CHU TICH HO CHI MINH NGl/Cll SANG LAP VA REN LUYEN QUAN Dpi NHAN DAN VIET NAM

TS VAN THI THANH MAI

X uat phat tir quan diem ciia hgc thuyet Mae - Lenin ve dau tranh each mang, dau tranh giai cap va tir nhan thiic phai "dimg bao luc each mang chdng lai bao luc phan each mang, gianh lay chinh quyen va bao ve chinh quyen"', trong qua trinh lanh dao sir nghiep each mang, Chii tich Hd Chi Minh da dae biet quan tam den viee xay dung quan ddi nhan dan, quan dgi each mang kieu mdi eua dan tgc. Lich su xay dung va trudng thanh ciia cac lire lugng vii trang nhan dan Viet Nam. chien cdng va nhirng bai hgc kinh nghiem eiia ddi quan each mang trong moi chang dudng lieh sir deu gan lien vdi tinh thuang yeu, sir quan tam giao due va ldi cd vii thudng xuyen ciia Ngudi.

* Ban Tuyen giao Taing irong

Chu tich H6 Chi Minh tham Dai doi 129 thuoc Trung doan 260 bo doi phong khong Thii do (3-2-1963)

1. Tren co sd nam vung nhung nguyen ly macxit - leninnit ve bao lire each mang va khdi nghTa vii trang, ddng thdi van dung sang tao vao dieu kien cu the ciia Viet Nam, ngay trong Cuong ITnh chinh tri dau tien ciia Dang do Hd Chi Minh soan thao (dugc thdng qua d Hgi nghi hgp nhat cac td chirc cdng san, dau nam 1930). van de "td chiic quan ddi cdng nong"^ da dugc de ra. Sau do, nhiem vu "vd trang cho cong nong", "lap quan dgi cdng ndng" va "vo trang bao ddng (khdi nghTa vii trang. dau tranh vii

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trang)" ciing dugc khang dinh trong Ludn cuang chdnh tri ciia Ddng Cong sdn Dong Duong, thang 10-1930.

Nhirng nam sau do, de tien hanh cugc each mang giai phdng dan tgc, thue hien muc tieu dgc lap dan tgc va CNXH, viec xay dung quan ddi each mang "ciia dan, do dan, vi dan" da dugc lanh tu Hd Chi Minh va Dang ta rit quan tam. Bat dau tir nhiing dgi Tu ve dd trong phong trao Xoviet Nghe - TTnh, den ddi \u trang Cao Bang, du kich Nam Ky, Bic Son (sau ddi thanh Cioi qudc quan), Ba To,... va thue hien Chi thi ngay 22-12-1944 vl viec thanh lap Doi Viet Nam tuyen truyen giai phong qudn cua Hd Chi Minh, dgi quan each mang da dugc thanh lap, trong do "chgn lgc trong hang ngii nhirng du kich Cao - Bac - Lang sd can bg va ddi vien kien quyet, hang hai nhat va se tap trung phan ldn \u khi de lap ra ddi ehii lue"^ Day "la khdi diem ciia giai phdng quan, no co the di suot tir Nam ehi Bic, khap dat nude Viet Nam""*. Tilp dd, dap img yeu cau thue tien, Viet Nam tuyen truyen giai phong qudn va Ciru quoc qudn thong nhat thanh Viet Nam gidi phong qudn cimg toan dan gianh thing lgi trong cugc Tdng khdi nghia Thang Tam nam 1945, lap nen Nha nudc \'iet Nam Dan ehii Cdng hoa.

Cung vdi thang lgi ciia Cach mang Thang Tam nam 1945. Viet Nam gidi phong qudn. sau la Ve quoc qudn, Qudn doi qudc gia Viet Nam \'a eu6i cimg la Qudn doi nhdn ddn Viet Nam trd thanh ddi quan chinh quy ciia Nha nudc Viet Nam Dan ehii Cong

