

1 73. Cylinde r : haem atite ~023-013.

God ,standing to le ft on a couche d lion and

holding a sceptre or spe ar upright , re ce ive sa b e arde d adoran t offe ring a calf Phe ld up bythe ne ck . S e condary Thre e drape d figure sadvance to le ft in file holding offe rings , andbe hind them , unde r a canopy, a figure squatsto . fro nt (or a hum an he ad and trunk riseout of a lotus P) . B e low are two se ate d lionsoppose d and a hum an-he ade d and winge dlion-sphinx m oving to right be low a coil-bandof de cadent type .

j’ebe lAbu Ge lge l.

174 . Cylinde r haem atite ~01 5Two figure s in b e lte d loin-c loths oppose d ,

e ach grasping the trunk of a palm ,and thre e

drape d figure s standing to right in file .

Labd (near M umbidj ) .

175 . Cylinde r : haem atite ~

019Godde ss se ate d to le ft b e fore a table -altarloade d with offe rings , above which appe ara bird in flight to le ft and a star. She re ce ive san adorant in Babylonian cloak be aring a

lituus . S e condary : A Sphinx and an ibe xm oving to right and divide d by a coil—band .

B ought at Aleppo .176 . Cylinde r : haem atite -

02 1

De ity standing to le ft ,with disk and cre scentabove , re ce ive s am ale adorant be aring a lituusfollowe d by a se cond (fem ale P) with handsraise d . S econdary Two se ate d lions op

pose d , and two se ate d hare s oppose d divide dby a coil-band .

177 . Cylinde r gre yish ste atite -024 x-01 1 .

Godde ss , in conical cap with knobbe d pe ak ,se ate d on a stool,holds by o n e paw a hum an

he ade d winge d lion-Sphinx rampant . Be hindhe r

,a fem ale attendant to right . Cre scent

and disk above and ingot-shape d sym bol inthe lowe r fie ld .

febe l Abu Ge lge l.

GROUP 3.

178 . Cylinde r hae m atite -02 5 x'o i 2 .

Two registe rs . (a) Drape d de ity‘in pe ake dcap se ate d to right on high-backe d throne and

holding in his right hand a vase from -whichliquid spouts . H e re ce ive s a figure in longfringe d robe , introduce d by aj anifrons figurein short mantle : above the go d a cre scentand disk . S e condary : Two horn e d griffins(that on the right cre ste d) e ach raise o n e pawove r a hum an he ad fixe d to right on a shortpole . Coil-band be low . (b) Two se ate d lionsoppose d with ante lope o r ibe x be twe en themand two se ate d ibe xe s oppose d . .

B ought at Tartus. (Che ste r Colle ction .)179 . Cylinde r : hae m atite -019 x

°010.

Goddess , standing to front on the backof a bul l , and holding ope n he r skirt

,is

approache d o n e ithe r side by ( I ) aman in longloose c loak holding an e ar of corn in his le fthand , and (2 ) a fem ale figure we aring Egyptian wig and crowned with disk and cre sce nt ,who holds a crux ansata pendent . in he r r ighthand . Above

,a bird . S econdary Two nude

figure s kne e ling Oppose d with hands raise dand crux ansata be twe en them ; coi l-bandbelow , and two lions se ate d oppose d , e achraising o n e paw .

Unknown .

1 80. Cylin de r : hae m atite ~023B e arde d and drape d de ity in horne d hat,standing to le ft with right foot advance d o n

a stool , holds out '

som e thing indistinguishablein his right -hand ,

and re ce ive s ( 1 ) a drape dfigure in turban offe ring a goat : above the

goat a sun -star (2 ) a drape d'figure holding

forke d lightning of Caduce us type in his le fthand and standing o n a bu l l which he gu ide sby a cord (3) a m ale figure in a Short be lte dtunic .

Unknown . (M urray-Aynsle y Colle ction .)

GROUP 4

1 8 1 . Cylinde r : hae m atite -02 6 -01-3.

D e ity in horne d conical hat we aring pig'

tailturne d up in Chaldae an fashion , fringe d robe ,

and sword , and holding a cup in his r ighthand ( le ft arm passe s through a

'fo ld of therobe ) , stands oppose d to m an we arin longpigtail P (or cape P) , loose fringed icloa and

high cap . B e hind the latte r four sym bolsand thre e columns o f Babl nian c une iformwriting which re ads I ndilimm a (o r , I ndiSima)son o f Sinirdamu (or Isirdama) se rvant , of

Ishara

CATALOGUE OF THE ASHMOLEAN COLLECTION

1 8 2 . Cylinde r : lim onite '02 6 x -010.

Godde ss in horned m itre and flounce dSkirt , approache d by two figure s ; ( I ) Be ardle ss m an in borde re d cloak and conical cap ,

carrying a m ace in his le ft hand ,holds by the

hair and pre sents a captive suppliant , nudee xcept for '

girdle and loin-cloth ; above , a

H athor"he ad . (2 ) Be arde d m ale we aringhe avily-fringe d and amp le robe and a turban Pwith four horns and cre scent pe ak , offe rsa cup P. with his right hand . S econdary :

Two oppose d lion-sphinxe s with humanhe ads , that on the right m ale , that on the le ftfem ale P be low ,

a pair of daisy-rose tte s ; andbe low the se,two m e n fighting with swords ,

on e we aring a cap ,. the othe r bare he ade d .

Coi l borde r above and be low .

Unknown . (Murray-Ayn sle y Colle ction .)1 83. Cylinde r haem atite ~

019TWO J re giste rs -divide d by quadruple coil .

( 1 ) Thre e z ebu oxen m oving to le ft in file .

(2 ) Thre e lions m oving sim ilarly .

B ought at Aleppo .GROUP 5 .

1 84 . Cylinde r : lim onite ~02 7 (Co ncave barre l .)Six pan e ls : (a) Ante lope to le ft attacke dfrom be hind by griffin . (b) Nude he ro to

CLASS I I I B

188 . Tripod base silve r 0 2 5 .

M ale figure drape d in a loosec loak and we aring flat cap (orhood P) m ove s to right holdingout both hands . . B e fore him ,

thre e H ittite characte rs , and

b e hind , five (fig.

B ought at B or .FIG 2 6

1 89 . Tripod base silve r (The c lawhandle has be en fitte d afte r the characte rs

A FIG . 2 7 . B

o n the back of the base -plate had ‘be e n , e n

grave d -but it‘ is o f sam e alloy as the p late ,and probably coe val .)On

'

the 'face , ,a. .H ittite inscription '

of six

linear characte rs within a ladde r borde r (fig.

37

le ft , throwing a bull in the fie ld,a libra .

(c) Dra e d and be arde d god se ate d to le ft ;be fore liim , thre e dais -rose tte s ; be hind , alibra . (d) Ante lope to le ft attacke d from b ehind by a l ion . (e ) Cre ste d andwinge d humanhe ade d Sphinx to right Oppose d to a re aringante lope . (f) D itto , to le ft , opposed by ditto .

B ought at Smyrna .

1 85 . Cylinde r : haem atite '024 x-012 .

Four groups , ( 1 ) l ion c lawing bul l frombe hind (2 ) griffin pursuing lion . Be twe enthe se a palm -tre e , be low which is (3) a bul lgoring a fal le n lion . To the right , in thelowe r fie ld , is (4) a l ion springing o n the backo f a bu l l . Above this group a crux ansata

,

and to right a "H athor he ad .~ In the uppe r

m ost fie ld an ante lope Pgal loping to le ft .B ought at M umbidj .

1 86 . Cylinde r : hae m atite -01 5Two lions chasing two wild goats , an an telope and a bu l l to le ft .

‘A daisy-rose tte

,

a palm -tre e , and two coils in the fie ld .

B ought at Aleppo .187 . Cylinde r haem atite 0019 x

-007 .

Thre e re giste rs of re turn ing spirals (o rbul l ’s-eye circle ts linke d) divide d bytwo bandso f linke d eye

-lozenge s .Shebib .

GROUP 1

2 7 A) . On ' the back (se e above ) , a H ittiteinscription of e ight"characte rs , o ne alm ostentire ly conce ale d by a claw-foot (fig. 2 7 B ) .Unknown .

Tripod : bronz e ~02 4 .

H ittite inscription of twe lvecharacte rs (fig. 2 8) within a

simple line ar b o rde r (se e Sayce ,P . S . B . A . xxvii

, p .

Unknown . (Gre g Co lle c

tion .) FIG .

19 1 . Tripod with se m i-ovoid he ad s gold'02 6 -019 .

Group of two"or four PH ittite characte rswithin a de corative borde r composed of

'

tre foil b lossom s and

triangle s this again within a'

broade r oute r borde r of sim ilare lem e nts with the addition o f

daisy-rose tte s and 1 conventionaltre e s (fig.

Tamassos, Cyprus.

FIG . 29 .

38 CATALOGUE OF THE ASHMOLEAN COLLECTION

192 . Kn ob"(stem brok e n off short) : lim e

ston e -023.

Double he ade d e agle disp laye d : lituus- l ikeappendage s appe ar on e ach Side b e low the

wings . Double ladde r-borde r .Bought at Smyrna . (Che ste r Colle ction .)

193. Kn ob : ste atite -020.

Eagle disp laye d to le ft with lituus-likeappe ndage o n his he ad ; a hare crouchingto le ft unde r his talons . Sprays in the fie ldon e ach side . "Form as no .

Asia M inor . (B ought in Paris.)194 . Ring base silve r D . (of b e ze l) -o 2 8(outside of ring) 0 2 6 .

On the b e ze l a H ittite inscription (fig. 30) within a

borde r of circ le s and we dge sand o n e four-point star .Samsun (B ought at Cairo .)(Che ste r Colle ction .)

FIG 3°

195 . Ring gold D . (oute r) -030 ( inne r)'02 1 bre adth of be ze l °013.

Winged de ity we aring a conical cap and

long m antle stands to le ft on the back ofa sphinx which has a lion-he ad with Egyptianb e ard , and also a hum an he ad we aring conicalcap with frontal horn . The god holds an e ar

of corn"with long curving stalk (o r a le ashattache d to the sphinx) in his right hand .

Two lions face towards the group from opposite side s ove r e ach aH ittite script-characte r ,and b e fore and bene ath each , two star-rose tte s ,while two sim ilar star-rose tte s appe ar ove r thehe ad o f the le ft-hand lion . B e hind e ach , anupright sword-blade graspe d by a hum anhand . Stars be hind e ach blade , and palm e tte sin the e xtremitie s of the be ze l .B ought at Konia .

196 . H amm e r hae m atite -o 2 5 x-023. H .

~o39. (Cub ical he ad with be ve l le d and ve rtical ly groove d angle s octohe dral face tte dstem .)Engrave d on the five ace s ( 1 ) B ase

Godde ss with pigtail and low

horne d cap ,se ate d to le ft o n a stool

and holding an unce rtain obje ctbe fore he r , is approache d by a m alefigure in Short loose c loak ,

holding inhis le ft hand a trident lightning symbol . Borde r of triple coils , arrange d in fourpane ls . (2 ) Drape d god in conical m itre withfrontal horn , is se ate d to le ft on a stool and

holds a trident on which pe rche s a b ird .

H e is approache d by a pigtaile d male ina sim ilar m itre we aring a long m antle openin front , and carrying twin spe ars ove r hisright Shou lde r . (3) Godde ss in square mitre ,with ve il pendent be hin d and long robe , is

se ate d to right on a stool , be lowwhich appe arsa bucranium Por scorp ion P. Above , awinge ddisk . She holds a she af of thre e crosse darrows . B e fore he r is an altar with pyram idalribbe d pe ,de stal supporting two crosse ddarts"above is a l ightning trident , flanke d by crucesansatae with triangular caps . She is ap

proache d by an e agle he ade d and pigtaile dfigure in long straight robe ,who holds an e ar ofcorn be fore it . (4) Drape d godde ss in conicalm itre se ate d to right on a stool and holdinga goat by the fe e t in he r right hand . She is

approache d by a male as in n o . 1 , who holdstwin darts . B e twe en them is a triangle abovea crux ansata . 5) God in long robe and ca

pas in no . 2 , se ate d to right on a cross-sto oholds up in his le ft hand a hare by the forele gs and in his right a cup P: above , a b ird , andbe fore

,a horne d altar

,which supports thre eoffe rings . Above this altar , a crux ansata.

Tarsus. (Che ste r Colle ction .)

197 . Knob (he ptahe dral face tte d stem ) hae

m atite -017 .

B e arde d figure in long robe and low flat

cap ,se ate d to le ft on a chair with high curvingback , e xtends his le ft hand towards a bird

(hawk P) which is pe rche d upon five re eds o rfronds growing out of an amphoraBorde r of continuous re turning spiralsCilicia . (B ought in Paris.)

GROUP 2 .

198 . Scaraboid : brownish ste atite 02 5 x

020. (On the back a spine and two radiatingpairs o f line s .)Lion and stag back to back. (Re ve rsibletype )B ought at Aleppo .

1 99 . Scaraboid brown lim e ston e -024 x-020. (On the back thre e spinal line s andtwo groups of thre e line s radiating from the

spine , with four crosse s in the angle space s .)Lion m oving to right : scorpion .

P above :be hind , a rhom b e nclosing a cross , and be low ,

a spray o r fish o r lizard . "Form as no . 198

Deve H uyuk .

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40 CATALOGUE OF THE ASHMOLEAN COLLECTION

2 17 . L oop »: gre e n se rpe ntin eChe vron de s ign o f labyrinth type ."Form

as no .B ought at Smyrna . (Che ste r Colle ction .)

CLASS IV A

2 19. Cylinde r : glaze d com post (scorche d)-032

-014 .

Be arde d m an drawing a b ow to le ft . Be forehim a winge d sphinx to le ft . B e fore it analtar with offe rings surm ounte d by fronds (ora comb ination of a sacre d tre e and an altar) ,with cre scent and winge d eye

-disk above .

A knob-he ade d staff be hind the m an and

cune iform m arks (o r b irds P) in the fie ld .

Line ar borde rs .B ought at B eirut.

2 2 0. Cylinde r glaze d com post (brok e n )( 02 2 ) x -010

Two e agle s with human be arde d he adsstanding oppose d . Cre scent m oon above thele ft-hand o n e . Cune iform and othe r m arksand a pe l le t in the fie ld .

B ought at Aleppo .

2 2 1 . Cylinde r glaze d com post '030 x-01 1 .

Be arde d man drawing a b ow to right at

a horne d and winge d l ion-sphinx with b irdhead . A palm -tre e be twe en them .

B ought at Aleppo .

2 2 2 . Cylinde r : ste atite r o3o x-013.

B e arde d man kne e ling on his le ft kne edraws a bow to left at an oppose d lion-sphinx(broken) . B e hind , a tasse l le d ashe ra upona stool-pe de stal surm ounted by a sun-star.Arab Punar , M esopotamia .

2 23, Cylinde r b rown steatite -020 -01 1 .

B e arde d m an in be lte d tunic le ads a lion Pto right , followe d by a se cond lion"(or griffin")ridden by anothe r b e arde d m an who holds uphis hands (or, pe rhaps , the m an is inte nde d tob e shown standing on the off-side of the l ion .)B ought at Aleppo .

2 2 4 . Cylinde r : dark gre e n se rpe ntin e ~02 1

X 'O I O.

Lion springing on the hind-quarte rs of anante lope m oving to le ft . B e hind the l iona tre e , and above

,a cre sce nt , In

.

the fie ldabove , a cre sce nt and a sun -star.B ought at Tartus. (Che ste r Colle ction .)

2 2 5 . Cylinde r : bron ze -016

Four goats o r ante lope s m oving to le ft.

2 18 . Loop m ica schist 0030 x302

'

9 . (Thr e eloop handle s , two broken .)Four bul l ’s-eye circle ts the fie ld hatche d .

Antioch , Syria . (Che ste r Co l {Wfble ction .)

GROUP 2

The y are se t sideways. The type is , appare ntly, re ve rsible .

B ought at Aleppo .

2 2 6 . Cylinde r ste atite ~023 x-OI I .

Bu ll m oving to right towards an eye d sun

star of fourte e n rays above,a cre scent .

Line ar borde rs .B ought at B eirut.

GROUP 3.

2 2 7 . Cylinde r glaze d com post 1 02 6 -010 .

Arche r, holding a bow and arrow in hisright hand and raising the othe r , in pursuit ofa cre ste d se rpent e re ct . L ine ar borde rs .B ought at Aleppo .

2 2 8 . Cylinde r glaze d com post -019-009.

Arche r drawing a bow to le ft at a scorpione re ct and a hooded se rpent sim ilarly e re ct .B ought in Egypt. (Che ste r Colle ction .)

2 2 9 . Cylinde r glaze d com postTwo stags oppose d on e ithe r hand of a

sacre d tre e . Above a scorpion"Doubleline ar borde rs .Dev e H uyuk .

2 30. Cylinde r glaze d com post -018

Two pigtaile d figure s in long robe s graspo r hold up a tre e above a cross-legged altar .S e condary Two . bul ls tail to tail with he adsre ve rse d ; thre e cut-off human hands , conve ntio nalize d four ante lope s o r goatscouche d , thre e to

.

right and o ne to le ft .B ought in Syria . (Che ste r Colle ction .)

2 31 . Cylinde r glaze d com post -024Two figure s in long robe s and m antle soppose d on e ithe r hand of a tre e . The irpigtails are turned up and tied in Chaldae anfashion . The right-hand figure (male ) we arsa conical tiara, the othe r (fem ale P) a flat cap .

S e condary Four be arde d heads to rightwe aring conical tiaras and pigtails two bu l lscouche d to right and turning the ir he ads backa daisy-rose tte and a bu l l ’s-eye in the fie ldabove

,and a spiral hand be twe e n the groups .

B ought in Lowe r Egypt. (Che ste r Co lle ction .)

CATALOGUE OF THE ASHMOLEAN COLLECTION

2 32 . Cylinde r glaze d com post -02 2

Stag,e re ct on its hind le gs to le ft , divide s

two groups of thre e figure s we aring roundhe lm e ts , be ards , and pigtails , and m oving tole ft (se t ve rtical ly) . Line ar borde rs .Syria . (Che ste r Colle ction .)

233. Cylinde r glaze d com post -026 x '0 12 .

Two stags with comm on he ad, couche d

back to back . To right , thre e se ven-raye dstars in a pane l . Line ar borde rs .B ought in Syria . (Che ste r Colle ction .)

2 34 . Cylinde r glaze d com post -02 7 x

-013.

Two stags couche d to le ft , se t sideways .Line ar borde rs .B ought at Ephesus (Che ste r Colle ction .)

GROUP 4

2 35 . Cylinde r ste atite -02 5 x-010 .

Godde ss , we aringpolusand holding a mace

o r axe in he r le ft hand , stands to right ona lion . Be fore he r , a vase from which growsa long frond o r e ar o f corn . Approachinghe r are (a) a god ,

with forke d lightning in h isright hand and a jave lin brandishe d in his le ft ,standing on the back o f a bu l l P (b) a m alefigure , in tunic and pigtail , holding som e thingindistingu ishable in his right hand and le adingby the le ft (c) a figure with scorpion tail andbird ’s fe e t , who brandishe s a mace"in hisle ft hand . B e low ,

a winge d human-he ade dlion-sphinx to le ft . Dentate d borde rs.

B ought at Aleppo .

2 36 . Cylinde r : ste atite -02 1

De ity with flowing locks , se ate d in a chairto le ft , re ce ive s an adorant who we ars pigtailand horne d he lm e t P. B e twe en them ,

an altaron which the adorant offe rs a wild oat ’she ad ; also an amphora on a stand . A ove ,

an e agle disp laye d . Cune iform fill-up marksand pe l le ts in the fie ld . D entate d borde rs .Deve H uyuk .

2 37 . Cylinde r ste atite °020-010.

Lion pursuing winge d bul l to le ft ; star ,cre scent , and fill-up m arks in the uppe r fie ld .

Dentate d borde rs .Rum Kale b . s

2 38 . Cylinde r : ste atite ~ o3o X 'o la

.

Two nude figure s shooting with ows fromOpposite side s at a group consisting o f a longne cke d bird m oving to be hind a wildgoat e re ct o n its hind- legs , browsing on a

1808 G

4 1

2 41 . Cylinde r ste atite -020 -009 .

Godde ss , with arm s upraise d , se ate d to le ftupon the back of a lion which is followe d bya stag. In front , a sacre d tre e .

sacre d tre e , which is flanke d at the base bybow-like supports . To the le ft , a smal le r tre eo r Spray , and be twe en the le ft-hand arche rand the tre e , a star-pe l le t .Deve H uyuk .

2 39 . Cylinde r ste atite ~02 1 (broken at top)

Le gs of a m an m oving towards a ladde r , hisright foot b e ing o n the lowe st rung. The re sto fthe scene probably re pre sents som e buildingo r stockade o n a ground line , but is no t inte lligible in the pre sent state o f the cyl inde r.B ought at Aleppo .

GROUP 52 40. Cylinde r ste atite -02 2 x -009 .

Stag m oving to right fol lowe d by two wildgoats in file , and a third place d above the first .Cune iform fill-up m arks in the fie ld . Line arborde rs .

2 42 . Cylinde r : ste atite -020

Stag o r wild goat m oving to right , fol lowe dby a stag, above which is a conventionalize dibex se ate d to le ft with he ad re ve rse d . Fil l-upmarks in the fie ld . Dentate d borde rs ofde base d type .

Bought at Aleppo .2 43. Cylinde r re d se rpe ntine ~

024 X‘O I O.

Lion to right le aping upon stag from b e

hind, fol lowe d by two ante lope s m oving toright . A cre scent above . Borde rs of linke deye

-lozenge s (or de base d coils) .B ought at Aleppo .

2 44 . Cylinde r ste atite ~019Drape d figure , standing to le ft on a horse ,shoots with abow at a stag and two Pante lope s

o r an an te lo e and a b ird . Be fore the stag a

cruciform o j e ct ; in the uppe r fie ld , anothe rante lope in course to le ft .B ought at Tartus. (Che ste r Colle ction .)

2 45 . Cylinde r black se rpe ntine ~019M an in tunic holding by the ne cks two

ante lope s right and le ft . S econdary : Altarbe aring offe rings be low a whe e l-disk and an

inve rted cre scent .B ought at Aleppo .

42 CATALOGUE OF THE ASHMOLEAN COLLECTION

2 46 . Cylinde r : ste atite °029 x-014 . 2 49 . Cylinde r : ste atite °023 x

-o i3.

Two figure s se ate d back to back o n e ach Godde ss se ate d to le ft : b e hind he r a cre sside of a tre e flank e d above by two b irds . cent on a staff uphe ld by an ape P: be foreBe fore the le ft-hand figure a table -altar with he r , an e agle to le ft disp laye d .

A horsem anoffe rings be yond this anothe r figure (de (inve rte d) with b ow Por spe ar slung ove r hisface d) . Above , a lion le aping from be hind shoulde r m ove s to the right .o n a quadrupe d to right . B e hind , a two B ought at Aleppo .

h e ade d e agle P.

Te ll H audan, j e be lAbu Ge lge l.

2 47. Cylinde r re d se rpe ntine -02 1 x-01 2 .

D e ity se ate d to right o n a cross-le gge d stoolbe fore two scorpions P re ce ive s an adorantwho offe rs som e thing. B e hind the de ity a

libra . A cre sce nt above and pe l le ts b e low .

B ought at B eirut.2 48 . Cylinde r : ste atite -o 2 2 x

-O I I .

Two m e n ,of whom the le ade r hurls a bolt

at a scorpion ; the se cond , divide d from the

first by an . e agle disp laye d to le ft , graspsa palm -tre e staff with his right hand and

a kid Pwith his le ft .B ought at B eirut.

CLASS IV B :

2 52 . Stud black ste atite ‘013.

H orse (or ante lope P) to le ft l ion Pabove .

"Form as no .Nor th Syrian coast. (Che ste r Colle ction .)

2 53. Loop gre e nish ste atite °019-019.

Stag in course to le ft . "Form as no .0 19 . (Ste l late

Te llKar .

GROUP 2 P.

2 5 4 . H amm e r : white m arb le 019 . (Cylindrical stem of oval se ction .)Lion with open jaws m oving to le ftbe low two e agle s in flight . Pe l le tsbe low .

Sidon . (Gre g Colle ction.)

2 55 . H amm e r : white m arble 0 20.

Wild goat in course to le ft w ith a lion to GROUP 3le ft above . B e fore , a tre e , and above , an

e agle displaye d . "Form as no . 2

B ought at Tartus. (Che ste r Col le ction .)

2 5 6 . Stud : ste atite -02 5-02 1 .

Bull"m oving to le ft : above , an e agleinve rte d . "Form as no .B ought at B eirut.

2 57 . Loop ivory ~023. (H andle broken .)Lion and bu l l ram pant Oppose d ; b e hind

‘02 1 X

2 50. Cylinde r : ste atite °019-009.

Four inve rte d cre scents with two obl iquerays de scending from e ach to a ground line ,and pe l le ts above . B e low the line , thre e sco rpions to le ft .j ebe l Abu Ge lge l.

2 5 1 . Cylinde r : ste atite -023Stag m oving to le ft , unde r a cre scent m oon ,

towards a tre e , at whose fe e t a long-ne cke dbird is fe e ding. In the fie ld,six pe l le ts and

a we dge . Line ar borde rs .B ought at Aleppo

GROUP 1

the bul l a se cond lion to le ft , a se cond bull ,and an ibe x . B e hind the first l ion an e agledisp laye d (de grade d) , and in the lowe r fie ld ,a fish .

B ought in Paris

2 5 8 . Stud : white ste atitede sign o n kn ob .)Stag galloping to le ft . Be fore it , a se or

pion P In the uppe r fie ld , a hum an figure Pto the waist holding a tre e ; an e agle displaye d , and a che vron . "Form as no . 2

B ought at Aleppo .

2 59 . Stud : lim e ston e -020.

Griffin m oving to le ft five pe l le tsin the fie ld .

H ammam .

2 60. H em isphe roid : re d se rpe ntin e~018 .

Stag m oving to le ft ; lion to le ft above .

Fil l-up che vron in the uppe r fie ld . "Formas no .

B ought at Aleppo .

2 6 1 . Scaraboid black se rpe ntine -024 x'o 18 .

(On the back a triple spine and four triadso f oblique tangents .)

CATALOGUE OF THE ASHMOLEAN COLLECTION

H orse (or bu l l P) standing to le ft ; fill-upm arks above and be ne ath

,that above b e ing

of de grade d e agle type , that be low an ibe xhe ad P.B ought at Aleppo .

2 62 . Stud : ste atite °035H orse gal loping to le ft with sm al le r quad

rupe d (dog P) b ene ath . Scorpion in front andfill-up m arks in the fie ld .

B ought in B ei .rut

GROUP 42 63. Loop : ste atite ~027

Godde ss se ate d to right on a stool andapparently upholding with he r le ft hand a

cre scent m oon . An adorant,we aring pigtail

and sword , approache s , offe ring som e thing (asm al l anim al P) pendent from his right hand .

."Boughtatfebeil (Byblus) . (Che ste r

Colle ction .)

GROUP 52 64 . Stud white m arble -o3i x

-020.

M an m oving to right with hands uplifte d .

A stre am e r de pends from his le ft e lbow . Infront , a se rpent e re ct and an indistinct obje ct(scorpion P) . Above , a stag se t sideways .Line ar borde r .On the top of the stud-knob

, a man m ovingto right with uplifte d hands and lookingback . Unce rtain m ark in the fie ld be forehim . Line ar borde r . "Form as no .

B ought at Tartus. (Che ste r Colle ction .)2 65 . H em isphe roid re d se rpe n tin e 017

Ante lope in course to right . Fil l- pu m arksin the fie ld , and de grade d dotte d borde r .B ought at S idon . (Gre g Colle ction .)

2 66 . H am m e r black se rpe ntin e 014-01 2

Stag or ante lope in course to right .Bought at Aleppo .

2 67 . Kn ob bron ze ~017 .

Cow m oving to right towards a spray . B e lowit a calf P.B ought at Tartus. (Che ste r Co lle ction .)

2 68 . Stalk : ste atite : 0 23 x 0 14 . (Cross withinan oval engrave d on the top of the stem .)Quadrupe d standing to right".

Che vron and othe r fill-up marks inthe fie ld .

Nor th Syria . (Che ste r Colle ction .)

2 69 . Stalk : ste atite 002 2 .

Bul l m oving to le ft and looking back ;fill-up sprays , &c . , in the fie ld .

On the top o f the stem de signo fcrosse d lotus-bloom s and le ave s .Bought at B eirut.

2 70. Stalk : ste atite -020 x °015 .

Bull m oving to right o n a ground line .

A palm -tre e in front and a cre scent and a

stroke in the fie ld above .

Antioch (Syria) . (Che ste r Co lle ction .)

2 7 1 . Stud gre e nish ste atite '016 x 'o i3.

H orse Standing to le ft b e fore a tre e or spray .

B ird P to le ft above and unce rtain obje ct(scorpion P) be low. "Form as no .

B ought at Smyrna. (Che ste r Colle ction .)2 72 . Stud ste atite -016.

Goat standing to le ft : spray b e fore and

se ve n pe l le ts (stars) be hind .

aKundariyeh, North Syria .

