holt mcdougal, physical geography the big idea the andes dominate pacific south america’s physical...
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Holt McDougal,
Physical Geography
The Big Idea
The Andes dominate Pacific South America’s physical geography and influence the region’s climate and
resources.
Main Ideas
• The Andes are the main physical feature of Pacific South America.
• The region’s climate and vegetation change with elevation.
• Key natural resources in the region include lumber, oil, and minerals.
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Holt McDougal,
Main Idea 1:The Andes are the main physical feature of
Pacific South America.
• The countries of Pacific South America stretch along coast from the equator almost to the Arctic Circle.
• Chile is so long that it covers about half the coast by itself.
• Bolivia is landlocked.
• All countries share one major physical feature: the high Andes mountains.
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Holt McDougal,
Mountains – The Andes• Run through Ecuador, Peru,
Bolivia, and Chile
• Rise more than 20,000 feet (6,800 m) above sea level
• At junction of two tectonic plates
• Earthquakes a threat
• Landscape differs from rugged ice caps in the south to rounded in the north.
• The range splits into two ridges.
• An altiplano, or broad, high plateau, lies between the ridges.
Water and Islands• Andean glaciers are source of
tributaries for the Amazon River.
• Few other major rivers
• Rivers on altiplano drain into two lakes.
• At the southern tip, the Strait of Magellan links the Atlantic and Pacific oceans.
• A strait is a narrow body of water connecting two larger bodies of water.
• Chile and Ecuador both control large islands in the Pacific.
Physical Features
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Holt McDougal,
Main Idea 2: The region’s climate and vegetation change
with elevation.
• Five different climates in Andes due to elevation
– The lowest hot and humid level supports sugarcane and banana crops and rainforests.
– The second moist level supports coffee farms and mountain forests.
– The third cooler zone of forests and grasslands supports potatoes and wheat.
– The fourth level supports grasslands and meadows and is too cool for trees.
– The fifth level is too cold for vegetation and ground is always covered with ice or snow.
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Holt McDougal,
Deserts
• Atacama Desert in Northern Chile in coastal region
– About 600 miles (965 km) long
– Rain falls less than five times a century.
– Fog and low clouds are common and form when a cold current in the Pacific Ocean chills the warmer air above the ocean’s surface.
– Cloud cover keeps the air near the ground from being warmed by the sun.
• Coastal Chile is one of the cloudiest—and driest—places on Earth.
• In Peru, rivers cut through dry coastal regions.
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Holt McDougal,
El Niño
• El Niño
– Every two to seven years
– An ocean and weather pattern that affects the Pacific coast
– Cool Pacific water near the coast warms
• Causes extreme weather events with global effects
– Fish leave warm waters affecting food supply.
– Heavy rains and flooding along the coast
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Holt McDougal,
Main Idea 3:Key natural resources in the region include
lumber, oil, and minerals.
• Forests in Chile, Peru, and Ecuador provide lumber.
• Coastal waters are rich in fish.
• Ecuador: large oil and gas reserves
• Bolivia: tin, gold, silver, lead, and zinc
• Chile: exports more copper than any other country in the world
• Not much good farmland
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Holt McDougal,
History and Culture
The Big Idea
Native cultures and Spanish colonization have shaped the history and culture of Pacific South America.
Main Ideas
• The countries of Pacific South America share a history influenced by the Inca civilization and Spanish colonization.
• The culture of Pacific South America includes American Indian and Spanish influences.
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Holt McDougal,
Main Idea 1:The countries of Pacific South America share a history influenced by the Inca civilization
and Spanish colonization.
• Peru’s first advanced civilization reached its height in about 900 BC in the Andes.
• They farmed on mountainsides and in coastal areas. – Built stone terraces into the steep mountainside
– Irrigation systems to store water
• Agriculture supported large populations.
• In the Bolivian highlands, the Tiahuanaco made huge stone carvings.
• In a coastal civilization, people drew the Nazca lines so large they can only be recognized from the sky.
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Holt McDougal,
The Inca Empire
• Early 1500s: The Inca controlled an area that stretched from northern Ecuador to central Chile.
• As many as 12 million people in the empire
• Highly organized • Irrigation projects
turned deserts into rich farmland.
• Thousands of miles of stone-paved roads
• Rope suspension bridges
• No wheeled vehicles or horses
• Relay teams of runners carried messages from one end of the empire to the other.
• No written language
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Holt McDougal,
Spanish Rule
• The Inca Empire did not last long.
• The Spanish explorer Francisco Pizarro captured the Inca king.