hoa (nay la Cdng hda XHCN Viet Nam). Ddi lap vl ban chit vdi quan ddi cua giai cap bdc lot va quan ddi xam luge cua eac nude dl qudc, thue dan. Quan ddi nhan dan Viet Nam dugc td chiic va xay dung theo quan diem ciia Hd Chi Minh. trong d6 "nhan dan la nin tang, la cha me ciia bg ddi"\ quan ddi tir nhan dan td chirc ra, dugc nhan dan nudi nang, giup dd, vi nhan dan ma chien dau"^. Chii tich Hd Chi Minh da soan thao 10 dieu ky luat va yeu cau can bg, chien sT phai thue hien:, 1. Phai phuc timg menh lenh eiia cap tren; 2. Khdng dugc lay cai kim sgi chi ciia dan; 3. Mua ban vdi dan phai cdng bang; 4. Khdng dugc lay eiia cdng lam ciia rieng; 5. Ndi nang vdi dan phai le phep; 6. Phai giir gin sach se nha cira, vudn tuge ciia dan noi ddng quan; 7. Mugn cai gi ciia dan diing xong phai dem tra; 8. Lam hu hai cai gi eiia dan phai bdi thudng; 9. Khdng tam rira trudc phu nir; 10. Khdng rugu che, cd bac, hut thuoc phien. Ngudi ciing chi rd dgi quan ay, "Muon dugc ddng bao vui ldng giiip, thi ta phai giiip dd ddng bao. Dd la eon dudng thang Igi" '^.

2. Khdng ehi sang lap mgt ddi quan each mang gdm ddng dao luc lugng cdng nhan, ndng dan, tri thirc diing cam, cd ban ITnh chinh tri viing vang, tuyet ddi trung thanh vdi Dang, vdi To qude va nhan dan, ngay tir budi dau thanh lap, Hd Chi Minh va Dang ta eon dae biet chii trgng trang bi va giao due cho nhiing ngudi linh each mang ly tudng cdng san, muc tieu, dudng ldi chinh tri ciia Dang, nhiem vu each mang, de tir nhan thirc trong

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moi chiln sT trd thanh ban ITnh chinh tri, thanh niem tin, thanh y chi va quylt tam hanh dgng.

Ludn tuan theo nhirng dinh hudng chinh tri eiia Dang, kien dinh nhung quan diem cd hnh nguyen tac dugc ghi rd trong Cuong ITnh chinh tri va eac nghi quyet eiia Dang, ke thira va phat trien truyen thdng anh himg ciia dan toe ta, Quan ddi ta da ludn "trung vdi Dang, hieu vdi dan", ren luyen dao due each mang va tham nhuan ldi day ciia Ngudi: "Quyet tam sudt ddi dau tranh cho Dang, cho each mang. Dd la dieu chii chdt nhat" .^ Dd la ddi quan ciia nhiing ngudi chien sT diing cam chien dau vi dgc lap tu do ciia To qudc, vi CNXH, guong mau ve dao dire loi sdng trong chien dau ciing nhu trong cugc song ddi thudng, "gap viee phai cd gan lam. Thay khuyet diem cd gan siia chiia. Cue khd, khd khan ed gan chiu dung. Co gan chong lai nhiing vinh hoa, phii quy khdng chinh dang. Neu can, thi ed gan hy sinh ca tinh menh cho Dang, cho Td qudc, khong bao gid rut re, nhiit nhat"^, ddng thdi luon thue hien theo chi dan ciia Ngudi: tu phe binh va phe binh la thir vii khi giiip eho Quan ddi ta trd nen quan dgi tat thang.

Muon trd nen ngudi quan nhan mdi, theo Ho Chi Minh "mdi chien sT tii' tren den dudi, cac cap bac deu phai nghien ciiu hgc tap, ludn luon eau tien bd"', can bd va chien sT quan ddi phai ludn cd tinh than hgc tap de nang cao nang luc toan dien tren co sd cd gang hgc tap chinh tri va quan sir, ximg dang la quan ddi each mang eua nhan dan. Dgi quan dd cdn phai luon phat huy nguon sire

manh ngi luc eiia mdi ngudi linh. phat huy ngudn sire manh eiia tinh doan ket quan dan, doan kit qudc tl,... de tu tudng ludn thdng suit, doan kit chat che tir tren den dudi nghiem hie thue hien 10 dieu ky luat cua quan dgi.