2 73. Stud gre e nish ste atite ~019Quadrupe d (stag P) with e longate d bodystanding to right a spray be fore and an

unce rtain obj e ct b e low. "Form as no .B ought at Aleppo .

2 74 . Foot : ste atite °058 x-o 2 3.

On the sole , two ante lope s oppose d on e ithe rSide of a tre e . To the right , to e -m arks anda cre scent and two pe l le ts . Line ar borde r .Se e Fig. 6 , p . 17 .

B ought at Aleppo .

GROUP 62 75 . Con oid : purp lish se rpe ntine 0 19 x

: 0 14 .

Two m onste rs ,with human he ads , be arde dcrowne d , and fish-taile d , ram pant andcrosse d .

Karatashli, febe lAbu Ge lge l.

2 76 . Con oid : glaze d ste atite 0017 .

Palm -tre e flanke d by uraei e re ct .Deve H uyuk .

2 77 . Con oid dark gre y ste atite °015 x~016 .

Bucranium be twe en sprays . Tre foi l above .

"Form as no . 2 75 , but horizontal se ction oval .]North Syria . (Che ste r Colle ction .)

2 78 . Con oid : ste atite -017 x-012 .

Ante lope standing to le ft . Fill-up che vronsabove and be low . "Form as no .Tell Basher (B ought at Aintab.)

44 CATALOGUE OF THE ASHMOLEAN COLLECTION

2 79 . Con oid ste atite -016

Goat standing to right and turn ing its he adtowards a bird in the uppe r fie ld . Lotus infront . "Form as no . 275B ought at B eirut

2 80. Con oid : m ica schist . 018 x 015 .

Ante lOpe or bull m oving right towardsa tre e . Be hind it a hum an figure .

Near Antioch , Syria . (Che ste r Co lle ction .)

2 8 1 . Con oid : ste atite : -016 -018

Ante lope to right : spray be fore : be hind ,

a spray (or degradation of human figure inpursuit P) . B e low,

a spray (or scorpion P) ."Form as no .

B ought at B eirut.2 82 . Con oid m arble -02 1 . (Two circu larm ouldings just above the base and cross ribb ing o n the ape x .)Lion to le ft attacking a bu l l .

P

and cre sce nt and scorpion .P a .b ove

B ought at Aleppo .

spray be fore

Q.

2 83. Conoid gre e n ish ste atite ~

020 . (Conem ou lde d to re pre sent a coile d snake .)God"se ate d on a stool le ft . B e fore , an

adorant .(Che ste r Co l

lgNorth Syrian coast.

le ction .)

2 84 . Con oid : ste atite -016 -010.

H orse P m oving right towards spray .

Quatre foil (degradation of scorpion P) above .

Ne ar Antioch , Syria . (Che ste r Co l"ale ction .)

2 85 . Con oid : ste atite 02 1 x 019 .

H orse Pm oving right towards tre e o r spray :scorpion above and b ird"b e low . "Form as

no . 2 84 , but horizontal se ction oval .]B ought at Tartus. (Che ste r Colle ction .)

2 86 . Con oid : ste atiteBul l m oving right towards a spray : se or

pion abo ve . "Form as no . 2 80,witho ut hori

zontal groove s]B ought at Tartus. (Che ste r Colle ction .)

2 87. Conoid : ste atite '016 .

Bul l m oving le ft . A m ark in front , pe rhapsre pre senting a tre e . Scorpions above and

be low . "Form as

B ought at B eirut. (Che ste r Colle ction .)

2 88 . Conoid : ste atite 014 .

Stylize d palm -tre e flanke d by two scorpionshe ads downwards . "Form as

B ought in Syria (Che ste r Colle ction .)

GROUP 72 89 . Scaraboid : glaze d ste atite °

02 1

Drape d m an ,with hands uplifte d , standing

le ft b e twe en sprays .Deve H uyuk .

2 90. Scarab oid glaze d ste atite ~01 5 x-o o6 .

Egyptian nub signs flanking an eye sym bolabove an altar PDeve H uyuk .

2 9 1 . Scaraboid ste atite -016

Bull m oving right towards spray .

Syria . (Che ste r Colle ction .)

2 92 . Scaraboid (th e back carved as a hum an

face ) : ste atite -017 x-014 .

Ante lope in course right turning its he adtowards pursuing m an . Spray b e low and

lotus Pb e fore .

B ought at B eirut.

2 93. Scaraboid ste atite -017

H orse m oving right towards tre e scorpionabove and b ird Pbe low . "Form as

B ought on the Nor th Syrian coast. (Che ste rColle ction .)

2 94 . Scaraboid : ste atite : 1 017 x-01 5 (hatche d

back) .Ante lope galloping le ft : above , winge dsphinx and ante lope back to back. Two

pe lle ts in the fie ld . "Form as

B ought at B eirut.2 95 . Scaraboid re d se rpe ntin e °018

Two ante lope s in full gal lop , le ft , se t inve rse ly spray b e twe en , che vron above , andfive pe lle ts in the fie ld .

Te ll B ashe r . (B ought at Aintab .)

2 96 . Scaraboid : se rpe n tin e ~016 x -014 .

Lion to le ft , fol lowing ante lope , se t sideways . Above , cre scent and star . "Form as

Te ll B asher . (Bought at Aintab .)

2 97 . Scaraboid ste atite ~016

Stag m oving le ft . Spray P abo ve . "Formas

Te ll B ashe r . (B ought at Aintab .)

CATALOGUE OF THE ASHMOLEAN COLLECTION 45

2 98 . Scaraboid re d se rpe ntin e '015Arche r in tiara shooting le ft at a large birdto le ft . Be hind , a spray . "Form as

Te ll Basher . (B ought at Aintab .)2 99 . Scaraboid gre y ste atite -017

-014 .

Wild goat m oving right . Above , eye

lozenge and fish . "Form as

B ought at Biridj ik .

300. Scaraboid : se rpe n tin e -020

Pigtaile d arche r shooting right be hind,

altar supporting cup (or lotus P) star above .

Be fore , sugge stion of a quadrupe d . "Formas

Bought at Aleppo .

301 . Scaraboid : ste atite -01 5 x-013.

Ante lope or goat m oving le ft : spraysbe fore and be hind ,and triangular m ark of

unce rtain m e aning above . "Form as

Labd .

302 . Scaraboid (dom e d) : ste atite : -01 5 . (Circular .)Obv . Two drape d be arde d figure s in tiaras

Oppose d holding up cups P in the ir righthands on e ach side of a sacre d tre e , towardsthe top of which e ach exte ndsh is le ft hand .Re v . Winge d ante lope or goat m oving to le ftam id sprays . "Form as

B ought at B iridj ik .

303. Scaraboid (dom e d) : ste atite : ~

014 . (Ciron lar .)Obv . Goat m oving right . Rev . Ste llatede sign . "Form as

Unknown .

FIG . 33.

-o35 x-02 6

SEMI BULLAE

308 . Sem i-bu l la : re d se rpe n tin e 0 29 .

1 . Face . Le gend in H ittite lin e ar scriptwithin borde r o fde corative e lem ents . 2 . B ack .

Sam e le ge nd , with o ne adde d characte r

A FIG .

(fig. 33* A

,B) , within de grade d cun e iform

borde r, and oute r borde r (m uch worn and

not shown in the photograph) sim ilar to thato n face .

Cappadocia (Bought in Paris.)

309 . Se m i-bu l la : r e d se rpe ntin e -020.

1 . Face . Le gend in H ittite linearscript (fig. 34) within a borde r o f

de corative e lem ents . 2 . Back . Pro

bably the sam e legend as o n the facewithin sim ilar borde r (too much worn FI C 34

for il lustration) . QUnknown

304 . Scaraboid (dom e d) m ottle d re d se rpe n

tine -013Be arde d , crowne d , and winge dsphinx m oving le ft . I n the fie ldthre e (or four P) H ittite scriptcharacte rs"(that be fore the sph inx FIG . 31 .

e spe cial ly doubtful) and a pe lle t(fig 31 )7ebe lAbu Ge lge l.

305 . Scaraboid (dom e d) m ottle d re d se rpe n

tin e -013Thre e H ittite script characte rs(fig. "Form as

j ebe lAbu Ge lge l.

306 . Scaraboid (dom e d) : haem atite-01 5Thre e H ittite script characte rs

(the sam e as o n no . 305) (fig.

flanke d o n the le ftbycre scentm oon ,eye

-lozenge or rhom b , se ven-raye dsun-star, se ven pe lle t-stars , and

symbol of fem in inity P. "Form as

M arash .9 (B ought at Aleppo .)

307 . Tab loid : gre e nish ste atite(Two bore s .)

(a) Obv . Lion to right and two ante lope s(o ne se t Sideways) in course and an e agleStooping above the se cond ante lope . (b) Re v .

Nude figure squatting in tabe rnacle or shrin ewith uppe r partition enclosing a round obj e ct .On the le ft , two goats stand right , attache d bycords to the tabe rnacle .

M arash . (Gre g Colle ction.)

46 CATALOGUE OF THE ASHMOLEAN COLLECTION

310. Sem i-bu l la : blackish se rpe n tin e 0 20.

1 . Face . Conventional de sign ( " de grade drepre sentation of a displaye d e agle Pwith diskor rose tte above ) . 2 . B ack . An inne r borde rof de grade d cune iform e lem ents survive s :the re st of the subj e ct pe rishe d (not i l lustrate d) .

QCilicia . (Che ste r Colle ction .)-o 2 2 .31 1 . Sem i-bu l la white ste atite

1 . Face . Male figure m oving le ft , e xtending right hand he we ars pigtail , con ical cap

A FIG. 35 . B

with frontal horn , and up-

pointe d shoe s andsword (fig. 35 A , B ) . Se x-organ indicate d . Onthe le ft , legend in H ittite script characte rs , and

313. Bul la : ste atite '031 .

Obv . Be ardle ss m an, we aring conical

horne d cap , b e lte d tunic , and up-

pointe dshoe s , advance s le ft with lituus ove r h is le ftshoulde r and b ird pe rche d on h is right fist .To right and le ft , identical legends in re lie ved

A FIG . 37 . B

H ittite script (fig. 37 A , B) . Rev . M an ,sim ilarly clad , advancing le ft with b ird on hisright fist, and b ow slung ove r his le ft shoulde rand sword at his waist . To le ft

, the sam e

H ittite legend as o n the obve rse on his righttwo triangle s o r caps , a vase P, anda star .Te ll Bashe r . (B ought atAintab)

314 . Bu l la : ste atite -017 .

Obv . M an m arching right ,we aring be lte d tunic and conicalhorne d cap , with bow slung ove rhis right Shoulde r and b ird"o nhis le ft fist : within a ladde r

F‘G' 38'

o n the right , two rose tte s o r disks , a tre foi lo r lotus , and a fish P. 2 . B ack . H ittitele ge nd within inne r ladde r borde r and oute rborde r of de corative e lem ents (n o t shown in

the photograph) . QUnknown .

31 2 . Sem i-bu l la b ron ze (hollow) 0 30.

1 . Face . H ittite line ar le ge nd within borde rof de tache d spiral coils . 2 . B ack . The sam e

A FIG . 36 .

(fig. 36 A , B ) but m ost of the ce ntral inscribe dpane l has broken away (not il lustrate d) .B ought in London .

BULLAE

borde r . Rev . Legend in H ittite script withina cune iform borde r (fig.

Te ll B ashe r . (B ought at Aintab .) "a315 . Bul la : ste atite -02 2 .

( 1 ) Eagle he ade d lionsphinx , cre ste d and winge d ,

se ate d right : stars , triangle sor caps , and a tre foil in the

fie ld . (2 ) Le gend in H ittitescript (fig. "Form as FIG . 39.

B ought at Aleppo .316 . Bu l la ste atite '020 .

On e ach face e agle -he ade d and winge d lionsphinx se ate d right . On the re ve rse a starpe lle t above the tail . "Form as

B ought at Aleppo .

317 . Bu l la : gre e nish ste atite -02 7 .

Obv . M an in tunic , m oving le ft , with o n earm raise d and the othe r e xtende d triangleand stroke s in the fie ld . Re v . Winge d and

cre ste d sphinx standing to le ft : triangle orcap in the fie ld aboveNear Antioch (Syria) . (Che ste r

Colle ction .)

318 . Bu l la : gre e n ste atite 0 2 7 .

(a) Wild goat m oving right : cre scentabove : indistinguishable m ark be low. (b)Wild goat standing le ft be fore tre e above

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48 CATALOGUE OF THE ASHMOLEAN COLLECTION

32 8 . Bu l la : ste atite ~ o 2 2 .

A FIG . 46 . B

Obv . and Rev . Ide ntical le ge nds in H ittitescript (fig. 46 A , B ) . "Form as

B ought at Aleppo .

32 9 . Bu l la : ste atite

A FIG . 47 . B

Rev . and Obv .

(fig. 47 A , B ) . 0 0

Kaisariyeh (B ought in Paris.)

Legends in H ittite script

330. Bu l la : ste atite °024 .

Obv . and Rev . Le gends in H ittite script

A FIG . 48 .

(fig. 48 A , B ) within line ar borde rs . "Formas

Deve H uyuk .

331 . Bu l la : ste atite -017 .

Obv . and Rev . Le ge nds in H ittite script

A FIG . 49. B

(fig . 49 A , B) rude ly e ngrave d within line arborde rs . "Form as

De ve H uyuk .

332 . Bu l la : ste atite -02 2 .

Obv . Sym bols Po r script characte rs withinde grade d cune iform borde r. Re v . Symbolso r script characte rs within sim ilar borde r.M uch rubb e d .

B ought at Tyr e . (Che ste r Co lle c CD

333 . Bu l la gre e n ste atitetion .)

0 2 2 .

Obv . and Re v . Legends in H ittite script ,

A FIG . 52 . B

(Che ste r Co lle c GB ought in Syria .

tion .)

A FIG . 50. B

probably garble d ,scratchily engrave d and

much rubbe d (fig. 50 A , B ) . "Form as

Cappadocia (B ought in Paris.)

334 . Bu l la ste atite ~02 3.

Obv . and Rev . Le ge nds in garble d H ittitescript , scratchily e ngrave d . "Form as

j ebe l Abu Ge lge l.

335 . Bu l la gre e nish ste atite

A FIG . 5 1 .

Obv . and Re v . Legends in garble d H ittitescript (fig. 5 1 A , B ) . "Form as

B ought at B eirut. (Che ste r Colle ction .)

336 . Bu l la ste atite -02 3.

Obv . and Rev . Legends in garble d H ittitescript (fig. 52 A , B) .

C H A PT E R I I I

TH E ASH MOLEAN COLLECT ION

PLATES I—X

I BEGAN to classify the Ashmole an glyptic col le ction by arranging on the crite rionof Subj e ct sole ly those obj e cts which se eme d to m e Hittite of a p e riod prior to the

se ve nth ce ntury B .C . On te sting the arrangeme nt late r on by the crite ria of Mate rial andForm

,I found that no se rious disturbance e nsue d—that is to say,

no obj e ct made ofthe harde st stone s had found its way into my e arl ie st groups , and those handle le ssforms which m o rpho lo

ogically should b e prior to th e handle d , such as Gable s and

Hemisphe roids , we re co le cte d mainly into my first two Classe s with a smal l ove rflowonly into the third . On the othe r hand , the bulk of the handle d se als had fal le n intothe latte r pe riod of my S e cond and into my Third Classe s , and the conoids and thescaraboids of sub -spe cie s b and c all into th e Fourth . I fe e l , the re fore ,

some confide ncethat my Classes re pre se nt a fairly sound chronological se que nce ; but I lay no stre ss onthe orde r e ithe r of the Groupswithin the classe s or of Spe cime nswithin the groups .

CLASS I

Group 1

The e arly se als , whose discove ry in association with contemporary obj e cts onHittite soi l isyb e st atte ste d , are two cylinde rs , nos . 1 and 2

,e xcavate d by native s at

Hammam ,an Arab hamle t on the Syrian bank of the Euphrate s , e ast north e ast of

Mum b idj , and two more , nos . 3 and 4 ,found at Kara Kusak , a hamle t of Kurds on

the opposite Me sopotamian bank a short distance up-

.stre am The Hammam se als aresaid to have b e e n found in two cist-grave s : the Kara Kusak spe cime ns (doubtfully) ino n e cist-grave . With the latte r burial we re found four vase s ; while from Hammam camea numb e r of vase s mostly similar to the Kara Kusak se t , but of slightly e arlie r typ e s .

The se are said to have b e e n found with the two cylinde rs , and also in anothe r cist-grave,

which produce d a third cylinde r , no . 1 2 . The Hammam village rs , howe ve r , could notsay pre cise ly which particular vase s the y had found in which grave . Furthe r

,ce rtain

b e ads of stone and glaze d compost , p e ndants of she l l , bronze imp leme nts , &c .,we re

produce d to us as having also b e e n found with the first two of the se burials,and the se

we re assigne d , item by item , to particular grave s by the unanimous voice s of se ve ralwho had share d in the ir discove ry .

S ince de tai ls and illustrations of al l the se obj e cts are give n in C . L . Wo o lley’

s

article ,Hittite Burial Customs (Live rpoolAnnals, vol . vi , no . 3, pp . 90 If ,

and p late s xxb ,xxi

,xx i i

,xxv) , it is not ne ce ssary to repe at particulars he re . I Shall only call atte ntion

to the fact that a pe culiar loze nge typ e of be ad—a distinctive e leme nt of the burialfurniture—not only re pe ats in its Shape a de corative motive se e n on on e of the KaraKusak cylinde rs

,no . 3, but has b e e n found e lsewhe re on Hittite soi l e ngrave d with

a characte ristically Hittite de sign . In the Ashmole an is such a b e ad of ste atite (fig .

procure d at Me zra,a vil lage close to Te l l Bashe r . The type occurs in Babylonian d eposits .

1808 H

50 THE ASH MOLEAN COLLECTION

Que stions arise about th e se four se als owing to the fol lowing facts( 1 ) Two of the Hammam cyl inde rs ( 1 , the se cond b e aring a le ge nd in primitive

but,appare ntly , garb le d cune iform characte rs , are of e arly Babylonian characte r and

style,though the y do not Show typ ical ly Babylonian subj e cts . The same can b e said

of the Kara Kusak se als also (3, but the ir subj e cts are le ss distinctive .

(2 ) The subj e cts of the two Hammam cylinde rs are de rive d from a Babylonianglyptic art which usual ly is date d not late r than the e nd of the third mille nnium B .C .

1

Th e mode ls of the two Kara Kusak cylinde rs can have b e e n little,if at al l

,late r .

(3) The potte ry associate d with all four cylinde rs , according to the finde rs ’ e vide nce,

i s of the type calle d by Mr . Woolle y ( loc . cit .) Midd le Hittite This typ e succe e dsthe potte ry found in the e arlie st Bronze Age cist-grave s on the Citade l Mound of Carchemish , and continu e s without inte rruption , or any but slight change , down to the

ope ning of the Syrian Cremation Age . The Hammam vase s stande arly in this se rie s

,the Kara Kusak one s somewhat late r . All e xhibit

full de ve lopme nt of the characte ristic Middle Hittite ’ fabric andforms .

(4) All four se als are of mate rials rare ly use d in subse que ntHittite glyptic . On e is in bone

,and unique among cylinde rs of

whate ve r family ; two othe rs are in she ll and sandstone re sp e ctive ly ;the fourth is of a transluce nt gre en calcite

,othe r e vide nce for

whose use by Hittite glyptists consists in not more than two or thre e Sp e cime ns , al lof rath e r dubious Hittite attribution .

I t is possib le ,of course

,that the native reports of the circumstance s of discove ry

we re not trustworthy . As Mr . Woolle y re cords (100. cit . , p . the Kara Kusak Kurds

produce d at le ast o n e incompatib le obj e ct , a fragme nt of a bronz e kne e -fibula, as foundwith the ir cylinde rs . The re may , the re fore , have b e e n e ithe r unconscious mistake orwilful m is-stateme nt on the part of all the finde rs . But it is hard to b e lie ve that pre cise lythe same mistake or e ffort of de ception has b e e n made in unison by inhabitants of twove ry remote hamle ts

,some distance apart on opposite side s of a re at , swift and unfordable

rive r,and that Arabs and Kurds al ike should have had cylin e rs in the ir posse ssion of

the same rare sort,not found in the ir own ne ighbourhood . Of two difficultie s , it se ems

to m e the le ast to assume that th e se cylinde rs we re re ally found in association with mostof the obj e cts de scrib e d by Woolle y .

Th e latte r,thinking too gre at the gap in time b e twe e n the style of the se cylinde rs

(e sp e cially 1 , 2 ) as compare d with known Babylonian se als , and the p e riod repre se nte dby the associate d potte ry— Similar fabrics are ce rtifie d by the Carchemish strata to havecontinue d in use down to at le ast 1 2 00 B .C .

—conclude d that the se se als are not ,appare ntly , of local make , but are importe d from Me sopotamia ( loc . cit . , p . But

I submit that (a) Woolle y has date d the ir Babylonian mode ls unne ce ssari ly e arly (b) h ehas not allowe d for the se als themse lve s b e ing ne ce ssarily late r than the ir mode ls . The i rmate rials

,with the e xce ption of She l l , if rare in Syrian glyptic , are rare also in Me so

potamian , and that of o n e cylinde r , bone , could hardly have borne a long transit or

passage from hand to hand through th e ge ne rations postulate d by Woolle y b e twe e n thedate s of production and of burial . S ince all Show subj e cts which in conce pt ion ande ve n de tai l s (e .g. the hatche d fill-up on no . 1 ) are not quite Babylonian , I incline on

1 S e e C . L . Woolle y , loc . cit . , p . 93. M r . L . W . it n o t impossible that the Babylonian m ode ls o f the seKingwas inclin ed afte rwards to m odify

’

the lowe r lim it se als m ay have be e n m ade as late as 2000 B .C .

o f date , which he stated to M r . Woolle y , and to think

FIG . 53.

THE ASHMOLEAN COLLECTION 5 1

the whole to re gard al l four as loca l Syrian products of e arly Middle Hittite art , madeunde r the insp iration of Babylonian mode ls of somewhat e arlie r time . If so , the yindicate whe nce Syrian glyptic re ce ive d an e arly

, pe rhaps a first,inspiration ,

of whichwe ought to b e able to find othe r e vide nce ; and the y pre pare us for se e ing in the

cylinde r the e arlie st Hittite se al-form .

About the me aning of the subj e cts of the se four cylinde rs the re is not much to say.

The subje ct of 2 is of the familiar Babylonian crosse d monste rs type with a god e re ctb e twe e n the :groups. The upright sword is the only unusual fe ature . That of 3 is conve n tionally de corative ; that of 4 ve ry ordinary Babylonian of the Lagash type . The

subj e ct of I , howe ve r , is le ss usual . I f it is a p lough sce ne (cf. no . 2 0 , diffe re nt in styleand composition) , I have not be e n able to find its Babylonian prototype . Pre sumably the

p loughman is divine—a god as give r of the fruits of the e arth .

Pe rhaps , howe ve r , we must allow for glyptic de rivations from Babylonia e ve ne arlie r in date than those four se als . Such may b e ce rtain Communion cylinde rs .

No . 5 has be e n publish e d by Sayce (P . S . B . A . xxxiii , p . 2 59 ,and pl. 5 1 , 1 ) as Hittite

and re pre se nting such a Communion as the same author se e s on a Marash re l ie f , &c .

(P . S . B . A . xxxii , p . 2 53, and xxviii, p . 95 ; cf . also A . Gre nfe ll , ib id . ,

xxxii , p . 2 68 and

pl. In my Catalogue (p . 2 5) it wil l b e se e n that I diffe r from Sayce about on e ortwo e leme nts in the sce ne ; but I have no op inion about the appropriate ne ss of thete rm Communion which he app lie s to it . An impre ssion made by anothe r se al ofthis type on a Cappadocian table t-e nve lope now at Edinburgh has b e e n publishe d andcomme nte d on also by Sayce (B abyloniaca ,

iv . Of the thre e Spe cime ns of suchcylinde rs

,which I i l lustrate on pl. 1 , two , n os. 5 and 6 ,

we re procure d , it wil l b e note d ,outside the Hittite are a. I myse lf am unable to se e in the ir subj e cts any fe ature s whichmight not b e actually Babylonian

,and I cannot subscrib e to Sayce ’s opinion about th e

Edinburgh e nve lope , which would throw the b e ginnings of Hittite glyptic back to aboutthe middle of the third mille nnium B .C . Eve n if the date of the e nve lope b e as remoteas Sayce maintains—i.e . the Dynasty of Ur—it remains more than doubtful whe the r( 1 ) it is a Hittite , rathe r than a Me so o tam ian colonial docume nt (se e p . or (2 ) theglyptic imprints upon it are those 0 Hittite

,rathe r than Me sopotamian se als . Afte r

re pe ate d and care ful scrutiny of the e nve lope itse lf in the Scottish National Muse um ,

I am ce rtain that the Hittite characte rs,b e l ie ve d by Profe ssor Sayce to appe ar upon it

(P . S . B . A . xxxv , p . 203, pl. are,in re ality

,obj e cts he ld in the hands of the figure s ,

or symbols of usual Me sopotamian type s in the fie ld . I f Profe ssor Sayce’s knowle dge

of things Hittite is une qualle d , I must ple ad that I have , p e rhaps , devote d more spe cialatte ntion to se als

,and that mine are younge r e ye s .

Group 2

Firme r ground is re ache d with se ve n cylinde rs , of which the first thre e , ve ryBabylonian in characte r and style

,are re late d to

,but probably somewhat olde r than ,

a cylinde r of polishe d black ste atite (fig . 54) found in a cist-grave on the Citade l ofCarchemish in association with ring-burnishe d Middle Hittite ware of type s a l ittlesubse que nt to the Kara Kusak vase s . Th e conce ption and arrangeme nt of its subj e ctare Babylonian , but the outline frame he ads Show the eye more strongly marke dthan do the cylinde rs of our group 1 . This cylinde r wil l b e publishe d ultimate ly inthe re port of the Excavations , and I ne e d only call atte ntion he re to its flat and abruptlyre lie ve d p lane s , and to the composition of its me dial b e lt which re cal ls Kara Kusak 3

52 THE ASHMOLEAN COLLECTION

and is practical ly the same as the borde r on our She l l cylinde r 6 . The British Muse um

posse sse s a cylinde r (no . which forms a link b e twe e n the Carch emish cylinde rand our no . 8 . I t shows a primitive re nde ring of the human form but , at the same t ime ,bull- le gs of naturalistic style and ante lop e -he ads not of the e arl ie st art . The flat p laneand the striate d body- space s of the Carchemish cylinde r are not pre se nt . Bull- le gge dd emons or gods appe ar on Carchemish re lie fs which should b e of much late r date ;but in the se the tre atme nt of the human parts of the figure s is ve ry diffe re nt . On thiscylinde r w e have , doubtle ss , a sce ne of offe ring by demons to a paramount warrior-god .

No . 9 is le ss distinctive ly Hittite , the arrangeme nt and style b e ing e ve n more marke dly of theBabylonian ‘crosse d monste rs ’ type (cp . B ibl. Nat.

Cat. no . 16 , while the tre atme nt of the humanfigure s at the le ft e nd of e ach re giste r is pre cise ly thatse e n on such a ~

po ssib ly Babylonian se al as our 5 .

But the p igtai le d figure in the lowe r re giste r shouldb e Hittite ; while th e tre atme nt of the le gs of thele ft-hand figure in that re giste r and the flat striate dbody- surface s of the animals are fe ature s of the

Carchemish cylinde r . The e nclose d he rring-boneborde rs are worth remarking as confirming Hittiteascription more ce rtainly than doe s the arrangeme ntof the subj e ct in two re giste rs , which is an e arlyBabylonian scheme (cp . S eal Cylinde rs, nos . 1 1 2 ,

No . 10 ,with its inde finite outline s and striate d

body—surface s , is again an imitation of Babylonian‘crosse d-monste rs ’ style . I t should b e note d howits b e ake d human h e ads re semble those on no . I ;

but Since none of the se thre e cylinde rs re produce sthe latte r ’s hour-glass bodie s we may pre sume

FIG . 55 . them of somewhat late r date . If the Carchemishcylinde r (fig . 54) re pre se nts a more forme d local

style than nos . 8 , 9 , 10 , the se should all fal l quite e asi ly in th e First Age . With th emshould b e compare d anothe r cylinde r found at Carchemish ,

but not unde r date able conditio ns (fig . which supp l ie s a link with such cylinde rs as our no . 5 , and also no . 4 .

