hoa lec iii romanesque intro

Ar. Hena Tiwari/2016-2017

Romanesque

Architecture

Ar. Hena Tiwari

Gateway College of Architecture & Design, Sonipat


Romanesque – means “Roman-like”

It flourished in the 12th century into the Gothic style,

marked by pointed arches.

The Romanesque style in England is traditionally

referred to as Norman architecture.

Romanesque reflects not only Roman characteristics

but also the Hiberno-Saxon linear patterns and even

some Islamic and Byzantine traditions.

It's the first European style. It can be found all around

Europe.


Typologies

• There are three main architectonical

typologies:

Church Monasteries Castles


Regional characteristics

Features of Romanesque architecture are seen in different areas

around Europe.

•Small churches are generally aisle- less, with a projecting apse.

•Large churches are basilicas with a nave flanked by aisles and

divided by an arcade.

•Abbey churches and cathedrals often had transepts.

•Round arches in arcades, windows, doors and vaults.

•Massive walls

•Towers

•Piers

•Stout columns


Groin vaulting

Portals with sculpture and moldings

Decorative arcades as an external feature, and frequently

internal also

Spiral ornament

Cushion capitals

Murals

Some large churches have projecting transepts.

Towers were freestanding and may be circular.

Windows were small.


Architectural Characteristics They recover the “round arch” used by the

Romans.

The church is covered by stoned vaults,

called barrel vault, which is a succession of

round arches, one after another.


The structure was very heavy and

as a consequence:

Walls are thick

They need strong buttresses

They use few and small windows

Sensations

Intimate Sensation

Stability

Spiritual Sensation

Symbolism: Latin cross


Church

It was the main building

It symbolized God’s kingdom

The holiest part was the apse

It had cross shape

Symbolism was important:

Circular parts reflect perfection so they were linked to God

Squared parts are related to the human.


• Characteristics:

– Monumental, trying to imitate the Roman models in

the Pilgrimage churches.

– Small in country churches.

– They were designed for advertising Catholic church

– They were lasting, made of stone

– Plans could be:

• Latin cross

• Polygonal

• Basilica Latin cross Poligonal Basilica

http://images.google.es/imgres?imgurl=http://platea.pntic.mec.es/~rruisanc/Identities1/SpanishEducation/xacobeo/Jan.jpg&imgrefurl=http://platea.pntic.mec.es/~rruisanc/Identities1/SpanishEducation/xacobeo/camsant02.htm&h=314&w=210&sz=14&hl=es&start=12&um=1&tbnid=QURzMcJ8EeXg7M:&tbnh=117&tbnw=78&prev=/images?q=planta+cruz+latina&um=1&hl=es

http://images.google.es/imgres?imgurl=http://templarioshoomer.iespana.es/Vera_lamperez.jpg&imgrefurl=http://templarioshoomer.iespana.es/arquitectura.htm&h=600&w=408&sz=43&hl=es&start=5&um=1&tbnid=-n8rG9nK3LrVFM:&tbnh=135&tbnw=92&prev=/images?q=planta+poligonal&um=1&hl=es

http://www.tentenecio.net/sanmartin/fotos/planta2.JPG

http://images.google.es/imgres?imgurl=http://templarioshoomer.iespana.es/Vera_lamperez.jpg&imgrefurl=http://templarioshoomer.iespana.es/arquitectura.htm&h=600&w=408&sz=43&hl=es&start=5&um=1&tbnid=-n8rG9nK3LrVFM:&tbnh=135&tbnw=92&prev=/images?q=planta+poligonal&um=1&hl=es


Monastery

• It was designed as a microcosm, as the city of God

• They had several dependencies:

– Church

– Cloister

– Chapter room

– Abbot’s house

– Monks/ nuns rooms

– Refectory

– Hospital


Castle

• Castles were defensive constructions

• They were fortified for providing shelter

• The wall was one of the essential elements

• They tend to be build in stepped areas, easier to defend.


Piazza dei Miracoli


•The Piazza dei Miracoli (Square of Miracles), formally known as Piazza del

Duomo (Cathedral Square), is a wide walled area located

in Pisa, Tuscany, Italy.

•It is recognized as an important center of European medieval art and one of

the finest architectural complexes in the world.

•Considered a sacred area by its owner, the Catholic Church, the square is

dominated by four great religious edifices:

the Pisa Cathedral,

the Pisa Baptistry,

the Leaning Tower of Pisa,

the Camposanto Monumentale(Monumental Cemetery).

Piazza dei Miracoli


•The name Piazza dei Miracoli was created by the Italian writer and

poet Gabriele d'Annunzio who, described the square as the "prato

dei Miracoli" or the "meadow of miracles".

•The square is sometimes called the Campo dei Miracoli (Field of

Miracles).

•In 1987 the whole square was declared a UNESCO World

Heritage Site.

Ar. Hena Tiwari/2016-2017 Site plan


PISA CATHEDRAL ,ITALY (1063-92)

Plan


• Its construction began in 1064 by the architect Busketo, and set the

model for the distinctive Pisan Romanesque style of architecture.

• The plan is similar to Basilican Church.

• It has a long row of columns supporting arch, double aisles and

central nave, transepts and a segmental apse at each end.

• The exterior has bands of red and white marble, and the ground

storey is faced with wall relief by tiers of wall passages which rise

one above another right into the gable.

• The elliptical dome over the crossing is of later date.

• The building depends for its interest on its general proportions

and on the delicacy of its ornamental features


• The mosaics of the interior, as well as the pointed arches,

show a strong Byzantine influence.