Chii tich Hd Chi Minh timg nhan manh rang: "quan dgi manh la nhd giao due kheo, nhd chinh sach diing va ky luat nghiem", ddng thdi khang dinh: "quan ddi ta ed sire manh vd dich vi nd la mgt quan ddi nhan dan do Dang ta xay dung. Dang ta lanh dao va giao duc"'. Sire manh vd dich dd gan lien vdi su lanh dao true tiep, toan dien cua Dang va Chu tich Hd Chi Minh, vdi ban ITnh chinh tri viing vang va su tham nhuan dao dire each mang, tinh than doan ket, phan dau hy sinh vi Td qudc ddc lap, tu do, nhan dan am no, hanh phiic eiia nhiing ngudi quan nhan each mang tren mdi chang dudng chien dau va chien thang.

Gan bd vdi nhan dan, vi nhan dan chien dau dd la net dep truyen thdng eiia Quan ddi ta. Chii tich Hd Chi Minh timg ndi: vdn xuat than tir cac tang Idp nhan dan va la con em ciia nhan dan, Quan ddi ta phai het ldng yeu thuang va kinh trgng nhan dan, gan bd vdi nhan dan nhu "ca vdi nudc". Cdt ldi long trung thanh ciia ngudi quan nhan each mang theo quan diem ciia Hd Chi Minh chinh la phai "ludn ludn phat trien cai ky luat nghiem nhu sat, cai tinh than viing nhu ddng, cai ehi khi quat cudng tat thang, cai dao dire, tri, diing, liem, trung ciia Giai phdng quan"". La nhiing ngudi linh tir nhan

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dan ma ra. \ i nhan dan ma chien dau, dua vao nhan dan de thue hien va lam trdn nhiem vu eiia minh, mdi chien sT Quan dgi nhan dan Viet Nam khong ehi danh giac gidi, ma cdn phai la nhiing ngudi lam cdng tac dan van gioi, luon "thuang dan, trgng dan va tdt vdi dan".

Quan dgi ciia nhan dan, gan bd vdi nhan dan, chiln dau vi nhan dan, do la ban chat eua quan ddi each mang, do ciing chinh la nhan to quan trgng gdp phan lam nen sire manh tong hgp ve chinh tri, tinh than, y ehi quyet chien, quyet thang, tai thao luge eiia Quan ddi ta trudc mgi ke thii, trong mgi hoan canh. La quan ddi cua nhan dan, nhiing ngudi linh "Bg dgi Cu Hd" cdn phai la mgt ngudi tuyen truyen, phai ra sire "giup ddng bao trong cong viec binh dan hgc vu. Cling nhu trong nhiing cdng viee khae"'', san sang giiip dan ve mgi mat. Dd la nhiing ngudi linh luon "iam cho dan hn, dan phuc, dan yeu", de "khi minh chua den, thi dan trdng mong, khi minh den thi dan giiip dd, khi minh di noi khac thi dan luyin hlc" ' \ .

Thue hien Ldi keu goi Todn quoc khdng chien. ngay 19-12-1946 ciia Chu tich Ho Chi Minh, quan dgi each mang dugc td chirc chat che, tap luyen thirdng xuyen, lien tue san sang chien dau, cimg toan dan hinh thanh the tran bao vay va tieu diet dich trong suot nhung nam khang chiln chong thue dan Phap xam lugc. Xay dung ddi quan each mang bao gim bd ddi ehii lire, bg dgi dia phuang \a dan quan du kich; ti-ong mgi hoan canh, quan dgi each mang ludn la dgi

quan chien diu. ddi quan cdng tac \a san xuat, thue hien tdt nhiem vu: bg dgi chii lire vira tieu diet dich. bao ve nhan dan, vira diu dat bg dgi dia phuang; bg ddi dia phuang phoi hgp hanh dgng vdi bd ddi chu lire, giiip dd bg ddi chii lire va diu dit dan quan du kich; con dan quan du kich vira phdi hgp chat che vdi bg ddi ehii luc, vira tu minh danh giac, trir gian va tham gia san xuat,...