Group 3

Four more se als Should , pe rhaps , b e p lace d in Class I in virtue of the ir frametre atme nt of he ads . No . 11 is in too bad a condition to b e of much use to us . No . 12

shows ribb e d or striate d tre atme nt of flat body-surface s , and a Spray- l ike fill-upmark (unde r the stag

’s b e l ly) which is fore ign to late r Hittite glypt ic , but re cal ls th ecross-hatching in the fie ld of no . 1 . The puzzling obj e ct unde r th e stag

’s e xte nde dfore foot re semble s altars or table s as on no . 43, infra , q .v . An obje ct probably ide nticalis se e n on a Morgan cylinde r (no . 2 55) in front of the sphinx in the uppe r fie ld . Haye sWard (ad loc .) inte rpre ts it as a stand or pe de stal ; but it supports nothing . Both

THE ASHMOLEAN COLLECTION 53

1 2 and 13 Show nove l e leme nts , no . 1 2 a double d quatre foil , and no . 13 a double d coi l.The forme r re calls de signs shown on two cylinde rs publishe d by Haye s Ward (S ealCylinde rs, figs . 1044 ,

on some in the British Muse um colle ction (e .g . nos. 867 ,and on o n e in the Cabine t de s Médai l le s (Bibl. Nat. Cat. 5 which is classe d

as e arly Babylonian . Most of the s e (e .g. Brit . Mus. 873) are of t e long two-zone dtype usually re garde d as of the Kassite e ra (se e nos . 47 ,

Haye s Ward ’s sugge stionthat such quatre foils are re late d to Middle Minoan art

,re sts on rathe r slight foundation ,

for,so far as I know ,

no de sign of the pre cise type of that on our no . 1 2 has b e e n m e t

with in Cre tan de coration . At the same time the Middle Minoan Age was ce rtain lycontemporary with the production of this se al . It was found in the third Hammamgrave (se e Woolle y , loc . Though somewhat late r in style than 8 , 9 ,

10,and

reminisce nt of a Babylonian manne r subse que nt to that which the y cop ie d , it may we l lbe long to the actual pe riod of the Hammam Burials . I t is probably about contemporarywith the Carchemish cylinde r , fig . 54 .

No . 13 I assign ve ry doubtfully to this first class . It repre se nts a primitive stageof art

,but on e which , e xcept for the

‘frame he ad , is not re pre se nte d by any se al so far conside re d ; the curious appe ndage s to the right-hand curve s of the coi l compare withce rtain se als in Class I I . No . 14 is also include d doub tfully, since i ts e arly characte risticsare discounte d by th e contour line s round the body forms and the naturalistic tre atme ntof le gs

,which compare s with that of nos . 100 ff. , but is, neve rthe le ss , not more de ve lope d

than on no . 8 .

CLASS I I A

Group 1

The distinguishing fe ature of this class as a whole l ie s in the gradual de ve lopme ntof an individual style , diffe re ntiate d from the Babylonian style of Class I

,and b e coming

more loca l and Hittite In the first group , compose d of five cylinde rs whose subj e ctsare ve ry much alike in conce ption—a male human figure

, probably a god , driving orchasing be asts—this diffe re ntiation is embryonic , but none th e le ss alre ady re al . The secylinde rs Show such fe ature s as a native art b e ginning to e scape from alie n tramme lsmight b e e xpe cte d to Show

—primitive , but original . He ad-forms are of the simp le st art ,

that of snow-man te rra—cottas—l ittle more than b e ake d knobs and hardly diffe re nt inm e n

and b e asts . Human bodie s are of hour-glass typ e l ike those on no . 1 and le gs virtuallythe same in form whe the r human or b e stial . A de sire to fi l l up a vacuum is e xemp lifie dby the inve rsion of on e b e ast on no . 15 , the e longation of ne cks and tails on all

,and the

tre atme nt of antle rs on no . 16 . While the se hour-glass body forms,as we l l as the

ribb e d tre atme nt of surface s , have b e e n borrowe d from e arly Babylonian art , no Babylonian or othe r se als within my knowle dge disp lay a style which could possib ly b emistake n for that of any of the fiv e he re publish e d . I take them to atte st an e arly Syriane ffort to de ve lop an indepe nde nt glyptic art .

Group 2

I place ne xt thre e cylinde rs which Show primitive fe ature s similar to those ofgroup 1 , but are Slightly more advance d in the conception , composition , and style ofthe ir subj e cts .

No . 20,a ploughing sce ne (cp . no . shows re lation to the pre ce ding group not

only in its human and an imal forms but in the tre atme nt of the large r ox’

s horns

54 TH E ASHMOLEAN COLLECTION

(cp . 17 , I 8) and in the inve rsion of on e ox to fi l l up the fi e ld (cp . 1 5 ) but it showsalso more life and vigour than the se als of group 1 .

No . 2 1 is remarkable for the depth of its intaglio and for cune iform incision . The

subj e ct , b e side s its ge ne ral styl istic re semblance to that of the pre ce ding se al , repe ats

part icular e leme nts e .g . the obj e ct b e fore the ado ran t’

s fe e t Should b e compare d withthat b e hind the p loughman

’s he ad on 2 0 . The we dge -Shape d pyramidal marks whichappe

l

ar on this se al we shal l find pre se ntly as a ve ry common fill-up de vice characte risticof C ass I I .

About no . 2 2 I fe e l le ss ce rtain . I t diffe rs somewhat in style from the pre ce dingand shows an e leme nt unique

,so far as I know ,

in primitive Hittite se al-subj e cts , thedouble -he ad e d e agle , borrowe d from the e arly Babylonian symbolism of Lagash whilethe Adad typ e of god , e re ct in combative attitude on a bull (P) , also appe ars for the firsttime . But in conce ption and composition , as we l l as in manne r of graving , it i s toolike 2 1 to b e p lace d in any oth e r group .

No . 23 I p lace h e re at hazard . If i t did not come from Te l l Bash e r,I Should not

include it in the se rie s at al l and e ve n as it is, its characte ristics , so far as th e y canb e compare d at al l with any othe r of our se als , re le gate it , pe rhaps , rathe r to Class I I(cp . nos. 50 and Possib ly it is rath e r provincial Babylonian than Hittite .

Group 3. Loop-bore Cylinders and Cognate s

For the distinction of this group Form and Local Origin can b e invoke d aswe l l as Subj e ct . Loop-bore cylinde rs (se e p . 18) are so rare

,and se em to come so

e xclusive ly from ce ntral North Syria (four out of our six we re trace d to Te l l Bashe r) ,that , pre sumably

,th e y we re produce d during a ve ry short pe riod , and by few and

ne arly re late d hands . Th e ir morphological pe culiarity may have b e e n du e to a localpre fe re nce for suspe nding se als upon the p e rson ve rtically rathe r than horizontal ly , sothat (as with almost al l stamp-se als) the subj e ct Should hang right way up or e ve n tome re disincl ination or inability of a particular se al-make r , or small group of make rs ,to Sink bore s more than a few millime tre s de ep . As re gards local origin ,

it may b e thatnot only our four

,but al l known spe cime ns

,have come from the district imme diate ly

round Te l l Bashe r . With th e e xception of a fifth spe cime n procure d by Mr . Gre vil leChe ste r in a part of North Syria undefine d in his note s , all othe r spe cime ns known tom e have appe are d in Ale ppo , with which city Te l l Bashe r is conne cte d by a much-use dline of caravan traffic . In 1914 M . Poche of Ale ppo posse sse d about half a doze n loopbore cylinde rs

,of only o n e of which , howe ve r , I have b e e n ab le to obtain an impre ssion ,

which I i llustrate late r (fig . for purpose s of comparison . B e side s his and ours ,I have found only o n e othe r spe cime n

—a cylinde r in the Cabine t de s Médail le s (Bibl.Nat. Cat. no . 5 19 , cylindre non pe rcé Its subj e ct is of th e same type as our no . 2 4 .

Turning to OIir spe cime ns, we me e t first a subj e ct (no . 2 4) which should b e compare d

with the de signs on two cylinde rs in the Cabine t de sMédail le s (nos . 504 ,the se cond

of which would sugge st that the principal e leme nt in the subj e ct of our cylinde r isa stylize d horne d he ad and not an e ar-handle d vase (cp . D e laporte , B ibl. Nat. Cat.

no . we re i t not for a cylinde r in the B ritish Muse um (no . This indicate sa vase to b e the almost ce rtain inte rpre tation , the e ars in that subj e ct b e ing truering-handle s and not in the le ast l ike animal-horns (fig . M rs. Alice Gre nfe l l , whopublish e d our no . 24 in P . S . B . A . xxxii , p . 2 68 , pl. 42 . 1 , put forward ye t anothe rsugge stion

,viz . that the e ars are re ally tubes de rive d from those fam i liar in so -cal le d

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56 THE ASHMOLEAN COLLECTION

Cylinde rs, p . 183, figs . 501 H ) , was unable to assign them with any confide nce to e ithe ra p lace of origin or a pe riod but the combine d e vide nce of our Loop -bore s 2 4 , 2 5 ,with that of the British Muse um cylinde r figure d above , appe ars to m e to fix both the irlocality and th e i r date .

No . 2 6 introduce s bull ’s-eye circle ts which look as if the y had b e e n made witha tubular dri ll . Th e ir numb e r

,se ve n

,corre sponding to the familiar Me sopotamian

scheme of the Igigi stars , the l ibra b e low them ,and the fish- l ike symbol above the

large r quadrupe d , are e vid e nce that Babylonian influe nce was stil l active in the Hittiteare a . Th e style of the two b e asts

, particularly the ir le g-forms and action , and thee longate d muzzle of the smalle r o n e

,Should b e notice d for future comparison . In

the Poche Colle ction at Aleppo I saw two,

loop-bore cylinde rs of ste atite with the

same sort of bul l ’s- eye de coration as on our no . 2 6 . The subj e ct of o n e,toge the r with

the de sign e ngrave d on its unbore d e nd,is i l lustrate d in fig . 58 . The othe r shows no

b e asts , but simp ly sixte e n bull’s- eye circle ts dispose d ove r a fie ld which is crosse d by

a zigzag l ine . This cylinde r has four bull ’s-eye circle ts on e ach butt-e nd (eve n on thatinto which the loop-bore i s sunk) , makingtwe nty-four s

'

uch circle ts in al l on the wholese al . The bull ’s- eye circle t , hithe rto re gard e das a characte ristical ly Cypriote e leme nt ofglyptic de coration , is thus se e n to b e e quallycharacte ristic of North Syrian glypt ic in the

Loop-bore p e riod ; and it may re asonably b einfe rre d that this p e riod and that of the Cypriote

ge ome tric cylinde rs are not far apart . Whe the r the bull’s-eye circle t originate d in

Syria or Cyprus , or indepe nde ntly in both , we can hardly gue ss at pre se nt .The bird- like he ads and unjointe d ho ofle ss le gs of the stags on no . 27 would , in

any case, proclaim this se al comparative ly e arly . All the fill-up marks

,both the

pyramidal or cune iform stroke s b e low th e stags and th e horizontal antle r- l ike spraysabove (the last se e n also on are e arly , some thing like th is type of Spray havingappe are d alre ady on the Hammam cylinde r no . 1 . No . 2 8 shows a ge ome tric schemewhich goe s back to an e arly Babylonian typ e (cp . the Kara Kusak se al , no . 3) but the

pyramidal mark now e nte rs into the de sign as a main e leme nt . Eve n so conve ntionala de sign may have re l igious Significance . The rhomb or b ise cte d loze nge (or , as Haye sWard sugge sts

, S e al Cylinde rs, p . 4 10 ,an eye ; or , again ,

as othe rs have thought , the

pudendum muliebre ) , which is the chie f e leme nt on this se al and on no . 3, is a familiardivine symbol in late r Me sopotamian ,

and e sp e cial ly in Syrian , glyptic . This is theonly Ioop -bore cylinde r known to m e which is not of squat thick shap e , its diame te rb e ing rathe r le ss than two- thirds of th e le ngth . A ste atite cylinde r in the B ritish Muse um

(no . showing a Simi lar de sign,has about the same proportions .

No . 29 de se rve s a tte ntion . It re calls , by some of its fe ature s (e . the bul l ’s horns) ,the first group of this class by othe rs (e .g . the scorp ion) , cylinde rs ofthe typ e of no . 31

But at the same time it introduce s n ew fe ature s , which wil l b e come familiar pre se ntly ,e .g. a globular human he ad

,a jointle ss and ho ofle ss animal ’s le g with slight forward

curve , and a o n e -winge d bird in fl ight . I f the stroke unde r the b e l ly of the se condquadrup e d is inte nde d to repre se nt the viri le memb e r , it is a fe ature rare ly e xpre sse d ,and anticipate s repre se ntations on nos . 69, 70 . The subj e ct may b e me re genre , andShould b e compare d with those of nos . 1 and 2 1 ,

and,inde e d , of al l the cylinde rs in

group 1 . Possib ly,howe ve r , all the se e xpre ss re ligious symbolism .

FIG . 58 .

TH E ASHMOLEAN COLLECTION 57

On no . 30 the bold semi-natural istic tre atme nt of scorp ions and the de corativestylization of the vase s , whose e ar-handle s me e t be low ,

are fe ature s worth atte ntion,as

is also the re ve rsibility of the de sign on no . 31 . No . 32 is more care le ssly e ngrave d,

and the scorp ions are le ss re alistically re pre se nte d , having e i ht le gs apie ce . Thescorp ion , according to authoritie s quote d by Haye s Ward (S ealCylinders, p . isconne cte d with the Kass ite godde ss , I Skhara. I t is a fre qu e nt e leme nt in Syrian glypticsubj e cts

,as we Shall se e , and , if symbolic of fe rtil ity , an appropriate am ulitic emblem .

No . 33 is an e xamp le of the concave -barre l le d cylinde rs de scrib e d above . As forno . 34 , the British Muse um colle ction posse sse s anothe r c linde r (no . 89653) of pre cise lys imilar form and type (fig . About the inclusion o no . 35 in this group ,

thoughit is of the squat , thick form , it would not have b e e n possib le to fe e l sure ,

but for thefact that its subj e ct is re pe ate d on a cylinde r in the British Muse um (no . 938 ,which

,while showing in two re giste rs radiate or horne d p e l le ts e nclose d by double

l ine ar frame s , is of the same mate rial and concave -barre l le d form as our no . 33.

No . 36 is on e of those Thick Cylinde rs with Shrine s and Animals tre ate d byHaye s Ward in S e al Cylinde rs, chap . xxxii , and some time s suppose d to have be e nofficial se als of temp le s . Mr .Ward , though he de als withcy linde rs of the type s re pre se nte d by our no . 36 and ourno . 33 in o n e chapte r , e xpre sse s (p . 183) a doubt of there ality of the i r re lation . But in view of the ide nticalarrangeme nt of dril l-marks on both the se particularcylinde rs

,I fe e l no h e sitation in including no . 36 and

all its kind , dispe rse d through various colle ctions , amongse als produce d in the Syrian Hittite are a during the Loop-bore Pe riod althoughgood authoritie s

,e .g . H e uzey and Bab e lo n

,have he ld them to b e e arly Babylonian .

l

The pre cise part of the are a , howe ve r , cannot b e fixe d ye t . Th e marble commonlyuse d not only for this typ e of cylinde r , but also for the type of no . 33, is rare ly , if e ve r ,the mate rial of se als of asce rtaine d Comm age nian or Cappadocian prove nance whe re as ,at all pe riods , it appe ars in Ce ntral Syrian glyptic . Possib ly Ezaz , ne ar Aleppo , whe reno . 36 was said to have be e n found ,

is not far from the actual locality of the quarry .

No . 37 b e longs by form and mate rial to the same group as 36 , and e ve n re calls e arl ie rse als by se ve ral of its fe ature s

,e . g . the human he ad-form (cp . no . the e ye

- loze nge s

(cp . no . and e ve n the de ve lope d h e avy tre atme nt of human limbs (cp . the Carchemishcylinde r , fig . The bows are of a ve ry strange form ,

to which I know no paral le l .I se e , howe ve r , no re ason to suspe ct the ge nuine ne ss of this cylinde r .

No . 38 ne e ds little comme nt . Comparison with no . 2 6 offe rs justification for itsinclusion in this group . As for 39 ,

its conve ntionalize d de sign , compose d of a bise cte ddouble loze nge or eye and a scorp ion- l ike tail , re late s it to such as nos . 3, 37 , &c . , ande ve n to no . 30 in form

,it is of the squat e arly typ e . Th e re semblance b e twe e n th e

action of the b e asts on nos . 40 , 41 , and those on no . 2 6 , i s my only warrant for p lacingthe se two cylinde rs he re . But while the re ve rsib le no . 40 m ay we l l b e not much late rthan no . 2 6 ,

the more e laborate subj e ct of no . 4 1 , and e sp e cially the tre atme nt of humanforms , constituting it a l ink with cylinde r subj e cts of Class I I I , sugge st that it Shouldb e ranke d no e arie r than the ve ry e nd of the p e riod of Class I I . In conception it owe sobviously more than most se als in this class to Babylonia.

FIG . 59 .

1 De Sarze c , De'couver tes en Chalde

’

e , pl. xxx , 1 . Gravure en Pie rres Fines, p . 2 5 , fig. but se e

Bab e lo n use s a se al o f this type , from the Le Cle rcq p . 2 3, supra .

Colle ction , as an exam ple o f e arly te chnique (La1 808

58 THE ASH MOLEAN COLLECTION

I am not sure of the proprie ty of including no . 42 . By the manne r of its gravingit reminds us of the third group of Class I , and it shows also e arly Babylonian fe ature sin the Sideways position of the stag as we l l as the ribb e d or striate d tre atme nt of itsbody (cp . e .g . S e al Cylinders nos . 1 1 2 ,

1 13, 1 17 , but it is not,in ge ne ral style

,

ve ry like any se al conside re d hithe rto . If,inde e d , it should come he re , the n so also

should no . 43, on account of similar tre atme nt of the b e ast’s h e ad .

I have doubte d whe the r to p lace no . 44 he re or at the ve ry he ad of the class . Th eBabylonian crosse d b e ast scheme , the b e ake d type of human he ad , the rude ly forme dhuman le gs

,the four-point fill-up stroke ,

and e sp e cially th e graving,which looks as

though done not with a dril l or e ve n a point but with chise ls , sugge st a ve ry e arly date .

But , on the othe r hand , the animal-bodie s , le gs , and he ads b e long to a more le arne d artthan do the Ioop -bore cylinde rs . Th e l ion

,for e xamp le , is more re alistically repre

se nte d , although the ante lop e’s he ad and horns find the ir ne are st paral le ls on no . 2 9.

Th e style in ge ne ral reminds m e more of the Byuk Gate re l ie fs than doe s that of anyothe r Hittite obj e ct in our colle ction e xce pt the tab lo id no . 307 . About no . 45 , ofasce rtaine d North Syrian prove nance , I fe e l stil l more doubtful . It shows more advance de ngraving than no . 43, and its animal forms are not of an archaic typ e . Th e sun-starin the ce ntre of the sce ne invite s comparison e qually with such an e arly quatre foi l asapp e ars on no . 1 2 and with late r typ e s of e nclose d sun -stars . On the whole , p e rhaps ,this se al is to b e re garde d as of much th e same p e riod and local art as no . 44 ,

whichit re semble s in mate ria l and form .

Nos . 46 , 47 have this in common , that the ir de signs do not d e tach themse lve scomp le te ly from th e ground p lane of th e intaglio ; but the y have l ittle obvious re lationwith any othe r se als in the Hittite se rie s . No . 47 ( I cannot e xp lain its subj e ct) , withits gre at disproportion of le ngth to diame te r and its e nclose d

pquatre foi l , looks like

a variant of the type of long cylinde rs i l lustrate d by Haye s Ward in S ealCylinde rs p . 32 6 . As anothe r possib le e xamp le of the same type I include 48 , butremark that

,while its triangular or pyramidal fill-up e leme nts are characte ristic of this

c lass , w e shall find no paral le l to its fe stoon til l w e re ach Class I I I . Th e de sign shouldb e compare d with that on a cylinde r in th e Cabine t de s Médaille s (Bibl. Nat. Cat.

no .

The subj e ct of no . 49 is conce ive d and e xe cute d in the loop-bore manne r , and sincethe cylinde r itse lf 18 of the e arly squat form

,we ne e d not doubt that it should b e include d

in this group .

CLASS I I B

Group 1

I include in this division those stamp - se als which appe ar to m e to b e long to thesame pe riod as the cylinde rs in Class I I A. Th e subj e ct of no . 50 ,

for e xamp le , doe s notdiffe r in its he ad forms from the first group ,

and its ‘fl ipp e r’ arm forms Show no advance

in art ; but the re is somewhat more l ife about the attitude s . Th e four-point fill-upmark b e twe e n the figure s Should b e note d . No . 51 shows a similar scheme in a diffe re ntstyle , re sembling , in the tre atme nt of he ad forms , cylinde r no . 2 3.

No . 5 2 , a ve ry rude form of stalk , compare s close ly with such se als as no . 34 (q . .v

n

) ,while no . 53 is sufficie ntly ne arly re late d in manne r of graving to nos . 2 5 and 33 a

the cognate s cite d in conne xion with the se se als,to b e p lace d he re . The affinity of the

bul l ’S eye circle ts on no . 54 to those on nos . 2 6 and 38 is obvious .

THE ASH MOLEAN COLLECTION 59

No . 55 owe s its p lace to comparison of a Ioop-bore cylinde r in the Cabine t de sMédaille s (no . 504 , cite d above ) , which shows a barre d oval obj e ct , similar to thatap e aring he re unde r the b e ast ’s be l ly . Compare also o n e of M . Poche ’s loop-borecy inde rs (fig . which is obviously re late d to the Carch emish cylinde r shown in fig . 54 .

No . 56 shows a scorp ion tre ate d more naturalistically than do our cylinde rs n os. 30 , 31 ,but with some thing of the same flatne ss . I t may b e long , howe ve r , to a rathe r late re riod .pNos . 57 , 58 , curiously sugge stive of e arly Cre tan p ictographic se als , are ve ry like

o n e anothe r in style of graving , and are re late d to no . 42 and its cognate s by the vase (P)on no . 57 . No . 58 , it wil l b e obse rve d , is re ve rsible , a common fe ature of Hittite stampse als . The scorp ions on both the se last spe cime ns are ve ry primitive repre se ntations .

Nos . 59 ,60

,6 1

,6 2

, judge d by th e i r style of graving , shou ld fal l into this group .

The re is l ittle e lse whe re by to p lace them . The tre atme nt of the le gs with long pro

je cting hoofs , on no . 59 ,is that which we have se e n on n 2 9 and shall se e in se ve ral

othe r subj e cts pre se ntly . No . 6 1 should, pe rhaps , come

a little late r in our se rie s . No . 62 introduce s those cruciform patte rns , with fill-up e leme nts b e twe e n the arms ,which are familiar de signs on a ve ry nume rous group ofHittite se als to b e conside re d pre se ntly .

I p lace he re the gable no . 63, on account of the

re semblance of its pe dime ntal de sign to that on no . 36 ,though the lowe r part of the subje ct repre se nts not a shrine , but the familiar BabylonianGate s of the Sun Go d

’

. As for the gable no . 64 ,the dril l-pe l le ts in the uppe r part

of its de sign and the square frame - l ike arrangeme nt of the lowe r parts offe r some clueto its date by reminding us of no . 2 5 and its cognate s , and also of no . 35 .

FIG . 60.

Ne xt afte r the above se als , which can all b e re late d more or le ss dire ctly to theloop-bore cylinde rs , I conside r a few handle le ss stamps of the gab le and hemisphe roidalshape s , which have indepe nde nt fe ature s , indicative of e arly pe riod . No . 65 , for e xamp le ,

has a ve ry primitive form of the four-point fill-up mark alre ady obse rve d on no . 50 .

In its subj e ct , and also in those of 66 , 67 , should b e note d the unnatural istic re nde ringof horns , o n e b e ing se t on the ne ck . The e xagge rate d forward proj e ction of the hoofswe have se e n alre ady on no . 59 . Both 65 and 66 Show also cune iform or pyramidalfill-up stroke s , and 66 the wish-bone che vron ; the se are characte ristic e leme nts ofClass I I subj e cts . The triangular-he ade d se rp e nts on 67 , 68 ( I have ne ve r se e n a se rpe ntof this type on any othe r Hittite se al) constitute a sufficie nt link be twe e n the two .

No . 69 shows the le g and foot-forms of 65 , as also the e longation of body and

horns which is prompte d by horror vacui at the same time gre ate r re alism in the

re nde ring of the animal ’s he ad stamps 69 as the late r of the two . No . 70 , l ike the prece ding , is on e o f the few Hittite se als on which the viri le memb e r is emphasize d . The

he ad-form is primitive the de corative disposition of the horn re calls no . 16, and the

rare ly se e n snake (though without triangular he ad) , nos. 67 , 68 . But in le g-forms andge n

l

e ral pose the stag on 70 is somewhat more re alistic than the b e asts shown on th e sese a 3 .

Nos . 71, 72 , 73 ,the last of unusual form (probab ly , howe ve r , not a distinct ty e

but a re duction of a h emisphe roid) , are e ngrave d in primitive fashion with , appare nt y ,the point only . The smal l quadrupe d on the right of 7 1 re pe ats a fe ature of 68 , and the

60 THE ASH MOLEAN COLLECTION

fill-up of 72 i s of characte ristic Class I I sort . No . 74 is point and chise l work . I ts

pyramidal or cun e iform fill-up e leme nts are suflicie nt warrant of its p lace the humanhe ad is tre ate d as on th e e arl ie st Class I I se als .

Nos . 75 , 76 Show rath e r more de ve lope d tre atme nt of subj e cts similar to those ofnos . 65 , 66 the style of the b e ast on 76 re cal ls no . 36 and its fill-up e leme nts are ofunusual type , anticipate d on 2 0 . No . 77 is a de sign on the same sch eme as nos . 50 , 5 1 ,but of rathe r late r (though rude r) style . No . 78 might b e of almost any pe riod a Gab lein the Cabine t de s Médai l le s (M . 2 789) offe rs a c lose paral le l . No . 79 is too low in theart-scale to b e p lace d with any ce rtainty . No . 80 obviously b e longs to th e same art asthe cylinde rs nos . 49 , 46 .

Nos . 8 1 , 8 2 , both re ve rsib le , Should probab ly come he re ,the incision of no . 82 ,

in particular , b e ing cune iform chise l work characte ristic of th e e arl ie r Class I I glyptic .Nos . 83 , 84 ,

85 , 86 al l b e ar conve ntionalize d subj e cts of e arly appe arance ,those on the

last thre e se als b e ing re ve rsib le . I t is important for the qu e stion of the local origin offorms to note that a hemisphe roid with a subj e ct ve ry similar in style to our nos . 83, 84 ,

was procure d by Chantre at Byuk Aladj a (op . cit . , p . 160,

fig . As for no . 87 , itscune iform incisions and ch e vron fill-up e leme nt place it h e re and n os. 88 , 89 are toolike no . 86 in style to b e far remove d from it in date .

Group 3

We now come to a nume rous and distinctive group of Gab le s whose subj e cts areb e asts Shown e ithe r singly or in file and some time s in shorthand In the e arlie r Spe cime ns

of this group , e .g . n os. 90 , 91 , 92 , app e ars againthat unanatom ical repre se ntation of the horns ofante lope s and goats alre ady notice d on nos . 65 , &c . ,

aswe l l as a primitive re nde ring of body by a me rel ine . The le g foot and he ad- forms

,howe ve r

,

are more advance d than on those s e als . Fi l l-upe leme nts , mostly ch e vrons , constitute a link withthe loop—bore group . A late r stage of de ve lopme nt is marke d by a te nde ncy to re pre se nt b e astsby artistic shorthand . I t b e gins to show itse lf inno . 91 , and eme rge s consp icuously in nos . 94 , 95 ,and , with a diffe re nce , in nos . 104 , 105 . Th e

most remarkable e xample of its re sult is offe re dFIG . 6 1 .

by a large ste atite gable,with re ve rsib le subj e ct ,

in the British Muse um (no . 102465) (fig . whichshou ld b e compare d with our no . 101 . Equally significant of artistic de cline is anothe rte nd e ncy , i l lustrate d by nos . 97 , 104 , 107 ,

109 , and e spe cial ly 110 , as w e l l as by theBritish Muse um gab le , fig . 6 1 . Th e i r subj e ct-type s have al l b e gun to suffe r more orle ss dis inte gration which wil l e ve ntually le ad to the i r sch eme s bre aking up altoge the rinto me aningle ss stroke s (cp . e .g . nos . 12 1

, 12 2 ,

A gradual de ve lopme nt of body-forms from a rudime ntary line ar re nde ring tosome thing like naturalism may b e fol lowe d through the b e asts re pre se nte d on nos . 90 ,

91 , 92 , to 101, in which last subj e ct the ov e r-emphasis of the quarte rs and contours

of the body is reminisce nt of me tallurgic style . C e rtain of th e se se als , e .g . nos . 102 ,103 , sugge st that the Egyptian art of the New Kingdom had b e gun to influ e nce Hittiteglyptic . As to the p e riod of al l , the fill-up e leme nts in th e i r subj e cts argu e that , though

THE ASH MOLEAN COLLECTION 6 1

the y Show an advance in style on the loop-bore cylinde rs , the y are not to b e date d ve rymuch late r . At the same time it must b e admitte d that the only gable of this subj e cttype , found so far by a Scie ntific e xcavator unde r date ab le conditions , doe s not supportthis ge ne ral dat ing (say twe lfth ce ntury) . This is o n e e xcavate d by Garstang in the

Jobba mound at Sakj egeuzi.1 Finding it about te n ce ntime tre s above th e paveme nt of

what he re gards as a ninth-ce ntury portico , Garstang date s its loss about 800 B .C . But

on the oth e r hand (a) its subj e ct , so far as o n e can judge from th e rubbing publishe d ,is a ve ry late e xamp le of the style (b) the date of its lossmay have b e e n long subs e que ntto the date of its manufacture (c) it is not cle ar that the paveme nt in que stion is solate as the ninth ce ntury . In chap . iv I argue , indepe nde ntly of this s e al

’s e vide nce,

for at le ast a c e ntury hi he r in dating the style re pre se nte d by the se Po rtico sculpture s .