• Despite payment of gold and silver ransom, Pizarro ordered the Inca king killed.
• By 1535 Spain had conquered the Inca Empire.
• Spanish rulers often dealt harshly with the Indians, forcing them to work in mines or on plantations.
• A Spanish viceroy, or governor, was appointed by the king of Spain to make sure the Indians followed the Spanish laws and customs that had replaced native traditions.
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Holt McDougal,
Independence
• Early 1800s: People in Pacific South America revolted against Spanish rule.
• Creoles, American-born descendants of Europeans, led the revolts.
• 1825: Independence for Chile, Ecuador, Peru, and Bolivia
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Holt McDougal,
Main Idea 3:The culture of Pacific South America includes
American Indian and Spanish influences.
• Most people speak Spanish, but millions speak native languages.
• Bolivia’s population has the highest percentage of South American Indians of any country on the continent.
• Bolivian Indians follow customs and lifestyles that have existed for many centuries.
• They dress in traditional styles—full skirts and derby hats for the women and colorful, striped ponchos for the men.
• Most people are Roman Catholic, though some practice ancient religious customs.
• Every June people participate in sun worship ceremony where they wear traditional costumes and wooden masks and play traditional instruments, such as flute.
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Holt McDougal,
Pacific South America Today
The Big Idea
The countries of Pacific South America are working to overcome challenges of poverty and political instability.
Main Ideas
• Ecuador struggles with poverty and political instability.
• Bolivia’s government is trying to gain stability and improve the economy.
• Peru has made progress against poverty and violence.
• Chile has a stable government and a strong economy.
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Holt McDougal,
Main Idea 1:Ecuador struggles with poverty and political
instability.Government
• A democracy with instability because of widespread poverty
• The country has had nine different presidents in ten years.
• 2005: People forced the president from power after
– he fired the country’s supreme court to gain power
– economic reforms had failed to improve housing, medical care, or education in the country
Economic Regions
• The coastal lowlands has agriculture and industry and Guayaquil, Ecuador’s major port and commercial city.
• The Andean region of Ecuador is poorer, though open-air markets and Spanish colonial buildings attract tourists to Quito, the capital, and other towns.
• The Amazon basin has oil, Ecuador’s main export.
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Holt McDougal,
Main Idea 2:Bolivia’s government is trying to gain stability and improve the economy.
Government
• After years of military rule, Bolivia is a democracy.
• Poverty has been a cause of political unrest in recent years.
• Two capital cities: – Sucre where the supreme
court meets– La Paz, an industrial
center located at 12,000 feet above sea level, where congress meets
• Early 2000s: People forced presidents to resign after reforms failed to improve housing, medical care, and education.
Economy
• Bolivia is the poorest country in South America.
• In the eastern plains, there are few roads and little money for investment.
• However, foreign aid helped development.
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Holt McDougal,
Main Idea 3:Peru has made progress against poverty
and violence.
• Peru’s capital, Lima, is the largest city in the region. – Home to nearly one-third of all Peruvians
– High-rise apartments and private houses, some from the colonial era
– Industry, universities, and government jobs
• Most poor people don't live in slums, but build their own houses on city outskirts.
• These “young towns” develop into large, permanent suburbs.
• Many young town people are migrants from the highlands.
• They came to escape violence in their home villages.
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Holt McDougal,
Peru Today
• Peru’s resources are key factors in its economic progress.
• Some mineral deposits are near the coast
• Hydroelectric projects on rivers provide energy.
• In Peru’s less developed highlands, Indians grow potatoes and corn.
Government
• 1980s and 1990s: A terrorist group called the Shining Path opposed government policies.
• About 70,000 people died in violence.
• Peru’s economy suffered.
• Government arrested leaders and made progress against political violence and poverty.
• The country has an elected president and congress.
Resources
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Holt McDougal,
Main Idea 4:Chile has a stable government and a strong
economy.Government
• 1970: Chileans elected a president who had some ideas influenced by communism.
• A few years later he was overthrown and died in a U.S.-backed military coup, or a sudden overthrow of a government by a small group of people.
• In the years after the coup, military rulers imprisoned or killed thousands of people to end dissent.
• Late 1980s: The rulers weakened, and Chile created a stable, democratic government.
Economy• Economy is strongest in the
region.• About one-third of Chileans
live in central Chile. • This region includes the
capital, Santiago. • Mild climate allows many
crops.• Farming, fishing, forestry, and
mining form the basis of Chile’s economy.
• Copper accounts for more than one-third of Chile’s exports.
• Chile trades with the U.S., Argentina, Brazil, and China.