Tham nhuan ldi day eiia Ngudi, Quan dgi nhan dan Viet Nam trong khang chien chong thue dan Phap da ngay mgt phat trien ve so lugng va nang cao trinh do tac chien, tai thao lugc tren eae chien trudng, van dung sang tao kinh nghiem danh giac "lay it dich nhieu, lay nhd danh ldn, lay yeu chdng manh", "lay doan che trudng", ket hgp vdi nghe thuat quan sir the gidi, dae biet tu tudng quan sir eiia hgc thuyet Mac-Lenin. Quan dgi ta da chuyen tir the phdng ngu sang the tien cdng va gianh dugc nhiing thang lgi ldn tren chien trudng. Xuat phat tir thue tien, tir kinh nghiem "biet dich, biet ta, tram tran, tram thang", thay ddi phuang an tir "danh nhanh, thang nhanh" sang "danh chac, tien chac", kien cudng, muu tri, sang tao, Quan ddi nhan dan Viet Nam da gianh thang lgi to ldn trong Chien dich Dien Bien Phil, ket thue 9 nam khang chien chdng thue dan Phap xam luge.

Thue hien hai chien luge each mang: xay dung CNXH d mien Bac, diu tranh giai ph6ng mien Nam, thdng nhat T6 qude, Quan dgi nhan dan Viet Nam tiep tuc ciing ding bao ca nudc tien hanh cudc chiln tranh

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nhan dan, vdi tinh thin doan ket "trieu ngudi nhu mdt", vdi nilm tin chan ly "Khong cd gi quy hon dgc lap tu do", vdi quyet tam danh cho din thing lgi hoan toan, danh cho den ddc lap va thing nhat thue sir. Quyet tam danh My va quyet tam thang My vdi tinh than va y chi: "He cdn mgt ten xam lugc tren dat nudc ta, thi ta cdn phai tiep tue chiln dau, quet sach nd di"''*, truyen thdng "ca nudc danh giac" cua cha dng trong lich sir va ldi day cua Lenin, khi cd chien tranh phai bien ca nude thanh mdt dinh luy each mang da dugc quan dan ca nude quan triet va thue hien trong sudt nhiing nam khang chien chdng My, eiiu nude.

Vi mien Nam rudt thit, vi su nghiep thdng nhat nude nha va xuat phat tir thue tiln, Chu tich Hd Chi Minh chi rd: "Phai xay dung quan ddi ngay cang himg manh va san sang chien dau de giir gin hoa binh, bao ve dat nudc, bao ve cdng cudc xay dung chii nghTa xa hdi d mien Bac lam hau thuan cho cugc dau tranh thdng nhat nude nha"'^. Thue hien ldi Ngudi, Quan ddi ta ra sire ren luyen, hgc tap nang cao trinh do tac chien tren chien trudng, phdi hgp vdi quan dan mien Bac vira san xuat vira chien dau nhan nguon sire manh tdng hgp eiia quan dan ca nudc len mdt tam cao mdi, gdp phan to ldn vao thang lgi eiia cudc Tdng tien cdng va noi day miia Xuan nam 1975, giai phdng hoan toan mien Nam, thdng nhat dat nudc.

3. La quan dgi eiia nhan dan do Chii tich Hd Chi Minh sang lap va ren luyen, Quan dgi ta ludn nhan dugc tir Ngudi su quan tam

dae biet. Trong Thu giri eho eae chien sT cam tir quan Thu do cua Trung doan Thu do anh himg, Ngudi viet: "Cac em la dai bieu cai tinh than tu tdn tu lap ciia dan tgc ta may nghin nam de lai"'^, phai nhd luon khdn kheo, nhanh chdng, bi mat, can than, doan ket, nit kinh nghiem hang ngay hang gid. Ddi theo mdi bude khd khan va trudng thanh cua quan ddi, khdng chi vui niem vui chien thang, Ngudi ddng vien hg nit kinh nghiem trudc mdi tran ra quan chua gianh dugc thang lgi. Huan thi nhan dip tdng ket Chien dich Bien Gidi (11-1950), Ngudi noi: "Danh nhau cd thang ed bai la thudng. Dieu cot yeu la ta gianh dugc thang lgi cudi ciing. Phai day eho tat ea can bd, ddi vien va nhan dan hieu rd nhu vay, de thang khdng kieu, bai khong nan, ludn ludn nd lire, ed gang vugt mgi khd khan gian khd, tien tdi thang lgi cudi eiing"'^. Khen nggi bg dgi, dan cong, thanh nien xung phong va ddng bao Tay Bac da chien thang ve vang d Dien Bien Phii (8-5-1954), Ngudi viet rang, dii da lam tron nhiem vu mgt each ve vang, song "thang lgi tuy ldn nhung mdi la bat dau. Chiing ta khdng nen vi thang ma kieu, khdng nen chii quan khinh dich"'^ va phai trudng ky gian khd mdi di den dugc thang lgi hoan toan.