No . 111 i s distinguisfie d by conception , style , and te chnique from al l othe r membe rsof this group ,

in which , inde e d , p e rhaps it ought not , strictly spe aking , to b e includ e dat a l l . The rude conception of th e sce ne i s not unlike that of Loop and Stud subj e cts ,such as nos . 14 1 ff. ,

and th e style has some aflinityto the same group , e spe cial ly to that of th e Cope nhage n se al cite d on p . 63 But the he rring-boning andcross-hatching of body-space s should b e compare dwith no . 139 ,

and the human figure in the uppe rfie ld , as we l l as the ge ne ral style , are paral le le d mostclose ly

,to my knowle dge

,by a h emisphe roid , of

almost scaraboid form,in our Colle ction

,which

I figure he re (fig . rathe r than in the main se rie s ,Since I fe e l some doubts about its ge nuine ne ss , and by a strange ste atite cylinde r

(fig . which for various re asons I re gard as South Syrian Hittite . I t b e ars a garb le dAramaic le ge nd (se e M o rdtm ann ,

Z . D . M . G . xxxii) . It came to the Ashmole an fromthe Gre g Colle ction as having b e e n bought original ly in Syria . I t isworth notice thatour no . 1 1 1 was procure d ,

not in the Hittite are a,but at Be irut . If comp le te , it would

b e the large st gab le which has ye t come to light .

FIG . 62 .FIG . 63.

Group 4I add some stamp-se als which s e em to b e lon to the same ge ne ral pe riod of art

as group 2 but , in ce rtain instance s , e xhibit de ca e nt e ditions of the subj e ct- scheme sof se als alre ady conside re d , and are the re fore , probab ly , to b e re fe rre d to the latte r

part of the i r pe riod . Nos. 1 1 2 ,1 13 are among the e arlie st of th e group th e y Show

the flat p lane s and contoure d body-forms of the more primitive Class I I style .

Th e se rie s of conve ntionalize d ante lope figure s shown on nos . 114 to 120.cal ls for

no comme nt be yond the remark that nos . 118 , 119 ,which disp lay the b e st te chnique and

the most re alistic style , are , pe rhaps , the late st in time . But it should b e obse rve d thatthe ante lope on 1 18 has the leg and foot-forms of nos . 65 if. , whil e that on 1 19 has o n ehorn se t on th e ne ck as on those same e arly se als . No . 120 is obviously inte nde d to b ere ve rsib le , as is also no . 12 1 , e n rave d with cune iform incision . Nos . 12 2 ,

123 pre se ntme re ly conve ntional (pe rhaps roke n-up) type s of subj e ct , and are inte nde d to havesphragistic significance only .

Group 5Nos . 12 4 to 131 are stamp-se als of e arly shape s e ngrave d with conve ntional de signs ,

re late d (cp . e spe cial ly 124) to no . 62 .

1 Live rpoolAnnals, 1908 , pl. 49, n o , 3, and p . 107 .

62 THE ASH MOLEAN COLLECTION

I pass on to two groups , about e ach of which , for diffe re nt re asons , I fe e l doubt .The first consists of ce rtain carinate d hemisphe roids which have slightly conve x face s .The subj e cts of al l are distinguishe d from those of othe r Hittite se als . Thre e (nos . 132 ,133, 134) Show cut-off animal he ads in profi le (or , stylize d scorp ions P) ; a fourth , 135 ,an animal he ad to front ; a fifth

, 136 ,a de ep-cut sp iral . The first thre e should obviously

b e groupe d toge the r . The y we re all procure d outside the Hittite are a ,o n e , no . 133, as far

we st as Smyrna . In view of this fact,and of the i r S light conve xity of face (se e p . it

appe ars possib le that the y b e long to Ae ge an , and not Hittite glyptic . At th e same time , thetre atme nt of the ante lope on 133 is Hittite ,

and a gab le in th e B ritish Muse um (no . 102 660 ,

fig . procure d at Te l l Bash e r , and a stud in white marble (no . 6 18,

fig . Should b ecompare d with it . No . 135 has ce rtainly an Ae ge an look ; but its subj e ct-scheme and fillup marks are such as might b e e xpe cte d in Syrian se als just afte r th e loop-bore cylind e r

pe riod (cp the ge ome tric conve ntional de signs on nos. 1 2 6 No . 136 is unique .

The sp iral i s not to b e e xpe cte d in Hittite glypt ic ti l l a pe riod subse que nt to the probabledate of a se al of this shape whe re as it made a much e arl ie r appe arance in Ae ge an art .

FIG . 64 . FIG . 65 . FIG . 66 .

But the we l l-asce rtaine d prove nance of this spe cime n , from an inland Syro-Hittitere gion , de te rs m e from making the same sugge stion about it as about nos . 132

—5 .

In conne xion with this group I i l lustrate h e re the subj e ct on a ste atite scaraboidin the Ashmole an Colle ction (fig . akin in form to the type de scrib e d on p . 19 asrudime ntary I t was procure d in Ale ppo , and I have had doubts of its ge nuine ne ss .

But th e form of th e Hittite p ictograph s e e n at the right-hand e nd of th e uppe r re giste rse ems too rare and at the same t ime corre ct a fe ature to have b e e n introduce d by a forge r

(cp . our nos. 2 5 1 and Th e tre e shown in the uppe r re giste r is of a de base dtype , and th e s e al is , doubtle ss , altoge the r late r than those in this group . I cite it h e re ,

howe ve r , b e cause it shows subj e ct e leme nts similar to those on 132 ,133, 134 e ngrave d

on a typ ical ly Syrian se al- form . I t the re fore discounts th e possib i lity of the se se alsb e ing re ally Ae ge an spe cime ns .

Group 7

My doubt about the othe r group ,consisting of a gab le and two scaraboids of th e

rudime ntary spe cie s , conce rns its p lace in our se rie s . Th e pe culiar hook- l ike tre atme nt of paws , which is th e distinguishing fe ature of this group ,

re cal ls ce rtain re l ie fs

(e .g . at Carchemish) whose pe riod is unce rtain , but possib ly e arlie r than is to b e assigne dto any oth e r Syrian sculpture s . The othe r fe ature s e xhibite d by th e se thre e s e als ,howe ve r

,indicate th e latte r part of the p e riod of Class I I . The flat p lane , th e contoure d

outline,and the ove r-emphasize d distinction of the hind-quarte rs of the l ion on 137 ,

b e long to the same school of art as no . 101 while the fill-up e leme nts on 138 , 139 ,

the style of the ante lope on 138 , and the square h e ad of the lion on 139 (cp . no .

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64 THE ASH MOLEAN COLLECTION

six-raye d star . I ts te chniqu e and style are advance d , re sembling those of ce rtain stampsinclude d b e low unde r Class I I I (nos. 204 and 2 05)—a furth e r proof that Loops and S tudsshould not b e re gard e d as e arli e r than the middle of Class I I pe riod . Among nadri

late ral shape s , no .,147 offe rs by way of subj e ct a broke n-up de gradation . hough

e ngrave d in a manne r reminisce nt of nos . 2 5 33, 52 , &c . , i t is probab ly late r work .

No . 148 introduce s a standing ove r attitude use d to e xpre ss rap id animal motion .

This is rep e ate d on no . 149 . Th e abundance of fill-up e leme nts on both se als stampsthem as of Class I I , e ve n without the e vide nce of the human he ad typ e re pre se nte don 149 , and the ge ne ra l re semblance which th e b e asts on this last s e al b e ar to those onthe loop-bore cylinde r i l lustrate d in fig . 60 . Th e subj e ct of no . 148 may b e an arche rgod on a bull—an Adad type or it may b e me re ge nre—a hunte r pursuing the bull .The subj e ct of no . 149 is ce rtainly a hunting sce ne .

CLASS I I I A

This c lass , as a whole ,e xhibits subj e ct-sch eme s more e laborate ly conce ive d and

e xe cute d than those of Class I I . Fre sh influ e nce s ope rating from al ie n c e ntre s of art ,both e ast and we st , must have b e e n large ly re sponsib le for th e rap id artistic advance ,

which the s e rie s , as arrange d on pl. vi , i l lustrate s .

Group 1

To repre se nt the transition ,I p lace first a cylinde r , no . 150 , whose style has

its roots in Class I I . I t hai ls from Je b e l Abu Ge lge l , south of Mum bidj . Noteworthyfe ature s of the subj e cts of se als in this style (cp . late r sp e cime ns , nos . 1 57 , 158) area ske tchy , summary tre atme nt of the human he ad maintaine d in all stage s of the de ve lopme nt th e pre se nce of broad-blade d spe ars carrie d point downwards a bird with o n e

wing raise d as in fl ight,and the s imp le loin-cloth costume of m e n .

Of the se fe ature s th e h e ad-tre atme nt is a slight de ve lopme nt of the e arlie st Class I Imanne r : and a bird was re pre se nte d not dissimilarly on the Stud no . 14 1 . Inde e d ,on th e latte r se al , the style of the horse also so far anticipate s that of the griffin onno . 150 that the re can b e l ittle doubt the se two subj e cts are not far apart in date , andthat no . 1 50 might as we l l b e include d in Class I I as in Class I I I .

No . 15 1 is , again ,on the borde r- line b e twe e n Classe s I I and I I I . While th e b e asts

repre se nte d on it b e ar a stylistic re semblance to those on no . 49 ,th e figure of the godde ss

and th e e laborate subj e ct-scheme are of late r date than the loop-bore cylinde rs . Th e

tre atme nt of hands is s ingular and , l ike that of th e b e asts’ horns

,not e arly . This ve rsion

of the 71'6‘r 1/ta 67711131; ide a is inte re sting .

He ade d by an e laborate cylinde r from Je b e l Abu Ge lge l , a group fol lows whichde ve lops a distinctive ly Hattic style

,unde r incre asing Assyrian influ e nce , and fal ls

d efinite ly into Class I I I . On no . 15 2 , the human face i s t re ate d at last with someapproach to re alism ,

and while birds remain of stylize d type ,the animal figure s in the

main re giste r are tre ate d , de sp ite smalln e ss of scale ,with surprisingly naturalistic vigour .

Th e e ight cut-off h e ads in the inte rme diate re giste r are noteworthy for the i r long nose sand the tre atme nt of the crowns . I f we had only this cylinde r to judge by , w e shouldce rtainly suppose the he ads to b e uncove re d ; and although othe r repre se ntations of he ads ,e .g . on an ofte n-publishe d British Muse um cylinde r (fig . or on o n e in th e Cab ine tde s Médai l le s (Bibl. Nat. Cat. no . sugge st e ithe r a cap or a fe athe r he ad-dre ss

THE ASHMOLEAN COLLECTION 65

(cp . no . such as are known to have b e e n worn by some Me dite rrane an pe op le s ,more or le ss contemporary , and by Arabian warriors de picte d on Assyrian monume ntsof the Se cond Emp ire . The tre atme nt on othe r se als

, e .g . our nos. 153, 160 ,16 1 168 ,

&c . ,

doe s not sug e st anythin but natural hair . Finally I cal l atte ntion to the me dial b e lt .Compose d o a rope and orde re d he rring-bone patte rn , it may b e thought to anticipatein more re alistic form the rope -patte rn which , stylize d as a loose coi l , wil l b e comefamiliar as a de corative e leme nt both on se als an d amule ts

,and also , at a ce rtain pe riod ,

on large r Hittite monume nts . On the othe r hand, since

'

the stylize d guil loch e appe are dlong b e fore this in Babylonian art (cp . D e Sarze c

,De

’

couve rtes e n Chalde’

e, pl. 2 5 bis ,

it may have b e e n take n ove r re ady made from a re alistic rope d e sign into the SyrianHittite art , without any such local de ve lopme nt .

No . 153 is , in many re spe cts , similar to no . 152 ,but of somewhat late r style . The

subj e ct is more symme trical ly balance d and its inspiration ismore marke dly Babylonianbut the birds and the tre atme nt o f

'

all the human he ads are those of the two pre ce dingse als . The e laborate arrangeme nt of sacre d tre e surmounte d by disk and cre sce nt ,flanke d by birds , and having canop ie s pe nde nt fromits stem , is de rive d from Me sopotamian art of nove ry e arly pe riod . This cylinde r can hardly b e e arlie rthan the Third Age (p .

No . 154 has a unique subj e ct , some e leme nts inwhich may b e inte nde d for script-characte rs—e g . the

goat ’s he ad and the uppe rmost symbol in the le ft—handcolumn

,with which an obj e ct l ike a car e nte r ’s square

shown b e twe e n two pairs of be asts in t e lowe st frie zeof no . 152 invite s comparison . A not uncommon

characte r in Hittite te xts which take s the form a is pe rhaps the same . The column ar

FIG . 69 .

arrangeme nt of the e leme nts is sugge stive of a te xt ; but , at the same time , theothe r obj e cts

“

re pre se nte d in the pane l—viz . five cut-off human h e ads of thre e type s ,two conve ntionalize d hands

,a b ird and a fish- l ike obje ct or a two hare s ,

and a se ate d ibe x—do not re semble at al l c los e ly any known Hittite script-characte rs .

Of the human he ads , o n e is of a type se e n alre ady on no . 1 52 , and anothe r , re pre se nte dto front with horns

,bull ’s e ars

,and spre ading b e ard , appe ars on seve ral re l ie fs of

bull-gods at Carchemish . The conve ntionalize d hands re cal l the sixte e n cut-offhands in the lowe st re giste r of the lar e Carchemish inscrib e d Slab (B rit. Mus.

Carchemish ,i , pl. A ,

1 a) , which also , it wiI b e obse rv e d , shows human h e ads , thoughnot of our type s . The thre e human h e ads in the le ft-han d column must b e compare dwith those on no . 1 52 an d de scrib e d in the same way . B e side s the oblique ly hatche dborde r

,which we shall me e t again on se als of this pe riod , the e re ction on the le ft , on

which birds are pe rche d , should b e notice d . It has the appe arance of b e ing wattleW ork

,and may b e compare d with wattle d b e ast-pe ns re pre se nte d on Babylonian cylinde rs

(cp . ,e .g . ,

S e al Cylinders, no . 39 1 ) but our e xamp le , with its bird attribute s , shouldb e a shrine or an altar .

No . 155 re pe ats , in its fe stoon , the type of me dial band se e n on no . 152 , but inde gradation . The style is ve ry much the same as that of a s e al in the Cabine t de sMédail le s (B ibl. Nat. Cat. no . 42 2 ) and of studs like no . 141 . The pe culiar hippocamp lions

,which flank the squattin

g)figure

,wil l b e re pe ate d on no . 161 .

No . 156 shows a me dial band of orde re d rope of much the same type as that on1808 K

66 THE ASHMOLEAN COLLECTION

no . 1 55 , and birds and b e asts so far analogous with those on othe r memb e rs of this groupthat the human figure

,de sp ite its primitive he ad form ,

doe s not avail to date it e arlie rthan them . Th e sword with cre sce nt hi lt is of a type familiar on Carch emish sculpture sof the Third Agc .

No . 157 shows birds of an inte rme diate type which is b e ginning to bre ak up .

No . 158 , which looks distinctly late r than no . 150 ,offe rs e vidence of strong Assyrian

influe nce , not only in the ge ne ral conce ption and composition of its subj e ct , but alsoin a particular e leme nt , the winge d figure

,which is not uncommon on Hittite cylinde rs

(cp .,e S ealCyli ,

nde rs nos . 892 , Non-Assyrian fe ature s , howe ve r , are the semi

nude figure and the cut o ffh e ad No 159 ,though much pe rishe d , se ems to re pre se nt afin al

de ve lopme nt of the style . I ts scratchy te chniqu e is almost worthy of the CremationAge (Class IV) ; but a tripartite tre atme nt of the human he ad marks it as distinctlye arlie r than that age . This tre atme nt has b e e n de ve lope d from that shown on no s. 2 3and 5 1 (cp . also animal he ads on n os. 42 ,

and is in the manne r of s e als , ce rtainlyof fairly e arly Class I I I pe riod , cite d b e low in conne xion with no . 2 1 1 .

No . 160 ,while rep e ating th e tre atme nt of human he ads characte ristic of this group

and also cut o ff he ads , human and animal,introduce s a fe ature sugge stive of sti l l late r

date . This is th e long Babylonian mantle worn on ce remonial occasions ove r a Hittitewarrior ’s loin cloth or tunic . In accord with the Third Age is th e highly styliz e darrangeme nt of the se condary group , which is like that on no . 1 58 , but without thecoil-band .

The oth e r e leme nts in the subj e ct of no . 161—the bird , the hare , and th e libra ,for

e xam le—are as suitable to th e group we are conside ring as the ‘hippocamp l ionsalre a y notice d in conn e xion with no . 155 Th e ge ne ral style

,howe ve r , and the tre at

me nt of the human and b e stia l figure s are of quite as late a Babylonian style as anye leme nt on 1 58 or 1 59 . A Singular fe ature is se e n in the foreparts of ibe xe s combine dto make some thing like a column capital of Pe rsian typ e . A Babylonian cylind e r ofMiddle Emp ire (P) date , publish e d in S e alCylinders (no . shows two griffins similarlycombin e d to form the support of a divine figure . The ashe ra (or , possib ly , sacre dtre e ) , with its bud like upp e r memb e r surmounte d by a palme tte , is not unlike anEgyptian dad .

Th e cross- le gge d (dancing P) figure on no . 16 2 justifie s its inclusion in a Hittitese rie s

,de spite its M e sopotamian look . I ts birds are of th e same ge n e ral type as on

pre ce din se als,but the i r more de ve lope d style , as we l l as th e conve ntional arrangeme nt

of the w o le s e condary group ,and the de grade d characte r of th e coi l band , stamp this

s e al as of the Third Age .

I add 163 to the group on no b e tte r e vide nce than its he rring bone b e lt (cp . no . 1 55)This crane - like type of bird wil l appe ar again on no . 170 .

No . 164 pre s e nts a figure clad in e xactly such a cloak,op e n in front , as is worn by

a we l l known divine figure on the“right hand wal l at Yasili Kaia, as we l l as by figure s

at Byuk . Its subj e ct as a whole is conce ive d and e xpre sse d in the Yasili Kaia style .

D e sp ite bad condition ,th e two main figure s stand out unmistakab ly Cappadocian , and

the fact that the warrior god holds the l ightning tride nt go e s far to prove the d e face dobj e ct In the hand of the god le ading the le ft hand proce ssion at Yasili Kaia to b e thesame . Th e altar b e fore him in our se al re calls the Fraktin re l ie f, though its cross- likefinial and flanking obj e cts are nove ltie s . Th e latte r are not satisfactori ly e xp laine d asbows , and I suspe ct the y are inte nde d to b e parts of the altar itse lf, which would thushave some thing of the form of a crux ansata . The triangular obj e cts (probab li symbols

THE ASHMOLEAN COLLECTION 67

of life ) above will b e se e n above a crux ansata on no . 89 . Whate ve r the date of theYasiliKaia re l ie fs may b e ,

the same is more or le ss the date of this cylinde r (se e p .

The ne xt two cylinde rs,nos . 165 , 166

,Show in ful l de ve lopme nt the s hragistic

style b e st known as Hittite . The subj e cts of se als in this style are re ligious—t e adoration of de itie s . This some time s invo lve s

,as on both our spe cime ns , the pre se ntation

of a divine , semi-divine , or human b e ing to a divinity by a figure,some time s repre se nte d

(e .g. no . 166) asj anifrons. Haye s Ward calls him a psychopomp (S e al Cylinde rs,chap . xlvi) , mainly on the e vide nce of a we l l-known cylinde r from Aidin (in the Louvre )and o n e in the Cabine t de s Médaille s (Bibl. Nat. Cat. no . 52 5) but

,in fact

,the re is

l ittle in the othe r e leme nts of the se two subj e cts to sugge st the Unde r-world I tShould b e obse rve d that , whi le our se als show deve lope d te chnique and ce rtain Assyrianor , rathe r , Me sopotamian , fe ature s , e .g . e laborate ly trimme d and fringe d mantle s , and

(on no . 1

519)hair turne d up in Chaldae an fashion , the y Show also fe ature s conne cting

them wit pre vious membe rs of this class—e .g . the dancing attitude of a figure onno . 165 (cp . 153, The ge ne ral style of 165 in particular is obviously re late d close lyto that of 152 .

Nos. 167 , 168 , though the i r subj e ct-scheme s are Similar , diffe r in the i r style andde tai ls . The forms of the chariot-bodie s indicate a he avy war-car on 167 and a lightdome stic ve hicle on 168 . The numb e r of Spoke s in the whe e l of the first is four

,of the

se cond , six (the usual Assyrian numb e r) . Yoke s appe ar in o n e re pre se ntation only , andhe adstal l-cre sts only in the othe r ; the dre ss of the marching figure s on no . 167 is

a waist-cloth , while on 168 it is drawe rs . Th e.

cut-o ff hand unde r the horse s on o n e

se al is an inte re sting artistic re duction -a part symbolizing the whole figure shownon the othe r se al . A hand of similar sty le app e ars on a Hittite cylinde r in the MorganColle ction (no . but as a symbol in the fie ld . The iso late d obj e cts in the uppe rfie ld of no . 167 are re place d on no . 168 by a two-strand coi l transfe rre d from its usualposition as a lowe r borde r . Th e distinction of the se two se als is , pe rhaps , partly dueto the diffe re nt characte r of the sce ne s

,no . 168 showing a triumphal proce ssion afte r

war , whe re as no . 167 shows actual battle . But I think it is du e also to diffe re nce ofdate . On all grounds of style and composition I am incline d to re gard 167 , which isnot far remove d from nos . 165 , 166 , as the e arl ie r of the two but the inte rval shouldnot b e lon

g,the graving te chnique shown on the two se als b e ing ve ry similar . Both

must b e 0 much the same pe riod as the Chariot-S labs of Carchemish and Sindj e rli,which have coil-borde rs but no . 167 is probab ly e arlie r than any slabs of this classwhich have so far b e e n discove re d . In any case its inspiration come s from Assyrian art .For future comparison the mode l ling of the horse s

’ he ads on no . 167 should b e note d .

Two se als in the Cabine t de s Médai lle s (Bibl Nat. Cat. nos . 479 , 480) Show similarsubj e ct-scheme s e xe cute d in a more primitive style ,

but the y diffe r from our two inthat , appare ntly , the y repre se nt divine , not human , principals .

Nos . 169 ,170 ,

17 1 , 172 introduce a nude godde ss standing to front , like the M e sopotamian Z irbanit , who is suppose d by Haye s Ward and othe rs to have b e e n original lya Syrian de ity name d Ishara . She appe ars on no . 170 with fish attribute s and a cranelike bird , such as is ofte n associate d with the Nature Godde ss , both in e ast and we st ,is also pre se nt . The line s pe nde nt from h e r waist

,on nos . 169 ,

170 ,repre se nt e dge s

of a skirt withdrawn to e xpose h e r nudity , and m ay have give n rise to those l ine s , fal lingfrom the e lbows of the Ephe sian Godde ss in many numismatic re pre se ntations , which

68 THE ASHMOLEAN COLLECTION

have n e ve r b e e n satisfactori ly e xp laine d (se e B ritish Muse um ,Excav . at Ephesus, p . 331 ,

pl. While the se four se als are marke dly Babylonian in characte r , the style of thebirds and human figure s

,the tre atme nt of the latte r

’s dre ss , and the sprays , all combineto group our no .

. 169 (for e xamp le ) with such s e als as no . 160 also the long mantleof the is l ike that shown on no . 164 . Such stylistic re ductions as those of thegodde ss ’s rob e and the se ate d ibe x pre clude an e arlie r date .

AS for no . 171 , i t pre se nts fe ature s le ss distinctive ly Hittite ; but the k ne e lingfi ure in th e se condary group le ave s little doubt about its inclusion (if it b e ge nuine ) .h e ape

- l ike figure b e twe e n the adorant and godde ss has b e e n s e e n alre ady on no . 152 .

No . 172 has o n e fe ature in its subj e ct worthy of remark—while as Me sopotamian incharacte r as the re st , it shows a crux ansata of pure Egyptian type . Al l the se NudeGodde ss se als te stify to an art of the M ischkultur kind .

Out of the style of nos . 165 , 166 de ve lope d a type of cyl inde r which ,though it is the

most usual re pre se ntative of Hittite glyptic in public and private colle ctions , happe ns

not to b e re pre se nte d in the Ashmole an , e xce pt by spe cime ns like no . 172 ,which ave

somewhat uncommon fe ature s . I the re fore appe nd an i l lustration of a typ ical spe cime nin th e B ritish Muse um Colle ction (fig . 70 othe rs may b e studie d in Bibl. Nat. Cat.

nos . 46 1 , 492 , Characte ristic fe ature s are th e prese nce of figure s in both Me so

potamian and Hittite dre ss the appe arance of Egyptizing e leme nts (e .g. the

ankh) ; and the invariab le addition ofa se ve re ly formalize d se condary gro up .

This style passe s again into a faci leglyptic manne r which is repre se nte d by

Fro . 70.FIG. 7 1 . our nos . 173 ,

174 , 175 , 176 . I t is characte rize d by dry imitative style , inde bte d

mainly to Assyria,by sti l l more rigid conve ntionalism

,and by cle ve r but rathe r soulle ss

e xe cution . Th e principal figure s now we ar Me sopotamian rath e r than Hittite dre ss , and in

pose and acce ssorie s fo l low Assyrian mode ls ve ry close ly . The re is usually a s e condarysce ne of strictly formalize d characte r , divide d into two groups by a coi l-band of e ithe rtwo or thre e strands . No . 175 i l lustrate s e arlie r traditions in its tre atme nt of the birdand the dre ss of th e godde ss , and in th e l ituus borne by th e adorant (as on no . 176 also) ,which is assimilate d to th e we l l-known sickle of Marduk . For comparison I appe ndan il lustration (fig . 7 1 ) of a remarkab le cylinde r in the British Muse um (no .

procure d by myse lf in 1908 at Te l l Ghan e im (ne ar Amarna) in the southe rn part of theCarchemish p lain . Pointille

’

tre atme nt of body-space s , robe s , &c . ,is se e n on ce rtain

e arly Babylonian se als (e .g . B ibl. Nat. Cat. no . 3) but I kn ow none on which it iscarrie d out in quite this nai l-he ad manne r . The e nriche d spiral-band (compareMorgan cylinde r no . 24 1 ) is only le ss remarkab le than the godde ss-ty e pose d fu l l front ,holding li ly wands in the Egyptian manne r . The se l i lie s are so am iliar an Ae ge anmotive and so unlike anything known to m e in Syrian or Me sopotamian art , that ,combine d with the spi ral , the y le ad m e to sugge st Cyp rus or some othe r Ae ge an landas the source of this cylinde r . At the same t ime i t must b e admitte d that a godde ssto front , with hands similarly pose d , though not ho lding li ly wands , appe ars on aninscrib e d ste la brought from Carchemish to the B ritish Muse um in 188 1 (Carch . I ,

p . 5 , fig . 3, and p . I t would have b e e n inte re sting to compare h e r (missing) h e adwith the h e ad of the godde ss on the Te l l Ghan e im cylinde r .

No . 174 is p lace d h e re conj e ctural ly but,toge the r with no . 173 (whose inclusio n

THE ASHMOLEAN COLLECTION 69

is sugge ste d by th e file of thre e smal l figure s in the uppe r part of the s e condary sce ne ) ,it may be long to Class IV . No . 177 also is p lace d he re with he sitation , its style b e irig

,

in some re spe cts , more like that of the e arlie st compost cylinde r-group in Class Ibut the h e ad-dre sse s of the atte ndant and sphinx should b e compare d with that of a sphinxon no . 182 , while the re pre se ntation of human fe e t is ve ry ne ar that of no . 174 .

Group 3

With no . 178 we re ach a smal l roup of cylinde rs remarkable for a d e l icacy , ane xce ssive re fineme nt , of graving un liie any othe r Hittite glyptic work known to m e .

With al l its fine ne ss of line , howe ve r , i t e xpre sse s the subj e cts with much e conomy ofde tai l , and eve n ske tchily . Our e arliest e xamp le should b e no . 178 , which showsa pre sentation to a rain-god , typ ifie d by the spouting vase he ld in his hand

—a commonBabylonian but ve ry rare Hittite sce ne . The rigid conve ntionalism of the composition ,

and the marke dly Egyptizing fe ature s (e .g. cruce s ansatae of true Egyptian form) of17 1 , argu e no e arlie r date than is to b e assigne d to no . 175 and its cognate s . I suspe ctthe se thre e cylinde rs of b e ing not true Hittite work . No . 178 , which was procure d inPhoe nicia , displays archaic fe ature s , such as a frame he ad se t on a po le (cp . no .

and primitive tre atme nt of the othe r human he ads , combine d with rigid formalism ;it se ems to m e just such an archaistic imitation of a Hittite scheme as might b ee xpe cte d from a Cilician or a Phoe nician workshop . A se al in much the same style int

éie Cabine t de s Médai lle s , howe ve r , is catalogue d by D e laporte as Hittite (B ibl. Nat.

at. no . 2

No .