• The façade, of grey marble and white stone set with discs

of coloured marble, was built by a master

named Rainaldo, as indicated by an inscription above the

middle door

• The massive bronze main doors were made in the

workshops of Giambologna, replacing the original doors

destroyed in a fire in 1595.

• The original central door was in bronze and made around

1180 by Bonanno Pisano, while the other two were

probably in wood.


Elevation


Section

• The coffer ceiling of the nave was replaced after the fire of 1595. The

present gold-decorated ceiling carries the coat of arms of the Medici.

• The elaborately carved pulpit (1302–1310), which also survived the

fire, was made by Giovanni Pisano and is one the masterworks of

medieval sculpture.


Panaroma view


The Pisa Baptistery


The Baptistery, dedicated to St.

John the Baptist, stands opposite

the west end of the Duomo.

The round Romanesque building

begun in the mid 12th century.

It was built in Romanesque style by

an architect known

as Diotisalvi ("God Save You"),

who worked also in the church of

the Holy Sepulchre in the city.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Piazza_dei_Miracoli_-_The_Baptistry_in_Pisa_(2).jpg


It is the largest baptistery in Italy.

Its circumference measures 107.25 m.

Taking into account the statue of St. John the Baptist

(attributed to Turino di Sano) on top of the dome, it is even

a few centimeters higher than the Leaning Tower.

It has notable acoustics also.

The lintel is divided in two tiers.


The portal, facing the façade of the cathedral, is flanked by

two classical columns, while the inner jambs are executed

in Byzantine style.

The lower one depicts several episodes in the life of St.

John the Baptist, while the upper one shows Christ

between the Madonna and St John the Baptist, flanked by

angels and the evangelists.

The immensity of the interior is overwhelming, but it is

surprisingly plain and lacks decoration.


Leaning Tower of Pisa


The leaning Tower of Pisa is famous

because it leans.

The last of the three major buildings

on the piazza to be built, construction

of the bell tower began in 1173 and

took place in three stages over the

course of 177 years, with the bell-

chamber only added in 1372.

Although it was designed to be

perfectly vertical, it started to lean

during construction.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:A_Classical_View_of_Leaning_Tower_in_Pisa.jpg


However, even without this famous characteristic, this

building would still be one of the most remarkable

architectural structures from medieval Europe.

It stands at 60 metres and until 1990 was leaning at about

a 10 degree angle.


The leaning Tower of Pisa

was designed as a circular

bell tower that would stand

185 feet high.

It is constructed of white

marble.

The tower has eight storeys,

including the chamber for

the bells.

The bottom story consists of

15 marble arches.


Each of the next six storeys

contains 30 arches that

surround the tower.

The final storey is the bell

chamber itself, which has 16

arches.

There is a 297-step spiral

staircase inside the tower

leading to the top.


Construction of the tower occurred in three stages across

199 years.

Work on the ground floor of the white marble campanile

began on August 14, 1173, during a period of military

success and prosperity.

This ground floor is a blind arcade articulated by engaged

columns with classical Corinthian capitals.

The tower began to sink after construction had progressed

to the second floor in 1178.

Construction


Construction was subsequently halted for almost a

century, because the Republic of Pisa was almost

continually engaged in battles with Genoa, Lucca,

and Florence.

This allowed time for the underlying soil to settle.

Otherwise, the tower would almost certainly have

toppled.

In 1198 clocks were temporarily installed on the third floor

of the unfinished construction.

In 1272 construction resumed under Giovanni di Simone,

architect of the Camposanto.


In an effort to compensate for the tilt, the engineers built

upper floors with one side taller than the other.

Because of this, the tower is actually curved.

Construction was halted again in 1284, when the Pisans

were defeated by the Genoans in the Battle of Meloria.

The seventh floor was completed in 1319.

• The bell-chamber was finally added in 1372.

• There are seven bells, one for each note of the musical

major scale.


The Camposanto Monumentale (Monumental Cemetery),

also known as Campo Santo or Camposanto Vecchio (Old

Cemetery), is located at the northern edge of the square.

This walled cemetery—which some believe to be the

most beautiful cemetery in the world—is said to have

been built around a shipload of sacred soil from Calvary,

brought back to Pisa from the Fourth Crusade by Ubaldo

de' Lanfranchi, the archbishop of Pisa in the 12th century.

This is where the name Campo Santo (Holy Field)

originates.

Camposanto Monumentale


The building itself dates from a century later and was

erected over the earlier burial ground.

The building of this huge, oblong Gothic cloister began in

1278 by the architect Giovanni di Simone.

The cemetery was only completed in 1464.

The outer wall is composed of 43 blind arches.

There are two doorways.

The one on the right is crowned by a gracious Gothic

tabernacle and contains the Virgin Mary with

Child surrounded by four saints.


Most of the tombs are under the arcades, although a few

are on the central lawn.

The inner court is surrounded by elaborate round arches

with slender mullions and plurilobed tracery.

The Camposanto Monumentale once contained a large

collection of Roman sculptures and sarcophagi, but now

there are only 84 remaining.

• The walls were once covered in frescoes, the first were

applied in 1360, the last about three centuries later.

• The Stories of the Old Testament were situated in the north

gallery.


The most remarkable fresco is The Triumph of Death, a

realistic work by Buonamico Buffalmacco.

On 27 July 1944, incendiary bombs dropped

by Allied aircraft set the roof of the building on fire and

covered them in molten lead, all but destroying them.

Since 1945, restoration works have been going on and now

the Campo Santo has been brought back to its original

state.