Khi de qudc My leo thang chien tranh, dimg khdng quan va hai quan danh pha mien Bac XHCN, trong nhieu thu khen quan dan mien Bac ban roi may bay My, bao ve hau phuang mien Bac, Ngudi mdt mat co vii dgng vien thanh tich, mat khac nhac nhd: "Giac My cang thua dau, chiing cang xao quyet va hung

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ac. Dong bao, can bd va quan ddi ta khdng dugc vi thang lgi ma chu quan khinh dich" (1-5-1966); "chd chu quan khinh dich. Phai ludn ludn ra sire ren luyen chien thuat, ky thuat va tu tudng, chinh tri. Phai cd tinh than tap the lap edng'^ (22-7-1966); "cang gin thing lgi thi cang nhieu gian nan. Quan va dan mien Nam anh hiing quyet vugt mgi khd khan, gian kho, anh diing va ben bi chien dau, nhat dinh se gianh dugc thang lgi to ldn hon niia" '^ (9-9-1968) va nhat la "phai giu vfing dao du'c ngudi quan nhan each mang, diing cam, muu tri, doan ket, ky luat, can kiem, phai ludn ludn canh giac, san sang chien dau, neu cao quyet tam danh thang hoan toan giac My xam luge, cho ximg dang la nhiing ngudi chien sT anh hiing ciia Quan dgi nhan dan Viet Nam anh himg"^ ^ (7-2-1969).

Lanh dao nhan dan ta tien hanh cudc chien tranh nhan dan vi mdt nudc Viet Nam hoa binh, dgc lap, tu do, thdng nhat trgn ven, hon ai het Hd Chi Minh thiu hiiu nhung mat mat hy sinh eiia nhiing thuang benh binh va gia dinh liet sT, nhiing ngudi da hy sinh mau xuong, tham ehi ca tinh mang ciia minh. Khdng chi dl nghi va lira chgn mgt nga>' trong nam lam Ngay thuang binh liet sT, nga\- de toan dan bay td sir tri an, den on nhung ngudi con anh himg da hy sinh vi To qude, Ngudi cdn tang cuon sd tilt kiem eiia minh, danh ao, huy hieu, nhilu phan qua de ung hd. tang eae chiln sT, thuong binh \'a than nhan gia dinh liet sT. Tam ldng, tinh thuong yeu va sir quan tam, cham lo eua Ngudi ddi vdi quan dgi each

mang ludn an chira trong eac bai \'iet, ldi phat bieu, dae biet la trong ban Di chuc lieh su Ngudi dl lai cho hau thl.

Lich sir qua trinh xay dung va phat ti-ien cua Quan dgi nhan dan Viet Nam da chimg minh rang, dudi su lanh dao ciia Dang va Chii tich Hd Chi Minh, vdi sir nd luc doan ket eiia toan quan, doan ket quan dan va doan ket qude te, Quan ddi ta da gdp phan to ldn vao thang lgi chung eiia dan tgc. Quan ddi ta cd sue manh vd dich, vi do la dgi quan each mang "ciia dan, do dan. vi dan" do Dang va Chii tich Hd Chi Minh sang lap va ren luyen, ximg dang vdi ldi khen tang: "Quan ddi ta anh diing trong khang chien ma ciing anh diing trong hda binh...Quan ddi ta ciing da gdp phan tich cue xay dung kinh te, phat trien van hda, lam trdn nhiem vu eiia mdt ddi quan each mang"^\

Lich sir each mang Viet Nam da ghi nhan vai trd to ldn eiia Quan ddi ta trong cudc chien tranh giai phdng va trong cdng cudc xay dung che do xa hdi mdi. Ngay nay, xu the hgi nhap va toan cau hda md ra cho dat nude ta nhieu van hdi ldn di lien nhung thach thirc khon ludng. Cang nhieu cam go, thir thach, cang doi hoi chung ta phai tham nhuan sau sac hon niia nhiing ehi dan ciia Chii tich Hd Chi Minh ve xay dung quan ddi each mang, ximg dang la "lire lugng tru cdt" trong sir nghiep xay dung va bao ve Td qude Viet Nam XHCN ngay mgt phdn vinh va phat trien.