417

49

)is the most e cle ctic of the thre e . The e ar of corn in the hand of

the le ft-hand figure , and the support of the nude godde ss by a bull , are variants ofMe sopotamian usage (cp . M organ Cylinde rs, no . 237) due to an imitator . Re calling thefact that the god of Ivriz holds e ars of corn , o n e is incline d to sugge st Ci licia as th e p lacewhe re this seal was e ngrave d . The Ne ith-l ike figure , crowne d with cre sce nt and disk ,is, obviously , not true Egyptian . The se condary sce ne is a Hittite scheme , rigidlyformalize d , with the Egyptian crux ansata introduce d .

No . 180 is emphatical ly more Me sopotamian than E ptian ,but sti ll it

,is far from

true Babylonian . The squat proportions of the god on tile bull again indicate a copyist .On the whole I fe e l no doubt that none of the se cylinde rs was e ngrave d e ithe r in theCappadocian or the Syrian Hittite are a ; and among re gions like ly to have produce dthem , I incline to Cilicia , but wil l say more on the subj e ct prese ntly

Ne xt come s an e qually small group ,distinguishe d by opule nce of style , which is

re late d to that of the pre ce ding group ,but diffe re nt in e xe cution .

No . 18 1 , a famous se al , ofte n publishe d , calls for two or thre e remarks . (a) I tsinscription is in southe rn , not northe rn , cune iform . (b) The re occur in its columnof Hittite symbols not only a crux ansata of the typ ically Hittite form (se e p . 74) buta b e ast ’s he ad with protrude d tongue ,

which is e xe cute d in a pe culiar style paral le le d ,

to my knowle d e,only by a symbol on a se al of Anatolian prove nance (fig . 79, infra) .

The oblong b efow this is singular in Hittite symbolism ,but may b e inte nde d for th e

(usually) ingot-shape d symbol se e n on , e .g. ,no . 177 . Be low th e crux ansata is the

t riangle or cap se e n on no . 164 . I t should b e remarke d that thre e out of th ese four

70 THE ASHMOLEAN COLLECTION

e leme nts are symbols rath e r than script-c

,haracte rs and o n e is ne ve r found as a script

characte r . I t is, th e re fore ,e xce e dingly improbab le that this column of symbols make s

a te xt . At most it could only re pre se nt a single name . Inde e d , the view that thiscylinde r is a bi lingual is now not ge ne ral ly h e ld . (c) Th e graving of the subj e ct isle ss d efinite and emphatic than in othe r Hittite glyptic work of such fin e style . (d) Th ehe avily borde re d mantle worn by both figure s , and e spe cial ly by the right hand on e

,

who se ems to b e a god re ce iving a prince , is s e e n again on no . 182 (cp . also M orgariCylinde rs no . I t should b e note d that it e nve lope s o n e arm of the we are r .

P . Je nse n (Grundlage n , p . 337) has sugge ste d that this cylinde r , which was procure d InCilicia , is Cypriote ; but it is too Hittite for Cyprus .

No . 18 2 , of unknown prove nan ce , shows th e same quality of style,but more pre cise

graving . I ts subj e ct is unusually e cle ctic , s ince Babylonian , Egyptian , and Hittitee leme nts are pre se nt in about e qual proportion ; but th e non-Hittite e leme nts are

obviously imitative,i . .e not p rope r to the cu lture which produce d the se al . Th e

Hathor ’ he ad,for e xamp le , is contaminate d with a Me sopotamian typ e (se e S e al

Cylinde rs, p . 404 and M organ Cylinders, p . 1 13, whe re Haye s Ward definite ly callsthe h e ad that of the godde ss B e lit or Nirkharshag) ; and th e captive , who is b e ing

pre s e nte d by the mace b e aring prince ,was mode l le d by no Egyptian artist . Th e de ity

in horne d cap is also a de rivative variation ,but of a M e sopotamian prototype . In the

se condary sce ne the he ad dre ss of the Sphinx is de rive d from the Egyptian h e adge ar with frontal uraeus. The b e lte d skirts or cloaks of the lowe st figure s have b e e nse e n alre ady on the winge d demon of no . 1 58 ; and the daisy- like rose tte s we Shall me e tagain ve ry soon . I suspe ct that the Mischkultur , re sponsible for this cylinde r , as forno . 18 1

,was Cilician . The sce ne is too Hittite in conception , and the graving and

style are too unlike the Egyptian to b e re asonab ly ascribe d to a Pho e nician artist ; while ,at th e same time

,too much is of Egyptian de rivation for the s e al to b e from any but

a coastal district of the Le vant .No . 183 is almost ide ntical with a cylinde r figu re d by Haye s Ward (S e al Cylinders,

no . the only diffe re nce b e twe e n th e two de signs b e ing that on e of our lions carrie shis tai l low . The e xiste nce of what is almost a re p l ica might arouse sus

picion ; but th e repe tition of type s with slight variations is to b e e xpe cte din s igi llistic art (cp . th e Zakro se alings from East Cre te , j ourn . H e ll. S tudies

xxii , .p Humpe d oxe n appe ar on a cylinde r in the Cabin e t de s Médaille s(Bibl. Nat. Cat. no . and on on e in the Morgan Colle ction (no .

Th e fin e style of our l ions is not unlike that of a b e autifully e ngrave dhaematite Hamme r-he ad in the B ritish Muse um (110 . 1027) Shown in fig . 72 . Ofe qually fin e minuscule e xe cution are a se al in the Cabine t de s Médai lle s (BibCat. 110 . and o n e in th e Louvre (A . M . which Shows a hare withina thre e strand coi l . Our no . 1 83 is the only s e al known to m e which shows a coil offour strands cle arly de fine d .

FIG . 72 .

Group 5

Final ly , the re remains to b e conside re d a small group of cylinde rs which e xhibitsubj e cts sugge stive of Ae ge an inflUe nce . Thre e are v e ry fine ly e ngrave d , in a manne rakin to that of the pre ce ding group ,

wwhile the fourth,le ss we l l e ngrave d , is, pe rhaps ,

of late r (Class IV) pe riod .

No . 184 ,whose subj e ct is uniqu e in its pane l le d arrangeme nt , has analogie s with

pre ce ding se als , both in ge ne ral style and de tai ls ; e .g . the groups in the pan e ls a and d

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72 THE ASHMOLEAN COLLECTION

I have no doubt that nos. 178 , 18 1—3, are re lat ive ly

.

e arl ie r than the re st , and thatnos . 1 85 , 186 must have b e e n e ngrave d whe n the tradition of Cre tan art was sti l l fre shin th e Le vant , i.e . not much late r than 1 100 B .C .

CLASS I I I B

As in Class I I,I put Stamp-se als apart in a sub

-class on grounds of conve nie nce ,not chronology .

No. 188 is th e first of

‘

th e claw-handle d Tripods to appe ar in our se rie s . I takethe figu re to b e that of a de i ty . The shape of th e mantle is not quite c le ar , but no othe rShapesuits the indications so we l l as that of a cloak of the Yasili Kaia type , flap

ping

loose ly with the motion of the figure . I f, howe ve r (as is possib le , but not proba le ) ,a hood is inte nde d to b e re pre se nte d , th e figure is female (compare hoode d atte ndants

of the godde ss on Carchemish re l ie fs) , and the‘cloak ’ wil l

b e a feminine short mantle worn ove r a longe r Skirt ope nPA 5 in front .I b e l ie ve it , howe ve r , to b e a masculine cloak of the type

worn by the figure on the Tarkhu-timme boss with whosesubj e ct that of our no . 188 has othe r analo ie s.

In oth e r re spe cts this tripod , with al owance made formodification of style by a me tal me dium , conforms e n e rally

to th e typ e of cylinde rs 164 ,165 , 166 , and also of those , not re pre se nte cf in the

Ashmole an,which are i l lustrate d by fig . 70 .

I add thre e tripod se als , nos . 189 , 190,191 , b e cause the i r form doe s not pe rmit

of the i r b e ing dissociate d from no . 188 .

The simple ladde r borde r on no . 189 make s a rare appe arance on a Hittite se al .Possib ly it is a de ge ne rate re nde ring of such borde rs of we dge s as appe ar on a Be rlins ilve r se al of the same form (Me ye r , Che tite r , fig . and also (mixe d withde corative e leme nts) on our no . 194 ,

infra . I f o oke d at close ly , the tange nts of theborde r on no . 1 89 wil l b e se e n to b e in part semi-cune iform ,

wh e the r by de sign oraccide nt .1 I cannot ex lain

,on the concave re ve rse of th is se al-face , the pre se nce of

th e script-characte rs w ich are i l lustrate d in fig . 74 , unle ss the he ad has se rve d someothe r purpose , b e fore b e ing turne d , and has b e e n r e -e ngrave d on its forme r re ve rseand fitte d with a claw-han dle , solde re d on to the forme r obve rse (se e Catalogu e forde tai ls) . But I own that the double inscription le ave s m e doubtfu l of the ge nuine ne ssof the se al , de spite the unimpe achab le corre ctne ss and pre cision of the characte rs onthe pre se nt obve rs e .

No . 190 raise s no sus icio n . No . 191 is inte re sting by re ason of its Cypriote

prove nance , its de corative Borde rs (fig . 106,infra) , and the pe culiar form of its he ad .

I shal l discuss the significance of the se borde rs and the i r local origin late r on whe nde aling with the Semi-bullae (p . As for the he ad-form ( it pre clude s a satisfactoryphotograph be ing take n of the impre ssion , and accordingly I give on pl. vi i a view ofas much of the original as can b e se e n at once ) , it is of such e xce ssive conve xity , thatthis tripod can hardly have b e e n use d for a sphragistic purpose . It may have b e e nan amule t .

1 A bulla in the Louvre (A. M . 18) has a borde r a m e dial band o f much the sam e de sign , but rathe rm ore distinctly cun eiform , but te n ing to be com e of zigzag than cun e iform .

the‘ladde r ’

type . Also our cylinde r no . 40 has

FIG . 74 .

THE ASHMOLEAN COLLECTION 73

The only oth e r tripod s e als known to m e , and not ye t me ntione d , are o n e in theBritish Muse um (no . to which I Shal l re fe r late r , and o n e at B russe ls (Musée sdu Cinquante naire ) , of base si lve r , be aring an inscription in the style of our no . 189 .

I f I am right in including in this group the two knob se als , 192 , 193 ,on the ground

of a stylistic re semblance b e twe e n the hare ’s he ad on the latte r and the horse -h e ads onno . 167 , and a le ss marke d re semblance b e twe e n the se and the e agle -h e ads on 192 ,

the yse rve to date a conside rab le numb e r of knob se als with circular h e ads

,which Show

double -he ade d e agle s of e xactly the same style as our no . 192 within similar triple andoblique ly hatch e d borde rs (e .g . Louvre , A . M . 438 and Othe rs

,also (e .g. Louvre ,

A . M . which e xhibit the same type of borde r , but a diffe re nt de vice within it , maysafe ly b e include d .

The prove nance of our nos . 192 ,193 is worthy of atte ntion . Both hai l from Asia

Minor , and probab ly original ly from Cappadocia . S ince the double -he ade d e agle appe arsconsp icuously both at Byuk and YasiliKaia , and not on ‘

any known Syrian monume nt ,it is possib le that an e agle thus disp laye d , whe the r with o n e or t wo he ads

,is sufficie nt

to prove the northe rn origin of a Hittite s e al . At the same time it must b e rememb e re dthat th is type ce rtainly o e s back u ltimate ly to a southe rn source , the e agle of Te l l Lo ,re re se nte d On the Vu ture Ste la (as on our no . with a hare he ld in its talons .

T e duplication of the e agle -he ad is du e to th e same puncti liousinstinct which

,in such sce ne s as that on 166

,has give n the intro

duo e r two face s . The e a le , as an apo trOpae ic age nt , must look toboth right and le ft . The ituus-l ike obj e ct proj e cting from the backof the e agle ’s he ad on 193 appe ars on 192 unde r both wings of thebird . In the latte r case it is e vide ntly th e coi l ofte n se e n hangingon both side s b e low the winge d disk in Syrian art (cp . a broke nre lie f at Carchemish

,fig . it was de rive d from the urae i which

dangle d from th e Egyptian disk (se e S e al Cylinde rs, p . 396) i It is ,the re fore , not a lituus, nor of any particular symbolic significance , and its tran sfe re nceto the he ad to form a cre st impl ie s that it had alre ady be come a conve ntional appe ndageno longe r unde rstood . At the same time its pre se nce is an inte re sting indication ofre lation b e twe e n the se e agle -type s and the winge d disk , and of the so lar characte r ofthe forme r .

No . 195 , the most sple ndid Hittite ring ye t found , is difficult to place , s ince itssubje ct is e xce ptional and we are not in a position to say how much its style has be e nmodifie d by th e me tallic me dium . But , as it is, the style sugge sts a place in th e classwhich contains the fin e hamme r se als

,quote d on p . 75 , infra . On e de tai l of tre atme nt ,

the lion-paws , anticipate s a late r se al , the quadri late ral stud , no . 2 1 1 and this pe culiartype of two -he ade d sphinx occurs on re lie fs both at Carchemish and at Sindj e rli.

FIG . 75 .

No . 196 , which introduce s the most e laborate of all the Handle d shape s , th eHamme r must b e tre ate d by itse lf, not only b e cause of its Spe cial inte re st , butb e cause , though the triple coi ls on its base and th e subj e ct- scheme s relate it to oth e rmemb e rs of this class

,it diffe rs somewhat in style from all , and shows many de tails of

particular inte re st . Noteworthy among the latte r are the altar-forms and th e h e ad-ge arof gods and godde sse s , which ,

l ike the i r tip-tilte d shoe s , are more characte ristic of th enorth than the south of the Hittite are a . On the oth e r hand the tride nt lightningsymbol the crux ansata with transve rs e in the shape of a double axe and with humanle gs th e e agle -h e ade d demons the goat h e ld by its four fe e t in a go d ’s hand and

L

74 THE ASHMOLEAN COLLECTION

the particular type of winge d disk—th e se are fe ature s characte ristic of the southe rn are a ,which d e rive d them now from Me sopotamia , now from Egypt . The style has a ce rtain

pre cision reminisce nt rathe r of the Byuk s labs than of Syro-Hittite sculpture s . Thise vid e nce sugge sts a ge ographical source midway b e twe e n the north and the south ofthe Hittite are a—a source like ly to have produce d fin e work in a somewhat individualstyle . I inclin e to b e l ie ve that Tarsus , whe nce Gre vil le Che ste r actually procure d thisse al

,was not far from its actual p lace of origin , i.e . i t i s Ci lician .

On th e fiv e sce ne s I offe r the se remarks (a) The s e ate d godde ss and he r adorantwe ar the same he ad-dre ss ; S ince the latte r b e ars a tride nt of e culiar form

, probab lya lightning symbol

,h e also ought to b e a de ity , and is prob afiiy th e same god as on

no . 164 . I f so,the two figure s wi l l b e the Mothe r and the So n of the ri ht-hand

proce ssion at Yasili Kaia . The obj e ct he ld in the godde ss ’s right hand re ca ls a rarepictograph which has this form ,

as se e n on a broke n ste la at Carchemish ; butI cannot say what it re pre se nts . I f the wavy part of th e stalk on our s e al isnot inte nde d to b e joine d to what is above . the obje ct is pe rhaps an e ar of corn ,

or a pe de stal , l ike those de corate d with circle ts , by which Babylonian de itie s and kingsare some time s supporte d .

(b) Go d and adorant have the same he ad-dre ss . Horne d mitre s in M e sopotamianart indicate divinitie s . Th e re fore th e adorant is probab ly a god . The hawk above

a tride nt (the more usual form of the l ightningsymbol) reminds us of a fre que nt attribute ofthe Ephe sian Godde ss (The Archaic Ar temisia ,

p 336)(c) Th e godde ss we ars a square mitre ove r

which a hood is drawn forward,as in some

Carch emish re l ie fs . H e r sh e af of arrows r e

minds us of th e late r Gre e k thunde rbolts whichFIG . 76 . b appe ar on a bronze se al with ring-handle , pro

cure d at Ale ppo and now in the Ashmole an(fig , The winge d disk

'

m ake s an e arly appe arance h e re it has,howe ve r , pe rhaps ,

occurre d alre ady on a cylind e r (no . and wi ll occur fre que ntly in late r Hittiteart (cp . ,

e .g. , our no . Th e altar is of the form,known on othe r monume nts ,

which sugge sts the lowe r part of a drape d figure,e spe cially if, as at Fraktin , it is ribb e d

sp i ral ly . The tride nt above is as in sce ne a . The cruces ansatae (cappe d) are ofa shape se e n on no . 164 , and typ ical of southe rn Hittite symbolism . A two- le gge dform of the ankh is se e n on a small squat cylinde r in th e Ashmole an Colle ction , procure dby Gre vi lle Che ste r at Eph e sus , but of Egyptian type and publishe d as Early Dynasticby Sayce (P . S . B . A . xx , p . 98 , fig . Th e ankh the re

,howe ve r , has not this axe -l ike

trave rse . I am not ce rtain of the e ar of corn unde r the hand of the e agle -demon .

A Simi lar figure on th e British Muse um se al,in fig . 77 ,

holds its hand in the sameposition with some obj e ct in it or unde r it which is not quite cle ar , but looks more likea crux ansata than an e ar of corn .

(d) Godde ss and adorant we ar diffe re nt he ad-dre sse s , but the latte r is virtuallyide ntical W ith the adorant in sce ne a .

(e ) The altar is of a we l l-known Hittite typ e , se e n ,e .g . ,

at Fraktin and on the

British Muse um s e al i l lustrate d in fig . 78

With no . 196 must b e classe d ce rtain ve ry fin e stamp- se als in oth e r colle ctions ,notab ly ( 1 ) British Mus e um ,

no . 2 55 1 (fig . haematite,of the same form as our

TH E ASHMOLEAN COLLECTION 75

no . 196 (e xce pt that the he ad is octohe dral) , and e ngrave d not on the base but on fourside face s . I t Shows some fe ature s sugge stive of a rathe r late r date than our 196 ,

e .g.

re turning sp irals of Late Ae ge an type , as we l l as coi ls like those on a Be rlin cylinde r(Me ye r , Che tite r , p . 50 , fig . 4 1 more summary e xe cution and le ss care ful style in th efigure

-sce ne s . The j anifrons gure on face c se rve s to confirm a conne xion b e twe e nthis spe cie s of se al and cylinde rs of the type of our no . 166 while the e agle -he ade ddemons , cruces ansatae , and coi ls le ave the British Muse um ’s s e al ’s re lation to ourno . 196 in no doubt .

(2 ) Louvre , no . A . M . 42 2 , haematite , of the same form as no . 196 and e ngrave don fiv e face s in a style ne are r to that of the British Muse um Spe cime n .

(3) B ritish Muse um no . 17804 ,-a hamme r in haematite with cylindrical base

,

e ngrave d on the bottom only (fig . 78) said to have come from Yuzgat in Cappadocia .

(4) Hamme r in haematite with circular base (diam . e ngrave d on thebottom only . Said to have b e e n first se e n at Aidin in Lydia . It was publish e d as longago as 1889 by Pe rrot and Chip ie z (H istoire de l

’

Art,

&c . ,iv

, p . 773, and vign e tte at e nd of chap . 5a drawing from a ve ry poor impre ssion) . I t haslate ly b e e n in my hands , and I appe nd a photographof the impre ssion the n made (fig . This se alis obviously ve ry close ly re late d to that in fig . 78 .

(5) Cabine t de s Médail le s (Bibl. Nat. Cat.

no .

(6) Louvre , A . O . 3755 , base Silve r , with circular FIG. 78 . FIG. 79 .

face and dome d back handle le ss and e ngrave d onthe base . Th e subj e ct has b e e n publishe d by M e sse rschmidt , C . I . H . pl. 44 , no . 3.

Its style is practical ly ide ntical with that of our no . 196 .

The re are a numb e r of othe r fin e hamme rs and knobs of this style and pe riod ,e spe cial ly in the Paris and B e rlin colle ctions . I shal l have occasion to cite two or thre eof them late r on . The massive he ads of the circular se als vary in form , some b e ing tru ecylinde rs

,othe rs cylindrical with incurve d side s , othe rs cylindrical but tape ring upwards

like truncate d conoids . The most remarkab le e xam le of the last form is o n e in the

Louvre (A . M . whose broke n base shows a star o rm e d of nude human bodie s fromthe waist upwards , the style b e ing ve ry like that of our cylinde r no . 168 . Such starscheme s appe ar in e arly Ionian j ewe l le ry

,as

, e .g .,b e e -stars found in the Artemisium at

Ephe sus (Brit . Mus. Excav . at Ephesus, p . 1 1 1 , and pl. vi ii , nos . 6 , 13,14 ,

A cylindrical base with scallope d e d e is a rare varie ty we l l re pre se nte d by Louvre ,no . A . M . 443, but be tte r by the ve ry fin e Be rlin se al publishe d by Me ye r (Che tite r ,pl. iv) ,who se style is that of the British Muse um se al i l lustrate d in fig . 78 , supra . Othe rSpe cime ns with scal lope d e dge s known to m e are two in th e Louvre Colle ction ,

A . M . 42 3

(hamme r) and A . M . 42 1 (knob) .The Levant is the re pute d source of no . 197 , which shows spirals indistinguishab le

from the fine st Late Ae ge an, e .g . those of Cyprus . Th e y Should b e compare d wi th

those on a s e al in the Cabine t de s Médail le s (B ibl. Nat. Cat. no . Th e dre ss ofthe se ate d figure and the throne with high curve d back can b e paralle le d from Me sopotamian art . Our se al is rep e ate d , both in form and subj e ct , by a le ss we l l e ngrave dspe cime n in the Louvre and I hav e also se e n in the hands of an Arme nian de ale r ( inParis) a re p lica in Si lve re d coppe r , which I thought undoubte dly forge d . Th e e xiste nceof such rep licas raise s suspicions ; but the e xce l le nce of the graving of our no . 197e ncourage s m e to acce pt it as ge nuine .

76 TH E ASHMOLEAN COLLECTION

Group 2

I pass from th e se stamps , which can mostly b e compare d dire ctly with Class I I Icylinde rs

,to oth e rs not capab le of b e ing so compare d . The se , which show rathe r more

de ve lope d style than stamps in Class I I and obviously are re late d to them,I sugge st

are repre se ntative s of the commone r stamps in use in the pe riod of Class I I I . Many,

or most,of them are pe rhaps o lde r than many se als in group 1 . No . 198 is a possib ly

late e xample of the rudime ntary type of scaraboid (se e p . 19) and fe l low to a gab lee ngrave d with a stag or goat , which was procure d by Chantre at Ale ppo (Cappadoce ,p . 16 1 , fig . A scaraboid in the British Muse um (no . 102469) compare s with it instyle (fig . The latte r again re ca lls a cylinde r found on the Acropolis of Carchemish

among ring-burnish e d sh e rds of thel

late st jMiddle Hittite pe riod . The e vide nceof this cylinde r , for W hat it is worth (thestratification

,at the point wh e re this cylinde r

was found , was not quite conclusive ) , would

p lace al l th e se se als ve ry e arly in Class I I I

pe riod at the late st . I am incl ine d to thinkthe y may b e e ve n of Class I I

,the i r subj e cts

b e ing of quite primitiv e e nough style to b eassigne d to a date not far remove d from th e

FIG. 80. FIG. 8 1 . Loop-bore s , or at le ast e arl ie r than that ofcylinde r no . 150.

No . 199 , howe ve r , which is of th e same form , was said to have b e e n found ina Cremation grav e at D e ve Huyuk . But since it can hardly b e in any case so late as

Class IV , it must b e re garde d as an h e i rloom dating some ge ne rations b e fore the pe riodof the grave , and , toge the r with no . 202 be low ,

may b e of an e arl ie r date than itsplace in our s e ri e s sugge sts .

No . 200,e xhib iting a fill-up che vron , might b e p lace d in Class I I , in the company

of such se als as no . 87 but its style loo ks distinctly late r and more akin to that ofnos. 198 , 199 . No . 201 may b e of any pe riod .

I add no . 202 , anothe r scaraboid of A . 4 a type (se e p . whose subj e ct is e ngrave din a manne r more ne ar to that of nos . 6 1

,63, than to anything in Class I I I . Both in

subj e ct and artistic style it stands apart among Hittite se als . Th e e ngraving on the backis e xe cute d rude ly across the Spinal and oth e r d orsal marks characte ristic of scaraboidsof this Shape , and should b e re garde d as a late r , probab ly post-Hittite , addition .

Group 3Ce rtain Loops and Studs , of form-type s se e n alre ady in Class I I

,Show slightly

late r style and e xe cution,and the re fore I conside r th em he re in Class I I I but

, probably ,no gre at inte rval of time se parate s them from those of the i r form conside re d alre ady .

S e ve n of our e ight trilateral spe cime ns ( including no . 91 ) b e ar subj e cts of a commontype ; two animals appe ar , o n e dispose d horizontally across the base of the triangle ,

o n e ve rtically in th e ape x . The latte r se ems always to b e a lion ,which is some time s

(as on 205 , 2 08 ) much de grade d . Th e lowe r b e ast m ay b e a horse , bull , W ild goat , orante lope . The l ine ar borde rs alre ady notice d on quadrilate ral studs (p . 64) re app e ar onmost of the tri late rals .

Of quadrilate ral studs I re le gate doubtfully thre e to this late r class . No . 209 must ,in any case

,b e groupe d with 204 ,

so ide ntical is its style ; and the re is no re ason forse parating 2 10 from 2 09 .

THE ASHMOLEAN COLLECTION 77

No . 2 11 , a stud , stands apart from the re st of the group . Th e toothe d paw and

the tripartite face re late it to the gold rin (no . 195) and to two inte re sting se als , a schistcylinde r and an oval truncate d conoid ofre d se rpe ntine , in the B ritish Muse um . The

cylinde r in que stion (no . 102 675 , fig . 82 ) was procure d by m e , in 1908 , from a womanat Te l l Ahmar (anc . Til Barsip) on the le ft bank of the Euphrate s . I t displays a n orma

scheme in which appe ar not only tripartite face s and paws , but also de tai ls ofbody-fe ature s e xpre sse d by dril le d pe lle ts .

While the style of this cylinde r is ce rtainly note arly (howe v e r rude its e xe cution) , the othe rBritish Muse um se al

(no . 644) with similar

re nde ring of paws and ace (fig . 83) is of a lateform which did not come into ge ne ral vogue

FIG 82in the Hittite are a ti l l the pe riod re pre se nte dby Class IV . The stylize d re nde ring of the sphinx

’s wing on our no . 2 1 1 accords witha latish date . Though on m brpho logical grounds I place 2 1 1 h e re , I suspe ct it of be inglate r than the othe r memb e rs of this group . If so ,

it supports my conte ntion (p . 84)that stud-handle d se als survive d into the pe riod of Class IV (se e n os. 2 52 ff. ,

infra) .

Group 4

Finally,I i l lustrate some e xample s of a ve ry nume rous spe cie s of loop-handle d

obj e cts e ngrave d , for the most part , with pure ly ge ome tric de signs . The i r basal formsvary be twe e n quadrilate ral and circu lar the face is ofte n slightly conve x the handleis a Simp le loop . The y have the app e arance rathe r of buttons than se als , but b e ar noobvious re lation to the Egyptian button-se als . Th e se e xamp le s (nos. 2 12 , 2 13 , 2 14 , 2 15 ,2 16

,2 17 , 2 18 ) are se le cte d from a large numb e r in the Ashmole an Colle ction . Any

o n e who care s to acquire a re spe ctab le colle ction of the se obj e cts has only to Spe nda li ttle time in Ale ppo .

Th e subj e cts of Class I I I are the earlie st in our se rie s which il lustrate de ve lope dre l igious symbolism . The y repre se nt at le ast thre e divine type s

—a se ate d drape dgodde ss , a s e ate d god , and a nude godde ss e re ct . On o n e se al

,1 52 ,

we se em to se e

the two first type s toge the r as the Divine Pair : and it is just possib le that the Pairre appe ars on 153. Such a Pair is a familiar fe ature of both Syrian and Anatolian re ligionsdown to , at le ast , Lucian

’s time, (se e infra) . Whe the r also a standing warrior god is

shown on 150, 157 , 158 , 1 59 ,or on any o n e of th e se , I cannot de cide ; but have no doubt

he appe ars on no . 164 . B e side s the se de itie s we have demoniacal figure s on 152 ,17 1

(se condary Sce ne ) , and probably 1 58 .

Th e re st of the figure s shown must b e assume d to b e human b e ings e ngage d in

adoration , &c . , til l cause is shown to the contrary , e .g . on those se als which re pre se nttwo pe rsons (or o n e ) with the Nude Godde ss . The four figure s on 150 are so muchalike , thre e b e ing arme d with spe ars , that it is probable none of them isdivine , thoughall may he inte nde d to appe ar e ngage d in some cult-practice . So also may the twofigure s oppose d , with a human h e ad on a pole b e twe e n them ,

on no . 160,and the S ingle

figure on 1 56 . The last may possibly b e re pre se nte d as worshipping the upright swordb e fore him . The dance rs ’ on 153, 162 , m ay b e suppose d to b e human ado rants ;but not that on 165 . The cut-off human he ads and hands cannot but b e symbolic .