(Xem tiep trang 33)

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HU'aNG TO'I DAI HOI D A N G TOAN QUOC LAN THii' XI

thiet phai qua dao tao ly luan, nghiep vu cong doan, it nhit d trinh do trung cap. Dieu nay la mdt dam bao eho quy hoach can bd eua cdng doan dugc thue thi va tinh ddc lap tuong doi ve td chiic ciia cdng doan; dam bao cho boat ddng cong doan cd hieu qua. Tranh tinh trang can bd sap ve huu hoac nang lire yeu thi dieu chuyen lam cdng tac cdng doan. Cdn bo cdng dodn cdn duac coi Id nguon chii yeu cho viec tuyen chon cdn bd cdc cdp ciia Nhd niedc vd cdn bd ciia Ddng. Cdn bo Ddng cdc khu cdng nghiep nhdt thiet phdi tuyen chon tif cdn bo cdng dodn. Uu tien bd tri cdn bo cdng dodn vdo cdc vi tri cdn bo chinh quyen.

Dam bao cho can bd cdng doan cac cap ed mire phu cap tuong duong vdi cac chiic danh eiia eac doan the chinh tri xa hgi khac. Kip thdi dieu chinh chinh sach dao tao, bdi dudng, phu cap ddi vdi can bg cdng doan.

Nhu vay, Du thao eac van kien trinh Dai hdi XI eua Dang da de cap kha toan dien, day du eae van de ve nhiing dinh hudng phat trien kinh te, xa hdi, van hda cho nhieu nam ciia dat nudc ciing nhu cac van de phat trien kinh te - xa hdi 5 nam tdi eho dat nudc, nhirng chinh sach bao dam phiie lgi, ddi sdng nhan dan. an sinh xa hdi. Tir thue tien xay dung GCCN va cdng doan Viet Nam. nhii:ng ngi dung tren tham gdp vao Du thao eac \ an kien trinh Dai hdi XI eiia Dang toan dien, sau sac hon.

CHU TICH HO CHI MINH - NGlTOI SANG LAP... (Tiep theo trang 28)

Trong tinh hinh mdi, Quan dgi nhan dan Viet Nam da khdng ngimg phat huy sire manh tdng hgp eua qude gia ve ca tiem lire va the tran qude phdng toan dan, vdi lire lugng vii trang each mang chinh quy, tinh nhue, timg bude hien dai, gan bd chat che vdi nhan dan, dii sire danh thang mgi hanh ddng xam luge, chdng pha eiia ke thil. Dae biet, khdng chi chien diu vdi ke thii de bao ve Dang, bao ve che do, bao ve cudc sdng yen blnh cua nhan dan, nhimg chien sT Quan dgi nhan dan Viet Nam-nhiing ngudi linh ludn dugc Chii tich Hd Chi Minh thuong yeu. cham sdc, day dd, cdn san sang tham gia chong thien tai, bao lut, bao ve an toan tinh mang va tai san ciia nhan dan, san sang day chii, xda mil cho nhan dan vimg sau, vimg xa,... va ludn ximg dang vdi niem tin yeu va quy trgng ciia nhan dan: "Quan ddi ta trung vdi Dang, hieu vdi dan, san sang chien dau hy sinh vi dgc lap tu do eiia Td qude, vi chii ngiiTa xa hdi. Nhiem vu nao ciing hoan thanh, khd khan nao ciing vugt qua, ke thil nao ciing danh thang"^''.

1. HS Chi Minh Tuyin lap, ST, H, 1960, T.2, tr.466

2, 3, 4. Hd Chi Minh Toan tap, CTQG, H, 1995, T.3, tr.l, 507,508

5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 11, 12, 16. Sdd, T.5, tr. 393, 400, 252, 417,

330,379-380,35

7,15.S'^/,T.9,tr.285,140

10,23,24. Sdd, T.l 1. tr.350,349,350

13,17.5'flW,T.6,tr.207, 111

14,19,20,21,22. Sdd, T. 12, tr.407,86.111.388,436437-

18.5^