On a late r se al (no . 168) we find a human hand cle arly de noting a de fe ate d fo e ,

78 THE ASH MOLEAN COLLECTION

wh e th e r an individual or a pe op le , as is its usual Significanc e in M e sopotamian symbolism ,

and also,in al l like lihood

,on the Carchemish s lab quote d abov e . Of the human h e ads ,

the two with horns on nos. 154 ,1 58 , should b e those of gods , not m e n

,and , ve ry possibly ,

of de fe ate d racial gods . About the othe r he ads o n e can only note that , Since fourappe ar in the same sce ne as hands on no . 154 ,

the y, probab ly , do not symbolize e xactly

what the latte r do . The se rie s of e ight introduce d on no . 152 can hardly b e simp lede coration

,de spite the de corative characte r of th e othe r e leme nts in th e ir re giste r , and

of most of those in the two othe r re giste rs . The y must b e ar some symbolic re lationto the

, probably , Divine Pair in th e main sce ne .

A Divine Pair that is a male and a female divinity co - e qual and co -ordinate din a Single group ,

as in the gre at temp le at Hie rapolis , according to the tre atise De Syria

De a is rare ly m e t with in Hittite sphragistic re pre se ntations but it was,appare ntly , a common subj e ct-type of me tal groups both in Asia Minor and Syria .

Four at le ast of the matrice s use d to make such groups are known , two b e ing pre se rve d

FIG . 84 . FIG . 85 .

in the Cabine t de s Médai lle s , Paris , on e in th e Louvre ,

1 and a fourth in th e Ashmole an

(fig . The repre se ntation on the last name d , which is of polishe d ste atite and rhom

b o idal form ,me asuring -06 1 as e xtreme dime nsions , diffe rs from the othe r thre e

by the abse nce of any cle ar se x-distinction of the two figure s,and by the pre s e nce of

a third,who must b e re garde d as e i the r an adorant or

,just possib ly , a young god

the fi lial memb e r of the YasiliKaia triad . Ce rtain fe ature s , e .g. th e chi non hair-fashionof this figure

,and the tripartite tre atme nt of its facial profi le , aswe l l as t e ove r- emphasis

of the eye-socke ts of th e principal figure s and the conve ntional ge ome tric tre atme nt

of the i r dre ss , al l indicate a comparative ly late date for this matrix—probably not b e forethe te nth ce ntury . It is th e only spe cime n procure d in Syria . Of the othe rs , the Louvrematrix was found at S e le ndj ne ar Thyatira , while nothing ce rtain is known of the source sof the two in the Cabine t de s Médail le s .

A counte r-matrix was emp loye d to mould the back of th e subj e ct . I figure he re

(fig . 85)thre e Ashmole an e xample s of re sultant groups , two procure d in Syria and the

third at v rna said to have b e e n found at Sarde s and bought b e fore 1889 by Gre v i l le

1 Se e S . Re inach in Esquisses arche'ologiques, p . 45 , compare so close ly with this matrix and are shown

and also A. J . Evans (Cre tan Pictographs, 65 0 , p . 133, ibid . ,fig. 137 , are o f to o dubious authe n ticity to b e

fig . The le ade n obj e cts in the Ashm ole an ,which used as evide nce .

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80 THE ASHMOLEAN COLLECTION

tre atme nt incline s to b e l ine ar like the Late r Assyrian . Th e t ripartite re nde ring of thearche r ’s face in fig . 86 Should b e remarke d , as also the broke n-up conve ntional re nde ringof tre e s . The re pre s e ntation of the human hair in fig . 87 is the same as that on 177 ,

FIG . 89. FIG . 90.

a cylinde r possib ly place d wrongly in Class I I I . All the se cylinde rs are of ste atite andare sup e rficially scorch e d . Two more from the same ceme te ry , figs . 89 , 90 (B . M .

10486 1 , se rpe ntine , and B . M . 104866 , ste atite ) , may b e adde d . The first shows muchthe same characte ristics as the othe r thre e the se cond anticipate s the summary gravingof late C0nOlClS and scaraboids .

Group 2

N e xt come some sl ightly late r se als of type s found in the Yunus ceme te ry (i.e .

Carchemish) with burials accompanie d by Cremation potte ry of ful ly de ve lope d forms

FIG . 91 .

and de coration . The Ashmole an Colle ction include s none actually found in thatc eme te ry ; but othe rs of the same characte r have b e e n procure d , which we re foundby native s in othe r ceme te rie s e vide ntly of th e same age . Type s of actual Yunuscylinde r- subj e cts are shown in the above drawing (fig . 91 ) made on th e spot byMr . C . L . Woolle y . I t wil l b e obse rve d that both style and e xe cution are fine r thanin the pre ce ding group ,

whi le the re nde ring has b e come more l ine ar . The ge ne ral

THE ASH MOLEAN COLLECTI ON 8 1

Assyrianizin characte r and the sch eme s of subj e ct remain the same . Th e ribb e dtre atme nt 0 body-forms on the third cylinde r (se cond row on le ft) Should b e note dfor comparison with our nos . 2 23, 2 24 ,

2 2 5 , &c . ,b e low .

Our own spe cime ns of this group ,n os. 2 19

—2 2 2,cal l for l ittle comme nt b e yond

this—that,had the i r type not b e e n shown by the Yunus ceme te ry to b e so pre vale nt

in Syria that it must b e re garde d as indige nous , o n e might have pronounce d it pure lyAssyrian . No . 2 2 2 ,

which was found on the M e sopotamian bank , m ay, pe rhaps , b ere ally Assyrian . No . 2 23 is a spe cime n of a fairly nume rous family , d e rive d from thesame Late Assyrian style as the third cylinde r in Mr . Wo o lley

’

s drawing (fig . B e astsare re pre se nte d standing high on the leg ,

with ne cks of e xagge rate dle n th

,and ribb e d body surface s . Human figure s have stick- l ike

lim S and striate d drape rie s . No . 2 24 is de rive d from a commonLate Assyrian style , an e xamp le of which (or a dire ct Syrianimitation) was found in the Carchemish (Yunus) Cremationceme te ry (fig . The clove n paws are characte ristic andb e long to the same tre atme nt of fe e t as is se e n on our nos . 137 ff . FI G. 92

(se e p . 62 , supra) . Comparison with this Carchemish s e al alsosuppl ie s sufficie nt warrant for including no . 2 2 6 . As for 2 25 , the me tal me dium hascause d th e style of the subj e ct to dive rge somewhat from that of al l stone se als butthis cylinde r has e nough aflinity with pre ce ding memb e rs of the group to justify itsinclusion .

Group 3

During the Cremation pe riod , glaze d se als of compost or (rare ly) of ste atite ,came

into vogu e in North Syria,and e ve ntually almost supe rse de d all othe rs , unti l the mome nt

whe n,on the re vival of Ne o -Babylonian dominion

,crystalline and othe r hard stone s

,

grave d by M e sopotamian artists , b e gan to supp ly mode ls for a n ew fashion which lie soutside the limits he re se t to Hittite glyptic .

Though memb e rs of this ve ry nume rous spe cie s may have b e e n produce d in re gionsoutside the Hittite are a

,e .g . in Pho e nicia

,in Cyprus (wh e re many have actually

b e e n found in grave s) , and in lowe r Egypt , the re are So manywhich Show fe ature s characte ristic of the glyptic of Class IVthat the Spe cie s must b e conside re d to b e long to th e Hittitefamily . Such are our nos . 2 27 , 2 2 8

,2 29 ,

230 ,231 , 232 ,

233 ,

234 , all of which have the subj e ct e nclose d b e twe e n line arborde rs . No . 2 29 has the additional guarante e of prove nance .

No . 2 33, whose co lumn of stars is obviously reminisce nt ofa cune iform inscription , e xhibits a highly stylize d type of 1715 93,

re cumb e nt b e ast . No . 2 34 ,the same . All colle ctions contain

glaze d cylinde rs which Show exactly this animal type , e .g .M organ Cylinde rs, no . 168 , Sec .

Compare also th e style of an Enkom i cylinde r (Excavations in Cyprus, pl. iv , no .

which I re produce in fig . 93. Nos . 2 27 , 2 2 8 re cal l the arch e r subj e cts of Me rj Kham is

9 , 2 2 2 ) but,l ike many of the i r Spe cie s , th e y owe some thing also to Egypt

S procure d the re ) .Othe rs

,again

,such as our nos . 230 , 231 , both of which Show Chaldae an influe nce ,

maintain marke d Hittite fe ature s such as the cut-off hands on no . 2 30 . No . 2 31 goe sback to good mode ls of the kind illustrate d in fig . 70 ,

and re tains both th e Spiral coi lin a form only slightly de grade d and the daisy-rose tte . No . 2 32 is remarkable for the

1808 M

THE ASHMOLEAN COLLECTION

arrangeme nt of the sce ne,and for the he ad-ge ar and hair fashion of the human figure s .

This cylinde r is , pe rhaps , Cypriote or South Syrian .

Othe r Sp e cime ns e xist , which , though showing no distinctive ly Hittite fe ature , m aysti l l b e long to Hittite glyptic .

Group 4Spe cime ns of the D e ve Huyuk style , which is S lightly late r than that of Yunus ,

come ne xt .No . 235 has fe ature s which might argu e an e arl ie r p lace for it in the se rie s e .g .

the primitive re nde t in of he ads by a b e ake d outline , and the attitude s of th e supportingbe asts . I ts subj e ct-sc em e reminds o n e more ne arly than any othe r of our s e als (e xce ptno . 164) of the Yasili Kaia re lie fs . But

,on the oth e r hand , its scratchy , de ge ne rate

graving , the fre e dom of the attitude s , and the pre se nce of such a late demon-type as themai

n-scorp ion , support th e p lace which the toothe d borde rs (se e p . 83) argue for this

cy in e r .

No . 236 was found in a Cremation grave at D e ve Huyuk (se e p . 9) and is supe rficially calcine d . I t is rathe r Babylonian than Assyrian in characte r , and must b e ane arly product of a pe riod which came subse qu e ntly unde r e xclusive ly Assyri an influe nce .

Th e e agle in th e uppe r fie ld , approaching the Pe rso-Me sopotamian type of wingedisk

,re cal ls no . 196 (c) and fig . 75 . The cune iform characte r of many of the de tai ls

(two actual single we dge s appe ar b e hind the de ity) i s worth remark as a Sign of comparative ly e arly date .

No . 237 also re cal ls , by the tre atme nt of lion-claws , se als p lace d e arlie r (nos . 137 ,138 , and its abundant fill-up e leme nts e ncourage doubts whe the r it can be longto so late a pe riod as Class IV but I p lace it he re on account of its scratchy style andits de ntate d borde rs .

No . 238 is supe rficially calcine d . Its subj e ct diffe rs gre atly in style from the pre

ce ding group and is almost pure ly Late Assyrian in conce ption ; but the Assyrianarche r ’ mode l (cp . figs . 86—88) has b e e n cop ie d in a he avy non-Assyrian style , whichI take to b e a survival of the Babylonian-Hittite of th e late S e cond and e arly Third Age sin Syria . The tre atme nt of the human he ads (cp . fig . 95) i s more care ful than onno . 236 but the scratchy graving of tre e , spray , and bird indicate s a late r pe riod thanthe re nde ring of human and animal forms might sugge st . Such line ar borde rs , Shuttingo ff rath e r wide margins

,top and bottom ,

are,as we have se e n alre ady , characte ristic

of Cremation cylinde rs .No . 239 ,

whose subj e ct , in its broke n state , is not inte l ligib le , may b e p lace d inthis roup on th e stre ngth of the re nde ring of th e part of a human figure visib le .

Paral e ls (not ve ry close ) to th e lowe r part of the subj e ct are offe re d by an Assyriancylinde r in the Cabine t de s Médaille s (B ibl. Nat. Cat. no . and anothe r (Babylonian P) figure d in S eal Cylinders (no .

Group 5The re st of the cylinde rs in this class I b e l ie ve to repre se nt the Sargonid Syrian

glyptic of the late e ighth and the se ve nth ce nturi e s . The y are, p e rhaps , not the only

repre se ntative s . The re are,for e xamp le , nume rous cylinde rs , usual ly rate d Assyrian

(cp . B ibl. Nat. Cat. nos . 342 which , if of known prove nance , have almost invariab ly b e e n found o n Syrian or North-we st Me sopotamian soi l . Th e y are of th e type si l lustrate d in figs. 94

—97 ,

are usual ly made of re d lime stone or marble mate rial , and come

THE ASHMOLEAN COLLECTION 83

as much from Ce ntra l as from North Syria . The y have a S emitic look , and I sugge stthat the y also are Assyro

-Syrian of the s e ve nth ce ntury .

The two cylinde rs,240 ,

2 41 , we re found , according to re liab le native te stimony ,with Cremation burials and are both supe rficial ly calcine d . The y Show the same ge ne raltype of subj e ct (note the stag with ve ry ste e ply incline d and branching antle rs) andthe same borde re d margins . Th e hair or he ad-dre ss (P) of the se ate d figure on no . 24 1

is tre ate d as on , e .g ., 238 , and the suppo rtin lion re calls the style of the supporte rs on

no . 235 . A cylinde r of ve ry simi lar style ,wit toothe d b o rde rs,waS found at Carchemish ,but not unde r date ab le conditions (fig . I t has a Cypriote look .

No . 2 42 re pe ats the toothe d borde r in a de cade nt form and re semble s no . 2 37 inre spe ct of fill-up e leme nts . The inte nse conve ntionalism of all the forms , and e spe cial ly

FIG . 94 . FIG . 95 . FIG . 96.

FIG . 97.

FIG . 98 .

the se ate d goat in the uppe r fie ld,remind uS of the compost se als . The scratchily grav e d

subj e cts which follow (nos . 243, 244 , 245 , 246) are all much of a sort . No . 243 showsa de cade nt re duction of the style of no . 2 37 but has de grade d coi l , inste ad of de ntate d ,borde rs . No . 2 44 re pe ats the stags of nos . No . 2 45 is of doubtful authe nticity .

No . 246 re—introduce s the tre e .

Nos. 247 , 2 48 , appare ntly ge nuine se als , are of a distinct style , but obviously oflate date . Like no . 249 ,

I suspe ct them to re pre se nt the late st Syro-Assyrian art in these ve nth ce ntury B .C .

No . 2 50 I p lace h e re in de spe ration . The style of its scorpions is sugge stive ofBabylonian influ e nce (compare ,

e .g . ,B ibl. Nat. Cat. no . but the e xecution looks late .

No . 2 5 1 may b e com are d with th e style of such scaraboids as nos . 301 , 303. The

attitude of the stag marils it as late,for it compare s with Pe rso-M e sopotamian re pre

sen tatio ns of b e asts (e .g. on a chalce dony se al in the British Muse um , no . The

tre e also is of the late M e sopotamian type , i l lustrate d b such se als as on e in the MorganCol le ction (no . I se e no good re ason to doubt t e ge nuine ne ss of this cylinde r .

84 THE ASHMOLEAN COLLECTION

CLASS IV B

Nos . 2 5 2 ,2 53 are the late st Spe cime ns of studs known to m e and may fall just

within Class IV . Th e first is the only tri late ral in our colle ction which shows o n e b e astonly

,a stag whose antle rs (of no . 24 1 type ) are use d to fi l l the ape x . No . 2 52 ,

by itssummary style and scratchy graving , re calls a M e rj Khamis cylinde r (fig .

Group 2

No ; 254 , a hamme r , whose de base d form warrants its b e ing re garde d as a latesurvival

,is e ngrave d in a distinctive

,dry

,but sure style , which is so ne ar to that

of a fin e haematite scarab , found in 191 2 in a Cremation grave at Carchemish (Yunus)and i llustrate d in fig . 99 ,

that it must b e long to the same art and p e riod . Anothe r

paralle l is offe re d by a Louvre hamme r s e al (no . A . M . which shows a lionfighting with an e agle

,above a running goat . This se al has

pe l le t marks in the fie ld such as appe ar on our no . 2 54 . I ts

softe r sty le,combine d with th e figure and attitude of the

goat,marks it as transitional b e twe e n our nos . 2 54 and 255 .

Th e fe ath e ry style of no . 2 55 is characte ristic of late hamme rs .

Compare B ritish Muse um ,no . 102470 (fig .

Fm . m o ,No . 2 56 re pe ats the e agle type of no . 2 54 . No . 257

I include with all re s e rve . I f ge nuine,it e xemp lifie s a com

bination of the style s of no . 2 37 and no . 2 55 . Th e obj e ct in the uppe r fie ld above th el ion must b e a de gradation of an e agle such as app e ars on no . 2 55 . But the singularityof the mate rial ( I know no othe r Hittite se al of ivory) , add e d to the abse nce of anypre cise paral le l to the style , compe ls suspe nse of judgeme nt .

Wh e re to assign no . 2 58 I fe e l no doubt , upon comparison of its tre e with that onno . 2 55 , and of its e agle and stag with those on nos . 2 54 , 236 , 24 1 , 242 .

No . 2 59 , though procure d at Hammam ,was not said by the native s to have be e n

e xcavate d the re . The p e l le ts in the fi e ld rank it b e side no . 2 54 , and its fre e style re callsno . 2 55 . I ts p lace is b e twe e n the se two .

Group 3

No . 2 60 is to b e compare d with such cylinde rs as no . 237 .

Nos. 26 1,2 62 are p lace d toge the r for comparison , but 2 62 is probab ly the e arl ie r

,

its style b e ing reminisce nt of Class I I I loops and studs , but its e xe cution more summaryand scratchy . Th e fill-up mark in the uppe r fie ld of 2 6 1 should b e compare d withno . 2 57 .

Group 4As for 263, it is not far remove d in date from cylinde r no . 249 but if th e re is

any diffe re nce , it is late r . The ado rant’

s costume is repre se nte d in the l ine ar manne rcharacte ristic of post-Hittite Syrian glyptic , e .g . as Shown on the common cubical b e adsand on the curious cylinde r in the Ashmole an Colle ction i llustrate d in fig . 101

,which

is probab ly from middle (Aramae an) Syria . S e e what has b e e n said above on n os. 247 ff.

Group 5A few othe r stamp- se als of e arlie r shape s must b e p lace d , on grounds of style , as

late as the pe riod of Class IV .

No . 2 64 is not the usual Shape of stud ,its handle b e ing of oblong ovoid Shape .

THE ASHMOLEAN COLLECTION 85

Possibly , it is e ith e r South Syrian or Cypriote . But the style of its subj e ct compare sfairly close ly with that of a Yunus Cremation cylinde r i l lustrate d in fig . 102 . A se alof Similar form was sold in Paris re ce ntly , and I give a photograph of its impre ssion ,fig . 103. No . 265 might , pe rhap

s , b e put a class highe r on account of its form and itsde ge ne rate survival of a cune i orm borde r (cp . p . 72 ,

no . but its scratchy styleis more appropriate to Class IV .

No . 266 is a hamme r of e ve n more de cade nt Shape than no . 2 54 . No . 2 67is anothe r of ve ry late appe arance , which e xhib its , modifie d by the me tal me dium

,

some thing of the style of no . 2 60. As for 2 68,since the tre atme nt and pose of the bul l

’she ad is th e same as on the pre ce ding Se al and on the conoid no . 2 82 ,

infra,it can hardly

b e p lace d in any othe r class than this .

FIG . 101 . FIG . 102 . FIG . 103.

Nos . 2 69 ,2 70 are Stalks of not ve ry characte ristic or e arly form but the first

may b e e arl ie r than I p lace it . The se cond is fine ly e ngrave d with an Auroch subj e ctof part ly Me sopotamian , partly Egyptian , characte r

—a type common on conoids an d

scaraboids . I t may b e Phoe nician work . A simi lar type of subj e ct , of which the samecan b e said

,appe ars on no . 271 , the first of thre e Loops th e subj e cts on the othe r

two (nos . 272 , 273) do not look any e arl ie r .

The subj e ct-style of the fre ak se al no . 2 74 re semble s the compost-cylinde rs , andmost close ly those of (probab ly) Cypriote prove nance . Such foot se als are knownin Egypt . Paralle ls to its artle ss style can b e found on late conoids , and on bullae (e .g .

no .

Group 6

I se t apart the conoidal and scaraboidal stamp-se als . The name of th e se in Syriais le gion ,

and the y be long,in large proport ion , undoubte dly to the post-Hittite pe riod .

But whi le the late Cremation grave s at Yunus (Carchemish) and D e ve Huyuk contain e d e xamp le s of both forms , ce rtain othe r spe cime ns b e ar subj e cts of suflicie n tlye arly style to justify th e pre sumption that the y fal l within the Cremation pe riod . I givee xamp le s se le cte d from a numb e r in the Ashmole an Colle ction .

Th e two forms pass o n e into the othe r , that is to say, the conoid is ofte n of so

truncate d a Shape as to b e almost indistinguishable from the conve ntionalize d varie tyof scaraboid

,which I cal l dome d (se e p . Scaraboids of the latte r shape—me re

oval b e ads with flat base s , ve rtical or sharp ly inclin e d side s , and polishe d conve x backs -mwe re in use as e arly as th e XVI I I th Dynasty in Egypt . The type m ay we l l have b e e nintroduce d into Syria at th e same time as th e Egyptian influ e nce note d in re gard tose al-subj e cts of Class I I I . Thre e se als of this form , nos . 304 , 305 , 306 , will b e conside re d pre se ntly .

The conoid,howeve r , probab ly originate d in Syria indepe nde ntly of Egypt , having

86 THE ASH MOLEAN COLLECTION

b e e n e volve d from e arlie r type s of handle le ss se als . As a ru le , the more truly conoidalthe form , the e arlie r the s e al but this rule must not b e unduly pre sse d . Th e cuttingdown of the cone towards the dome d scarab oidal type de scrib e d above b e gan ve ry soon ,i f I am right about the re lation into which I have put the British Muse um truncate dconoid , fig . 105 and

, pe rhaps , not only the dome d type of scaraboid , but alsoboth tru e and truncate d conoids

,had b e gun to come into vogu e in the Hittite are a

b e fore th e close of the pe riod of Class I I I . I have se e n , and re produce an im re ssion

of,a tal l conoid of black s e rpe ntine ,

l in private posse ssion at Constantinop le g .

whose subj e ct , though marke d as late by th e Egyptize d e agle in th e uppe r fie ld,

re tains e nough of the style and manne r of the fine r handle d stamp—se als and cylinde rsof Class I I I to warn us against assigning all and e ve ry conoid to the Cremation pe riod .

Ve ry similar to the Constantinople se al in style , and not unlike scaraboid no . 304 ,

is our no . 275 , also of se rpe ntine , which hai ls from the same district as nos. 304 , 305 .

Its remarkable Dagon subj e ct is, so far as I know , uniqu e .

No . 2 76 is of true r conoidal form and marke dly Egyptizing subj e ct , but it wasfound in a Cremation grave and must b e classe d with th e glaze d cylinde rs and s e als .

Of the same form ,but Slightly oval horizontal se ction

, are nos . 277 , 278 , the latte rb e ing of asce rtaine d North Syrian prove nance . Th e pre se nce of a moulding round the

base of the cone ge ne rally coincide s with rathe r late style as in n os. 279 ,

280,2 81

,and also with ovality of horizontal se ction . I t wi ll b e notice d

how,in th e ge ne ral scheme of subj e ct re pre se nte d on nos . 2 80, 2 8 1 and also

on nos. 2 85 , 2 86 , 292 ,a man

,or a Spray , or a scorp ion , appe ars alte rnative ly

in the fie ld . Of pe culiar conoidal form are nos . 282,283 ,

de e p ly groove dFro . 104 ,

horizontal ly and sp i rally . The form of no . 2 83 appe ars to b e a de gradation of a coile d snake , whose h e ad is the ap e x of the cone . The style of

no . 2 82 has at le ast on e fe ature which re cal ls nos . 2 67 , 2 68 , q .v .

Nos . 284—2 88

,all of the truncate d varie ty , are hardly to b e distinguish e d from scara

b oids. The highly conve ntional conce ption and style of the i r subj e cts are much the

same , and wil l re appe ar on undoubte d scaraboids , such as no . 2 92 .

Group 7

S caraboids are e ve n more nume rous than conoids , and vary gre atly in form andmate rial . S ince the y b e come e xtraordinari ly pre vale nt in post-Hittite Inhumationgrave s

,o n e must have re course to prove nance , whe re possib le , and to comparison with

conoids , &c . ,if we are to ce rt ify any spe cime n as prior to that pe riod . The re fore

I conside r first two spe cime ns of diffe re nt form-type s , which came from a Cremationburial at D e ve Huyuk . Nos . 289 ,

290 are typical provincial imitations of two EgyptianShape s , the sp lit almond or date -stone and the naturalistic b e e tle but the se cond alonehas an Egyptizing de sign . The first shows a figure of late Me sopotamian-Hittite type .

By comparison of conoid subj e cts we can b e sure that nos . 291 , 292 , 293 are ofthe Cremation pe riod . The conoids , whose style is ractically ide ntical with the se , arenos . 2 84 to 2 88 , themse lve s , i t wi l l b e rememb e re d , of

)

almost scarab o idal form . No . 2 92

should b e distinguishe d as a spe cime n of a not uncommon Syrian varie ty , which hasthe back carve d to re pre se nt a human face , while the ge ne ral form of the se al remainsscaraboid . Th e subj e cts on the se s e cim e ns are usually of th e horse -pursuing man andscorp ion-spray type notice d above 2 80,

The style of the subj e ct on no . 294 ,1 This is the sam e se al m e ntion e d byM e sse rschmidt subj e ct, said by Je nse n to b e take n from a se al in H aye s(C. I . H . i, p . 41 ) as publishe d by Sche il in Recueil, Ward’s possession , was re ally from the Constan tinoplexx. p. 200. Whe the r the impre ssion of the ide ntical se al , I do not know

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88 THE ASHMOLEAN COLLECTION

for Sigillato ry use than that of any othe r H emisphe roid . The se two S e cie s,howeve r ,

are so close ly conne cte d by the i r ge ne ral characte r and th e de tails 0 th e i r e ngrave dsubj e cts that I group them toge the r .

(a) S emi-B ullae . This Spe cie s is rare and re pre se nte d at pre se nt , so far as I amaware , by only the fiv e Ashmole an Spe cime ns and o n e in bronze found at Carch emish

(fig . 106 A,B ) , but not und e r datab le conditions . Th e fin e silve r b emis he roid in th e

Louvre (no . 3755) has none of the distinctive‘morphological fe ature s o f

pa S emi-bulla

,

and a roughly Shape d re d s e rpe ntine se al in th e same colle ction (no . A . M . 479) is farb e low the qual ity of the Spe cie s both in form and e ngraving . I t be longs , appare ntly ,to the same class as an e qually roughly shape d h emisphe roid of r e d se rpe ntine in theAshmole an Colle ction

,e ngrave d with characte rs , which , to whate ve r script the y b e long ,

are not Hittite (fig . but remindm e e ith e r of the characte rs incise d onHissarlik whorls

,or thos e on the En

komi clay balls . As has b e e n saidal re ady

,S emi-bul lae may constitute

not a distinct spe cie s , but only a sumptuous sub -spe ci e s of hemisphe roids ;

A Pro . 106. FIG . 107.

but against this view must b e se t the

fact that no oth e r H emisph e roid hasthe i r characte ristic groove d b e lt .

W The ir p e riod admits of no doubt .O

0 17 I tisthat o fClassI I I—the pe riod also ,as

will b e Shown r e se n tl,o fmost B u

Pp $35 >0< The analogyI(iffe re d by the e leme nts

(fig . 108 ) forming th e borde rs on nos .

AQA QA m 308 , 309 ,and by those on the Tam asso s

Fro . 108 . FIG . 109.

tripod- se al (no . a Louvre bulla

(se e b e low , p . and a lunate pe ndantin the B ritish Mus e um (supra , p . 63, fig . is obvious . S imilar e leme nts occur alsoon a haematite cylinde r in the Ashmole an

,which has b e e n cut down at some pe riod to

take a pane l of Hittite te xt flanke d by two de corative pane ls (fig . Thoughthe main subj e ct- scheme of this cylinde r is Babylonian

,i t is not e xe cute d quite in

Babylonian style , but has some thing of the characte rist ic Hittite flatne ss of intaglio . I fit is Syrian work , it date s original ly from the latte r part of our Class I pe riod ; butthe Hittite inscription , 810 ,

b e longs,to judge by the form of th e script-characte rs and

th e de corative e leme nts,to Class I I I pe riod . I ts prove nance is unknown (it was bought

in Naple s) .Of the s e de corative e leme nts (fig . 108) th e rose tte in a pe culiar form re appe ars on

nos . 310 , 31 1 , whose dome s b e ar borde rs simi lar to those on the tripod no . 191 , andon bullae .

The rarity of S emi-bullae,and the i r common pe culiaritie s , make on e suspe ct the y

b e long to som e o n e locality,distinct from that whe re th e mass of Hittite glyptic was

produce d . I f so,what was th e locality"C e rtain conside rations sugge st a coast- land

of th e north- e ast Le vant .( 1 ) The Cypriote prove nance of th e gold tripod-se al no . 191 .

(2 ) Th e outline me tallic style of n os. 310 , 311 . This is akin to that of a ste atitecyl inde r of unknown prove nance in the Ashmole an Col le ction (fig . and

,through

THE ASHMOLEAN COLLECTION 89

i t , to ce rtain se als of which Haye s Ward has publish e d Spe cime ns (M organ Cylinde rs, &c . ,

pl. xxv , nos . 174 , The first of th e se,Ward sugge sts

,is from an outlying

province

of Assyria The ne are st known analogie s to fe ature s of th e i r subj e cts are supplie d byCypriote cylinde rs .(3) The mate rial of no . 31 1 , white ste atite , i s v e ry rare in Hittite glyptic .

I knowno othe r e xamp le e xce pt a bu lla bought by Garstang at Aintab (se e fig

. 1 14 ,infra) . But

it is the mate rial of thre e hemisphe roidal se als , Singular both in style and form of subj e ct ,in the Cabine t de s Médail le s (K . 594 , N . 3456 , M . which we re bought at theCe sno la sale and are almost ce rtainly Cypriote . Of o n e of the se (K . said to haveb e e n found n e ar Larnaca , an impre ssion , obtaine d in Cyprus by Sayce , has b e e n in th eAshmole an for many ye ars (fig .

The se indications al l point to Cyprus . But ( I ) S emi-bullae have not turn e d up inCyp rus , much as the is land has b e e n e xcavate d (2 ) such obj e cts as no . 308 and thecylinde r , fig . 109 , se em too distinctive ly Hittite for Cypru s to have b e e n the i r p lace ofproduction . S ti l l more Hittite are al l the S emi-bullae

,b e aring Hittite le ge nds

,and

all the cognate obj e cts , such as the bullae in the Louvre and the British Muse um,

which Show the same de corate d borde rs (fig . the British Muse umlunate amule t-pe ndant (p . 63, fig .

the white Aintab Bulla (fig . 1

a si lve r tripod-se al in the B ritishMuse um (no . 102475 , fig . 1 whosesubj e ct so re semble s that of our bronze312 that it can hardly have a diffe re nt FIG. “0.

Pro . 1 1 1 . Fla ,

origin and,

finally,th e Carchemish

bronze S emi-bulla,whose de corative borde rs contain e leme nts Similar to those pre se nte d

by the re st of its spe cie s (fig . 106 A,B ) . Fai ling Cyprus , I sugge st Ci licia , the n e are st

mainland,and the actual source of no . 310 ,

th e de sign on which,by the way , supp lie s

anothe r link with the British Muse um amule t i l lustrate d in fig . 67 . S emi-bullae the refore , on p re se nt e vide nce , appe ar to have b e e n produce d in a North-e ast Le vant coastlan d in Class I I I p e riod , are e xotics in the main Hittite are a both north and south

,and

had a ve ry bri e f vogu e .

(b) B ullae . This inte re sting sp e ci e s is comparative ly nume rous and re pre se nte d inall th e chie f colle ctions of Hittite glyptic products. Th e Ashmole an posse sse s twe ntythre e sp e cime ns . None known to m e is of any mate rial harde r than soft lime stone orse rpe ntine , and the gre ate r numb e r are of ste atite . S e ve ra l Spe cime ns have b e e n discove re d unde r asce rtaine d circumstance s in Syria

,e .g . o n e was e xcavate d in 191 1 at

Carch emish in the remains of a crude -brick house of, probab ly , te nth-ce ntury date ;four we re found in 191 2 in th e Cremation ceme te ry at D e ve Huyuk (no s. 319 , 32 0 ,

330 , 331 ) and thre e we re almost ce rtainly obtaine d in grave s at Te l l Bashe r (nos . 313,

314 , Various indications point to the spe cie s having be e n known also in AsiaMinor 1 (cp . our no . and whe n Hittite grave s of a ce rtain pe riod come to b ee xp lore d the re , Cappadocian spe cime ns wil l doubtle ss come to light

During what p e riod was this Spe ci e s of amule t in v0 u e P Thre e Spe cime ns in the

Ashmole an Colle ction (nos . 320 , 330 ,from the e ar ie r c eme te ry at D e ve Huyuk ,

showing supe rficial trace s of fire , prove that its lowe r chronological limit must b e fixe d1 H aye s Ward published five spe cim e ns in Ame r . j ourn . Arch. iv , p . 172 , pl. 8 , 9 , as from Kaisarie h

and n e ighbourhood ’

1

1808

90 THE ASH MOLEAN COLLECTION

not e arlie r than the latte r part of the Syrian Cremation p e riod—the se ve nth ce ntury B .C .

Whi le all th e se thre e Show de grade d te chniqu e or de cade nt art , the re are othe rs (e .g.

nos . 332 , 334 , 335 , whose subj e cts are e ithe r broke n-up survivals , or de radatio ns,

of the inscription- subj e cts , which are characte ristic of e arlie r spe cime ns . he spe cie sthe re fore must have continue d in vogue to the ve ry e nd of the Hittite Age in Syria .

What is its highe r limit P Th e re are se ve ral spe cime ns in various colle ctions whichb e ar close re lation to se als in our Class I I I . ( 1 ) A Bulla in the Louvre A . M .

of r e d se rpe ntine mate rial and discoid form ,is e ngrave d with de corative orde rs

,not

only on both side s,but also round the circumfe re nce . In the se occur daisy-rose tte s

(cp . nos . 1 82 ,1 84 , 186 , and the S emi-bullae ) , and ,

on on e face , the same stylize d tre foi lsas appe ar on the go ld tripod from Tam asso s (no . 191 ) on the othe r are cruces ansatae

of th e form comme nte d upon in conne xion with nos . 1 8 1 , 196 . The re is no doubt,

the re fore , about the coincide nce of this Spe cime n with Class I I I , e ve n if it we re notsufficie ntly demonstrate d by the style of the hare , which forms the ce ntral subj e ct ono n e face . (2 ) A B ritish Muse um Bulla (no . 102466) pre se nts de grade d borde rs , containing Similar e leme nts (fig . (3) Anoth e r Louvre Bulla (A . M . 4 1 1 ) is re late d tosuch se als as our no . 196 , or Louvre A . O . 3755 , and its cognate s (cp . figs . 77 , 78 ,

A FIG . 1 13. A FIG . 1 14.

(4) Amon our own Bul lae,no . 313 is in the style of the cylinde r no . 164 an d th e Yasili

Kaia re liefs . The birds in the hands of the figure s are de ve lope d variants of th e birdtype of the e arly Class I I I s e als . No . 314 is also in this style , showing the same divinefigure similarly arme d . S l ightly e arlie r should b e a fin e Bul la (fig . 1 14) in white ste atite

(not ivory , as publishe d) , which was procure d by Garstang at Aintab (Liverpool Annals,

1908 , p . 1 1, pl. xiv) . Th e god he re we ars a he lme t or mitre , the on y known analogy

to which (and it is close ) is the he lme t of the figure on the j amb of the King ’s Gateat Boghazke ui—a fact which throws light on the pe riod of this re lie f .

S imilar e vide nce i s offe re d by both nos . 315 , 316 . The hard pre cise style of th ei

glrm e r

l

s

i

ubj e ct , and the fre e r style of the latte r , are both in the manne r of s e als ofass IThe othe r thre e Bullae in our colle ction which e xhibit othe r subj e cts than le ge nds

in script-characte rs , viz . n os. 317 , 318 , 319 ,are , howe ve r , emphatically of Class IV

pe riod . No . 317 ranks with the compost cylinde rs and th e marble se al no . 2 64 and witha late Cremation cylinde r found at Carch emish (Yunus) (fig . As for 318 , a ve rythin discoid sp e cime n , and 320 ,

a smal l e xamp le , the y are obviously of the pe riod ofthe conoids , the tre e or spray on 318 b e ing of the same type which appe ars on the

foot-se al no . 274 . About no . 319 also the re can b e no qu e stion . I t b e longs to the glypticart of the Cremation conoids and scaraboids (IV ,

group 6) and, as a matte r of fact ,

i t was found , like 320 ,in a Cremation grave at D e ve Huyuk .

Whe n we turn to those spe cime ns which e xhibit only le ge nds in scri t-characte rs ,without accompanying figure s

,we find ourse lve s within the

x

sam e chro n olbgical limits .

Nos . 32 1 , 32 2 , 323 , for e xamp le ,have e xactly the type of borde r alre ady remarke d and

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C H A PT E R I V

DATING AND LOCAL OR IGIN

I . Chronology

TH E fore going catalogue has propounde d a se qu e nce of se al-type s , from thosewhich re pre se nt , appare ntly , the b e ginnings of Hittite glyptic to those of a mome ntwhe n Hittite art , as a whole , was about to lose its individuality in th e Syro-Anatolianartistic Kow rj . As has b e e n said alre ady

,chronological validity is claime d for th e succe s

s ion of only the classes in this Catalogu e,that is to say,

the orde r of groups and Spe cime nswithin classe s is not to b e take n to signify chronological se qu e nce

,e xcept whe re so state d

e xpre ssly . I f , the n , this re lative scheme b e accepte d as a working hypoth e sis , can theabsolute chronology of any class

,group ,

or spe cime n include d in it b e de te rmine d PTwo me thods may b e use d towards this e nd : ( I ) obse rvation of the associations in

which any glyptic spe cime ns or glyptic imprints on clay have b e e n found in the courseof e xcavation or e xp loration ; and (2 ) comparison of Hittite subj e cts with those of alie nglyptic arts , whose chronology happ e ns to b e b e tte r assure d . Th e first of the se me thodspromise s th e more convincing obje ctive e vide nce

,subj e ct only to th e caution ,

state d onp . 16 , about th e inh e re nt difficulty of close ly dating small glyptic obj e cts of al l familie s .

( 1 ) Th e availab le data are th e following(a) C e rtain tab le ts found among th e clay archive s of th e Hattic Dynasty at Boghaz

ke ui and date d to the thirte e nth ce ntury,b e ar s e al- imprints made while the clay was

sti l l w e t , and the re fore co e val with th e table ts themse lve s . It fol lows that se als of th etyp e s re p re se nte d by th e se imprints must have b e e n in use at or b e fore the date s ofth e docume nts .

I can cite particu lar im prints on thre e tab le ts ,1

pe nding fulle r pub lication of th eBoghazke ui archive s . (i) Th e first

,figure d by M e ye r in his Che tite r (p . 44 ,

fig .

was mad e by a round- face d s e al e ngrave d with two conce ntric b e lts of cune iform le ge nd ,surrounding a ce ntral rose tte with de ntate d corolla . Of th e two othe rs , e xamin e d bymyse lf in the Impe rial Muse um at Constantinop le , (i i) o n e , stampe d on th e e dge ofa tab le t , is the imprint of a round- face d se al , e ngrave d with an ante lope moving to rightin a fi e ld occup i e d by six Hittite script-characte rs (i i i) th e othe r appe ars in the middleof a broke n tab le t , the impre ssion having b e e n mad e on the inscription itse lf unfo r

tun ate ly, a fracture crosse s th e imprint , sparing only about a third of it but o n e cansti l l se e that it was made with a round-face d se al , e ngrav e d with thre e conce ntric b e ltsof cune iform le ge nd round a circular pane l of Hittite script-characte rs , of which onlyo n e and part of anoth e r survive . Both the se two imprints we re made with flat se al-face shaving p e rp e ndicular side s . Th e y cannot

,th e re fore

,have b e e n made with bullae , s ince

face s of th is spe cie s , e ve n whe n not conve x , always have the i r e dge s more or le ss b e ve l le dnor again with h emisphe roids ; but th e y should b e imprints of Handle d se als withround flat-face d base s

,or of Rings l ike our no . 194 ,

which has a circular flat b e ze l .Th e re is no e xtant se al e ith e r in the Ashmole an Colle ction or known to m e e lse

.

1I am unable to ide n tify any o n e of the se table ts The ir date s , the re fore , can on ly b e give n approxim ate ly

W ith those whose conte nts have be e n pub lished so far . as above , fo r the pre se n t.

DATING AND LOCAL ORIG IN 93

wh e re which b e ars a subj e ct-scheme quite paralle l to those repre se nte d by th e se imprints ;but th e conce ntric arran geme nt of the e leme nts on i and iii

,round a circular pane l ,

b e longs cle arly to the same subj e ct-type as appe ars on Hamme rs and Knobsillustrate d on p . 75 , (figs. 78 and and on our ring ,

n 194° while the sch eme

of ii re cal ls our Tripod no . 188 and a Be rlin Tripod publishe d by Me ye r (Che ti ,te r p . 45 ,

N e are r to i and iii, howe ve r , than any of the se paral le ls is the subj e ct-sch eme

fthe famous ‘Tarkutimm e Bo .ss S ince e ve ry o n e of the se als just quote d falls withinClass I I I

,I fe e l no doubt at al l that some part of this class is co e val with those stampe d

table ts and , the re fore , is to b e date d within the late r pe riod of the H attie Dynasty ( 1300to 1 200

None of the thre e Boghazkeui imprints , as has b e e n said alre ady , shows a subj e ct

pre cise ly similar to that of any of our se als which have the same face form . Thisdiv e rge nce might b e e xp laine d by diffe re nce of locality , North Cappadocian se als havingb e e n use d upon th e tab le ts , whe re as our spe cime ns of the same ge ne ral type , as we l las the paral le l spe cime ns , cite d abov e from othe r co lle ctions , might pe rhaps b e fromsouthe rly re gions , wh e re (among othe r distinguishing conditions which would affe ctsphragistic subj e cts) th e cune i form script was not (according to pre se nt e vid e nce ) use dby Hittite s in the thirte e nth ce ntury . But

, S ince Chantre procure d at Boghazke uia tripod se al (Cappadoce , fig . 1 2 6) which has the same de ge ne rate kind of cune iformborde r as our tripod 189 , the B e rlin tripod just cite d , and also our ring 194 ,

i t wouldb e against the e vid e nce to assume that North Cappadocian se als of the se form-type sdiffe re d much In the i r subj e ct- scheme s from Syrian s e als of the Hattic dynastic pe riod .

I t s e ems a more like ly e xp lanation that the se als use d to make the Boghazke ui imprintsm ay b e somewhat e arlie r Spe cime ns of the ir type s than any actually found ye t . Th e ymight b e date d to th e b e ginning of the thirte e nth ce ntury for e xampl e , and our spe cime nsto the middle of that ce ntury—the late st pe riod of artistic maturity and the e arl ie st ofde cade nce .

I have se e n half a doze n othe r se al-imprints from Boghazke ui,b e side s those found

by Chantre ; but sinc e th e se are stampe d on undate d clay cone s or nodule s , th e y are

use le ss for my pre se nt purpose ,unti l the associations

,in which the cone s or nodule s

in que stion we re found,have b e e n pub lishe d . I may

,howe v e r

, put on re cord me anwhilethat two of th e se imprints have b e e n made with se als of a type similar to those use d onthe tabl e ts cite d above . On e e xhibits four Hittite script-characte rs arrange d like thoseon imprint ii i (supra) ,

the oth e r,a god in horn e d conical cap moving to right with arms

outstre tch e d and a bird pe rche d on o n e fist , who re semble s close ly the figure s on ourtripod no . 1 88 and our cylinde r

,no . 164 . A third stamp disp lays a ce ntral circular

pane l of Hittite Script-characte rs within a borde r of symbols of th e same type as thos eon the Hamme r-se al figure d on p . 75 fig . 78 A fou rth is ofunique inte re st for quite anothe rre ason—it is the rol le d-out impre ssion of a cylinde r e ngrave d with Hittite scriptcharacte rs .

The clay se alings found at Kuyunj ik and publish e d by Layard ,Haye s Ward

,and

othe rs,are not of much avai l , since th e associations in which th e y we re lying at the

time of discove ry e ithe r are unknown or have not b e e n satisfactori ly re corde d , and theoriginal docume nts , now lost , to which th e y we re attache d , m ay, of course , have b e e nof any age . All that can b e said is that the mass of the remains , among which th e yoccurre d

,was not e arli e r than the New Assyrian Kingdom . The imprints which

Show simp le lege nds in Hittite script-characte rs do not re pre se nt s e als of the sam e

type s as those cite d above .

94 DATING AND LOCAL ORIGIN

So far , the re fore , as the evide nce of imprints goe s , we must re st conte nt for the

pre se nt with o n e important infe re nce , which I claim as the starting-point of Hittiteglyptic chronology,

viz . that Class I I I style falls in the period of the acme and de cline ofCappadocian H attie art, i.e . from the fourte e nth ce ntury B .C . to , pe rhaps , the middleof the e le ve nth . "But two cylinde rs , late ly found in Cre te ,

will,if prove d Late Minoan I ,

push back the be ginning of Class I I I by at le ast a ce ntury .]

(6) It fol lows that the se als in Classe s I I and I must b e date d b e fore that pe riod .

It wil l b e note d that,wh e re as the Ashmole an sp e cime ns of Class I are all rol le r-se als ,

those of Class I I include many handle le ss stamp-se als of th e Gable , H emisphe roid ,and Scaraboid (A . 4 a , rudime ntary) Spe cie s , and handle d Spe cime ns of the S talk , Loop ,

and Stud Spe cie s . Now , the e vide nce for any e arly Cappadocian use of Rolle r—se als isve ry we ak , b e ing base d on a few impre ssions obse rve d on clay e nve lope s and cun e iformtab le ts , which have come , not from th e Hittite citie s of the North

,but from Site s in

Ce ntral Cappadocia . The se tab le ts themse lve s,like the bronze and othe r obj e cts found

on those same s ite s (e .g . at Kara Byuk ne ar Kaisariye h) , are not demonstrab ly Hittitedocume nts at al l

,but are rathe r re cords of some S emitic co lonial e xpansion push e d

into the north-we st at a pe riod which has b e e n date d variously .

l The known sphragisticimprints upon them are uniformly (se e p . 5 1 ) those of S emitic se als .

Chantre procure d only on cylinde r (a late sp e cime n of Class IV style ) fromBoghazke ui and Byuk Aladja toge th e r

,and his clay s e alings from those s ite s have all

be e n made with stamp-se als . A cylinde r- impre ssion , howe ve r , do e s occur on a Boghazke ui se aling found by Winckle r (supra , p . 93) but the se al use d was of no e arlie rdate than Class I I I pe riod , Since it is associate d on th e clay nodule with two impre ssionsof quite late stamp-se als . I know no e arly Hittite cylinde r of asce rtaine d Cappadocian

prove nance , while e ve n among cylinde rs of late r style s , th e re are hardly half a doze nnown whose Cappadocian origin is at al l probab le .

Evide nce , the re fore , points strongly at pre se nt to both th e origin and th e vogueof the rol le r—se al in the Hittite Are a having be e n southe rn . This , inde e d , was to b ee xpe cte d , se e ing that the rolle r form can hardly have b e e n de rive d at th e first fromany oth e r land than Babylonia

,and that Me sopotamia continu e d throughout to b e its

home . I f it did pass the Taurus now and th e n , it was probably as an e xotic . Nor isthe re e vide nce , at pre se nt , for a Cappadocian Hittite glyptic pe riod so e arly as th e Syrianre pre se nte d by Class I .

On the othe r hand, Stamp-se als of the e arlie st forms , which are characte ristic of

Class I I , have b e e n found in Cappadocia in numb e rs which must b e re garde d as conside rable , if the smal l ropo rtio n borne by Cappadocian e xploration and e xcavation ,scie ntific and unscie ntific

,to Syrian

,b e take n into account . In the Musée Guim e t ,

for e xample , are four Gab le s from Boghazke ui and thre e from Byuk Aladja ; thre eHemisphe roids from the se same Site s , and two Scaraboids of the rudime ntary Spe cie sfrom Boghazke ui—all procure d by Chantre . I llustrations are give n also by the latte r

(o p . cit . , pp . 160,16 1 ) of fiv e Gab le s procure d in the Yuzgat district , at Fraktin , and

at Kaisariye h . I have no me ans of knowing what se als , if any , the Ge rman e xcavatorsfound at Boghazke ui but

,in any case , the above l ist of Chantre

’s acquisitions is e non hto support my point , that during the vogue of the e lde r type s of handle le ss stamp-se a S ,th e se we re use d as much in Cappadocia as in Syria , and that the two parts of the HittiteAre a, northe rn and southe rn ,

forme d,at that time , viz . the pe riod of Class I I , o n e

1 Date s which have be e n proposed are aswide ap art as the Dynasty o f Ur (Sayce ) and the Se cond AssyrianEmpir e (Pinche s‘ Se e p . 2 and note .

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96 DATING AND LOCAL ORIGIN

s tyle and th e subse que nt substitution of n ew art istic influe nce s , Assyrian and M o schian- ne ce ssari ly s low proce sse s—the e stablishme nt of the

‘M e rj Khamis ’ style in Syria andthe l ine of divis ion be twe e n Classe s I I I and IV may b e fixe d approximate ly to b e

yfo re the

middle of the te nth ce ntury .

Th e most Assyrianizing of the Yunus type s , the n , should fall in the succe e dingninth ce ntury . for the ir style fol lows dire ctly on that of M e rj Khamis . Othe r Yunustype s , howe ve r (e g . th e stamp-se als nos . 2 54 are not so Assyrian

,but

,rathe r

,

indicate the re vival of a native style ,which b e come s pre dominant ove r the Assyriari

in the type s of D e ve Huyuk I (cp . nos . 2 55.

ff. The latte r ow e more to Egyptianand to Ne o -Babylonian art . Such a re vival is consiste nt with North Syrian historyin the ninth and e ighth ce nturie s

,during which pe riod re cords of the S e cond

Assyrian Kingdom Show the‘Hatti land and citi e s as autonomous

,we althy

,and

intimate ly conne cte d with Asia Minor (at the b e ginning of Sargon’

s re ign,about 72 2 B

Carchemish was in le ague with the King of the Cappadocian Mushkaya) . For th e seYunus and D e ve Huyuk I type s , the re fore ,

I propose th e latte rp art of the ninth and all

the e ighth and the se ve nth ce nturie s . With Sargon ’

S conque st,in the last quarte r of th e

e ighth ce ntury,w e Should look for a re inforceme nt of the Assyrianizing te nde ncy and

it 13 possib le that the style of the e arl ie st D e ve Huyuk I I type s be longs to the se ve nthce ntury

,during thre e -quarte rs of which all North Syria was ln Sargonid occupation ,

but since the gre at mass of the grave s in that ceme te ry are,ce rtain ly

,of the e arlie r

Pe rsian Age ,I b e lie ve that th e most typ ical re pre se ntative s of th e se ve nth ce ntury are to b e

sought rathe r ln the nume rous group of se als not usual ly distinguishe d from late Assyrian

(Cp . B ibl. Nat. Cat. nos . 342 ,&c . ,

but fo und ve ry fre qu e ntly 1n Syrian or northwe st M e sopotamian soi l , of which I have appe nde d typical Spe cime ns in figs. 94

—97 .

The fore going e vide nce conce rning Class IV has b e e n obtaine d from Syriane xp lorations . How far it can b e use d le gitimate ly to date the late r Cappadocian glypticis doubtful . The few publish e d se als ce rtifie d as found on Cappadocian soil includehardly any re pre se ntative s of so late a pe riod as that of our Class IV . Among theglyptic obj e cts procure d by Chantre from Cappadocian Site s , I can assign none to itwith confide nce . His no . 4 ,

for e xamp le , procure d at Yuzgat (op . cit . , fig . 1 29, pub

lishe d upside down) , which he conj e cture s to have b e e n brought from Boghazke ui,

Should b e long to Class I I I . H is nos . 6 , 7 (this last Sassanian ,pace Sayce ,who is quote d) ,

8 and 9 are al l post-Hittite . The only possib le spe cime ns of Class IV pe riod are hisnos . 14 (scaraboid of th e dome d type P) , 1 6 ( late stud P) , 18 (scaraboid) , and 24 (lateh emisphe roid , more probably of Class I I I ) . All the se als , figure d afte r the se in Chantre ’sbook

,are Pe rso-Me sopotamian , late Egyptian , and Sassanian and his moulds are

Byzantine or e arly Arab .

(2 ) Turning from e xcavation e vide nce to th e more subj e ctive infe re nce s whichmay b e drawn from the compar ison of Hittite glyptic with contemporary alie n arts

(a me thod which I have be e n ob lige d to anticipate to some e xte nt) , w e find the followingindications .

(a) Spe cime ns in Class I are de ep ly ind ebte d for the conce ption , composition ,

style,and e xe cution of the ir subj e cts to th e Babylonian art of th e Fi rst Dynasty , and ,

1 Publishe d by C . L Woolle y 1n LiverpoolAnnals, vn . p . 1 15 , A North Syrian Cem e te ry o f the Pe rsianPe riod .

’

DATING AND LOCAL ORIGIN 97

pe rhaps , to e ve n e arlie r Babylonian cu lture . I f such a cylinde r as no . 5 is not itse l factually Babylonian (se e p . its mode l Should b e as o ld as the art of Ur . In anycase , stylistic comparisons support our ascription of Class I to a pe riod we l l b e foreth e rise of the H attie Powe r . I t is to b e note d furthe r , that the se s e als , b e side sb e ing so Babylonian ln type that the ir distinction from actual Babylonian se als is , inmany instance s , ope n to doubt , almost al l e xhibit subj e ct-scheme s of more complicate dcharacte r than th e se als ln Class I I . Inde e d , sch eme s grow ste adily more simp le as these rie s proce e ds through the se two classe s . This fact sugge sts an historical infe re ncethat

,in the first part of the s e cond mille nnium B Syr1a stood in far close r re lation

to Babylonian civi lization than she would stand agairi, and must th e n hav e b e e n ,to al l

inte nts , a cu ltural province of Babylonia . A change came,no doubt

,with the appe arance

of the force s of the Eighte e nth Dynasty , which inaugurate d about a ce ntury of de pe nde nceon Egypt , and though the Nilotic influ e nce was so lightly e nforce d and so inte rmitte ntthat it has le ft little positive trace on contemporary Syrian glyptic , it se rv e d , probably ,to oust the Babylonian , and throw Syr1a back on h e r own local cu lture . Th e first partof this infe re nce coincide s with the indications give n by the e arly painte d potte ry ofCarchemish and Sakj egeuzi (se e p .

(b) Class I I i l lustrate s d e cay of the Babylonian glyptic tradition and re lapse intoa crude r local style (se e p . which

,howe ve r , containe d ge rms of de ve lopme nt . Th e

influ e nce of a M e sopotamian art , partly e arlie r , partly contemporary (and probablyAssyrian) , was ne ve r , inde e d , wholly inope rative , and did , in fact , inspire the make rsof some of the more e laborate Class I I se als

,as, for e xamp l ,

e our nos . 4 1 , 44 , 45 ; butthe re I S nothing characte ristic in the subj e cts of any of th e se or of othe rs which invite sdire ct comparison with date d Me sopotamian mode ls , unle ss the analogy b e twe e n the

form and subj e cts of nos . 47 , 48 , and those of cylinde rs of th e late r Kassite epoch b ehe ld to argu e a dire ct re lation . The id e ntity of the forms and subj e cts of ce rtain Syrianse als 1n this class with those of se als hailing from Cappadocia has alre ady b e e n use d

(p . 94) for what chronological value it may have . Unfortunate ly , no Cappadocian se alwhich I b e lie ve to b e of this pe riod can b e date d e xce pt by stylistic comparison .

(c) For dating the se als of Class I I I comparative use can b e made of othe r artsbe side s the Me sopotamian .

(i) Cappadocian and Syrian monume ntal art. The affinitie s of Cappadocian art withsuch memb e rs of Class I I I as, e g ,

nos . 164 ,188

,196 , and also with such Bullae as nos .

and o n e Shown in fig . 1 14 ,have alre ady b e e n notice d . Unfortunate ly the

dating of Cappadocian Hittite sculpture s doe s not re st on any sure or inde pe nde ntbasis . The affinitie s of sculpture s at Carchemish and Sindje rliwith (inte r aha) nos . 167 ,168

, have also b e e n note d . While the dating of th e se sculpture s 1S not we l l assure d byinde pe nde nt e vide nce , the y cannot , in any case , b e p lace d so e arly as the H attie Age .

(i i) Late Aege an ar t. For Ae ge an affinitie s with Hittite glyptic , the comme ntary onnos . 1 85 , Should b e consulte d . I f the Ae ge an art , which inspire dnos . 185 186 ,

was that of Cyprus 1n th e last part of the Late Minoan Age , and we allowa re asonab le lapse of time for its influe nce to b e carrie d to the mainland and b e comepote nt the re ,

the twe lfth ce ntury B . .C is the e arlie st e poch which can have p roduce dthe se se als . The y could hardly have b e e n mad e

,in any case , b e fo re the Ae ge an Diaspora ,

which fal ls,roughly

,ln the e arly ye ars of the thirte e nth ce ntury ° and th e y should b e

conside rably late r .

(i i i) . Egyptian art. Th e most instructive of our se als in this conne xion is no . 179 ,though it may not b e

,strictly spe aking , Hittite (se e p . The figure the re se e n

,

1808 0

98 DATING AND LOCAL ORIGIN

holding a crux ansata,can b e de rive d from no mode l prior to th e Eighte e nth Dynasty ,

and sugge sts rath e r th e art of the late st Rame sside Age .

(d) On the chronology of Class IV I have nothing of importance to add to whathas b e e n said on pp . 95 ff .

On th e whole , stylistic comparisons support the association e vide nce in assigningClass I to the Fi rst Age (se e p . 2 ) Classe s I I and I I I to a pe riod e xte nding from the

Sixte e nth ce ntury to th e close of the e le ve nth,and coincide nt with th e S e cond and Third

Age s take n toge th e r (not only Class I I but a part of Class I I I also falls within th e S e condAge ) and Class IV to th e Fourth Age .

I I . Local Orig

Can the diffe re nt type s of se al-form and of subj e ct-sch eme b e re fe rre d also todistinct parts of the Hittite are a"Exp loration has not ye t b e e n ge ne ral or thoroughe nough

,e spe cial ly in Asia Minor , for this to b e done oth e rwise than partial ly and

te ntative ly . But the re are grounds alre ady for assigning some type s of both form andsubj e ct to particu lar localitie s . I t wi l l b e conve nie nt to use the morphological schem e

of classification se t out in Chapte r I (p . 17) in stating the se grounds .

A . Rolle r—seals or Cylinde rs. Re asons for de riving this se al-form from a southe aste rn locality (Babylonia) , and for re stricting its main vogu e at al l time s to the south e rnhalf of the are a (inclusive of Cilicia) , have b e e n state d alre ady on p . 94 . While i ti s not sugge ste d that the cylinde r was n e v e r made or use d in Cappadocia , it may b einfe rre d that it was int roduce d th e re late r than into Syria (probably not b e fore th e lastce ntu ry of th e H attie Age ) and n e ve r passe d into vulgar use .

AS for particular type s of cylinde r , the following more pre cise ascriptions are

sugge ste d .

(a) Central North Syria (district of th e uppe r Sajur) was probab ly th e home ofthe Loop-bore : this form possib ly was not p roduce d e lsewhe re in the Hittite are a

(se e p .

(b)SCilicia claims ( i) th e groups re pre se nte d by our nos . 178 , 179 , 180

,18 1

,182

(se e p . which Show subj e ct—Scheme s of pronounce dly e cle ctic characte r , to whichHittite , Me sopotamian ,

and Egyptian art al l contribute e leme nts . Th e e xe cution isof advance d te chniqu e in two manne rs

,o n e ve ry de l icate ly grave d but me ticulous ,

th e othe r (pe rhaps late r) riche r , broade r , and more re alistic . I f this ascription , toge the rwith that to b e propos e d pre se ntly for ce rtain handle d stamp- se als

,b e we l l founde d ,

it offe rs support from the Hittite Side to those scholars who , using Egyptian orAe ge an e vide nce , have argue d for acom parativ e ly high civi lization in Cilicia in the s e condmille nnium B .C .

From ge ographical conside rations and from what is known about the culturalaffinitie s of Ci lician socie ty in al l age s , we Should e xpe ct a Cilician-Mo schian glyptic art ,though fundame ntally H ittite

,to have de rive d much from M e sopotamia ; but also to Show

obligations to the Egyptian and the Cypro-Ae ge an arts . Small obj e cts of Egyptian and

Egyptizing characte r are of fre qu e nt occurre nce in Ci lician marts . Chantre , for e xamp le ,

procure d two scarabs e ve n at Sis, which lie s as far inland as any p lace in Ci licia (Cappadoce

, P 162 ,figs. 156 , I 57) and Gre vil le Che ste r has note d Tarsus or Ci licia as

the prove nance of many obj e cts of similar characte r in the colle ctions which h e gave ,

sold , or b e qu e athe d to th e Ashmole an . In the qu e stion of Cypro-Ae ge an re lations withCilicia is invo lve d also a se cond group .

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100 DATING AND LOCAL ORIG IN

Sign) clay docume nts . The use of the se b e gan in Cappadocia in the e arly days of theH attie Powe r , if not b e fore (se e p . I ve nture to imagine that the first H attie

glyptist, unab le to make , bore , or e ngrave satisfactori ly a cylindrical se al , or de te rre dby those practical disadvantage s which undoubte dly pre ve nte d cylinde rs from cominginto fashion at al l in th e Ae ge an and Gre e k are as , or b e ing popular e ve n with th e

Phoe nicians , se t himse lf to produce such a sphragistic imp leme nt as would make ino n e motion an impre ss ion of the same Shap e as those due to rol le r-se als , and takea suspe nsory bore . To se rve his purpose , using the gre ate st e conomy in mate rial , hee volve d th e Gab le . This I re gard as the e arlie st Hittite form of stamp- se al . That itwas in e arly and appare ntly common use in North Cappadocia I have argu e d alre ady

(p . 94) from Chantre’s discove rie s .

The H emisphe roid may also have b e e n de ve lop e d in the same re gion from the

discove ry that th e more b e ve l le d the angle s of a Gable , the more satisfactory the

imp re ssion it le ft on th e clay ; and th e Sl ight carination of some Sp e cime ns also mayhave survive d from Gab le s . Anothe r fe ature common to the latte r and to some h emisphe roids is e xtreme e conomy o f mate rial ; our nos . 78 , 132 ,&c . ,

for e xample , are se ctionsof a Sphe re about as thin as can b e cut . I f this sugge stion of de rivation is sound , thecarinate d type must b e he ld the e arlie st Hittite hemisphe roid Shape ,

and the ne are rthe shape of any Sp e cime n to a true hemisphe re , the late r it should b e morphological ly .

Semi-bu llae , the most truly hemisphe rical of al l Hittite h emisphe roids are also aboutth e late st (se e p .

On th e othe r hand , it must b e admitte d that the close re semblance b e twe e n some

Hittite carinate d hemisphe roids and an Ae ge an type , which is probab ly o lde r (se e p .

e ncourage s an alte rnative the ory of the origin of the forme r—from the M e dite rrane anvia Ci licia .

In re gard to S caraboids, since the Shape is , notoriously , of Egyptian origin , Syrian

priority must b e p re sume d for al l Hittite type s of it .Conoids cannot b e assigne d to a local origin on actual e vide nce . That in point of

date all are comparative ly late is probab le (p . but although almost all Hittitespe cime ns so far found are Syrian , and although it was in the south ( including M e so

potamia) that th e shap e ce rtain ly had its gre ate st vogue ,the fact that the conoid Shown

in fig . 104 ,which is among th e e arlie st of its Sp e cie s both in Shape and subj e ct-scheme ,

is of repute d Cappadocian prove nance , warns us to le ave the qu e stion of local originope n .

Passing to H andle d stamps , I can say nothing more definite about the local originof Stalks

,Loops , and Studs than that it is more like ly to have b e e n Cappadocian

than Syrian . In common with all handle d shape s , th e se probab ly originate d late rthan the e arlie st type s of handle le ss stamps—i.e . in the Hattic Age itse lf, wh e n th e

whole Hittite are a was unde r o n e cultural (as o n e political) influe nce . Stalks , as hasb e e n said (p . are of ve ry various form some might more prop e rly b e re garde das badly or oddly shape d Studs (e .g . our nos . 52 ,

I while othe rs are me re fre aks .

The only Sp e cime ns which look morphological ly e arly are those in which the ridge ofa Gable or the dome of a H emisphe roid has be e n drawn upwards into a tap e ring sp ike ,

for conv e nie nce of handling . Such are our nos . 79 , 132 ,137 (cp . the ir s e ctions) , of

which the re sp e ctive prove nance s are Tartus , Aleppo , and Smyrna . I t can b e infe rre dthat Stalks we re in use wide ly during th e pe riod of Class I I but that th e y may haveoriginate d in o n e part of the are a as we l l as in anothe r .

DATING AND LOCAL ORIGIN 101

About the local origin of Loops and S tuds o n e can say nothing more pre cise .

One stud , whose subj e ct looks fairly e arly , was procure d by Chantre in Cappadocia

(op . cit . , p . 16 1 , no . 16,muni d ’un bouton The majority of our e xamp le s of

both forms we re obtaine d in Syria,a smal l minority b e ing from Ci licia and th e

Smyrna mart .

The data of origin are le ss e quivocal for Knobs,Tripods , and Hamme rs . All ,

doubtle ss , are e laborate variants of the S tud , and close ly re late d o n e to anoth e r , theTripod b e ing a me tal lic e dition of the othe r two forms . On morphological grounds o n ewould judge the Hamme r to have b e e n the late st de ve lope d .

No Knob,whose prove nance is known at all , hails from Syria . Of our thre e

Spe cime ns (nos . 192 ,193, it i s re porte d that o n e came from Cilicia and two from

Asia Minor . None , to my knowle dge , has e ve r b e e n found in S ria or can b e trace dto a Syrian source . As for Tripods, th e source of e ve ry Spe cime n , if

,

asce rtaine d , is e xtraSyrian . Bo r in south-we st Cappadocia , Samsun (P) on th e Pontic coast , and Tam assos

in Cyprus , are the place s from which came the thre e spe cime ns in the Ashmole an ofwhose prove nance we have any knowle dge . A sp e cime n in B e rlin ,

re corde d by M e ye r

(Che tite r , fig . 35 , p . 44 ,note 2 ) as von Winckle r e rworbe n was procure d probably

in Cappadocia . The H amme rs of asce rtaine d prove nance are also e xtra-Syrian , withthe e xception of two spe cime ns of late de grade d forms (our nos . 2 54 , 2 5 bought inLe vantine coastal marts . Our no . 196 was procure d in Cilicia : on e in the BritishMuse um (no . 17804) is re porte d to have come from Yuzgat in Cappadocia ; the fin e

Spe cime n i llustrate d in fig . 79 was first se e n at Aidin in Lydia Chantre has publishe do n e of late type procure d at Boghazke ui (op . cit . , p . 160 ,

fig . I know of nonediscove re d by an e xcavator in Syria .

I take,the re fore , all the se thre e e laborate se al-Shape s to b e prop e r to Asia Minor .

The y we re use d doubtle ss for the Sign e ts of kings and prince s in the gre at pe riod ofH attie powe r , the late fourte e nth and the thirte e nth ce nturie s B .C . That the y are

not found in Hittite Syria may b e e xp laine d by the pre sumption that H attie kingsand prince s ne ve r actually re side d the re

,the ir Empi re b e ing base d , not on te rritorial

occupation , but on the obe die nt adhe sion of c lie nt state s administe re d by the i r ownl

fi

ingle ts, such as the prince s of Carch emish me ntion e d on tab le ts of the late st H attie

Ings .

The only remaining que stion is whe the r,on the stre ngth of the prove nance of our

nos . 196 and 188 , and the suppose d prove nance and Ae ge an fe ature s of our no . 197the se thre e b e ing re pre se ntative s of all the se al-shap e s in que stion—Cilicia rathe r thanCappadocia is to b e suppose d the p lace of the i r inve ntion and first manufacture . The re p lymust b e

,on pre se nt e vide nce , in the ne gative . Apart from the fact that many Spe cime ns

of all thre e forms are of e xtra-Ci lician pro v e nan ce ,w e must re ckon both with some e xample s

of e arlie r and more pronounce dly Cappadocian style , than we have assigne d to Cilicia inspe aking of cylinde rs , and also with othe rs e xhibiting characte ristically Cappadociansubj e cts . Of the first cate gory

,th e broke n B e rlin hamme r figure d by

'

M e ye r (Che titer ,

pl. iv and p . 45) is a good e xamp le . I t is an e arly memb e r of the family , which isrepre se nte d by our cylinde rs nos . 165 , 166 , and cle arly Cappadocian ,

not Le vantine .

In th e se cond cate gory our no . 192 and se ve ral se als in th e Louvre (se e p . 73) may b e1 Also the fin e se al with broke n handle published form whe n com ple te . Prinz state s of it , Als Pro

by.

M e ye r (Che titer , pl. iv) and comm e nte d o n by ve nie nz lasst Sich m it ziem liche r Siche rhe it BoghazkioiPr1nz (ibid . , p . 145 ff.) was, doubtle ss . o f hamm e r e rmitte ln

102 DATING AND LOCAL ORIGIN

cite d . Cappadocia , th e n , must b e cre dite d with the inve ntion of the se handle d se alforms ; though ,

doubtle ss,the y we re cop ie d in Cilicia and some time s e ngrave d

,

unde r Ae ge an influ e nce (as was , e .g . , th e Tam asso s tr1p0d) , w1th de corative scheme s

prope r to S emi-bullae and Bullae .

Upon th e local origins of the Bulla and S emi-bulla , e nough has b e e n said alre adyto re nde r furthe r discussion unne ce ssary . A Cilician origin and vogue of Semi-bullaere st on grounds state d on p . 8

9. About the origin of Bullae nothing can b e said

definite ly at pre se nt . Th e avai able e vide nce demonstrate s the ir vogu e in the Syrianare a from the middle H attie Age down to about th e e nd of Hittite glyptic . It alsosugge sts that th e y we re known in both Cappadocia and Cilicia ,

in the e arlie r part ,at any rate , of that long pe riod ; but it doe s not avai l to e stab lish the locality ofthe ir inve ntion .

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104 SUMMARY

powe r at the close of the fifte e nth ce ntury . The cylind e r se ems ne ve r to have b e e n

popular in Cappadocia , and it is highly probable that stamp-se als of the Gable,H emi

sphe roid , Loop ,S tud , and Stalk classe s we re first inve nte d in that part of the Are a

and continu e d to b e use d for se aling by almost al l Cappadocian Hittite s throughoutthe H attie pe riod . Towards the e nd of this

,howe ve r , th e y we re supp leme nte d by the

e laborate Knob , Hamme r , and Tripod forms , de ve lope d from the Stud .

1 In Syria,

howe ve r , the cylinde r , alre ady firmly e stab lishe d , was not ouste d by th e invading stampse als , but continue d in vogue with the riche r classe s . Gab le s

,howe ve r

,and the oth e r

common stamp shape s , me e ting .a vulgar demand,made good th e ir footing alongside

th e cylinde r and ke pt it unti l the appe arance of conoids and scaraboids .

All th e e arli e r stone stamp-se als are made (without any e xce ption known to m e )of coarse and soft mate rials ; me tal e xample s (bronze ) are ve ry rare . The majority ofSpe cime ns have be e n e ngrave d with chise l and point alone ,

and the i r art n e ve r asp i re sto ne arly such high achie veme nt as the art of the cylinde rs . The artistic high-wate rmark of

,e .g . ,

Gab le s is repre se nte d by such sp e cime ns as our nos. 101 and 137 . Stampsin Syria

,from first to last

,we re che ap se als use d by the common-folk but in Cappa

docia,during th e fourte e nth and fifte e nth ce nturie s , the y we re probably th e only

sphragistic imp leme nts use d by any o n e who was not royal or in high office .

Not stamp-s e als alone , but also rol le r-se als , of the S e cond Age show marke dindepe nde nce of Me sopotamia . The squat form

,which is fore ign to th e latte r , but

characte ristic of Early Egyptian glyptic , i llustrate s this inde pe nde nce , while , pe rhaps

( like the rudime ntary scarab,whose form

,but not its subj e ct e leme nts , is owe d

indire ctly to the Nile ) , i t indicate s some me asure of n ew depe nd e nce on Egypt . Th e

subj e cts of al l type s of se als have now b e come in th e main suige neris—pre dominantly

local,not to b e confounde d with those of any oth e r glyptic family . Our pl. i i—v wil l

convince any o n e of the i r pe culiarity . Exce pt a few which b e ar ge ome tric de signs , andsti l l fewe r which remind us of Ae ge an or of Egyptian art , the y are distinctive ly Hittite—far more so than in e ithe r the e arlie r or the late r pe riods .

Such a cultural phe nome non,it ne e d hardly b e pointe d out , agre e s e xce l le ntly with

the po litical conditions pre vailing in the Hittite are a in th e fifte e nth and fourte e nthce nturie s . Th e se witne sse d the rise and e xpansion of th e Cappadocian Hatti as anaggre ssive particu larist community , issuing from lands which ,

in th e e ye s of the oldcivi lizations

,we re the Back of B e yond We might have pre sume d that such an

irruption of n ew‘barbarians into a land so d e batab le as North and C e ntral Syria

would e clips e for a time the influ e nce of more remote ce ntre s of culture , but thatwh e n pe ace had long b e e n t e -e stab lish e d

,and re lations of dip lomacy and comme rce

with forme r e nemie s had b e come habitual , th e e arlie r influ e nce s would b e gin tomanife st th e i r powe r again .

The se als have i l lustrate d th e e clipse . The y wil l also i l lustrate the re turn of light .I f my se que nc e of subj e ct-type s is ge ne ral ly sound , it Shows that a rapid de ve lopme ntof glyptic art e nsu e d upon the Class I I pe riod . Eve rything—mate rial , form , conceptionof subj e ct , te chnique , style—advance s per saltum to th e high e st point of achie veme nte ve r re ache d by Hittite glyptists. Pre sumably this advance , b e ginning late in the

fourte e nth ce ntury,

fille d th e thirte e nth ; and the flo re se e nc e of so vigorous a style , with

1 I find that this view of the origin o f the H ittite although it is n o t quite cle ar that he is spe aking o f an

fystamp-se als and the ir Cappadocian use (at which I but the e laborate form s Pe tschafte und das Kn op

arrive d long ago ) is, substan tially , implied in a note sie ge ]by Dr . Hugo Prinz in E . M e ye r ’s Che titer (p .

SUMMARY 105

its ine vitable se que l ofggradual ly quicke ning de cade nce , may have laste d on a long time ,

pe rhaps as much as two ce nturie s more—at any rate in Syria .

That Me sopotamian art re cove re d its paramount influe nce upon Hittite gly tic willb e obvious to any o n e looking ove r the cylinde r-subj e cts on pl. vi ; and that the mainspring of influ e nce 5

wasfinow , ,Assyrian is sugge ste d by comparison of the few monume nts

of the First Empi re e xtant . The same cu ltural influe nce now re ache d right into Cappadocia to insp i re the conce ption and composition of the re l ie fs at Eyuk and YasiliKaiabut the re it was ne ve r to b e so omnipote nt as in Syria , i f we may judge by comparisonof the se als of the pe riod , which can b e ascribe d to Asia Minor , with contemporarySyrian glyptic art .

Alongside this principal influe nce we can de te ct two othe r alie n influe nce s at workthroughout the are a to d e te rmine glyptic e xpre ssion in the Third Age—the Rame ssideEgyptian , and the Late Minoan but most glyptic obj e cts , which the se influ e nce s haveaffe cte d ve ry se riously , are probab ly to b e ascrib e d to the Le vantin e fringe of the Hittiteare a

,and in part icular to Cil icia . He re an e cle ctic art of M ischkultur kind s e ems to have

de ve lope d , le ss in de bt to M e sopotamia than was the Syrian glyptic , and more to Egypt ,Cyprus , and Cre te . Standin howe ve r , in close re lation to the Cappadocian cultureof its time

,it share d with the atte r the production and use of n ew and e laborate stam

s e al type s (Knobs , Tripods , and Hamme rs) , whose inve ntion in Asia Minor (if e stablishe d) warns us that e ve n now the northe rn part of the Hittite Are a remaine d le ssde pe nde nt on Babylonian fashions than the southe rn part .

That the commone r varie tie s of stamp-se al , howe ve r , Should have continu e de ve rywhe re l ittle affe cte d by any of the se fore ign influe nce s is what we should e xpe ct .The e lde r shape s continu e d to b e made and inspi re d by the e arlie r local art ; butthe y be came le ss nume rous and te nde d to disappe ar . This was du e not only to multi

p lication of cylinde rs , but also to the invas ion of two n ew typ e s of stamp re comme nde dby handy form and size . The se we re the Conoid and the Scaraboid . The last formtype , unqu e stionab ly of fore ign (Egyptian) inve ntion , probably was de rive d at se condhand via Phoe nicia or Ci licia . In the Cremation ceme te rie s , so far e xplore d ,

the conoidand the scaraboid have b e e n the only shape s of stamp

-se al found ( if r1ngswith e ngrave db e ze ls b e not counte d) . All othe r shape s , both handle le ss and handle d , se em to havegone out of use by the e nd of the ninth ce ntury at late st .

This b ri lliant phase of Hittite glyptic , which , according to our hypothe sis , advance drap idly to its ze nith in the last half of the thirte e nth c e ntury , was e clipse d , in Cappadocia ,with e qual rap idity at the e nd of that ce ntury , though a tradition of it may have l inge re dthrough a ge ne ration or two to come . But in Syria , though barbarian inroads took p laceboth about 1 200 and in th e middle of the succe e ding ce ntury , the re was no such de cisiveinte rruption of culture . A distinctive ly Hittite art pe rsiste d in vigour the re not onlythroughout th e Third Age ,

but far into th e Fourth . Various possib i litie s , b e sid e s pre viousH attie influe nce on the Mushkaya, might e xp lain the facts . Th e barbarian hord e s ,de p le te d in the i r southward progre ss , may have swept up into the i r fo l lowing , or pushe db e fore them ,

Hittite e leme nts of population , which strand e d in North Syria to re inforcethe old culture or the Me sopotamian art istic influe nce , which was stronge r in Syria thanin Cappadocia , may have he lpe d the local culture to re sist th e invade rs and e ve ntual lyto absorb th em . The fact remains , at any rate , that Hittite art did not die in Syria in thetwe lfth ce ntury . I t is the re fore not unre asonab le to ascrib e many Class I I I glyptic obj e ctsto that ce ntury or e ve n the e le ve nth .

0

If th e pre dominating influ e nce on Syrian art throughout the thI rd and fourth1808 P

106 SUMMARY

lyptic pe riods was Assyrian , it had fluctuations of inte nsity , according with the p oliticalfluctuations of the home powe r . Ve ry strong in the thirte e nth ce ntury , it s e ems to havede cline d in the twe lfth , and to have b e e n re vive d for awhil e by the conqu e sts of TiglathPile se r I , but afte rwards to have fal le n ‘lowe r (than be fore . That king ’s raids to thewe st laste d so short a time , and we re fol lowe d by so sudde n a Shrinkage of Assyrian

powe r , that we must suppose Syria by the e le ve nth ce ntury to have b e e n more or le ssop e n again to re ce ive any othe r artistic influ e nce .

Th e e arlie st alie n invasion which local remains of th e Third Age Show to haveapp e are d was that of the racial e leme nt which introduce d the custom of cremation

,

and,in appare nt coincide nce , a ce ramic art of East Me dite rrane an characte r . The

first trace s of its action ante date by a little any cle ar e vide nce of that re vival of Assyrianinflu e nce . The change which the n took p lace in Syrian culture was too radical to haveb e e n e ffe cte d me re ly by an influe nce acting from without . The re must have be e nimmigration and partial occupation by a fore ign race . Th e indications point to the

home of that race having be e n some district ne ar the Le vantine coast which had closere lations with Cyprus and among districts so circumstance d , Ci licia comme nds itse lfas the most like ly .

On the glyptic , as on the p lastic , art of Syria , howe ve r , the main de te rmining age ntwas afte r all to b e Assyrian art . From the te nth ce ntury onwards its influe nce is againparamount . But o n e important non-Assyrian de bt at le ast was incurre d about that dateby Syrian glyptic . This was the mate rial , glaze d compost , which came into vogu e about1000 B .C . N e ithe r glaze d cylinde rs , nor glaze d se als of any form are characte ristic ofMe sopotamia but the y are characte ristic of Egypt , whe nce the i r use passe d to ce rtainLe vantine lands

,with which North Syria was in dire ct contact . This is to say that

,while

cylind e rs and othe r se als of Class IV owe d the art of th e ir subj e cts more to M e sopotamianculture than to any othe r e xte rnal age ncy , the y owe d the i r mate rial , and , in the case ofscaraboids

,th e i r form also to a Me dite rrane an source

, probab ly the same which hasb e e n cre dite d above with the introduction of cremation .

H e nce forward , unti l towards the e nd of the Hittite pe riod , whe n th e use of hardcrystallin e stone s b e gan to Spre ad we stwards from Me sopotamia , Hittite glyptistsworke d

principally in glaze d compost . But hard stone s,e .g . haematite

,we re occasionally

e ngrave d by them (witne ss the Yunus scarab , fig . and th e ste atite s , se rpe ntine s

(e spe cially the re d varie ty) , and lime stone s we re sti ll in fairly fre que nt demand .

Although in the te nth , ninth ,and e ighth ce nturie s B .C . the Hittite State s of North

Syria we re politically vigorous and comparative ly we althy (the Assyrian re ports of themhave not b e e n discre dite d by the archite ctural and p lastic remains found on th e site ofCarchemish) , the glyptic of the pe riod is de cade nt . Eve n re ckoning to it some of thelate st se als of Class I I I

,and allowing it all cre dit for the fin e style and e xe cution of such

stamps as our nos . 2 54 , 2 55 , and of some conoids and scaraboids , we can app ly no b e tte re pithe t to its products as a whole . The subj e cts have b e come conve ntional

,the style

dry and life le ss,and the te chnique summary . The cunning manipulation of many tools ,

which had produce d the fin e work of Class I I I , is e vide nt no longe r . In the Assyrian izingstyle , i f the dril l was calle d in , it was usually emp loye d to e xce ss , and the e ngrave r ofte nne gle cte d to work ove r his pre liminary incisions

The late st glyptic obj e cts , which can b e re garde d as Hittite at all , show someaflinitie s with N e o -Babylonian art , and must b e pre sume d of the late se ve nth and the

e arly Sixth ce nturie s . The re afte r North Syrian glyptic art , as i l lustrate d by the late st graved eposits of D e ve Huyuk , take s on the cosmopolitan co lour of the Pe rso-Me sopotamianAge .

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I N D E X

Ae ge an culture , 19 , 59 , 62 , 63, 68 , 70 Ionia (Javan ) , 10 , 75 ~

97 th 102 105 . Ivorie s , 13, 84 .

Aintab , v , 89 .

Amana pe riod , 8 . Kara Byuk , 2 .

Aram ae an culture , 3, 12 , 6 1 , 84 . Kassite s, 18 , 53, 57 , 58 , 97 , 103.

Ar p aunta. 3 Khattusil, 3.

AS 13 M 1nor , I , 2 , I 6 , 89 , 96 King, Profe ssor L. W . , viii, 50 n .

Asshur , 6 .

Asshur-nasir-pal, 6 , 13.

Assyria, history , 3, 6 ff. , 1 1 , 13, 95 , 106 .

monum e nts , 13, 66 , 67 , 8 1 ff.

Lawre nce , T. E., vii, 8 , 1 1 .

Loop-bore cylinde rs , 18 , 24 , 54 , 59 , 76 , 98 .

Babylonian sculpture , 1 , 7 .

M e rj Khamis 9 , 16 , 79» 8 1 95M e e r , Profe ssorse als , 11. If n . 6 rf.Y 7 9 9 93’

Bashe r 4111 381

7 ,

49 , S4

3 9 M ushk;if (Mushkaya Moschi-M e she chl, 3 ff. , 5 , 8 ff. ,

Boghazke ui, vii, 2 , 4 if. , ff. , 101 .95 105 ’ 107 .

appado cia, Seals , vi1, 4 , 5 1 , 73, 75 , 99 If.

Ne o l1th10 potte ry , 2 ftable ts , 2 , 5 1 ,to he r m onum e nts , ix , 6 ff. , 97 . Pe rsian art , 9 , 66 , 8 2 , 93, 96 .

Carche m ish (Dj e rab is) , vii, 2 , 5 , 8 ff. , 16 , 50, 5 1 f. , 59 ,Phoe nicians , 85 , 100.

62 , 65 , 68 , 73 ff . , 76 , 88 . Phrygian history, 4 , 107 .

Chantre , E . , 60, 93 ff. , 101 . Prinz , Dr . H . , vii, 104 n

Cilicia, 5 , 8 , 10 , 14 , 69 , 70, ff.

Comm union cylinde rs , 5 1 , 55 . Rhode s,13, 15 , 91 ,

Cremation age , 9 , 12 ff. , ff . , 95 ff. ,105 .

Cyprus , v , 1 , 9 , 70, 7 1 , 75 , 8 1 , 83, 88 ff., 90,

98 flSakj ege uzi, vi, vii, 2 , 1 2 f.

, 16 , 6 1 , 97 .

Sarde s , 4 , 78 .

Sargonid art, 13,Saycc , A. H . , 2 , 10 n . , 94 n .

, 96 .

Shalrrian e se r I I ,Shubilulium a, 3Egypt, history , 2 9 .

art, 20, 68 , 8 1 , 8sff. , 97 ff . , 12 , 1 1 ff. , 67 ’

Ephe sus , 13, 74 , 75 .

Eyuk Aladja, 4 , 7 , 1 1 , 16 , 58 , 60, 73, 87 , 94 .

D eve H uyuk , 9 ,16 , 82 ff . , 89 , 96 , 106 .

Dj e rabis se e Carchem ish .

Tiglath Pile se r I , 3, 9 , 95 , 106 .

Fraktin (Fe rakdin ) , 7 , 74 , 94 .

Tyana, v , 4 , 5 , x4.

Garstang, Profe ssor ] (excavations at Sakje ge uzi) , vn ,We ights I S 55

16 6 1 87 n 89, 90Woolle y , C. L , vii, 3, 8 , 1 1 , ff. , 80 ff.

H alaf, Te ll , 1 . YasiliKaia (Boghazke ui) , 5 , 7 , 1 1 ff. 72 .

H attie Powe r (Cappadocia) , 2 ff. , 92 , 95 If. Yunus (Carchem ish) , 9, 12 , 84 ,

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